英语翻译正说反译反说正译
第八章英翻译技巧（五）正说反译反说正译
正说反译、反说正译的应用
不论是正说反译还是反说正译，究其原因归纳起来主要是：保证语义明确、加强修饰效果、尊重汉语习惯，保证译文通畅易懂。
所谓反面表达，是指英语词句中含有“not”，“never”，“no”，“un-”，“im-”，“ir-”，“in-”，“less-”等否定成分，汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“毋”、“勿”、“非”等否定成份，不含这些成份的为正面表达。
（一）正说反译的应用
1.谓语动词或动词词组本身表示否定意义，常见的有：Fail, fizzle out, fall short, be frustrated, escape, elude, slip away, stop, cease, overlook, ignore, neglect, refuse, grudge（怨恨，不情愿做）, disdain, reject, turn down, forbid, prohibit, exclude from, bar, ban, expire, be blind to, deny, avoid, omit, forget, prevent from, live up to, resist, miss, lack.
I missed what you have said because of the noise outside.由于外面的噪音，我没听清楚你说的话。
To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 使我们失望的是他不顾大局。Such a chance was denied to me.我没有得到这样一个机会。
2.介词或介词短语含否定之意，常见的词有：
Above, against, below, beneath, beyond, instead of, out of, without, but for。
Learn how to be instead of do.要学习如何做人，而不是做事。
The question is above the five-yea-old boy.那个五岁的小孩不懂这个问题。
Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。
But for the storm，we should have arrived earlier.要是没有遇上暴风雨，我们会早到了。
All international disputes must be settled through negotiations instead of any armed conflicts.
一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。
3、一些固定结构也是形式肯定，意思否定，例如absent (from), free from, safe from, different (from), far from, few, little，alien to，anything but, know better than（明白而不至于）, too…to…, rather than，awkward(不熟练、不灵活、使用起来不方便)，bad(令人不愉快的，不受欢迎的、不舒服的)，blind to (看不到、不注意)，dead(无生命的、无感觉的、不毛的)，difficult(不容易的)，foreign to(不适于，与……无关)，short of(不足，不够)，poor(不好的，不幸的)，ignorant of(不懂)
He knows better than to do such a thing.他不至于干这样的事。
His work is far from satisfactory.他的工作远远不能令人满意。
The problem is anything but easy.这个问题可决不容易。He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋
4.含有if, before, unless，would rather 的从句或虚拟语气的句子，如:
Jump down from the roof of the building. If you dare.我猜你也不敢从房顶上跳下来。
She will die of hunger before she steals.他宁愿饿死也小愿去偷。
I would rather die before I would betray my country.我宁可死，也不背叛我的祖国。
The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。
5、许多英语习语从正面表达，习惯上却从反面加以翻译，如:
He was utterly in the dark about what had happened in the department yesterday.
他对昨天系里发生的事全然不知。
Leave me alone！别管我！Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.宁为鸡头，不做凤尾。
（二）反说正译的应用
１.双重否定
You cannot make omelettes without breaking eggs.有失才有得/不破不立
We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们对生活要水远抱乐观态度。
Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.有志者事竟成。
There is no evil without compensation. 恶有恶报。
He can hardly open his mouth without talking shop. 他一开口总是三句话不离本行。
２．否定的形式表示肯定的意思
Your article will be published in no time.你的文章很快就会刊发的。
I couldn't feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。I couldn't agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。
If that isn’t what I want！我所要的就是这个呀！He can't see you quick enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。课后练习：
take French leave不辞而别beyond dispute无可争论frost/Freon-free refrigerator无霜冰箱
an ice-free harbour不冻港Keep upright切勿倒置Free from anxiety无忧无虑
Free from arrogance and rashness不骄不躁。wet Paint！油漆未干！
I won’t keep you waiting long.我一会而就回来。Crew only !闲人莫入！
No Admittance ！禁止入内！/谢绝参观！Hold the line, please！
请别挂断！
Be generous with your praise!不要吝惜对他人的赞扬。
No deposit（存款,定金）will be refunded unless ticket produced.凭票退回押金。
I have read your article. I expected to meet an older man.拜读了您的大作，没想到您这样年轻。
As the saying goes, “ Men only weep when deeply hurt.”俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。There is not any advantage without disadvantage有一利必有一弊。Keep Off the Grass 请勿践踏草坪
He is the last man to accept a bribe.他决不会接受贿赂。
He has a short memory. 他记性不好。He yelled “freeze!”他喊到“别动！”
It's too dark here for us to read the words on this slip of paper.这里光线太暗了，看不出这个便条上写的字。There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。Opportunity knocks but once.机不可失
It never rains but it pours.不下则已，一下倾盆/不鸣则已一鸣惊人.
