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流程图相关英语作文Title: The Importance and Application of Flowcharts。
Flowcharts are essential tools in various fields, providing a visual representation of processes, systems, or workflows. They play a crucial role in organizing, understanding, and communicating complex information. This essay explores the significance of flowcharts and their applications across different domains.Firstly, flowcharts serve as a universal language for conveying processes and procedures. Regardless of language barriers, individuals can interpret a flowchart's symbols and understand the sequence of steps involved in a process. This universality makes flowcharts an effective communication tool in multicultural and multinational environments.Moreover, flowcharts enhance clarity and comprehension. By breaking down complex processes into manageable stepsand illustrating decision points, flowcharts simplify intricate concepts. Whether used for training purposes or troubleshooting procedures, flowcharts enable individuals to grasp information quickly and accurately.In addition to their communicative benefits, flowcharts aid in process optimization and efficiency improvement. By visualizing workflows, stakeholders can identify bottlenecks, redundancies, or inefficiencies within a system. This insight empowers organizations to streamline processes, allocate resources effectively, and enhance overall productivity.Furthermore, flowcharts facilitate problem-solving and decision-making processes. When faced with a challenge or dilemma, individuals can refer to a flowchart to determine the appropriate course of action. The structured layout of a flowchart guides users through logical steps, helping them arrive at solutions efficiently.The versatility of flowcharts extends across various industries and sectors. In the field of softwaredevelopment, flowcharts are instrumental in designing algorithms, defining software architecture, and mapping out user interfaces. Similarly, in manufacturing and production environments, flowcharts aid in optimizing assembly lines, inventory management, and quality control processes.In project management, flowcharts assist in planning, scheduling, and tracking project milestones. They visualize the sequential flow of tasks, dependencies between activities, and critical paths. Project managers rely on flowcharts to ensure projects stay on track and meet deadlines effectively.Furthermore, flowcharts find applications in healthcare, where they depict patient care pathways, treatment protocols, and medical decision-making processes. By visualizing healthcare workflows, clinicians can enhance patient safety, optimize resource utilization, and improve overall quality of care.In the realm of education, flowcharts are valuable instructional tools for explaining complex concepts,illustrating problem-solving strategies, and guiding students through procedural tasks. Teachers utilize flowcharts to engage students visually and enhance their understanding of academic subjects.Overall, flowcharts play a vital role in organizing information, facilitating communication, optimizing processes, and guiding decision-making across diverse domains. Their universal appeal, clarity-enhancing features, and versatility make them indispensable tools in today's complex and dynamic world.In conclusion, flowcharts represent more than just graphical representations of processes; they are powerful instruments for fostering understanding, efficiency, and innovation. Whether in business, technology, healthcare, education, or any other field, flowcharts continue to shape the way we visualize, analyze, and improve processes. Embracing the utility of flowcharts enables individuals and organizations to navigate complexity with clarity and confidence.。
写一篇航空需运输的求职信英语作文Dear Hiring Manager,I am writing to express my strong interest in the position of Aviation Logistics Coordinator at your esteemed organization. With my extensive experience in the aviation industry and my unwavering dedication to excellence, I am confident that I possess the skills and qualifications necessary to excel in this role.Throughout my career, I have honed my expertise in the intricate world of air transportation logistics. As a seasoned professional, I have developed a deep understanding of the complexities involved in the planning, coordination, and execution of efficient air cargo and passenger transport. My ability to navigate the ever-evolving regulatory landscape, coupled with my keen eye for detail, has allowed me to consistently deliver exceptional results for my previous employers.One of my proudest achievements was my role in the successful implementation of a new cargo management system at my previous company. This project involved seamlessly integrating various software platforms, streamlining communication channels, andoptimizing workflows to enhance the overall efficiency of the air freight operations. By leveraging my technical proficiency and strong problem-solving skills, I was able to spearhead this initiative, leading to a significant reduction in operational costs and a marked improvement in customer satisfaction.In addition to my technical expertise, I possess a deep passion for the aviation industry. I am constantly seeking new ways to stay informed about the latest trends, technologies, and best practices that shape this dynamic field. This unwavering commitment to professional development has enabled me to anticipate and adapt to the changing needs of the industry, ensuring that I remain at the forefront of the ever-evolving landscape.Moreover, I am a highly collaborative and adaptable team player. I have honed my ability to work effectively with cross-functional teams, fostering open communication and coordinating seamless workflows. My strong leadership skills and my capacity to thrive in high-pressure environments have been instrumental in my success in previous roles, where I have consistently delivered on ambitious goals and exceeded stakeholder expectations.I am confident that my unique blend of technical expertise, industry knowledge, and interpersonal skills make me an ideal candidate for the Aviation Logistics Coordinator position at your organization. I ameager to leverage my experience and expertise to contribute to the continued success of your company and to play a pivotal role in the growth and optimization of your air transportation operations.Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further and to demonstrate how I can be a valuable asset to your team.Sincerely,[Your Name]。
员工工作交接英语作文Title: Effective Employee Handover: A Key to Seamless Transition。
In the dynamic realm of professional environments, employee handover plays a pivotal role in ensuring continuity, efficiency, and effectiveness within teams and organizations. Whether due to a change in roles, projects, or employment, a well-executed handover process is imperative for the seamless transition of responsibilities and knowledge transfer. In this essay, we delve into the essential components and best practices of employee handover, emphasizing its significance and impact.First and foremost, effective communication serves as the cornerstone of a successful handover process. Clear and transparent communication between the outgoing and incoming employees fosters mutual understanding and sets the stage for a smooth transition. It is crucial for the departing employee to articulate their current tasks, projects, andongoing commitments comprehensively. Likewise, the incoming employee should actively engage in the process, asking pertinent questions and seeking clarification where necessary to grasp the intricacies of their new role.Documentation also plays a crucial role in facilitating the handover process. Comprehensive documentation, ranging from project plans and status reports to procedural manuals and contact lists, provides a tangible reference for the incoming employee to navigate their responsibilities effectively. Moreover, digital platforms and collaboration tools can streamline the sharing of documents and information, ensuring accessibility and ease of reference for both parties involved in the handover.Furthermore, fostering a culture of knowledge sharing within the organization promotes continuous learning and development while mitigating the risks associated with employee turnover. Encouraging employees to document their workflows, best practices, and lessons learned not only enriches the organizational knowledge base but also empowers individuals to contribute to the collective growthand success of the team. Leveraging technology such as knowledge management systems and collaborative platforms facilitates the dissemination and retrieval of information, transcending geographical and temporal barriers.In addition to transferring operational responsibilities, effective employee handover encompasses the transfer of relationships and stakeholder management. Building and maintaining professional relationships with