外研社初三英语语法总复习
名词
一、名词的分类：根据用法，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。
1．可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。
*以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：如：two Marysthe Henrys monkey---monkeysholiday---holidays比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
*以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a. 加s，如：photo---photospiano---pianos radio---radioszoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoestomato--tomatoes hero--heroes Negro--Negroes*以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时常去f , fe 加ves ，
如：half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswife---wiveslife---lives thief---thieves
2.名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feettooth---teeth mouse---miceman---men woman---women 注意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，它是由Germany去y变化而来，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman 是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复数同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters 3）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths ，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>故事书。4) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
5）另外还有一些名词，即可做不可数名词也可做可数名词，但意思不相同。
单词可数名词意
思不可数名词意
思
单词可数名词意
思
不可数名词意
思
work 作品，著作工作German 德国人德语
wood 森林木头life 生命生活，人生
Chicken 小鸡鸡肉Exercise 练习，体操运动，锻炼
Paper 报纸，试卷纸Orange 橘子橙汁
Room 房间空间Glass 玻璃杯玻璃
Time 次数，倍数时间Japanese 日本人日语
Light 灯光线fish 鱼（种类）鱼肉
6．）常以复数形式出现并使用的名词：clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks, congratulations, wishes, police, stairs(楼梯), works(著作), woods(森林), times(时代)
3．不可数名词量的表示：可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：a glass of water \ a piece of cake 4．修饰可数名词的词有：many, few, a few, a number of, 数词
修饰不可数名词的词有：much, little, a little, a great deal of
即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有：some (any), no, a lot of, plenty of
二、定语名词的复数（即名词修饰名词）：名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。如：sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室
2) man, woman, 等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men workers
3) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）
a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hundred trees a five-year plan.一个五年计划some banana trees two book stores
三、名词的格1.有生命的人、物的所有格在词尾加“’s”，如the boy’s bag
2.若名词词尾已有-s ，只加’，如：Teachers’ Day the twins’ parents, the students’ books
3. 时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为-’s ：today’s newspaper\ten minutes’ walk \the city’s problem
4.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词
如：the barber's at my aunt’s (house) go to the doctor’s .
5.凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系
如：the title of the song 歌的名字the window of the house 。6.如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。如：John's and Mary's rooms（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）7. 双重所有格形式：a novel of Mark Twin’s a friend of my father’s / mine
代词
1．人称代词
1．）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
2．）人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词的宾语或介词宾语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。例如：I saw her with them。her做宾语，them做介词宾语，a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me.--我。（me = It's me.）在正式文体中这里应为I。
宾格代替主格的情况：
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。---- Me too.--我也喜欢。---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗? ---Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.
3）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
多个人称的排序问题
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：you, he / she and I 如：You, he and I should return on time.
2)复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：we, you and they
*注意：在承认错误，承担责任时，第一人称放在前面It was I and John that made her angry.
*it的主要用法:可以表示天气, 时间, 距离, 形式主语, 形式宾语, 身份等.
2. 物主代词(…人的): 包括形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词
用法：形容词性的物主代词+ 名词; 名词性的物主代词= 形容词性的物主代词+ 名词
3．反身代词：（1）加强语气，起强调作用，“…自己”, “亲自”, “本人”
（2）用在一些动词后,表示主语既是动作的发出者,也是动作的承受者.常见的这类动词有:teach, dress, help, look after, enjoy, hurt, wash
4.不定代词
(1) none (of)指人或物回答how many / much的问题nobody, no one 指人nothing指物
(2) one指人或物, 复数为ones, that指物(不可数名词),it指代前面提到的物体
I have got a nice watch. Would you like to buy one? ( a watch)
I have got a nice watch. Do you like it? ( the watch)
The weather here is better than that in Beijing. (the weather)
(3) 三者或三者以上：all (全部，都) any (任何一个) none (一个也没有)
两者：both (全部，都) either (任意一个) neither（一个也没有）
*Neither of us is from the USA.
None of us have / has ever been there before.
*not与both, all 连用表示部分否定.
(4)some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中
any用于疑问句、否定句中；还有“任何的”意思
(5)another泛指另一个
the other常与one 连用，表示两者中的另一个one…the other…
others 泛指别的，其他的the others特指别的，其他的（有范围限制）
(the) others = (the) other + 名词
else放在合成不定代词或疑问词之后
(6)every + 名词，只能做定语，（三者或三者以上）
each两者或两者以上的“每一”，可以单独使用
常见的短语：each of each other
(7)合成不定代词的用法（略）*形容词后置
数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词基数词的用法：
1.编号的事物用基数词：如：Lesson Five，Room 101
2.表示“年，月，日”时用基数词。
3.表示“几点钟，几点过几分”用基数词。It is two to two. 现在是两点差两分。
4.加减乘除用基数词。One plus two is three.一加二等于三。Eight minus four is four. 八减四等于四。
Two times two is four.二乘二等于四.Ten divided by two is five.十除二等于五。
5表示百分数用基数词.
Thirty percent of them is water. 它们当中有30%的水。
6.表示分数时，分子数字用基数词，但分母要用序数词，如分子不是1，序数词要用复数形式。
One-fifth of the books are mine. 三分之一的书是我的。
Three-tenths of water is disappeared. 十分之三的水不见了。
基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数： 1.与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如hundreds of； 2.表示"几十岁"；in his forties 3.表示"年代"，用in +the +数词复数；in the 1980s / 1980’s
序数词1.序数词1━19 除第一，第二，第三，第五，第八，第九，第十二变化不规则外，其余均由在基数词后加上-th。
2.十位整数的序数词的构成方法是将十位整数基数词的词尾-y 变成i 再加-eth。
3.几十几的序数词，只是把个位数变成序数词，十位数不变。
4.第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。
one hundred and twenty-first ，one thousand，three hundred and twentieth
5.序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有：
first--lst second--2nd third--3rd fourth--4th sixth--6th twentieth--20th twenty-third--23rd 其中lst，2nd，3rd 为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。
6.通常前面要加定冠词the；但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时，则表示“再”，“又”.