The sea food goes against my stomach.海鲜不合我口味。
His speech leaves no room to improvement.他的演讲完美之至。
Children were excluded from getting in the building.儿童不许进入这个房间。
As a result, many people avoided the very attempts that are the source of true happiness.
结果，很多人没有尝试，而这些尝试正是幸福的源泉。
Her child was in a terrible state of neglect.她的孩子简直没人管。
The window refuses to open.窗户打不开。He is no more than
a puppet.他只是一个傀儡。
A poor man is no less a citizen than a rich man. 穷人、富人都是人。
Nothing is more precious than life.生命最可贵。He can' t be more careless.他太粗心了。
Don' t lose time in posting this letter.赶快把这封信寄出去。
Bite off more than one can chew.贪多嚼不烂。
Let sleeping dogs lie.莫惹事生非。
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
Call a spade a spade.直言不讳。a dog in the manger占着茅坑不拉屎。
That’s all Greek to me.这我一窍不通。
The music is like nothing on the earth.此曲只应天上有。
When you called on me this morning, I was still in bed. 你早晨来看我的时候，我还没有起床。
His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone present.
他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。
She was deaf to all advice.她什么劝告都不听。
It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.也只有勒索信才能要这么高的价格。
【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法 由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同，汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异，尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂，有时形式否定而实质肯定，或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时，原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说，或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中，这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法，就称为正反译法。 正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法，属于引申和修辞范围。 笼统的说，英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词，以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说，不含有这些否定词的即为正说。 但实际操作时，正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊，例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”（正说），也可以翻译成“没有毛病”（反说）。因此，到底译文要采用正说还是反说，就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。 在正反译法中，英译汉正转反（正说反译法）和汉译英反转正（反说正译法）是最为重要的两种正反译法。 英译汉正转反 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的，虽然形式是肯定的，但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词，或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义，即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”，这类词在译成汉语时，需要变成汉语的否定词组，必要时还需要作词类转换。 1、名词 —含蓄否定名词主要有：shortness / shortage（不够；不足）、lack（缺乏；没有）、absence （不在）、failure（未能；不成功）、defiance（不顾；无视）、denial（否认；否定）、exclusion （排除）、freedom（不；免除）、refusal（不愿；不允许）、loss（失去）等。 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够，没能访问那些国家。 Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信，我们大惑不解。 2、动词或动词短语 —英语中常见的含蓄否定动词包括：refuse（不愿；不肯；无法）、lack（缺乏；没有）、defy （不服从；不遵守；不让）、forbid（不许）、stop（不准；别）、ignore（不理；不肯考虑；无视；不顾）、hate（不愿意）、miss（没听清楚；没赶上）等。 He refuses to come in. 他不愿意进来。（Chris TAO 于2012年10月22日归纳总结并存手稿。）
英语翻译正说反译反说正译 第八章英翻译技巧（五）正说反译反说正译 正说反译、反说正译的应用 不论是正说反译还是反说正译，究其原因归纳起来主要是：保证语义明确、加强修饰效果、尊重汉语习惯，保证译文通畅易懂。 所谓反面表达，是指英语词句中含有“not”，“never”，“no”，“un-”，“im-”，“ir-”，“in-”，“less-”等否定成分，汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“毋”、“勿”、“非”等否定成份，不含这些成份的为正面表达。 （一）正说反译的应用 1.谓语动词或动词词组本身表示否定意义，常见的有：Fail, fizzle out, fall short, be frustrated, escape, elude, slip away, stop, cease, overlook, ignore, neglect, refuse, grudge（怨恨，不情愿做）, disdain, reject, turn down, forbid, prohibit, exclude from, bar, ban, expire, be blind to, deny, avoid, omit, forget, prevent from, live up to, resist, miss, lack. I missed what you have said because of the noise outside.