UNIT 1 Globalization
Text A The Empire Strikes Back
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when
products and is the world’s largest manufacturer of automobile.
2)As the content delivered to clients weakens, banks will increasingly need to depend on the
more __ commoditized _____services they provide, notably capital and trade execution. 3)This is par of a worldwide movement that France must follow to keep its energetic, _
aggressive ______and bright young people and to attract investors.
4)Many politicians and the green-energy lobbyists claim we should _ forge ______ahead
green energy because it will create new employment.
5)Tests at the age of seven provide a __ benchmark _____ against which the child’s progress
at school can be measured.
6)The agency is tasked with developing a _ blueprint ______ for how to best serve small
business.
7)There is a lager community of Japanese _ expatriate ______ in Singapore, consisting mostly
of corporate employees and their families.
8)During the interview with three major television networks, O Obama emphasized that his
decision _ deploy ______ U.S. troops in Libya should not be applied to other countries in the Middle East.
9)The plan of building another Disney theme park in the Chinese mainland has met __ __
ferocious ___opposition.
10)Most companies in emerging markets experienced a _ substantial _______ increase in
production in the past decade.
UNIT 2 Film Industry
Text A The Horry Potter Economy
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when
much as two trillion yen of bonds during the month of November, but Bank of Japan officials
declined to comment on those rumors.
(2)Late-afternoon storm would come up quickly, __2) churning _____ the water, flashing sheet
lighting and sometimes producing golf ball-size hail.
(3)To some, the critiques of National Health Insurance may seem excessive in _3) retrospect
_____. But they contain much truth.
(4)Karl Lagerfeld’s decision to add _4) detachable ______ white cuffs to this season’s black
Chanel jackets was a masterstroke.
(5)The Department of Education last year handed over $240,000 of taxpayer money to
conservative _5) pundit ______ Armstrong Williams.
(6)The fact is that, you know, nuclear power is an _6) inherently _____ dangerous technology.
And when things go wrong, they tend to go very wrong.
(7)He seems to be in the _7) vanguard ______ of a political culture that is less fearful of the
government.
(8)Sometimes you have tough decisions to make. If an employee is constantly _8) tardy ______,
is this an occasion to discipline or to show support to meet personal needs.
(9)He had initially planned to sell to Japanese buyers. But after a four-month marketing _9)
blitz ______ yielded just two bidders in the sluggish domestic market, Mr. Kawakami turned to China.
(10)F or a sportswear company, for example, he looks for people who studies fashion _10)
merchandising _____ in collage or worked for a clothing store.
UNIT 3 Property Boom
Text A Between a Rock and a Living Space
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when
1.Analysts say it will be hard for these banks to _1) replicate____the kind of sustained,
gangbuster growth they’ve enjoyed in recent years.
2.For the first two quarters of this _ 2) fiscal __year, lottery deposits to the state treasury
are down $18.7 million.
3.The recession pushed shoppers to pick necessities over 3) discretionary ___items,
discounts over luxury.
4.Low interest rates in countries like Greece, Spain sand Ireland encouraged 4)
unsustainable ___booms or housing bubbles that, when burst, aggravated recession and budget deficits.
5.The shoreline from Texas to Florida faces a 5) volatile___hurricane season with the
unprecedented complication of a massive oil spill off the coast.
6.The results of this study are 6) transferable ____to other graduate degree programs that
are offered exclusively online which primarily serve adult students.
7.At Thursday meeting, African leaders requested tha t the UN Security Council “strengthen
the 7) mandate ____of the United Nations Operation in Ivory Coast.”
8.At a time when interest rates are declining, many investors appear more concerned about
losing yield than about the possibility of _8) default ___.
9.High-frequency traders insist that they provide the market with _9) liquidity ___, thus
enabling investors to trade easily.
10.Federal grants, which began to flow in the first quarter of 2009, _10) dampened ____the
initial revenue decline and then caused total revenues to grow.
UNIT 4 Information Technology
Text A Silicon Valley Visionary Who Put Apple on Top
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when
1.Google’s _1) rebuttal____to the claim of stealing is that it doesn’t sell ads on the Google.