We’ve tried it three times．Must we try it a fourth time？
7.基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后(名词需大写) 即可，不需要添加
定冠词。
the first lesson----Lesson One ，the fifth page----Page 5，the twenty----first room-Room 21
三、数词的用法
1.倍数表示法1.)主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
2.)主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
3.)主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。4.)还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍The production of grain has
been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2.分数表示法：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 ---one-third ；2/3 ---two thirds.
冠词
冠词包括定冠词(the) 和不定冠词(a, an) 两类。冠词不能单独使用，通常用在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义。
不定冠词a, an的用法：
1.常放在可数名词的单数形式前面，表示“一”的概念，但数的概念没有one强烈。
An interesting story book; a small boy; There’s a kite in the tree.
2.放在可数名词的单数形式前，表示一类人或物。
3．用在固定短语中。
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”“这些，那些”的意思，但较弱，放在名词前，表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1.特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2.上文提到过的人或事：He bought a house.I've been to the house.
3.指世上独一无二的事物：the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth
4.与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词，only，very，same等前面：. Where do you live?I live on the second floor.
That's the very thing I've been looking for.He is the only person who knows the secret.
6．用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People‘s Republic of China中华人民共和国the United States美国7. 用在表示乐器的名词之前She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
8.用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)
9.用在惯用语中：in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre
*在sun , moon, breakfast等之前有形容词时,可用a, an a full moon
三、不用冠词的情况:
1．国名，人名前通常不用冠词：England，Mary；
2. 泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；They are teachers.
3. 抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；Failure is the mother of success.
4. 物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
Man cannot live without water.
5. 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
We go to school from Monday to Friday.
6. 在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。7. 在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词如：have breakfast，play chess
8. 重叠运用的名词短语前常省去冠词：from house to house, hour after hour, one by one
9. 在一些习惯用语中*注意以下一些短语的区别(有定冠词时,表示相关处所或地点，没有定冠词时,表示与相关处所有关的活动或功能.)
go to hospital去医院看病----- go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
in front of -----in / at the front of in hospital -----in the hospital go to school---go to the school
at table--- at the table\ in class---- in the class \by sea---- by the sea \a number of ---- the number of*两个
形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。*如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。
四、冠词的位置1、不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意： 1.）位于下列形容词之后：such，what，many，half，
I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.
2.). 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a way.
3.) quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。quite a nice picture
2、定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
形容词和副词
一、形容词的用法：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。也可以放在系动词后面作表语。1．直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。
That’s a heavy box.(定语) He’s very happy to come here.(表语)
The good news made me very happy.(宾语补足语)
2.有些形容词是表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如：afraid 害怕的alone单独，独自asleep睡着的ill生病的
He is an ill man. （错）The man is ill. （对）
She is an afraid girl.（错）The girl is afraid. （对）
这类形容词还有：well，（身体）好的unwell（身体)不舒适的，alike相象的，alive活着的, awake醒着的。
3.形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody 等不定代词时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice
1.)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly友好的，lovely可爱的，lonely孤单的，lively热闹的,
有生气的，活泼的,等仍为形容词。
She sang lovely. (错) ------ Her singing was lovely. （对）
He spoke to me very friendly.（错）------ He spoke to me in a very friendly way. -(对)
* politely, truly, terribly2）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 如:The poor are losing hope.
3) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4.)多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a small round table a dirty old brown shirt
a tall gray building a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car
二、副词的用法：用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词，在句中做状语。三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词和副词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1、掌握比较级和最高级的变化形式：
1）单音节形容词及部分双音节次加－er, est
2）部分双音节词及多音节词前面加more, most或less, least构成．
3）不规则变化形式：
原级比较级最高级
good / well better best
bad / badly / ill worse worst
many / much more most
little less least
far farther / further farthest / furthest
old older / elder oldest / eldest
2.使用比较级时要注意的问题:
1) 在比较级前可以使用下列一些单词或短语加以修饰:
much, a little, even, far, a bit, still, a lot, 等
数词+ 量词也可以修饰比较级如:He is two years younger than I.
还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。This room is twice as big as that one.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)不含than的形容词和副词比较级前可以加不定冠词a, an a / an + 比较级+ 名词
How fast he runs. I’ve never seen a better runner.
比较级前加定冠词the表示特指。Tom is the taller of the two brothers.
4) than 后面可以用主格，也可以用宾格。但有时也有区别。
I’m taller than he / him. I like the boy than her.--------I like the boy than she.
3．比较级的常见句型：
1.)比较级+ and + 比较级越来越……
2.) the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…. 越…,就越…
3.)as…as 和……一样;
not as / so …as和……不一样;不如…（中间用形容词或副词的原级）
4.) like …. better than …和……相比更喜欢……
5.)prefer to do sth rather than do sth. 宁可……也不…. prefer to do sth. \\prefer doing sth to doing sth.
6.) more B than A与其说A,不如说B less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
7.) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than…与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you.
8.) more than不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.
介词
介词不能单独使用,必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在句中做表语，定语、状语、补语等成分。根据介词的用法，通常可以分为：时间、地点、趋向和其他四类介词。
一、表示时间的介词：
(1) at示时刻、时间的某一点at six, at noon, at half past one, at that time / moment
on具体的某一天on Sunday, on Friday afternoon, on a cold morning, on the morning of …；on March 12th, 2005
in示周、月、季节、年以及泛指的上、下午，晚上in spring, in 2004,in the morning,
*在his, last，that, next, every 等词前面不用介词this afternoon, last Sunday, every morning
区别：next week -------- the next week
(2) by“在……前”多和完成时态连用
till“直到……才”I’ll wait here till you come back.
until“不到……就不”常和until连用I’ll not leave until you come back.