clients, vendors, and internal stakeholders are often intrinsic to the success of projects and initiatives. Therefore, the outgoing employee should provide insights into the dynamics of these relationships, including key contacts, communication preferences, and ongoing interactions, enabling the incoming employee to seamlessly transition into their role as a trusted liaison.Moreover, recognizing the emotional aspect of employee handover is essential for nurturing a supportive and empathetic work environment. Transitioning out of a role can evoke a range of emotions, including nostalgia, uncertainty, and excitement, for the departing employee.Empathetic leadership and peer support can alleviate anxiety and facilitate a sense of closure, enabling the individual to embrace their next chapter with confidence and optimism. Celebrating the contributions of the outgoing employee through farewell gatherings or personalized gestures reinforces their sense of belonging and appreciation within the organization.In conclusion, employee handover is a multifaceted process encompassing communication, documentation, knowledge sharing, relationship management, and emotional support. By prioritizing effective handover practices, organizations can mitigate the risks associated with employee turnover, optimize operational continuity, and foster a culture of collaboration and resilience. As the workforce continues to evolve, investing in robust handover processes remains paramount for driving sustainable growth and success in today's dynamic business landscape.。
关于机器人的优缺点英语作文英文回答：Advantages of Robots:Enhanced productivity: Robots can operate 24/7 without rest, increasing production output and reducing labor costs.Improved accuracy and precision: Robots have advanced sensors and actuators that enable them to perform taskswith high levels of precision and accuracy, minimizing errors.Enhanced efficiency: Robots can streamline processes, eliminate bottlenecks, and optimize workflows, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.Safety enhancements: Robots can work in hazardous or dangerous environments where it is unsafe for humans, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.Improved quality control: Robots can implement rigorous quality control measures, ensuring consistent product quality and reducing defects.Reduced labor costs: Robots can replace human workers in repetitive or labor-intensive tasks, freeing up human workers for more complex and value-added activities.Disadvantages of Robots:High initial costs: Robots require significant upfront investment, including acquisition, installation, programming, and maintenance costs.Job displacement: Robots can automate tasks that were previously performed by human workers, leading to potential job losses.Technical complexity: Robots are complex machines that require skilled technicians for operation, programming, and maintenance, which can be expensive.Limited adaptability: Robots are generally designedfor specific tasks and may not be easily adaptable to different environments or tasks.Ethical concerns: The increasing use of robots raises ethical concerns about privacy, security, and the potential impact on society as a whole.Maintenance and repair costs: Robots require regular maintenance and repairs, which can be costly and time-consuming.中文回答：机器人的优点：提高生产力，机器人可以不间断地 24/7 运行，从而增加生产产量并降低劳动力成本。
技术如何改变我们的学习和工作方式英语作文精选五篇【篇一】Title: The Impact of Technology on Learning and Work MethodsTechnology has revolutionized the way we learn and work, transforming traditional methods into dynamic, interconnected systems. This essay explores the profound impact of technology on both learning and work processes.In the realm of education, technology has democratized access to knowledge. With the internet as a vast repository of information, learners can access resources from anywhere, anytime. Online courses, tutorials, and educational platforms offer flexibility and personalized learning experiences, catering to diverse learning styles and preferences. Moreover, digital tools such as interactive simulations, virtual reality, and augmented reality enhance engagement and deepen understanding, making learning more immersive and interactive than ever before.Additionally, technology has reshaped the dynamics ofclassrooms and workplaces. Collaboration tools like Google Workspace and Microsoft Teams facilitate seamless communication and collaboration among students and professionals, breaking down geographical barriers and enabling real-time interaction and feedback. Cloud computing has revolutionized workflow management, allowing for remote access to documents and data storage, promoting flexibility and productivity in work environments.Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have automated routine tasks, freeing up time for more complex and creative endeavors. In education, AI-powered adaptive learning systems analyze student performance data to tailor personalized learning pathways, addressing individual strengths and weaknesses. Similarly, in the workplace, AI-driven algorithms optimize processes, streamline workflows, and provide valuable insights for informed decision-making.However, despite the numerous benefits, the integration of technology in learning and work also presents challenges. The digital divide exacerbates disparities in access to technology and digital literacy skills, widening the gap between those whohave access to resources and those who do not. Moreover, concerns about data privacy, cybersecurity, and the ethical implications of AI raise important questions about the responsible use of technology in educational and professional settings.In conclusion, technology has fundamentally transformed the way we learn and work, offering unprecedented opportunities for innovation, collaboration, and efficiency. By harnessing the power of technology responsibly and inclusively, we can unlock the full potential of digital tools to create more accessible, adaptive, and engaging learning and work environments for all.【篇二】Title: The Transformation of Learning and Working Methods Through TechnologyTechnology has significantly altered the landscape of both learning and working, revolutionizing traditional approaches and ushering in a new era of efficiency and innovation. This essay delves into the ways in which technology has reshaped learning and working methods.In the sphere of education, technology has democratizedaccess to knowledge, breaking down barriers of geography and socioeconomic status. The internet serves as a vast repository of information, offering learners instant access to a wealth of resources ranging from online courses and tutorials to digital libraries and educational apps. This accessibility enables individuals to pursue learning at their own pace and convenience, catering to diverse learning styles and preferences.Moreover, technology has transformed the classroom experience, making it more interactive, engaging, and personalized. Interactive whiteboards, educational software, and multimedia resources bring lessons to life, stimulating student interest and enhancing comprehension. Additionally, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies create immersive learning environments, enabling students to explore complex concepts in a hands-on manner.In the realm of work, technology has streamlined processes, increased productivity, and facilitated collaboration. Communication tools such as email, instant messaging, and video conferencing bridge geographical distances, allowing teams tocollaborate seamlessly regardless of location. Cloud computing enables remote access to documents and data storage, promoting flexibility and mobility in the workplace.Furthermore, automation technologies powered by artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized workflow management, automating repetitive tasks and freeing up time for more strategic endeavors. AI-driven algorithms analyze large datasets to extract insights, inform decision-making, and optimize processes, leading to greater efficiency and innovation in various industries.However, alongside these benefits, the integration of technology in learning and working environments also poses challenges. Concerns about digital literacy, data privacy, cybersecurity, and the ethical implications of AI highlight the importance of responsible technology use. Additionally, the digital divide exacerbates inequalities in access to technology and digital skills, underscoring the need for inclusive approaches to technology adoption.In conclusion, technology has fundamentally transformed the way we learn and work, offering unprecedented opportunities foraccessibility, efficiency, and collaboration. By embracing technology responsibly and addressing associated challenges, we can harness its full potential to create more adaptive, engaging, and inclusive learning and working environments for all.