2.This season, during a match against Dallas on February 10, he injured a rib that would _2)
sideline ___him for four weeks.
3.The opposition is trying to 3) stir up ____feelings of dissatisfaction among the voters.
4.The amount of tabloid ink spilled over her 24-year difference in age with her new boyfriend
does _4) rankle ___her.
5.More stimuli will come from the provision giving businesses the ability to ____the cost of
capital expenditure in the first year.
6.Mr. Gat es’ long struggle to make Windows work reflects traits not often combined in a
business leader: technological vision, a love of crafty deal making and an 5) write off _6) obsessive ____, almost childlike personality, which drives him to seek every possible edge.
7.Some economists predict that the debt total could 7) surpass ____the $12 billion mark
early in the next decade.
8.She said she was going through a divorce, and it was the 8) culmination ___of a number
of issues, including a child’s medical bills.
9.The best-seller this week, written by a young and 9) fledgling____writer, is really a
success.
10.In business, for example, American companies are learning the _10) rudimentary __truth
that survival in a service society demands service, or to put it another way, that the customer won’t come back unless the business provides.
Unit5 Creativity and Innovation
Text A The Postmodern Craving for Creativity
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when necessary.
(1)Computer games were received by geniuses, who not only used the games for a lot of _
diversions ____, but also depended on the visual element of the games to activate their imagination.
(2) A number of significant findings _2) sprang from ____ an independent consulting group
representing over 350experienced market research consultants.
(3)To _3) instill ___ a heartfelt and spontaneous acknowledgement into its corporate culture,
the organization must have a formal process for recognizing their employees.
(4)Life offers a myriad of 4) paradigms ____, even opposing ones, and what is involved in our
decision process is to discover and choose what is most suited to arrive at our objectives. (5)Japanese government decided to abandon _ 5) depopulated ____ Hashima, once known for
having the world’s highest population density, when the coal mines were closed down. (6)Tokyo metropolitan government officials have 6) posited _____, but have not proved that
recent rains could have flushed airborne iodine-131 into rivers that supply the vast majority of Tokyo’s water, and also increase radiation levels in Tokyo.
(7) A recent report from EU _7) proclaims _____that the capital-rich countries in Europe are
attracting labor from peripheral countries where the lack of employment keeps the wage low.
(8)Many markets who have used messages _8) subliminally _______in advertising are
realizing that striving to get the most conscious attention from consumers is not the most effective way of advertising.
(9)If a member fails to fulfill any of its obligations, the association may 9) suspend _______its
membership by exercising a majority of the total voting power.
(10)T hings will never change if you don’t, and unfair practices or stereotypes will 10) perpetuate
______if people remain silent.
UNIT 6 Commercial Litigation
Text A Reducing the Risk of Commercial Litigation in the United States
Word Derivation
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when necessary.
(1)It is shown in a latest report that the United States is falling behind because of
a _1. burdensome _______legal and regulatory environment. (burden)
(2)We’re in such a _2. litigious_______ environment now that people are more afraid of
doing the wrong thing or appearing to do the wrong thing. (litigation)
(3)Frustrated with unending peace talks and _3. disillusioned _______with the recent military
uprising, many people in the country are looking for a new path to statehood.(illusion) (4)The ad of four-wheeled vehicle gives viewers a feeling of _4. invulnerability
_______that no matter what happens weatherwise , no matter how much it snows or how bad the mudslides are, you can go out in your four-wheel drive.(vulnerable)
(5)In such an environment of uncertainty, any policy that emerges is unlikely to be based on a
__5. dispassionate ______ analysis.(passion)
(6)Culture was not an _6. adornment ______to human existence, but almost its deepest
meaning.(adorn)
(7)The government is criticized to underscore the perils posed by its manipulation of legislative
policymaking, and its _7. de-emphasis _____of deliberation.(emphasize)
(8)Disappointingly, the consultancy merely leads the company management to_ 8. ambiguity
_____of the market trends.(ambiguous)
(9)His works—far from opaque but also far from_9. simplistic _____---demand audience
involvement to decipher their meanings.(simple)
People are helpless to resolve the complex issues that escalate to war, incapable of processing the _10. irrationality
(10)_____of war, and bewildered by the magnitude of suffering that war produces.(rational)
UNIT 7 Mass Customization
Text A BMW Drives Germany
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when
(1)The country is the world’s most powerful nation, rich beyond measure, and blessed with the _
exorbitant ____privilege of paying its foreign debts in its own currency, which it can print.