(3) in过……以后, 大多用于将来时after多用于过去时
(4) since + 过去的一个时间点(表示时间段, 从……开始到现在) for + 一段时间
二、表示场所、方向的介词：
（1）at 表示比较具体的地点at 37 Renming Road
in表示比较宽敞的地点in Renming Street
（2）above斜上方-------below斜下方over正上方-------under正下方
on两物体有接触
(3) between…and..在……和……之间among在……中间(三者以上)
(4) across (从物体表面)跨越, 越过through (从物体中间)穿透, 穿越
(5) in在……里面(表示静止的位置)
into进入,表示运动方向,常用在表示动作的动词之后,如go, come, walk, jump, run 等into的反义词是out of
（6）to到(目底地)或方向
towards指朝着某方向,而不是目的地.He walked towards the beach.
三、其它介词
1．with（１）在一起; （２）有;（３）用某种工具
in用什么材料或语言，或表示衣着，声调特点等
by用．．．．．．手段
2. like象．．．．．．一样
as作为；按照，象．．．．．．一样（连词）＋句子
3.for（１）为了（表示目的或原因）（２）（后面加一段时间）表示时间段
动词一、动词的分类：根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（行为动词）、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。１．实义动词有完整的词义，能单独做谓语．根据用法，可分为及物动词（vt.后面直接跟名词或代词作宾语）和不及物动词（vi不能直接跟名词或代词，加宾语时必须加介词）。同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
但也有一些动词只能用做及物动词，如：visit, ask, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry,
discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等．
而下列一些动词通常情况下只能用做不及物动词：reply (to), return (to), point (to, at), knock (at, on, into), wait (for), listen (to), arrive (at, to), fall (down, off), look (at, after…)
2．连系动词（Link Verb）它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的连系动词有：be, feel,become, look, smell,seem, taste, sound, keep,其它一些可以和形容词连用的动词也属于连系动词：fall ill / asleep,grow worse,turn red, get lost,keep healthy等
３．助动词：本身没有词义，不能单独作句子的谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语．主要帮助句子构成否定、疑问以及动词的不同时态、语态等语法特征。常见的助动词有：be, do (does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。
４．情态动词：本身有一定的词义，单不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟其它动词的原形，表示说话人的语气和态度；常见的情态动词有：can (could), may(might), must, need 等。
(1)can *能，会（表示能力）；*请求许可can’t be 不可能
could:can的过去式，但有时表示委婉的语气。
(2)may *可能（可能性）；*可以（请求许可，相当于can）；
*表示祝愿May you be happy! May you succeed!
might * may的过去式；*表示可能性（但可能性比may小）
(3) must 必须，应该mustn’t 禁止must be肯定, 一定
(4)need需要（一般用于否定句或疑问句，肯定句中一般用做实义动词）
needn’t(= don’t have to)没必要
二、动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third
Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
三、动词的时态：
时态结构时态结构
一般现在时动词原形（第三人称单数）一般过去时动词的过去式
现在进行时am / is / are＋动词的过去进行时was / were＋动词的
一般将来时will ＋动词原形
am/ is / are going to＋动词
原形过去将来时would＋动词原形
was / were going to＋动词
原形
现在完成时have / has ＋过去分词过去完成时had＋过去分词*各种时态的用法省略
*go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等动词的进行时态可以表示对应的将来时态。
*表示过去经常发生而现在不再做的事情用used to do
四、动词的被动语态
1.用法：动作的承受者作句子的主语。基本结构：be + 过去分词
掌握下列一些常见结构：
1)一般现在时态：am / is / are ＋过去分词
2)一般过去时：was / were＋过去分词
3)现在完成时：have / has been＋过去分词
4)一般将来时：will be ＋过去分词或者be going to be ＋过去分词
2.含情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词+ be + 过去分词
3．动词不定式的被动语态结构：to + be + 过去分词There are twenty more trees to be planted.
4. 下列动词的主动语态表示被动语态。miss(丢失), sell well(销路好), need / want doing
My bike is missing. This kind of food sells well. Your coat needs watering.
5. happen, take place发生, last(持续), cost, hold(容纳), have, like, feel, sound(听起来)等动词没有被动形式。Great changes have taken place in our school. The water can last three days. Silk feels soft and smooth. The cake looks nice. An accident happened to him.
五、动词不定式：由to + 动词原形构成，没有人称和数的变化，有时to可以省略。在句中除了不能做谓语外，能够作其他一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。
1、动词不定式的句法功能：
*做主语。常用It + be + 形容词+ ( of / for sb. ) + to do sth.结构。
of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等
for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等
*做表语。常用在等连系动词后面，若主语很长而表语很短，可以将两者颠倒过来。
His job is to sell the computers. He seems to be interested in the detective stories.
*做状语。表目的：She was here to visit her daughter. 表原因：I’m sorry to trouble you.
表结果：The box is too heavy to carry. 表示程度：This room is big enough to hold 200 people. *做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，若它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系，这个不定式应
为及物的。如：I was the first to come. I have no pens to write with. (动宾关系)
*做宾语。常见的动词有：want, agree, choose, try, decide, hope, wish, learn,
fail, would like to do sth.
*做宾语补足语。
1．）必须使用to的动词有：ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow,
wait for, teach, would like, allow sb. to do sth.
2．）不能使用to的动词有：have, make, let; see, watch, hear, notice sb. do sth
注意：在主动语态中，to 要省略；而在被动语态中，to 必须加上
3．）可以使用to，也可以不用的动词：help
*疑问词（除why外）+ 动词不定式(what, when, how, where, which + to do sth.)