【篇三】Title: The Influence of Technology on Learning and Working MethodsTechnology has become an integral part of our lives, profoundly altering the ways in which we learn and work. This essay examines the multifaceted impact of technology on our approaches to learning and working.In the realm of education, technology has facilitated access to information and resources like never before. The internet serves as a vast reservoir of knowledge, offering diverse learning materials such as online courses, tutorials, and educational videos. This accessibility has democratized education, allowing individuals from all walks of life to pursue learning opportunities tailored to their interests and schedules.Furthermore, technology has revolutionized the dynamics of classrooms and learning environments. Interactive whiteboards, educational software, and multimedia presentations engage students in ways that traditional methods cannot. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies provide immersive learning experiences, enabling students to explore subjects in depth and visualize complex concepts with ease.In the realm of work, technology has similarly transformed traditional practices. Communication tools such as email, instant messaging, and video conferencing facilitate seamless collaboration among colleagues, regardless of geographical barriers. Cloud computing enables remote access to files and data storage, promoting flexibility and efficiency in work processes.Moreover, automation technologies powered by artificial intelligence (AI) have streamlined workflows and increased productivity in various industries. Routine tasks that once required manual effort can now be automated, allowing workers to focus on more strategic and creative endeavors. AI algorithms analyze data to provide valuable insights, informdecision-making, and optimize processes for maximum efficiency.However, alongside these advancements, technology also presents challenges and concerns. The digital divide persists, with disparities in access to technology and digital literacy skills affecting marginalized communities. Additionally, issues such as data privacy, cybersecurity, and the ethical implications of AI raise important questions about the responsible use of technology in both educational and professional settings.In conclusion, technology has fundamentally transformed the way we learn and work, offering unparalleled opportunities for accessibility, efficiency, and innovation. By addressing challenges and embracing responsible technology use, we can harness its full potential to create inclusive, adaptive, and dynamic learning and working environments for the benefit of all.【篇四】Title: The Impact of Technology on Learning and WorkTechnology has profoundly reshaped the landscape of both learning and work, ushering in a new era of efficiency,connectivity, and innovation. This essay explores the transformative effects of technology on our approaches to education and professional endeavors.In the realm of education, technology has democratized access to knowledge. The internet serves as a vast repository of information, offering a diverse array of resources such as online courses, tutorials, and digital libraries. This accessibility enables learners to tailor their educational experiences to their unique interests and schedules, transcending geographical and socioeconomic barriers.Moreover, classrooms have evolved with the integration of technology. Interactive tools like smart boards, educational software, and multimedia resources have made lessons more engaging and interactive. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies provide immersive learning experiences, allowing students to visualize complex concepts and engage with subjects in innovative ways.Similarly, technology has revolutionized the landscape of work. Communication tools such as email, instant messaging, and video conferencing have facilitated seamless collaborationamong teams spread across different locations. Cloud computing has enabled remote access to documents and data storage, promoting flexibility and productivity in the workplace.Furthermore, automation technologies driven by artificial intelligence (AI) have optimized workflows and enhanced productivity. AI-powered algorithms automate routine tasks, freeing up time for employees to focus on higher-value, strategic initiatives. Data analysis tools provide valuable insights that inform decision-making and drive innovation across various industries.However, the integration of technology also presents challenges. The digital divide persists, with disparities in access to technology and digital skills hindering equal opportunities for all. Concerns regarding data privacy, cybersecurity, and the ethical implications of AI underscore the importance of responsible technology use in educational and professional contexts.In conclusion, technology has fundamentally transformed the way we learn and work, offering unprecedented opportunities for accessibility, collaboration, and efficiency. Embracingresponsible technology adoption and addressing associated challenges will enable us to harness the full potential of technology, creating inclusive and dynamic environments that foster continuous learning and innovation.【篇五】Title: The Evolution of Learning and Working Methods Through TechnologyIn recent decades, technology has become a driving force behind the evolution of both learning and working methods. This essay delves into the profound changes brought about by technology in these spheres.In the realm of education, technology has shattered traditional barriers to learning. The internet has emerged as a boundless wellspring of information, offering diverse educational resources such as online courses, tutorials, and digital libraries. This unprecedented accessibility has democratized education, empowering individuals from all backgrounds to pursue learning opportunities tailored to their needs and interests.Furthermore, technology has revolutionized pedagogicalapproaches. Interactive whiteboards, educational software, and multimedia presentations have transformed classrooms into dynamic hubs of engagement. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have elevated learning experiences by enabling students to immerse themselves in subjects, fostering deeper understanding and retention of complex concepts.Similarly, technology has revolutionized the landscape of work, fostering greater collaboration and efficiency. Communication tools like email, instant messaging, and video conferencing have dissolved geographical barriers, enabling seamless interaction among colleagues across the globe. Cloud computing has facilitated remote access to documents and data storage, promoting flexibility and agility in work processes.Moreover, automation technologies driven by artificial intelligence (AI) have streamlined workflows and boosted productivity. Mundane tasks that once consumed valuable time can now be automated, allowing workers to focus on more strategic and creative endeavors. AI algorithms analyze data to provide valuable insights, driving informed decision-making and innovation in various industries.However, as with any advancement, technology also poses challenges and concerns. The digital divide persists, with disparities in access to technology and digital literacy skills exacerbating inequalities in education and employment. Moreover, issues surrounding data privacy, cybersecurity, and the ethical use of AI underscore the importance of responsible technology adoption and governance.In conclusion, technology has catalyzed profound transformations in both learning and working methods, offering unprecedented opportunities for accessibility, collaboration, and productivity. Embracing responsible technology adoption and addressing associated challenges will be pivotal in ensuring that the benefits of technology are equitably distributed and harnessed to create inclusive and dynamic environments for learning and work.。