由于外面的噪音，我没听清楚你说的话。 To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 使我们失望的是他不顾大局。Such a chance was denied to me.我没有得到这样一个机会。 2.介词或介词短语含否定之意，常见的词有： Above, against, below, beneath, beyond, instead of, out of, without, but for。 Learn how to be instead of do.要学习如何做人，而不是做事。 The question is above the five-yea-old boy.那个五岁的小孩不懂这个问题。 Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。
在英汉互译过程中，由于两种语言表达习惯不同，往往需要把英语中的正说译成汉语中的反说，把英语中的反说译成汉语中的正说，或反之，这样才能确切表达原意并符合语言的规范。这种把正说处理为反说，把反说处理为正说的译法，叫正反、反正表达法。这种正说和反说的相互转换是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法。它属于引申和修辞范围。那么，什么是正说和反说呢？英语词句中含有“never”，“no”，“not”，“non-”，“un-”，“im-”，“in-”，“ir-”，“-less”等成分以及汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成分的为反说，不含有这些成分的为正说。 正说和反说包括的词类范围很广，不仅包括动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词和连词，而且包括各种词组，短语和从句。现以实例对正反、反正表达法加以说明。 一、英译汉正说反译法 在不少情况下，由于有的词语含有特殊意义，如不从反面着笔，译文就不通，这时必须反说。例如： ）“I have read your articles．I expect to meet an old man．” 我读过你的文章，没想到你这样年轻。”（动词） ）He was absent from his own country last year． 他去年不在自己的国家。（形容词短语） ）He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children． 他衣服没脱就跳入水中，把孩子救了上来。（副词） ）He was extremely sorry for the shortness of time．他对时间不足感到十分抱歉。（名词） ）I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task．我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。（介词） ）The lecture was interesting，but as far as I am concerned the speaker was speaking over my head．
?正反译法 ?概述 ●反说 ?英语not, no, never, non-,un-, im-, in, ir-, -less ?汉语含有不、没、无、未、别、休、甭、莫、非、勿、毋等 ?称为否定说法，简称反说 ●正说 ?而不含这些成分的词句，成为肯定说法，即正说。 ●正反转换 ?由于语言习惯的不同，汉英两种语言在正说与反说方面也常常不同。 ?原则上讲，最好正说译为正说，反说译为反说但在实践中，两者的正反表达形式有时不能吻合，必须进行正反的转换。 ?Stop talking nonsense! ?不要胡说八道！ ?No Smoking! ?禁止吸烟！ ?正说反译 ?“正说”词汇，但译成汉语时，有时却要“正说反译”。 ?动词：avoid, cease, deny, fail, hate, ignore, miss, overlook, pass, prevent, stop ?名词：absence, aversion, failure, refusal ?形容词：absent, far (from), free (free), little ?副词：out, too(…to) ?介词：above，beyond，instead of
?连词：before, rather than, more than ?正说反译举例 ?Her husband hates to see her stony（无情的）face. 她的丈夫不愿看见她毫无表情的脸。 ?Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you? 你知道他为什么老是不愿见你吗？ ?They were of course all intending to be surprised; but their astonishment was beyond their expectation… ……但却没有料到会惊讶到这个地步 ?反说正译 ?我们还没有到达机场，飞机就起飞了。 The plane had taken off before we arrived at the airport. ?请勿大声喧哗。Keep quiet. ?上海。 His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation ?虽然有关人士声称调查具有科学性，我仍不敢相信。(01/3) I remain suspicious of the survey, though the people concerned claimed it to be scientific. ?相关考题分析 ?Unlike the engineer, however, these professional intellectuals are free from much of the routine grind of daily work.(03/9) 然而这些人员与工程师还有所不同—他们不需要从事繁重的日常例行工作。
正说反译与反说正译 英语和汉语有相同之处，那就是在表达同一事物或同一概念时，往往可以从正面叙述，也可以从反面叙述。比如我们可以说“很困难”（quite difficult），也可以改成“很不容易”（far from easy）；说做某事“竭尽全力”（do one’s best），也可以说“不遗余力”（spare no effect）；可以说某个学生成绩“还好”（good），也可以说“不错”（not bad）。但由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面表达；而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此，英译汉时常常有必要进行转换。这就是通常所说的“正说反译与反说正译”法。如英语中的“wet Paint！”，汉语中常说成“油漆未干”，英语中说“I won’t keep you waiting long ”汉语中却说“我一会而就回来。” 