2. 下列一些动词后面只能跟动名词（动词的–ing形式）作宾语:
enjoy, finish, mind, excuse, practice, keep, miss, spend, can’t help
be busy, be worth, keep on, carry on
3. 下列一些动词后面可以跟动词不定式也可以跟动名词。
1．）意义相同或相近的有：begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, plan
2．）意思不同的有：forget, remember, stop, see, hear, go on
4. 注意：had better (not) do sth, would rather (not) do sth
5.动词不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to
主谓一致
一、就近原则：either…or…neither…nor…not only….but also…There / Here be +并列主语.
二、意义一致原则：
1.集体名词（class, family等）做主语时，可根据意义判断。
His family has moved into a new house. His family were having supper then.
主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时，动词用单数。
2.主语+ as well as / with / together with / like / but / except +动词单数。
Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall.
Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.
3.下列一些不定代词做主语，动词用单数。each, either, neither, something,anything, somebody, anybody等。
4.The + 形容词/ 过去分词+ 动词复数The wounded were looked after well in the hospital.
The weak, like the strong, have many friends in the world.
5.glasses, trousers, shoes, scissors等单独做主语时,动词用复数
但当它们与a pair of连用时,动词与pair的数保持一致。The pair of glasses fits you well.
句子（一）
根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句
一、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。根据句子的结构，
又可分为五种：
1、S + V. 主语+ 不及物动词。
2、S + V + O. 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语。
3、S + V + P. 主语+ 连系动词+ 表语。
4、S + V + IO + DO. 主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。可以转换成：
主语+ 直接宾语+ for 或to ＋间接宾语。
常见的这类动词有：buy, bring, make , choose, get sth. for sb.
teach, give, pass, hand(传递), show, offer, sell, lend, take, send sth to sb.
5、S + V + O + C. 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语。
二、并列句：常由or, but, and, so for等词将两个简单句连接，表示转折，递进等关系。
三、复合句：包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。
1、宾语从句:掌握以下内容：*引导宾语从句的引导词*掌握宾语从句的语序*掌握宾语从句的时态一致
2、状语从句
（1）时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, before, after, until (till), since, as soon as等。
时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
注意下列几个词的区别：
when: *当……的时候指一点时间,表示短暂性动作*指一段时间,表示持续性的动作*什么时候引导宾语从句
while:*表示持续性的动作或状态*具有对比的含义, 意为“然而”
as: 表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,一般与延续性动词连用. “一边…一边…”“随着..”
As we walked, we talked. As time went by, we knew each other better and better.
（2）原因状语从句because(因为), since(既然), as(由于), for(因为)
（3）条件状语从句if(如果) unless(除非)
在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时.
（4）结果状语从句so + 形容词/ 副词+ that + 句子such + 名词+ that…
*such + a (an) + 形容词+ 名词= so + 形容词+ a (an) + 名词
（5）目的状语从句so that, in order that, (in order to do sth\ so as to do sth)
（6）比较状语从句as…as… , than, not as / so … as…
（7）让步状语从句though, although, even though…
3、定语从句: 修饰名词或代词的从句, 放在名词或代词的后面.
通常: 名词(人) + who / whom / that + 句子名词(物) + which / that + 句子
（1）引导非限制性定语从句时,必须用which 指物, 不用that.
I have lost my bag, which I like very much.
（2）关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句动词的单复数形式和先行词保持一致.
Do you know the man who is standing against the door?
（3）下列几种情况只能用that 引导宾语从句:
*先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等, 如:
All that we have to do is to practise more. There is nothing that I can do for you.
*先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,如: The first letter that I got from him is kept well.
*先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰时,如:
I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.
（4）由when, where, why 引导的定语从句
I don’t know the reason why he was late. This is the place where I have lived for five years.
I’ll never forget the day when I met Mr. Li for the first time.
先行词是表示地点时,如果从句的动词是及物的,就用that (which),
如果动词不及物,就用where引导. This is the house that he has lived in for five years.
This is the house where he has lived for five years.
句子(二)
根据句子的功能，可以把句子分为四类：陈述句（肯定句和否定句）；疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句）；祈使句和感叹句。
一、陈述句：1、肯定句2、否定句：（1）加not 构成的否定句
（2）由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing, little, few等构成的否定句
两者的全部否定用neither或nor，部分否定用both + not;
三者或三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等，部分否定用all, many,
every加not构成。
（3）否定前置，常见的动词有：think, believe, suppose
二、疑问句1．一般疑问句：用yes 或no 回答
2．特殊疑问句：用疑问词（what, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, how, why 以及
它们构成的一些短语）提问的句子。
3. 选择疑问句：一般疑问句+ or + 选择对象不能用yes 或no 回答
4.反意疑问句：陈述句+ 简略的一般疑问句。陈述句部分和疑问句部分的肯定、
否定形式相反。注意以下一些内容：
（1）简略问句的主语和陈述部分保持一致，只能用人称代词（there除外），简略问句的动词也和陈述部分保持一致，如果是否定，要用缩写形式。如：
Jin isn’t a student, is he? There are some books in it, aren’t there?
(2)陈述部分是I’m…结构，疑问部分一般用aren’t you，如：I’m late, aren’t I?
(3)陈述部分有little, few, no, never, nothing, hardly, nobody等词表示否定时，疑问部分用肯定。
(4)祈使句的反意疑问句：祈使句，will you？Let’s…, shall we?
(5)宾语从句的反意疑问句常和主句保持一致，但如果主句是I think / believe / suppose时，
疑问部分的主语应和从句保持一致。I don’t think he knows it, does he?
三、感叹句：常由what 或how开头
What + 形容词+名词+ 主语+ 动词. What a nice house it is! What fine weather!
How + 形容词+ 主语+ 连系动词。How happy they look! How interesting the story is!
How + 副词+ 主语+ 实义动词。How happy they are laughing!
How + 主语+ 动词How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!
高频考点词语辨析
1. after, in这两个介词都可以表示“……(时间)以后”的意思
after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子中,如:She went after three days. 她是
三天以后走的.
in 以现在为起点,表将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子中。如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走.