CloudVision® Macro-Segmentation Service - FirewallAn increase in successful data breaches across all industries, includinggovernment agencies, has accelerated the need to re-architect thesecurity framework. With technology transitions driven by SaaSapplication delivery models, IoT, 5G, AI/ML etc, happening at a rapid pace, Infosec architects are rethinking the way trust perimeters are defined and moving to a zero-trust model. The move to zero trust also means evolving the architecture which has largely remained static and bounded, unable to protect the increasingly virtualized/ containerized data center environments hosting modern applications at scale.Today’s cloud environments need a more flexible approach to deploying security that adapts to constant workload changes, additions, and movements. The capacity of the security solution needs to scale upward to match the broadened attack surface of multi-tenant shared environments. Infrastructures need to offer an unfettered selection of security technology options as opposed to siloed ecosystems of yesterday’s solutions that limit flexibility and obstruct freedom of choice. Arista Macro-Segmentation Service - Firewall Arista Networks™ Macro-Segmentation Service (MSS) - Firewallcapability for CloudVision® allows next-generation firewalls to bedeployed automatically for specific workloads and workflows acrossmodern overlay network virtualization (EVPN) fabrics.Address network-based security andsegmentation as a pool of resources, stitchsecurity to applications and transactions,scale on-demand, automate deploymentand mitigation, allow transparentapplication of security policies; do it allseamlessly without introducing gratuitousinterdependencies, for both physical andvirtualized resources:• Micro-Segmentation: insertingservices in the path of inter-VM trafficby defining policies in an overlay/virtualization controller for eachindividual workload — enforcedwithin the hypervisor virtual switch, byapplication, workload, or other tag.• Macro-Segmentation™: Segmentationby inserting services betweenworkgroups (intertenant or inter-device) in the physical network bydefining inter- segment servicepolicies - defined and enforced viaa combination of firewall and Aristacloud networking infrastructure.•Arista Macro-Segmentation Service(MSS™) Firewall: an extension in AristaEOS® software that utilizes AristaCloudVision® to automate securityservice insertion for next-generationfirewallsCurrent security deployment models support embedded security in the virtualization hypervisors to address inter-VM communication and physical firewalls address at-depth protection for north-south traffic leaving the data center.With east-west traffic dominating the traffic flows, no solution exists yet to dynamically insert advanced security services for this traffic in hybrid data centers utilizing a combination of hypervisors, or containing non-virtualized workloads like big data and storage, or attaching legacy systems to the same networks as new cloud applications.Complicating this situation are the range of design considerations for the cloud data center operator and application users imposed by legacy applications and network architectures. Migrating from legacy network architectures to modern leaf-spine architectures improves network performance, but offers little mitigation for security risks as there is no longer a natural insertion point for firewalls. A more holistic network-wide segmentation approach at the macro- and micro-level is now the mandate to mitigate security threats. This has been addressed in part by the implementation of distributed fine-grain security services within networking and computing hypervisors, often called micro-segmentation. The current compromised security deployment models must change to allow dynamic placement of security services and devices within and around the cloud to protect workloads anddata from outside threats as well as from those threats that have already breached the perimeter, while enabling the agility forwhich the cloud data center was built to begin with.The Role of Arista Macro-Segmentation Service - FirewallMacro-Segmentation Service - Firewall is a complement to fine-grained security services delivered via micro-segmentation, which is implemented in the virtual switch of the physical host on which a VM is running. The delivery of enhanced micro-segmentation security via platforms like VMware NSX is one of the most significant features enabled by network virtualization. Macro-segmentation extends the concept of fine-grained intra-hypervisor security to the rest of the data-center by enabling dynamic insertion of services for physical devices and non-virtualized devices. It is specifically aimed at physical-to-physical (so-called P-to-P) and physical to virtual (P-to-V) workloads.Macro-segmentation provides a software-driven dynamic and scalable network service to insert security devices into the path of traffic, regardless of whether the service device or workload is physical or virtual, and with complete flexibility on placement of service devices and workloads.Arista MSS Firewall - Key CharacteristicsMSS Firewall is one of the services enabled by Arista CloudVision. Since CloudVision maintains a network-wide database of all state within the network, it is aware of where every workload is within the network, and it learns in real time about new devices or workloads that are added or removed from the network, or moved across ports or servers.• Complete flexibility on locality of devices: Service devices such as firewalls or load balancers can be anywhere in the network on any switch. This allows larger data centers to centralize their security devices in a service rack and insert them in the path between any workloads on-demand or based on a firewall policy. There are no restrictions or limitations on where the service devices are physically attached within the fabric. Likewise, devices to whom services are targeted can be located anywhere in the network with no restrictions or limitations on physical placement.• No new frame formats: There is no requirement for any new frame format, traffic steering or metadata in any new header fields. Macro-Segmentation inserts service devices into the path of traffic without requiring any new frame format, protocol, or anything else that is proprietary. This allows traffic to be monitored by existing tools and ensures that any platform can be easily integrated without modifications.• Non-proprietary: Standards-based forwarding is used to stitch service devices into the path of traffic. To emphasize just how open the approach is, MacroSegmentation can fully function if the network is comprised of devices from multiple vendors. • Dynamic: Hosts can and do move (vMotion and Disaster Recovery), so services and dynamic service insertion should move with them. This is automatically accomplished with Macro-Segmentation and Arista VM Tracer.• Enhances next-generation firewalls: Arista’s Macro-Segmentation Service does not try to “own policy” or run a controller-of-controllers that understands every application flow or interaction. Customers prefer to define security policies within the security tool framework, such as the next-generation firewall manager.Santa Clara—Corporate Headquarters 5453 Great America Parkway,Santa Clara, CA 95054Phone: +1-408-547-5500Fax: +1-408-538-8920Email:***************Ireland—International Headquarters3130 Atlantic AvenueWestpark Business CampusShannon, Co. ClareIrelandVancouver—R&D Office9200 Glenlyon Pkwy, Unit 300Burnaby, British ColumbiaCanada V5J 5J8San Francisco—R&D and Sales Office1390 Market Street, Suite 800San Francisco, CA 94102India—R&D OfficeGlobal Tech Park, Tower A & B, 11th FloorMarathahalli Outer Ring RoadDevarabeesanahalli Village, Varthur HobliBangalore, India 560103Singapore—APAC Administrative Office9 Temasek Boulevard#29-01, Suntec Tower TwoSingapore 038989Nashua—R&D Office10 Tara BoulevardNashua, NH 03062Copyright © 2021 Arista Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. CloudVision, and EOS are registered trademarks and Arista Networks is a trademark of Arista Networks, Inc. All other company names are trademarks of their respective holders. Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Certain features may not yet be available. Arista Networks, Inc. assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. February 2, 2021 05-0015-02Support for Next Generation Security Platforms: An Open Ecosystem ApproachBy integrating with native APIs provided by the leading next-generation firewalls — native APIs that already exist — macro-segmentation learns which workloads the security policy needs to address or monitor. If the security policy requires a specific logical network topology, then the macro-segmentation service can instantiate that topology into the network. Network can complement the firewall by offloading policies for enforcement, learnt from the firewall, at the edge as the workflows access the network. The automation capabilities of Arista Macro-Segmentation security operate automatically, in real-time, and without any need for a network operator to engage the security administrator (or vice-versa). Furthermore there is no need for the network to be architected in a manner specific to a particular workload. This flexibility is crucial to successful deployment of security in an enterprise private or hybrid cloud.ConclusionMacro-Segmentation Service - Firewall with Arista CloudVision enables flexible deployment of security in the network, without forklift upgrades and without any proprietary lock-ins.It works in unison with server, storage, and network virtualization solutions from Arista’s partners. Macro Segmentation Service complements the intelligence and functionality these provide with enhanced deployment of physical workloads and security services to enable deployment of the complete software defined data center.。
英语作文五项管理Title: Five Principles of Effective Management。
