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Chapter 61.pragmatics:自测：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. (T/F)术语：pragmatics语用学解释：语用学处理的是语言的实际意义，是在应用中的意义，而不是固有的意义。
术语：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 语用学是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。
解释：Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader. Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context. Intended meaning may or may not be explicitly expressed. Pragmatic analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what is communicated.语用学对意义的研究主要关注的是说者或作者要交流的是什么，听者或读者读到的是什么。
并且根据语境分析要表达的意义。
初二英语Unit 6 Topic 2二、词组1．you bet的确，当然2．out of sight看不见，在视野之外3. can’t help doing sth.忍不住4. the Dragon and Phoenix龙凤门5. come along with和…一起来6. spread over散布于，分布于7. in all directions向四面八方8.step on one’s toes踩了某人的脚9. raise one’s head抬头10.here and there在各处，到处11. plan a trip制定旅行计划12. at the foot of在…脚下13 the beginning of…的开始14. tell good from bad辨别善恶15. be surprised at对…感到好奇16. push one’s way out挤出去17. be happy with对…感到满意18. get off下（车，马）三、句子1．Thank goodness! 谢天谢地！2．While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.当你在愉快地游玩时，我正忙着准备考试。
3．When he arrives, I’d like you to meet him. 当他来的时候，我想让你去见见他。
4．Before he comes, would you help me make a plan to explore Beijing?在他来之前，你能帮我制定一个考察北京的计划吗？5. As they were exploring happily, the crowd of people became larger and larger.正当他们兴致勃勃地考察时,人群更加拥挤。
6．He didn’t raise his head until someone called him. 直到有人喊他，他才抬头。
I'm Going to Buy the Brooklyn BridgeHow do some women manage to combine a full-time job with family responsibilities and still find time for doing other things? Adrienne Popper longs to be like them, but wonders whether it is an impossible dream.有些妇女何以能既做一份全职工作又能兼顾家庭的责任，并仍有余暇做其他事情？艾德丽安·波珀渴望能像她们一样，但又怀疑这会不会是一个根本无法实现的梦想。
Adrienne Popper1 Not long ago I received an alumni bulletin from my college. It included a brief item abouta former classmate:"Kate L. teaches part-time at the University of Oklahoma and is assistant principal at County High School. In her spare time she is finishing her doctoral dissertation and the final drafts of two books, and she still has time for tennis and horse riding with her daughters." Four words in that description undid me: in her spare time. A friend said that if I believed everything in the report, she had a bridge in Brooklyn she'd like to sell me.我要买下布鲁克林桥艾德丽安·波珀不久前，我收到母校一份校友简报。
Chapter 6 谓语翻译一）汉英谓语对比二）确定谓语的原则1. 主谓一致+时态+语气1) 我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。
Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on in our country.2) 她的独生子让车给轧了。
Her only son was run over by a car.2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当1）这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。
The incidence showed us that he was dishonest2）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.3）这次旅游可以选择的地方有北京、上海或西安。
Beijing,Shanghai and Xi’an are the places we can choose during this trip.4）本书精选流传于中国南方26个少数民族的131则脍炙人口的故事。
The books consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26minority nationalities in the south of the China.5) 这一证书课程将在三年内学完。
This certificate course of studies will spread over three years.6) 细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。
It was drizzling on a windy autumn.7）你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自满。
You have made great progress in the research on teaching,but you should guard against complacency.8）汉语部不仅教中国学生汉语和中国文学课，还招收学习汉语的外国留学生。
The Chinese Program offers not only Chinese and Chinese Literature but course for international students of Chinese.3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当1）秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国。