2. speak, say, talk, tell
这四个动词都有“说”的意思。speak的意思是“讲话;演讲”,着重指说话的动作,指开口说或连续不断地说,多用作不及物动词;用作及物动词时,其宾语是语言名称,如:He can speak Japanese. 他会说日语.
say的意思是“说;讲”,一般用作及物动词,着重指说话的内容。它的宾语可以是名词、代词或直接引语等。如:She says, “Don’t draw on the wall!”她说:“别在墙上画画!”
talk的意思是“说;讲;谈话”,与speak意义比较接近,但不如speak正式,着重强调两人之间的相互谈话,也可指单方面的谈话。如:She is talking with John in English.她正在和约翰用英语交谈.
tell意为“告诉;讲述;吩咐”,多指以口头方式将某事告诉某人,常接双宾语。除了story, news, truth, joke, lie(谎言)等直接宾语外,还可以接人等间接宾语。如:She is telling the children a story.她正在给孩子们讲故事
3.beat, win这两个词都有“获胜,打败”的意思,但其后宾语不同.
beat是“打败,优于”的意思,后面接人或队,如:We beat them. 我们打败了他们.
win指“赢,获胜”,后面接比赛,名次,如:We won the match/game/race/the first place. 我们赢了这场比赛(获得了第一名).
4. agree with, agree on, agree to
agree on表示“就……取得一致意见”,如:We all agree on (making) an early start. 我们一致同意及早出发. agree with表示“与……意见一致”,后面既可以跟表示人的名词或人称代词,也可以跟表示意见、看法的名词或what引导的从句。如:I agree with you without reservation.我毫无保留地同意你的意见.We agree with what you said just now.我们同意你刚才所说的意见.
agree to后面不能接人,只能接“提议,计划,方案”等词句。如:I agree to the terms proposed. 我同意拟议的条件.
5. bring, take, carry,fetch
这四个词都是动词,都含有“带”或“拿”的意思,但使用的场合各不相同。
bring作“带来,拿来”解。如:Next time don’t forget to bring me a copy of your work.
take是bring的对语,作“带去,拿去”解。如:Take the box away, please.
carry表示“运载,携带”之意,运送的方式很多,可以用车,船,也可以用手甚至用头.如:This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 这辆巴士准载一百人.
fetch则表示“去拿来”的意思。如: Please fetch me the documents in that room. 请到那间房间去把文件拿来给我.
6. each, every
两词都是“每个”的意思,但着重点不同,each着重个别的情况,every着重全体,有“所有的”的意思,如:She knows each student of the class.她认识这个班里的每一个学生.She knows every student of the class.她认识
这个班所有的学生.
7. no one, none
no one指“没有人(只能指人,不能用来指物)”,意思与nobody相同,作主语时不必跟of连用,如:No one believes him since he is not honest. 没有人相信他,因为他不诚实.No one else but I went. 除我以外,谁也没去.
none指“一个也没有(既可指人,也可指物)”,作主语时代替不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词,谓语动词用单,复数都可以.但在“主+系+表”结构中,如果表语为复数,则系动词要用复数形式,如:None
of us are(is) afraid of difficulties. 我们谁也不怕困难.
8. go on doing, go on to do, go on with
这三个动词短语都有“继续做某事”的意思,其区别如下:go on doing表示“继续做,一直在做某事(中间无间断)”;go on to do表示“接着做某事”,即某事已做完,接着做另一件事;go on with也表示“继续做某事”,其含义是某一动作一度中止后,又继续下去.
9. too much, much too
二者都有“太,非常”之意,much too为副词词组,修饰形容词?副词,不可修饰动词.如:It’s much too cold.天气实在是太冷了.
too much作“太多”讲,有以下三种用法.
(1)作名词词组,如:You have given us too much. 你给我们的太多了.
(2)作形容词词组修饰不可数名词.如:don’t drink to much wine. 不要饮太多的酒.
(3)作副词词组修饰不及物动词.如:She talks too much. 她说话太多.
10. lonely, alone
二者都可表示“孤独,独自”,alone指客观存在的“孤独”,而lonely更偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞”.如:I went alone. 我是一个人去的.Mary lived alone, but she didn’t feel lonely. 玛丽孤身一人生活,但她并不感到孤独。
中考英语现在完成时专项复习
一、现在完成时的基本结构：have/has（助动词）+过去分词
二、现在完成时的各种句式：
1.陈述句：主语＋have/has+过去分词＋其他成分。I have cleaned my bedroom.
2.否定句：主语＋have/has+not+过去分词＋其他成分。I haven't cleaned my bedroom.
3.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语＋过去分词＋其他成分？Have you cleaned your bedroom?
4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋have/has＋其他成分？
5.反意疑问句：借助于助动词have/has来完成反意疑问句。
例如：They have lived that village for ten years, haven’t they ?
三、现在完成时的用法：
１.“完成法”：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
标志性词：already、never、ever、just、yet 、before 、so far(=up to now／till now／by now)、these days 等。
2.“未完成法”：表示动作或状态从过去已经开始，持续到现在并有可能延续到将来。
时间状语：for＋一段时间；since＋过去点时间。
I’ve known Li Lei for three days .\\They have lived here since 1996.
3.其他标志词：once/twice/ three times ,all one's life,in the past +段时间during the last +段时间
注意：(1)since＋一段时间＋ago＝for＋时间段; since two weeks ago=for two weeks;
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.
(2)since + 时间点＝for＋时间段since 2000=for ７years
(3) since+从句(常用一般过去时) The Greens have lived in Beijing since they moved to Beijing from Paris.
(4)It is /has been +一段时间+ since 从句。自从某事发生已有一段时间了.
It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.