Effective management is crucial for the success of any organization, encompassing various aspects such as leadership, communication, decision-making, and team building. In this essay, I will discuss five key principles of effective management that contribute to organizational efficiency and success.1. Clear Communication: Communication is the cornerstone of effective management. It involves conveying information, ideas, expectations, and feedback clearly and concisely to team members. Clear communication fosters transparency, minimizes misunderstandings, and ensures that everyone is on the same page. Effective managers utilize various communication channels such as meetings, emails, and one-on-one discussions to keep their teams informed and engaged.2. Strategic Planning: Strategic planning involves setting clear goals, objectives, and action plans to guide the organization towards success. Effective managers engage in strategic planning by analyzing the organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) and formulating strategies to leverage strengths and mitigate weaknesses. Strategic planning provides a roadmap for the organization, aligns efforts towards common objectives, and enables proactive decision-making.3. Empowering Leadership: Empowering leadership involves delegating authority and responsibility to team members, fostering autonomy, and encouraging innovation and initiative. Effective managers empower their teams by providing them with the necessary resources, support, and guidance to excel in their roles. Empowering leadership promotes employee engagement, boosts morale, and cultivates a culture of trust and accountability within the organization.4. Continuous Improvement: Continuous improvement, also known as kaizen, involves constantly seeking ways toenhance processes, workflows, and performance. Effective managers promote a culture of continuous improvement by encouraging feedback, identifying areas for optimization, and implementing innovative solutions. Continuous improvement fosters adaptability, resilience, and competitiveness, enabling the organization to thrive in dynamic environments.5. Team Building and Collaboration: Team building and collaboration are essential for fostering a cohesive and productive work environment. Effective managers invest in team building activities, promote open communication, and cultivate a sense of camaraderie among team members. They encourage collaboration by fostering cross-functional teamwork, promoting knowledge sharing, and celebrating collective achievements. Team building and collaboration enhance synergy, creativity, and productivity within the organization.In conclusion, effective management is essential for achieving organizational goals and sustaining success. By adhering to principles such as clear communication,strategic planning, empowering leadership, continuous improvement, and team building, managers can foster a conducive work environment, drive performance, and propel the organization towards excellence.。
要素流动的便捷，配置效率的提高英语怎么说In the realm of operational efficiency and resource optimization, the concept of fluidity in element movement plays a pivotal role. The seamless flow of components, materials, or resources within a system not only enhances convenience but also amplifies the efficiency of configuration. This phenomenon, often referred to as "convenient element flow" and "enhanced configuration efficiency," embodies a fundamental principle in various domains, ranging from manufacturing to logistics, from information technology to service industries.At its core, the notion of convenient element flow encapsulates the seamless transition of elements within a system or process. Whether it's physical components in a production line, data packets in a network, or tasks in a project management framework, the ability to move these elements effortlessly and swiftly is essential for achieving optimal performance. This fluidity eliminates bottlenecks, reduces downtime, and fosters a dynamicenvironment where resources can be allocated effectively in response to changing demands.The enhancement of configuration efficiency, on the other hand, focuses on maximizing the output achieved with the available resources. It entails streamlining processes, optimizing workflows, and fine-tuning systems to ensurethat configurations are tailored to meet specific objectives with minimal wastage. By improving configuration efficiency, organizations can achieve greater output with the same input, thereby maximizing productivity and competitiveness in the market.In the context of manufacturing, convenient element flow and enhanced configuration efficiency translate into lean production practices and just-in-time inventory management. Components move seamlessly from one stage of the production process to another, eliminating unnecessary delays and minimizing inventory holding costs. This agile approach not only reduces lead times but also enables manufacturers to respond swiftly to changes in customer preferences or market demands.In logistics and supply chain management, the principles of convenient element flow and enhanced configuration efficiency are exemplified through optimized routing, synchronized scheduling, and real-time tracking technologies. Goods flow smoothly from suppliers to distribution centers to end customers, guided by efficient transportation networks and supported by robust inventory management systems. This streamlined flow minimizes transit times, reduces inventory holding costs, and enhancesoverall supply chain resilience.In the realm of information technology, convenient element flow and enhanced configuration efficiency manifest inagile software development methodologies, cloud computing infrastructure, and virtualized environments. Data and computing resources can be provisioned on-demand, scaled up or down dynamically, and reconfigured as needed to support evolving business requirements. This elasticity enables organizations to adapt quickly to changing market conditions, scale operations efficiently, and optimize resource utilization.Moreover, in service industries such as healthcare, hospitality, and finance, convenient element flow and enhanced configuration efficiency are paramount for delivering seamless customer experiences and optimizing resource allocation. Patient records flow effortlessly between healthcare providers, hotel rooms are allocated efficiently based on demand forecasts, and financial transactions are processed swiftly and securely, thanks to streamlined workflows and optimized service configurations.In conclusion, the concepts of convenient element flow and enhanced configuration efficiency are integral to achieving operational excellence and competitive advantage across diverse industries. By facilitating the seamless movement of elements within systems and processes, and by optimizing configurations to maximize output with minimal resources, organizations can unlock new levels of productivity, agility, and customer satisfaction. Embracing these principles is essential for navigating the complexities of today's dynamic business landscape and staying ahead in an ever-evolving market.。
Workflows in Dynamic Environments –Can they be managed?Shazia W. SadiqComputer Science and Electrical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandQLD 4072 Australiaemail:shazia@.auAbstract: Business environments have become exceedingly dynamicand competitive in recent times. Workflow technology is currently oneof the most promising fields of research in business process automation.However, workflow systems to date do not provide the flexibilitynecessary to support the dynamic nature of business processes. In thispaper we primarily present the issues and challenges related tomanaging workflows in dynamic environments, and provide feasibilityconsiderations for the automation of this process. We also present ananalysis of workflow modifications and potential solutions in thisregard.1The ChallengeRecent technological advancements have made it possible for organizations to automate their business processes extensively. Specialized information systems have emerged, which are tailored to specific functional divisions of organizations. At the same time, there have been giant leaps in connectivity, owing to advancement in communication infrastructure and protocols. Organizations now seek to achieve higher goals by consolidating their specialized, but distributed and often disconnected resources. The introduction of the workflow paradigm, after considerable maturity of information systems, database management, and networking infrastructure, was the next logical step in business process automation.A Workflow is defined as the automation of a business process, in whole or part, during which documents, information or tasks are passed from one participant to another for action, according to a set of procedural rules [WFM Coalition 1998]. Even though every business process will have some form of ‘flow of work’, there are of course, certain processes which are more suited for automation with workflow technology.Workflows have been classified in many ways. The trade press classifies workflows into three categories: Ad-hoc, Production, Administrative, on the basis or repetitiveness, predictability and functionality. [Georgakopoulos et al., 1995]classifies on the basis of processing entities: system-oriented and human oriented. [Mohan 1996] adds a further category to the trade press classification: Collaborative, and divides the classes on the basis of mission criticality and workflow complexity. Another important property of business processes is Rigidity. The degree of rigidity dictates the nature of the process, from production, assembly line type of processes for which the work required is exactly known and set before the process starts, to strategic, mission critical processes where the work required cannot be predicted or fixed. Processes that fall in the middle may very well be the ones most likely to be chosen for and to benefit from automation through workflow technology. These processes are defined prior to execution, but also allow for some flexibility. They are characterized by the phrase "This is the way we do things around here"[Burch & Grudnitski 1989]. Such processes may be of a similar nature, but can have different procedures in different organizations. However, due to the continually accelerating pace of technological advancements, changing requirements and regulations, and introduction of new methods, business processes are being constantly reviewed, improved and adapted to the changing environment. The stability of even those processes which, can be characterized as rigid, repetitive or predictable, is put in doubt.Organizations seeking to employ workflow technology have to be prepared for a large undertaking. Setting up (process mapping, workflow model definition, resource allocations, constraint specification) of even the simplest business processes through workflow technology would incur significant investment of time, effort and resources, successful deployment is yet another issue. One has to question the appropriateness of processes that are ready to be changed as soon as they are set up. Whether workflows in dynamic environments, would actually deliver the superior management and monitoring the management aspires for, or it would convert the process to an inflexible structure, engaging the workforce in managing the support tool? The first question to be asked is the suitability of the business process for automation by workflow technology.Assuming that organizations would endeavor to introduce workflows in dynamic environments, the next question is how best to capture the dynamism of the business process within the workflow model. One possible approach is to provide flexibility within the definition of the workflow, such that later modifications can be avoided as far as possible. These are slippery grounds since the distinction between ad-hoc and production workflows becomes fuzzy. If everything is kept flexible at build time, activity coordination and control at runtime cannot be satisfactorily provided. A workflow allowed to run freely, devoid of any control or constraints, will wipe out the very reason for which workflow technology was introduced. On the other hand, highly prescriptive models will impose a control that is too rigid for even the repetitive production workflows. Such inflexible structures can kill the individualism, dynamism and adaptability necessary for the organization to survive in a competitive environment. Finding the right balance between precise definition and flexibledefinition is a hard issue for which generic solutions may not be workable.We could also try to anticipate changes and/or exceptions to the process and attempt to build them into the process logic. However, specifying all exceptions within the process, if at all possible, would cause an enormous model to be built. And in spite of that, unanticipated ad-hoc deviations from the designed model may arrive later.Thus the challenge remains, how do we manage workflows in dynamic environments? Even though the need for workflows reactive to dynamic environments is both apparent and pressing, the solution is neither apparent nor simple. In the following sections, we will advance the discussion further by trying to understand the scope and issues involved in the definition and enactment of such workflows. We will then discuss various approaches and potential solutions.2The ScopeThe workflow model or process model is a description of the tasks, ordering, data, resources, and other aspects of the process. Most, if not all, workflow models are represented as graphs [Casati et al., 1995], [Reichert &Dadam 1997], [Sadiq & Orlowska 1997], [Aalst et al., 1994] where nodes in the graph represent process activities or tasks, and edges depict the flow or ordering of the tasks involved in the process. For example, we can define an admission workflow that handles admission applications in a university. Ideally the workflow model is intended to completely achieve process goals with maximum efficiency.Workflow instances are particular occurrences of the process, for example, a particular application for admission represents an instance of the admission workflow. Different instances of the same workflow may perform a different subset of workflow tasks, i.e. they may follow different paths in the workflow graph. An instance class is a set of instances that can be represented by the same sub-graph. An instance that represents a departure from the process model is an exception.Although exception handling has been an active area of research in information systems [Saastomoinen & White 1995], [Strong & Miller 1995] only recently, the issue of exception handling in workflows has attracted interest in research groups, owing mostly perhaps to its necessity. Focus of research in this area has been quite diverse. Researchers have approached the problem from different perspectives. Workflow Evolution, Workflow Adaptation, Dynamic Workflows, Workflow Modification and Workflow Flexibility are but some of the terms used in the literature.One of the earliest contributions came from [Eder & Liebhart 1995]. They divide exceptions that may occur during workflow execution into basic failures, which are failures at the system level, application failures, expected exceptions and unexpected exceptions. [Casati et al., 1996] present a notable taxonomy of workflow changesreferred to as Case Evolution Policies. They identify abort, flush and a set of progressive policies that allow case dependent evolution management of the workflow. In [Han &Sheth 1998], the authors classify workflow adaptation into process level adaptation, resource level adaptation and infrastructure level adaptation.An important distinction in business changes affecting underlying workflows systems is whether modifications are to be made to the workflow model or instances. Changes made to the workflow model indicate a permanent change of the business process as a result of process improvement [Davenport 1993], process innovation or business process reengineering [Hammer & Champy 1993], or simply because of design errors. Changes that affect only particular or few instances represent unforeseen, presumably rare situations in the business process. Thus instances captured within the workflow model will eventually complete, that is, they can be guaranteed completion. An instance, which is unable to complete, identifies a process not specified by the workflow model, that is, an Exception. We explain this further; if any task in the instance fails to complete, it can do so for two reasons: System Failure: Recovery from system failure such as power cut, program abort, server down etc. are generally handled by the workflow activity which relies on the recovery capabilities of underlying (database) systems. The workflow may be temporarily suspended, but would resume execution when the local system recovers. Advanced issues like repeated system failure may require intervention, but we do not discuss this aspect of WFMS.Semantic Failure: Semantic Failure occurs when an instance is unable to proceed according to the given workflow model. Thus the workflow model is unable to cater for the special requirements of this exceptional instance.As a first step towards understanding the scope of workflow exceptions, we identify five related but distinct types of workflow changes. We view these changes as Modification Policies, which can be adopted by the workflow administrator (WFA). When business processes change, because of some event internal or external to the organization, the changes are generally planned, revised, approved and specified by high level managers or consultants, and then propagated to operational level. We see the role of the WFA, not different from a database administrator, who acts as a mediator between management's proposals and strategies, and the propagation of these proposals to the operational level. WFA thus has to be capable of translating process changes into workflow models, and making decisions regarding handling of active workflow instances. Modification Policies, which may be adopted