1、正说反译： Miss the bus没有赶上车 Live up to the expectations of my parent不辜负父母的期望 Be absent from the meeting没有出席会议 A final decision不可更改的决定 Frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱 Freeze别动 Mortally ill不治之症 The window refuses to open窗户打不开 The explanation is pretty thin这个解释站不住脚 Beauty is but skin deep.美丽但不肤浅。 Opportunity knocks but once.机会只来一次。 Keep upright切勿倒置。 Agreeable sweetness甜而不腻。 I doubt it我不相信。 Mind your steep当心脚下。 2、反说正译： The specification lacks detail.说明书不够详细。 Catch me doing that.我才没干那事呢。 No one can have too much knowledge and practice.知识和实践越多越好。 Look with your eyes.请勿动手。 Keep off the grass.请勿践踏青草。 Crew only游客止步。 Seats shall be reserved for warm body only 请勿用物品占位。 That is all I want to hear.够了，别说了。 You can not teach old dogs new tricks.老年人接受不了新事物。 篇章练习： Love your life However mean your life is, meet it and live it, do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not as bad as you are. It looks poorest when you are richest. The faultfinder will find fault even in the paradise. Love your life, poor as it is. You may perhaps have many pleasant, thrilling, glorious hours even in a poor-house. The setting sun is reflected from the window of almshouse as brightly as from the rich man’s abode; the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. I do not see but a quite mind may live as contentedly there, and have as cheering thoughts, as in a palace. The town’s poor seem to me often live th e most independent lives of any. Maybe they are simply great
第六章：句法翻译 正反译法；转态译法；否定译法；换序译法； 断句译法；合句译法；转句译法；缩句译法。 一、正反翻译：(反说：含否定词; 正说：不含否定词) ●That’s a thing that might happen to any man. 这种事情谁也难免。 ●Private. 闲人莫入。 ●Keep upright. 切勿倒置。 ●Urban clearway. 市区通道，不准停车。 ●Keep off the lawn！请勿践踏草地！ ●He was the last man to say such things. 译文：他绝不会说这样的话。 ●I couldn’t agree more with you. 译文：我完全同意你的看法。 ●法律面前，人人平等。 译文：Law is no respecter of persons. (一)反说正译 ●All man between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the army during the war. 战时凡年在18至45之间的男子应一律服兵役。该规则没有例外。 ●No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.凭票退换押金。 (二)正说反译
●I have fallen behind with my correspondence. 我有一些信件没有及 时答复。 ●The plane cracked up through a bad landing.飞机因着陆不慎而坠毁。 ●他们每次见面都要谈论那件事。 (三)视角转换 ●在美国，人人都能买到枪。 译文1：In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. 译文2：In the United States, guns are available to everyone. ●The darkness was thinning, but they were still in bed.天渐渐有些亮 了，但他们还在睡觉。 ●If you forward your transcript from high school yourself, it can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed. ●译文1：如果你本人递交高中成绩单，只有校方信封保持密封才 可被认为是正式的。 ●译文2：如果高中成绩单由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启 封，否则证件将视为无效。 二、转态译法 1)Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of a common market. 译文：许多人要求建立一个共同市场。 2）说话时，已摆了茶果上来。 译文：Meanwhile refreshments had been served.
⏹在翻译时，对于中国学生来说，某些否定句犹如陷阱，稍有不慎，就会掉入其中。鉴于此，我们在翻译某些含有否定意义的句子时，应当把握两点：一、英语里有些从正面表达的词或句子，译文可从反面来表达，即正说反译法；二、英语里有些从反面表达的词或句子，译文可从正面来表达，即反说正译法。例如： ⏹1) Only five customers remained in the bar. ⏹酒吧间只有五个顾客还没走。 ⏹(原文从正面表达，译文从反面表达。如译成“还留着”，或“还呆在那里”，则不如“还没有走”更符合汉语习惯。) ⏹2）Anyone wants to get out? Over my dead body! ⏹只要我活着，谁也别想出去。（the original English sentence implies “nobody can get out unless you kill me）. ⏹3) Mother said Father would come soon, but Mary knew better. ⏹妈妈说爸爸很快就会来了，玛丽知道不会。（“know better” implies that Mary thoug ht differently or disagreed with Mother, it means “think otherwise”） ⏹5) A radar screen is not unlike a television. ⏹雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。 ⏹(如译成“雷达荧光屏不是不象电视荧光屏一样”则不符合汉语习惯。) ⏹我们可以看到，正面译不顺，不妨从反面译；反面译不顺，不妨从正面译，因为同一个概念，一个民族正面说，认为是合乎表达习惯的，而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺嘴。 ⏹下面从正说反译和反说正译这两个方面来探讨英语否定结构汉译的一般原则 ⏹一、正说反译法（Affirmative in English, but Negative in Chinese） ⏹英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。下面按词性列举它们的翻译方法。 ⏹1.名词 ⏹1) There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area. ⏹关于该地区的石油储藏情况，人们毫无所知。 ⏹(absence可译为“不在”、“毫无”、“不在……时间”等。) ⏹2) Her child was in a terrible state of neglect. ⏹她的孩子简直没人管。 ⏹(neglect可译为“不留心”，“没人管”。) ⏹3) All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts. ⏹一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。 ⏹(avoidance 可译为“不采取”。) ⏹作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有：defiance (不顾，无视)，denial (否认，否定)，exclusion (排除)，anything but (根本不，决不)，lack (无，缺乏)，failure (不成功，不足，不履行)，refusal ( 不愿，不允许)，loss (失去)等。
翻译技巧 第六讲正说反译，反说正译法 正说反译，反说正译法(Negation) Negation is an important composition of any language, but different languages have various ways to express negation, which are reflected not only in the use of negative words but also in different structures of negation. 英语的否定形式多种多样——全部否定, 部分否定, 双重否定, 形式否定, 意义否定 汉语的否定形式单一——negative words are always put before the part to be negated. 1. 否定转移 (1) 一般否定——〉特殊否定 例1. I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. 我并不是因为教书容易才教书的。 例2. We don’t read novels for amuseme nt. 我们读小说不是为了消遣。 例3. The planets do not go around the sun at a uniform speed 我们读小说不是为了消遣。 (2) 特殊否定——〉一般否定 例1. No sound was heard. 没有听到声音。 例2. So far we know of no effective way to store solar energy. 到目前为止，我们还不知道储存太阳能的有效办法。 2. 意义否定的译法 所谓意义否定，就是英语中某些形式上是肯定的，但意义上却是否定的句式。 此类句式中，既没有否定词(no, not, none, nothing, nobody, neither, hardly, seldom, rarely, little等) ，也没有带否定的前缀( dis-, ir-, im-, non-, un-等)的词。其句意上的否定意义，均缘于句中的某些词的词义。 (1)由某些名词引起的意义否定 例1. A few instruments are in a state of neglect . 一些仪器处于无人管理的状态。 例2. In the absence of gravity, there would be no air around the earth. 没有重力，地球周围就没有空气。 例3. Shortage of workers kept the progress of the project slow. 由于工人不够，该项目进展缓慢。 (2) 由某些动词或动词短语引起的意义否定( e.g. fail, refuse, keep off, reject, deny, prevent from, refrain from, give up, withhold, avoid, stop, turn down, fall short of, lose sight of, shut one’s eyes to, turn a deaf ear to等) 例1. He failed to appreciate our kindness. 两次检查都没有发现引擎中导致事故的故障。 例2. The name slipped from my memory. 我记不起这个名字了。 例3. The specification lacks detail. 这份证明书不够详尽。 (3) 由某些介词引起的意义否定 例1. Theory of Relativity worked out by Einstein is now above many people. 爱因斯坦提出的相对论现在还有不少人理解不了。 例2. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种合同。 例3. The score could have been higher but for some excellent goalkeeping by Simon. 若不是因为西蒙守门技术精湛，得分还会更高些。 例4. When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do. 菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。
第七部分正说反译，反说正译 英译汉 1. It is wiser than to believe what you call money talks 。 我不至于蠢到相信你说的金钱万能呢。 2. He could do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life. 叫他干什么他都愿意，只要不让他再过从前的日子。 3. All graduates from Foreign Language Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work. 外院的学生并非都被分配去做翻译工作。 4. Africa is not kicking out western imperialism in order to invite other new master. 非洲踢出西方帝国主义，不是为了请进新的主人。 5. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 双方都认为开会不失体面地接受这样的和平方案。 