四．正确运用have/has been to,have/has gone to,和have/has been in 三种结构。
１.have/has been to表示“过去曾去过某地”，但现在已经回来了。
２.have/has gone to表示“已去了某地”，现在还没有回来。
３.have/has been in 表示“已在某地（呆了多久）”，如果是小地方用at代替in。
五．中考考点：
考点一：考查基本概念
例如：Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ____what's happened to him .
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
简析：现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。
考点二：考查时间状语
例1. He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
例2. Have you met Mr Li ______？
Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
简析：现在完成时的时间状语常有如下四类：
⑴现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before （以前），yet（仍然）等连用。
⑵现在完成时常与recently，so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。
⑶现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。
⑷现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。
考点三：考查与一般过去时的区别
例1.—These farmers have been to the United States .—Really ? When ___ there ?
Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
例2.—______ you ___ your homework yet ?—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
Ａ. Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finishedＣ. Have ; done ; have finishedＤ.will ; do ; finish
简析：现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）连用。一般过去时表示纯粹在过去发生的事情。现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作/状态,或者发生在过去却对现在造成的影响。故两个例题的正确答案为B。
考点四：考查非延续性动词的用法
例1. His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
例2.—Do you know him well ? —Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
例3.—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months .
Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
简析：英语动词根据词义可分为两种，一种是延续性的，一种是终止性的，终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词、瞬间动词、或点动词)，如begin, start, die, buy, leave, come等，表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成，不能再延续，所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用，即不能与表示一段时间的状语，for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用，也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中。例如: I've left
Shan ghai for three days.(×)I've been away from Shanghai for three days.(√).I left Shanghai three days ago. (√)It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.(√)
现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。常用的非延续性动词及替代形式如下：
close→be closed, put on→wear,open→be open,get up→be up, finish/end→be over,lose→be lost , marry→be married(to), get to know→ know; fall asleep/ go to sleep →be asleep(sleep) , come/arrive→be here/in,come/get back→be back,go/leave-beaway,become→be,borrow —→keep,buy→have,begin/start→be on,die→be dead , join→be in/be a ember of, catch a cold→ have a cold.......
延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化,举例说明：
1.He died 10 years ago. --- He has been dead for 10 years / since 10 years ago.
2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. --- He has kept the book for 2 weeks.
3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ---He has had the motorbike for a month.
4. He arrived here three days ago. --- He has been here since three days ago.
5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. --- The light has been on for 2 hours.
6. He left here 2 years ago. --- He has been away from here for 2 years.
7. The film began 30 minutes ago. --- The film has been on for 30 minutes.
8. They opened the door an hour ago. --- The door has been open for an hour.
9. They closed the door an hour ago. --- The door has been closed for an hour.
10. He joined the army last year. --- He has been a soldier for a year.
--- He has been in the army for a year. --- It is a year since he joined the army.
（外研版）初中英语语法总结 1 agree with sb 赞成某人 2 visit to… 参观某个地方 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……着名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣
2014中考英语语法知识点总结：动词 一定要记牢动词的现在分词，过去式，过去分词。比如：catch 的过去式和过去分词(caught，caught) 你可能就不知道吧?痛下决心，好好记一记吧。先讲系动词。 系动词：大概是最简单的动词了。你只需注意的是系动词除了be的形式之外，还有become，get，grow，turn，sound，look，smell，taste等，它们不能单独作谓语,必须和作表语的词语(如形容词, 名词等) 连用, 所以用的时候，可要小心为是呀!如：It smells delicious.(它闻起来味道很美)。delicious 是形容词，不是副词。 情态动词：首先要记住情态动词后必跟动词原形。 must的意思是"应当，必须"，侧重于说话者的主观看法，没有时态变化，其否定式是mustn't，在"Must I(we) ...."的疑问句中，须注意的是其否定回答常用needn't。如：Must I go?(我一定要走吗?) No,you needn't.(不，不必。) need意为"需要"。既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词，因此在用法上需要注意。作实义动词时，need后跟名词，动名词，或不定式。如：I need to go. (我得走了。) 作情态动词时，后跟动词原形。如：You needn't come tomorrow if you are busy. (如果你忙，明天就不必来了。) 实意动词：我们跑(run)，我们跳(jump)，我们笑(laugh)，这些都得用实意动词来表达。我们一起来看一看一些特殊的词吧。它们在接动名词和不定式时意义有所不同。 stop：这个词让好多同学大伤了一番脑筋，到底什么时候加to do，什么时候加 doing 呢?两者意义又有什么不同呢?OK, Come with me. 看下面两个句子。 When the teacher came in, they stopped to read. When the teacher came in, they stopped talking. 第一句的意思是"当老师进来时，他们停下来开始读书"。而第二句的意思是 "老师进来时，他们停止了说话"。所以stop to do sth表示"停止正在做的事情去干另一件事"。而stop doing表示"中断正在做的某事"。 forget，remember，regret 这三个词用法基本相同，只要记住+doing 表示"事情已经做过"，+to do表示"事情还未做"就可以了。
语法填空集锦 阅读下面短文, 按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求, 在空格处填入一个适当的词 或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 （一） Dear Grace, I arrived in Shenzhen for (16) ______ trip last week. (17)______ weather is fine now. I enjoy (18) ______ (my) here. It is my (19)______ (one) time here, so everything (20)______ (look) fresh (新 鲜的). I visited some tourist attractions. Most (21) ______ the places were crowded. Yesterday I went shopping and bought something (22) ______ (interest). I got lost on my way back to the hotel, (23) ______ it didn’ｔ matter. I usually go out and have dinner in a restaurant and it takes me about (24) ______ hour because the food there is fantastic. I took many (25) ______ (photo), so you can see when I come back home. See you! Yours, Linda （二） ______ (friend). We are different (17) ______ each other. Hello, I’m Bruce. I have three good (16) Jack is thirteen years old. He is one year (18) _______ (old) than me. And he is much taller than any one of us. He is talented for sports. And football is his favorite sport. Tom is as tall as me. He is very (19) ______ (fun) and outgoing. He often (20) ______ (make) us laugh. We both like (21) ______ (read). Henry is one year younger than me. And he is shorter than any of us. (22) ______ he is as heavy as me. He is good at (23) ______ (draw). He likes drawing pictures a lot. I’m (24) _____ (quiet) than them. But we are all friendly to each other (25) ______ can share everything. （三） _______ really successful. (17) ______ all the performers, Li Ping Last week’s talent show (16) and Li Hua were the (18) _____ (winner). Li Ping is (19) _____ outgoing and cool boy. At the talent show, he could (20) _____ (play) six balls at the same time very well. He (21) _____ (win) the prize for the most (22) ____ (excited) performance. Li Hua is a girl with curly hair. She is a great magician. She could put knives (刀) into the body of a person. (23)_____ the person wasn’t hurt at all. We were so afraid that some of us shouted (24) ____ (loud). She was the most creative performer although (25)_____ (she) show was the most frightening (令人恐惧的). （四）