by the WFA, are:FlushIn flush situations all current instances are allowed to complete according to the old process model, but new instances are planned to follow new model. New instances may be put on hold, until all current instances have completed. However, the twospecifications could also be allowed exist simultaneously, and be treated as two different models. For example, immigration policies could be changed by new government regulations, effecting all applicants who apply after a certain date. However, ongoing applicants remain unaffected, i.e., their applications would be processed according to old rules, causing the two schemas to co-exist in the transition period.AbortActive workflow instances may be aborted when the process model is changed. Abort is most commonly used for adaptation of individual instances, for example canceling a reservation. However, it may also be a result of a radical change in the organization, for example, the management of a purchasing office may be changed because of bad planning and procedures practiced previously. To overcome the crisis, the new management may cancel all current purchasing orders, reallocate the budget, and introduce a new purchasing procedure. Cancellation of the purchasing orders would cause current instances of the workflow to abort, and then restart according to new procedures. This approach may incur losses to the organization, for example, the organization may be penalized for order cancellation in the form of fines, reputation etc. In some cases the losses may be unacceptable, for example in a manufacturing environment, an abort means that components assembled so far are either wasted, or have to be disassembled. In most cases, abort will require undoing, or compensating for the work accomplished so far.MigrateThe change effects all current instances but it has to be introduced without allowing current instances to abort or flush. Current instances would normally be in different stages of process execution. The main problem arises when an instance is at a stage where tasks already accomplished have affected the process in such a way that subsequent tasks are unable to proceed in accordance with the new specification. Thus migration may involve undo or compensation of completed tasks, in order to bring the instance in compliance with the new specification. The worst case is when the complete process has to be rolled back to the start, that is all work is lost or undone. This special case is equivalent to Abort. Taking the example of immigration again, the new government may require all applicants, current and new, to sit for an English language test before the application is finally approved. Thus an additional task is introduced which has to be executed at an appropriate time for all current instances. When it is actually executed, will be dependent on the instance.AdaptAdapt includes cases of errors and exceptions, where the process model may not change permanently, but some instances have to be treated differently because of some exceptional and unforeseen circumstances. For example, in a university admission process there could be an applicant with a background in information systems and computer science, who is applying for a doctorate in management. Reviewers in the department of management sciences may refer the application for review by faculty of computer science, to determine the potential of the applicant. Such ad-hoc changes in otherwise repetitive and predictable workflows are bound to occur once in a while.BuildBuilding of a new process is also a class of process change. The difference is that the starting point is not a detailed pre-existing model, but an elementary description, which captures only the basics, or even an empty process. A typical example can be where process activities are identified, but the order of execution is mostly unknown. The advantage of including build as a class of process change, is that it allows the inclusion of processes which cannot be fully predefined, into the domain of process change. Thus essentially the same mechanism can cater for dynamic definition (build) as well as dynamic modification (migrate, adapt etc.)The differences in the policies are highlighted in the following table:The common denominator in all of the above policies, with the possible exception of flush, is that they effect active instances of the given process model. Thus they dictate the scope of workflow modification and constitute dynamic modification, in contrast to static modification, which is merely a change in the workflow model, i.e. no currently active instances are involved.3The IssuesUncontrolled changes to either workflow model or workflow instances can lead to serious inconsistent and erroneous situations. However, the problem is more severe when currently active instances are involved, that is during dynamic modification.The main challenge here is the handling of instances that were initiated for the old workflow model, but need to comply with the new, revised model. In the following section we will discuss some critical issues with regard to managing workflows in dynamic environments.Workflow Meta-ModelThe foundations of any framework to support dynamic modification will be laid in the underlying workflow model. How the workflow model is defined, and the extent of process semantics it captures, bears significantly on the modification process. The workflow model should be capable of capturing different aspects of the business process [Jablonski 1994], [WFM Coalition 1998], including structure, data, resources, transactional and temporal properties. Identifying a complete set of task properties that capture essential aspects of process logic is critical. Although this is an issue more closely related to conceptual modeling rather than dynamic modification, the capabilities of the modeling framework will have a direct impact on the quality of support that may be provided for dynamic modification. In turn, dynamic modification may identify potential weaknesses and deficiencies of the process meta-model. For example, defining an additional time constraint that process definition does not support, or assigning clients on the basis of roles in a model that only allows explicit client assignment. We observe a hierarchy of modifications. Modifications that affect process instances, as in adapt and abort. Modifications that also cause the process model to be changed, as in migrate, flush and build. And modifications that indicate inadequacy of the process meta-model. Solutions to the last problem requires an investigation into key questions as to what is the scope of support from workflow technology, organization’s purpose and motivation for using workflow technology, and the currently available products in the market.Modification LanguageAn appropriate modification language is fundamental for supporting the process of dynamic modification of workflows. This language should consist of a set of complete and minimal operations, capable of specifying any modification. There are two challenges involved. First is to identify the complete and minimal operations, and second is to design the operations. In designing the operations, we observe an interesting trade-off between flexibility of specification and support for verification. Operations that are designed to ensure correctness compromise flexibility of specification. However, flexible operations do not necessarily compromise correctness. Recent research in this area has mostly focused on designing operations that guarantee the (structural) correctness of the new model [Casati et al., 1996], [Reichert &Dadam 1997]. Ideally subgraphs of the workflow graph should be changed, without having to perform each operation one by one, or in any specificorder. Since no instances are involved during the modification of the model, condition for correctness after each operation unnecessarily restricts the modifier. This degree of flexibility is possible if modification operations are encapsulated into transactions,and only begin and end of the transaction guarantees WF correctness. The ideal situation is where control over the granularity of the modification transaction is given to the ‘modifier’, and system verification of the model is imposed only after completely specifying the modifications to the workflow model.In any case, end result of any modification process has to be a model that satisfies all correctness constraints. When the modification is put into effect, current instances are expected to comply with the revised model. If the model is allowed to be changed without control, we may end up with a drastically different model. It is necessary for the modification process to result in not only a correct workflow, but also to achieve it with minimum, designated operations. The target being to ensure that the effort required in conforming existing instances to the revised model is kept at a minimumCompliance CriteriaAs stated earlier, dynamic modification generally involves active instances. Switching these instances to the new model may not always be possible straight away. Instances represented by subgraphs which cannot be ‘traced’ in the new model are non-compliant to the new process. Defining and determining compliance is crucial to the process of dynamic modification. The most obvious way to determine compliance is to base it on the strict structural equivalence of subgraphs. However, various examples demonstrate that compliance can be found, even when strict structural equivalence cannot be established. Even though establishing graph equivalence is computationally hard, there is sufficient evidence that certain classes of equivalent structures can be identified for the specialized workflow graphs. These classes can then be used to bring the notion of compliance to a refined, more practical level.