6. One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood. 新到一个陌生的邻里，越小心越好。 7. Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection. 再漂亮的东西，只要仔细观察，也会发现某种缺陷。 8. The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste. 月球上北京一个毫无生机的世界，是多山的不毛之地。 9. All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat. 燃料中的所有化学能并不都转化为热能。 10. All these various losses, great as they are, do not in any way contradict the law of conservation of energy. 所有这些损失，尽管很大，却都没有违反能量守恒定律。 11. All other sources of heat besides the sun would not raise the temperature of the earth 1/4 degree F. 除了太阳以外，所有其他能源都不能把地球的温度升高华氏1/4度。 12. The contemporary phenomenon of motorcar worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails. 崇拜汽车的这种现代现象在很大程度上要从与所有权相伴的独立和自由的意识上来解 释。 13. And this failure to recognize and analyze the interrelationship of linguistic and non- linguistic problems produces two major signs of ineffectiveness. 你没能够意识到和分析出语言和非语言之间的内部联系，才产生了这两种效率低下的 现象。 14. Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bat to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role. 动物发出的声音并不都气语言作用，我们只需要以蝙蝠的固定声位的发现为例，通过 这个不同寻常的事例，我们就能知道声音起着非常实际的作用。 15. Because of the possibility of human error and total reliance on communications between pilots and controller the system will be -dangerous '"failrather than -safe."fail 由于人难免犯错，以及完全依赖飞行员与控制器之间的联系，这一套方法与其说会自 动防止故障，倒不如说会自动发造成危险。 16. I know it is a square peg in a round hole; still, it serves after a fashion. 我知道此物方柚圆凿，十分不配，但尽管如此，还是勉强顶用。
正说反译与反说正译 正说反译与反说正译 英语和汉语有相同之处，那就是在表达同一事物或同一概念时，往往可以从正面叙述，也可以从反面叙述。比如我们可以说“很困难”（quite difficult），也可以改成“很不容易”（far from easy）；说做某事“竭尽全力”（do one’s best），也可以说“不遗余力”（spare no effect）；可以说某个学生成绩“还好”（good），也可以说“不错”（not bad）。但由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面表达；而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此，英译汉时常常有必要进行转换。这就是通常所说的“正说反译与反说正译”法。如英语中的“wet Paint！”，汉语中常说成“油漆未干”，英语中说“I won’t keep you waiting long ”汉语中却说“我一会而就回来。” 1、正说反译： Miss the bus没有赶上车 Live up to the expectations of my parent不辜负父母的期望 Be absent from the meeting没有出席会议 A final decision不可更改的决定 Frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱 Freeze别动 Mortally ill不治之症 The window refuses to open窗户打不开 The explanation is pretty thin这个解释站不住脚 Beauty is but skin deep.美丽但不肤浅。 Opportunity knocks but once.机会只来一次。 Keep upright切勿倒置。 Agreeable sweetness甜而不腻。 I doubt it我不相信。 Mind your steep当心脚下。
Handout5.翻译技巧：正说反译和反说正译-英汉 Negation(反译法) Week 5 I.Affirmative in English Negative in Chinese A.Word 1．Such a chance was denied (to) me. (v.) 2．The first bombs missed the target. (v.) 3．This summer is predictably hotter. (ad.) 4．Time is what we want most, what, alas, many use worst. (ad.) 5．The plan is not final. (a.) 6．I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man. (a.) 7．What you’ve said is above me. (prep.) 8．It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. (prep.) 9．After you! (prep.) 10．The soldiers would fight to death before they surrender. (conj.) 11．They feel great anxiety about his sickness. (n.) B.Phrase 12．The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt. 13．The explanation is far from being satisfactory. 14．The criminal is still at large.。 15．They will prove worthy of the Party's trust. C.Sentence 16．He is nearly 60,but he carried his years lightly. 17．More haste, less speed. 18．All you need is a good heart, most people assume, and the rest will take care of itself.