外研社初三英语语法总复习 名词 一、名词的分类:根据用法，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。 1. 可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。 *以y纟吉尾的专有名词，或元音字母+结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：女口：two Marysthe Henrys mon key---mon keysholiday---holidays 比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories * 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a.力口s,女口：photo---photospiano---pianos radio---radioszoo---zoos ； b. 力口es，如：potato--potatoestomato--tomatoes hero--heroes Negro--Negroes* 以f 或fe 结尾的名词变复数时常去 f , fe加ves， 如: half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswife---wiveslife---lives thief---thieves 2?名词复数的不规则变化 1）child---children foot---feettooth---teeth mouse---miceman---men woman---women 注意：与 man禾口woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men禾口-women。如：an Englishman，two En glishme n.但German不是合成词，它是由Germa ny去y变化而来，故复数形式为Germa ns； Bowman 是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复数同形如: deer，sheep, fish，Chinese，Japanese，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters 3）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news是不可数名词。 c. the Uni ted States，the Uni ted Natio ns 应视为单数。The Uni ted Natio ns was orga nized in 1945. d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. << 一千零一夜>>故事书。4）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses眼镜）trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;suit（套）;a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. ）常以复数形式出现并使用的名词：clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks, con gratulati ons, wishes, police, stairs（楼梯）,works（著作）,woods（森林）,times（时代） 3. 不可数名词量的表示：可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如： a glass of water \ a piece of cake 4. 修饰可数名词的词有：ma ny, few, a few, a nu mber of,数词 修饰不可数名词的词有：much, little, a little, a great deal of 即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有：some （an y）, no, a lot of, ple nty of 二、定语名词的复数（即名词修饰名词）：名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1）用复数作定语。如：sports meeting运动会students reading-room学生阅览室
马上就要中考了，祝大家中考都考上一个理想的高中！欢迎同学们下载，希望能帮助到你们！ 2020最新中考英语语法知识点汇总
一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、 程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、 状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通 常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小 姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词 担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打 扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者 “怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由
中考英语语法总复习 Ⅰ词类。 词类英语名称意义例词 名词The Noun (缩写为n) 表示人或事物的名称Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train 冠词The Article (art) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a, an, the 代词The Pronoun (pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词They, his, him, mine, which, all 形容词The Adjective (adj) 用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry 数词The Numeral (num) 表示数量或顺序Three, thirteen, twenty, second 动词The Verb (v) 表示动作或状态Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing 副词The Adverb (adv) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes 介词The Preposition (prep) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From, with, at, into, behind, between, for 连词The Conjunction (conj) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And, or, but, so, because 感叹词The Interjection (interj) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear （一）名词： 专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China, John, London, the USA, Harbin . 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如boat, chair, desk, apple . 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family, people, class, police . 可数名词 普通名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词 2．名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。X| k |B| 1 . c|O |m 3．名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。 （二）冠词 1．定冠词－the . ○1 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good. ○2 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ? ○3 重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black . ○4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth . ○5 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south . ○6 乐器的名称前常用定冠词－the 。I like playing the piano / violin . ○7 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor . ○8 放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the people’s Republic of China . ○9 放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching
2018-2019深圳市初中英语中考语法填空专项训练 (一) When Alla Wagner couldn’t sell her $1.7 million house, she came up with an idea to find a new owner. She’s holding a writing contest and the winner will get the house. __________ 2011, Ms. Wagner and her family built a house in Millarville. After (2)__________ (hurt) her back last year, Ms. Wagneris unable to go up and down the stairs. So she is living on the upper floor of the house. She hates to sell (3) __________ house. But she doesn’t want to make other changes that can make it easier for (4)__________ (she) to get around. Ms. Wagner has been trying to sell the house for a few months, but so far, no one (5) __________ (be) interested. She began to think of other (6)__________ (way) to let someone else have the house. After doing some research to make sure her idea wasn’t against the law，Ms. Wagner (7)__________ (begin) her “Write a Letter, Win a House” project on January 5. To have a chance of winning the house, people must write a letter to Ms. Wagner (8)__________ answers the question: "Why would moving to this lakefront dream home change your life?” “If somebody wants (9)__________ (write) a poem, they can write a poem，”says Ms. Wagner. The 500 best letters (10)__________ (choose),and then judges (评判员）will choose a final winner from these letters. (二) Many companies are working on self-driving vehicles like cars and trucks. Almost all self-driving cars still carry a safety (1)__________ (drive) who can take over the car if there is trouble. Waymo and many (2)__________ (company)are trying to use self-driving vehicles to move people around. (3)__________ moving people is kind of dangerous. Self-driving experiments with goods are much safer. Kroger is one of (4)__________ largest grocery store chains (杂货连销店）in the US. The company is teaming up with Nuro, a robotics company based in Mountain View, California, for its delivery (运送）service. Through this partnership, customers will be able to place same-day delivery orders through Kroger’s Click list ordering system and Nuro’s app. 1 / 251 / 251