(a) Change in Structure (b) Change in Task PropertiesFig. 1. Examples of ComplianceAn example of such an equivalent structure with respect to compliance is givenin Figure 1 (a). Other structures remaining the same, an instance that is currently executing task 4, should remain compliant to the modified structure in either direction. That is serial tasks 2 and 3 to be executed in parallel, or vice versa.Furthermore, instances may also remain compliant when certain properties of the tasks are changed, other things remaining the same. For example in Figure 1 (b), maximum allowed duration for task 2 may be reduced from 7 days to 3 days, which changes the specification of time constraints. Let task 9 represent the revised task 2. Even though, there is no structural equivalence, undoing task 2 for an instance where it has already completed is not sensible. On the other hand, underlying application for a task may be changed, which causes new or changed data to be generated. This data may cause successive tasks to be executed or performed differently. The work accomplished by these tasks may have to be undone to cater for the modification, indicating non-compliance of affected instances. A classification of task properties on the basis of effect on compliance is a first step towards refining the compliance criteria.4Supporting Dynamic Modification of WorkflowsThere is substantial ongoing research in this area. Significant research has been done on the conceptual specification of workflow model and provision of change operations which guarantee the (structural) correctness of the changed model [Casati et al., 1996], [Reichert &Dadam 1997]. A mathematical formalism to model and analyze dynamic structural changes is introduced in [Ellis et al., 1995]. Using Petri-Nets to model Workflows, [Aalst 1997] present a set of transformation rules to construct and modify the workflow. Research on dynamic modification mostly concentrates on handling of exceptional instances, which is adapt policy. [Reichert & Dadam 1997] present the most notable framework. Similar work is also found in [Han et al., 1995], [Hermann 1995]. Related aspect of this area, where the workflow model cannot be built completely prior to execution and is dynamically defined at runtime, is also being investigated [Cichocki & Rusinkiewicz 1997].We propose a simple yet effective framework to handle the modification policies identified in previous sections. The framework is based on a three-phase modification methodology that consists of defining, conforming to and effectuating the modification. We will briefly describe the three phases in the following sections. The formal specifications of the underlying workflow model and detailed procedures for the methodology can be found in [Sadiq & Orlowska 1998].Defining the ModificationThe modification process begins by defining the modification, which constitutes specifying the modification policy, specifying the affected instances in case of abortor adapt, and specifying the changes to be made to the workflow model. We define M to be the Modification on the Workflow W, such that M: W k W k+1 where W k is Workflow Model Version kM consists of a sequence of prescribed operations which when performed upon W k, will give W k+1. Our primary motivation in designing the operations was to provide complete flexibility of specification to the modifier. We allow subgraphs of the (graphical) workflow model to be changed within one modification transaction. The correctness of the model is verified by a verification engine at user specified intervals. The correctness properties and verification algorithms for the workflow model can be found in [Sadiq & Orlowska 1997]. These have been implemented in a prototype FlowMake. FlowMake is a graphical modeling tool supported by a verification engine that verifies the workflow graph by identifying structural conflicts.Conforming to the ModificationAfter defining the modification, the next step is to bring the affected instances of W k in conformity with the specifications of W k+1. Instances must be grouped with respect to progress or stage, if automation is to be provided, else the process will reduce to individual handling of every affected instance. We have proposed a three level grouping scheme. At the first level, instances are grouped on the basis of Compliance. At the second level, the stage of the non-compliant instances is determined. It would be unrealistic to assume that there would never be a situation during the modification of active instances where external intervention will not be required. It is conceivable that instances may be at such a stage that trying to adjust the instances will be too difficult, or equivalent to abort. These instances may have to be handled externally. At second level, instances are grouped on this basis, i.e. whether compliance can be achieved within system, or externally. At the third level, the remaining non-compliant instances are grouped with respect to their class (same subgraph).We have further proposed the concept of C ompliance Graphs for affected instances. The Compliance Graph CG i for instance i initialized under W k, defines a bridge between W k and W k+1. An instance i follows a unique path which consists partially of W k, the compliance graph, and partially of W k+1. The construction algorithm and properties of CG i are detailed in [Sadiq & Orlowska 1998]. Briefly, the algorithm identifies actions or compensations necessary to achieve compliance for instance i, and a suitable ‘plug’ point in W k+1. Compliance graphs thus provide revised schedules, which chart out the plan till completion for affected instances. Thus except for the (hopefully small) group of instances identified in level 2 grouping, the workflow management system can continue to provide full automated support for the changed business process.Effectuating the ModificationThe last phase in the modification procedure is that of effectuating the modification. This relates to the handling of workflow execution during the transition period. The transition period is signified by instances that started with the old model but are still executing. Instances may follow old model (e.g. in flush), or new model (for instances initialized after modification has been defined), or revised schedules based on compliance graphs. Instance execution, which may have been put on hold, will restart. When all instances following old model or revised schedules have completed, the new model becomes the current workflow model, and the modification process is over.5ContributionsDeploying workflow technology for business process automation is hard, and in many cases the benefits may be debatable. Trying to handle the modification of such a system is consequently even harder. In this paper we have attempted to provide an insight into the challenges and issues involved in managing workflows in dynamic environments. Given the complexity involved in dynamic modification of workflows, that is changes in business processes which affect active instances of the workflow, it would be unrealistic to assume that workflow technology would always hold a promise of increased productivity and superior management. Suitability of the business environment and nature of the processes involved are key factors that cannot be ignored.We have defined the scope of workflow modification through 5 modification policies of Flush, Abort, Migrate, Adapt and Build. The issue of compliance and the subsequent undoing and compensation effort that follows plays a significant role in almost all these policies. We further proposed a framework to support dynamic modification of workflows. The strength of the framework lies in its ability to uniformly support all classes of workflow modification. It is not limited to handling workflow schema change, or adaptation of individual instances. Provision for the different classes of workflow modification is essentially made in the second phase of the proposed methodology, where the construction of the compliance graph is driven by the specified modification policy.ReferencesAalst W.M.P. van der (1997) Verification of Workflow Nets. 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