翻译的基本技巧——正译与反译 正说与反说的相互转换是翻译实践中极为实用的方法。在英语中从正面来说的,可能在汉语中要从反面来叙述更加恰当,有些时候英语的反说可能要处理为汉语的正说才符合习惯。 A. “正说反译” 请看下面的译例: 1) I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man. [原译] 我读过你的文章,我料想会见到一个年纪更大的人。 [改译] 我读过你的文章,但没料想你会这样年轻。 [分析] 比较两种译文不难看到,如果机械地套用“正译”,译文后半部分语义 不清,“改译”采用反面着笔并加以相应的转换,得到的译文更加通顺达意。这就是“正说反译”的一个很好的例证。 2) A seaman knows that the sea is all-powerful and can, under certain circumstances, destroy man and the product of his brain and hand, the ship. [译文1] 水手们都知道,大海的威力是最强大的;在某些情况下,它能把人及 人所制造的船只统统摧毁掉。 [译文2] 水手们都知道,大海的威力是势不可挡的;在某些情况下,它能把人 及人所制造的船只统统摧毁掉。(正说反译)
[分析] 句中the sea is all-powerful 如果用肯定说法直译“大海是最强大的”,便显得很肤浅,没有从深层理解原文,远不如上面的否定说法那样生动而能感染读者。 B. 反说正译 3) “Mine! Mine!”They would shout at the pretty rainbows that are down to the earth, seeming never very far away. [译文] 他们会冲着那从天际弯弯地挂向地面的,看来好像伸手可及的美丽彩虹大声呼喊:“哎呀!哎呀!” [分析] 句中never very far away若直译为“离得不太远”就很不深刻,大欠文采,远不如“伸手可及”形象鲜明。
UnitFour正说反译,反说正译 Unit Four 正说反译，反说正译 I don’t think John is right. 我认为约翰不对。 A:Are you not going tomorrow? B:No,I’m not going. 你明天不去吗？ 是的，我不去。 The world today is far from peaceful. 今天的世界还很不安宁。 Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people. 我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。 He tries his best to overcome the lack of technical data. 他尽力克服技术资料的不足。 The window refuses to open. 窗户打不开。 Y esterday he failed to get to school on time. 昨天他没准时到校。 To do this is beyond my ability. 干这事我力不从心。 I,rather than you,should do the work. 该做这工作的是我，而不是你。 But for the worker s’ help,we should not have succeeded in this experiment. 没有工人的们的帮助，我们这个实验便不会成功。 The County Party Committee there is ignorant of conditions at the lower levels. 那里的县委不了解下情。 Slips are scarcely avoidable when you’re new to your work.
英语和汉语都有肯定与否定之分，但是由于英语和汉语的思维方式和表达习惯不同，两种语言用来表达否定概念的词汇、语法及语言逻辑都有很大的区别。比如，在表达否定意义时，英语的否定结构比较复杂，方式灵活多样，除了使用否定词外，还常使用一些否定词缀和形式肯定、意义否定的动词、形容词、介词等;汉语没有严格意义上的肯定和否定形态变化，表达方式较为简单，表达否定意义的词语中几乎都含有明显的否定标志词“不”、“无”、“莫”、“未”、“没有”等。 对于同一事物往往可以从正面说，也可以从反面说，英语、汉语都是如此。对有些事物，英语习惯于从正面说，汉语习惯于从反面说;对另一些事物，汉语习惯于从正面说，英语则习惯于从反面说。在翻译实践中，原文中正说的句子在翻译时可能必须处理成反说，也可能正说反说均可以，但是处理成反说效果会更好一些。因此，必须在准确理解原文的基础上，根据译人语的行文习惯和修辞效果，灵活运用正说与反说。再如： 1) Western society (about l.2 billion people) cannot bring the remaining 5.1 billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive “standard of living" without exhausting the earth's resources. 译文一：西方社会有约12亿人口，维持他们的生活标准需要消耗大量的资源。要让欠发达国家的51亿人口都达到西方的“生活标准”，必然会把地球的资源消耗殆尽。(正说)
8. 正说反译和反说正译 正说反译 正说反译和反说正译的实质是从逻辑上改换说法。由于语言所反映的心理因素和不同语言的情调往往要求译者改换说法。英汉互译中，为了达到功能对等，增强语言交际效果，常常采用这两种技巧 We will live up to what our parents expect of us. 我们不能辜负父母的期望。 If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果本人递交证件，则本人不得擅自拆封，否则证件将被视为无效。 如果自己提交档案，学校的密封信封必须加盖公章、完好无损，否则无效。Private! 闲人免进！ Keep upright! 切勿倒置！ Wet paint! 油漆未干！ Urban clearway! 市区通道，不准停车！ Inflammables—keep away from fire. 易燃物品，切勿近火！ I prefer the red one to the black one. 我要红的，不要黑的。 The news of the assassination of President Lincoln spread like wildfire. 林肯总统遭到暗杀的消息不胫而走。 The plan cracked up through a bad landing. 飞机因着陆不当而撞毁。 Fully clothed, he fell across his bunk and was instantly sleep. 他不脱衣服，往床上一躺就睡着了。 I have fallen behind with my correspondence. 我没有及时回复信函。 Sleeping too long is a lame excuse for being late. 睡眠过久不利于健康。