一、选择题 1．My cousin Mary was born ＿＿＿ a singing voice. A．from B．in C．with 2．It is reported that he won an award________Best Actor________his role in that film. A．as; in B．as; for C．for;for D．for; in 3．—There is a hole in the wall. What is it for? —We have a dog. He can get in or out ________ it. A．past B．through C．across D．over 4．The old man arrived _________ the village _______ a rainy night. A．at; on B．on; at C．in; at D．on; in 5．I bought the tomatoes ________ the vegetable stall. A．at B．in C．on D．from 6．The girl often goes to the park many beautiful flowers. A．with B．have C．has D．in 7．—What do you think of happiness, Zoe? —I think happiness is a way station too much and too little. A．among B．between C．opposite D．beyond 8．The elephant is the only animal__________a trunk- a special long nose. A．For B．with C．to 9．Jiangsu Development Summit was open _____ May 20th in Nanjing. A．on B．in C．at D．by 10．—What's the secret good health? —Eating healthy food and taking enough exercise. A．in B．to C．on 11．It’s necessary for Tony to do ____ thing ____ his classmates do. A．same, as B．same, like C．the same, to D．the same, as 12．—I feel sad from time to time.Could you give me some advice? —________ sharing your worries with your parents? A．Why don't you B．How about C．Why not D．Would you like 13．---What’s your hobby ? ---______collecting balls, I also like different kinds of CDs. A．Besides B．Except C．Beside D．About 14．Can you jiaozi English? A．say;with B．speak;in C．say;in D．tell;about 15．My best friend is now________China, so I want to go________China, too. A．in；on B．on；to C．of；for D．in；to 16．Jim and Tim are talking _______ the phone. A．at B．on C．with D．in
第二篇句法 一、主要句式 (一) 知识概要 初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种：① 主语+不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night.② 主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.③ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.④ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.⑤ 主语+系动词+表语，如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be…句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a map on the wall其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be动词，不要换用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：① 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如： The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。③ 有量词时应按量词的数量计算；如： This pair of glasses is good My glasses are broken. ④有些形单却意为复数的名词，如： People are coming here这样的词还有 Police，如果要讲一个警察时，应讲 a policeman。两个警察为 two policemen。又如 a policewoman, two policewomen⑤所有不定代词 each， either， neither， one， the other， nobody， nothing， anyone， anything，someone，something … 要作为单数如： Someone is waiting for you在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有：and not only … but also，ne ither … nor，either … or如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。表示转折关系的并列连词有： but 和 yet，如： She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如： I think the news is strange, yet it is true表示选择关系的连词有：or，either … or，如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school表示因果关系的并列连词有： for， so 如： They studied very hard， so they all passed the exam 在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种，而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。①在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如： I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：I knew that he was a good man这时宾语从句的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用，不
外研版八年级英语上语法专练 Module 1 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在进行时的区分Ⅰ.单项选择 1. There ______ a football match on TV this evening. A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have 2. Look! The boys ______ football on the playground. A. plays B. play C. are playing D. played 3. Mr Black is going to marry a girl he ______ in Japan last year. A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet 4. Where’s Tom? His mother ______ him now. A. is looking for B. will look for C. has looked for D. looks for 5. ─When ______ again? ─I don’t know. But when he ______, I'll let you know. A. he comes; will come B. will he come; will come C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes Ⅱ.用所给动词的适当形式填空 6. He ______ (go) swimming in the river every day in summer. 7. Just a minute! My brother ______ (wash) his car in the garden. 8. It is very cold. I think it ______ (rain). 9. ─I need some paper. ─I ______ (bring) some for you. 10. I can’t find my pen. Who ______ (take) it? Modules 2-3 形容词、副词的比较级和副词用法 单项选择 1. Tom is ______ than any other player in the school team. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. more tall 2. Which do you like ______, tea or milk? A. the good B. better C. the better D. good 3. Lily isn’t as ______ as Peter. She often makes mistakes in her homework. A. careless B. careful C. carefully D. carelessly 4. Things are ______ on the moon than on the earth. A. much lighter B. much heavier C. the heaviest D. the lightest 5. Sam is ______ at Chinese than Jim. A. good B. well C. better D. gooder 6. He is ______ than before. A. happy B. happyer C. happier D. happiest 7. Could you please speak a little more ______? I can’t follow you. A. quietly B. quickly C. loudly D. slowly 8. Ted was hard-working. His success made him work ______. A. harder B. hardest C. more quickly D. most quickly 9. I am good at math, but his English is ______ than mine. A. much better B. more better C. very better D. pretty better
Ⅰ. 单项选择。 1. Miss Green didn’t tell us _______ in 2018. A. where does she live B. where she lives C. where did she live D. where she lived 2. Would you please tell me ________? A. when did he come home B. where he would play football C. if he had seen the film D. why he didn’t watch the game 3. I don’t know when __________. A. will the train leave B. the train will leave C. would the train leave D. the train leave 4.---We don’t know _____________. ---It is said that he was born in Sweden. A. what he is B. if he lives here C. where he comes from D. which country is he from 5. -What did you say just now? - I asked _____. A. that I could open the door B. could I open the door C. how could I open the door D. how I could open the door 6. - Guess _____ I did yesterday. - I think you went to a party. A. where B. when C. what D. which 7. - Can you tell me _____ your parents at home? - I often wash clothes and sweep the floor. A. how will you help B. how you help C. how you will help D. how do you help 8. Excuse me, but may I ask you ____? A. what business are you in B. what business you are in C. in what business are you D. are you in what business 9. - Can you see ____? - No. Let’s go and have a look. Maybe we can help them. A. what are they doing there B. what was happening there C. what is happening there D. what are they talking there