QinShiHuang,the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty,conquered the other six states in 221BC.2）热腾腾的晚餐已摆好在桌上。
Hot meals were served on the dinner table.3）他们也学会了中国的饮茶。
They became accustomed to the Chinese tea-drinking.4）到麦当劳去吃什么? 有人总结说：吃时髦，吃清洁，吃快捷，吃氛围，吃气派，吃档次，吃高雅。
闹了半天，还没有涉及“吃饱肚子”。
For what do we go to the McDonald’s?Summarized are the following answers:for its popularity,for its remark cleanness,instant services,exotic atmosphere,showing off,super quality,elegant consumption.With so many for,yet we have not come to “for our stomach”.5）退耕还林具有长远的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。
Grain for green will bring about far-reaching ecological,economic and social benefits.6）九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平，而且健康，六斤的双丫角，已经变成一支大辫子了。
Old Mrs.Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and s as full of complaints,as hale and hearty as ever.Sixpounder’s twin tufts of hair have changed in a thick braid.7）液体的形态总是随着容器的变化而变化，因为液体没有自己的固定形态。
换言之，无论你把它放在什么样的容器中，它的形状总是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。
Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own,it varies in shape from container to container.In other words,in whatever container it is poured,the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.4. 根据目的语的表达习惯花坛北面有一株腊梅花，南端是一丛南天竹。
A winter plum stood on the northern end of the terrace,and a nandina erected on the southern end.5. 谓语最小化原则1）今天的中国，经济发展，政治稳定，民族团结。
Today’s China is enjoying unprecedented political stability,economic prosperity andethnic harmony.2）第二天早晨，他腋下夹着几本书回来了。
The next morning, she came back home with some books under her arm.6. 词汇的多样化1）一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进道路上经历了三次历史性的巨大变化，第一次是辛亥革命，第二次是中华人民共和国的成立，第三次是改革开放。
2）英雄造时势，时势造英雄。
Times makes heros, while heros shape the times.7. 谓语选词要具体化在餐饮方面，私营企业的买卖完全超过了国家办的。
In the retail and catering sectors,household operations have completely outmarketed the state.三）连动式的译法翻译下列句子：今年的亚太经济贸易合作组织会议将主要侧重两个方面：一是加强亚太经合组织成员之间的合作，共同应对可能出现的经济衰退，重树信心；二是继续推进亚太经合组织贸易投资自由化进程，推动世界贸易组织尽早开始新一轮谈判。
The APEC meeting in this year will focus mainly on two aspects: one is on strengthening the cooperation among all the APEC members to cope with the possible economic recession through rebuilding up confidence; the other is on promoting the liberalization of trade and investment of APEC for the start of a new round of negotiations / talks for WTO.1 第一组1）他把书接过来摆在桌子上。
He took the book and laid it on the desk.2）这个军官放下杯子站了起来。
The officer put down his glass and stood up.3）她备好了课开始写日记。
Having prepared her lessons, she began to write dairy.2、第二组寻章摘句，世之腐儒也，何能兴邦立事？Those who are lost in selecting passages and choosing phrases are pedants. How can such men make their states strong and do great deeds?3、第三组1）老汉举起手来搔他那光秃秃的头顶。
The old man raised his hand to scratch his bald head.2）去年我和弟弟回乡去看朋友。
Last year, I went back to hometown with my little brother to visit our friends.3）他回房间去取钥匙。
He went back to his room for the key.4）这年头，谁敢下乡去收租米？Who dares go to the villiages for rent those days?5）她上楼去拿大衣。
She went upstairs for her coat.6）我们必须集中力量进行经济建设，进一步发展和壮大自己。
We must concentrate on economic development, for further developing and strengthening ourselves4、第四组1) 他们热烈鼓掌欢迎来宾。
They welcomed the guests with warm applause.2）不久，他捧着那本书回来了。
Very soon he came back, holding that book in his hand.3）士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
The soldiers rushed in with their guns in hand.4）Sophia 在沙发上坐着等。
Sophia is waiting, sitting on the sofa.5 连动式句式翻译训练1)妻在屋里拍着闰儿，迷迷糊糊哼着眠歌。
The wife is patting Run Er in the house, singing the lullaby to him.2）双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番就各自走开。