(2)Salaries have seen extraordinary growth among a small number of highly paid individuals in
the financial sector which, until the credit crisis hit a year ago, had benefited both from the _ buoyant ____financial environment and the globalization of finance, in which the U.S.
remains a leader.
(3)Nike’s advertisement _ infuriated____Chinese viewers for insulting China’s national
symbol and was eventually banned by the Chinese government.
(4)Hillary Clinton can fairly be described as the surprise secretary of state, the country’s first _
formidable ____female presidential candidate who had made clear her desire to shed the supporting roles of her past.
(5)Charles Dickens’ famous kick-off to A Tale of Two Cities---“it was the best of times, it was the
worst of times…”---seems an apt description of the state of industry: Consumer confidence remains__ fickle ___ and the prospect of a dreaded recession seems all too real.
(6)The most daunting challenge for CEOs is responding to an emerging technology or new
product that could _ disrupt ____ their core business.
(7)Since the early years of the industrial revolution, the issue whether technical change is the
engine to _ sustain ____ economic growth has generated intense controversy.
(8)The property-rich but credit-starved homeowners are easy targets for second-mortgage
companies, whose salespeople use phone directories or _ canvass ____ door-to-door in
targeted zip codes.
(9)Conditions beyond your reach---and your craving for change—are urging you to let go of the
past and _forge ahead___ toward the great unknown.
(10)I n America, kids who are moving out of home beyond some young age are seen as a
_boon____ to the family and those who live at home walk around with a great big “L” (for “loser”) on their forehead.
Unit 8 Crisis Management
Text A A Crisis Made in Japan
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. change the form when
(1)_1) Inept ____management forces one to work twice as hard as others for half the results.
(2)Famine and debt are two _2) staggering ____ problems that Africa faces, pointing to a
broader need to overcome underdevelopment in the third world.
(3)Experts are beginning to denounce the _3) culpability ____of institutional investors and
question whether they could have done more to prevent the catastrophic consequences of an overleveraged global economy.
(4)An easy and intuitive way to cut expenses is to target those non-revenue-generating parts of
the company, so many organizations are simply _4) shortchanging____their customer service.
(5) A wise negotiator is therefore _5) circumspect ____and perceptive because he thinks before
he leaps.
(6)If a small proportion of the taxes paid by the nuclear industry were used to further develop the
technology, genetic disease due to radiation caused by the nuclear industry would be _6) averted ____.
(7)For an auto-making business, a concern for safety issues _7) overrides____all other
considerations.
(8)The phone company has _8) owned up to ____to a design defect of its latest product that
can lead to dropped calls.
(9)The Philippine police came in for a hail of criticism today after a _9) botched ____raid on a
hijacked bus left the perpetrator and eight of his hostages dead.
(10)I t is believed that the way to _10) reinvigorate____Europe’s R and D innovation lies in a
collaborative approach, featuring both public and private parties.
Unit 9Internet and Our life
Text A How Long Will Google’s Magic Last?
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when
1.Together with the lower than expected _1) flotation _______ price of the raw materials, the
ten companies have earned ten percent more profit than they did last year.
2.The great advantage of the new instrument over _2) conventional ______techniques is
that it only needs very small samples: typically 1,000 times smaller.
3.Ether and her sister had much in common: conceit, fame,_ 3) unorthodox _______ pulpit
manners and a trenchant belief in women’s liberation.
4.For those of us who _4) fret ________ about ways in which modern technology distances us
from human affection, this program was a consolation.
5.I do not seek to __5) deride _______ your intelligence, but whit one side of the argument
apparently lacking, how can I possibly come to any firm, reasoned conclusions?
6.It is not possible for our economy to simply _6) stagnate _______ for a while; it may lag
behind the world trend forever if our system is not reformed.
7.Luck knew that her easygoing, constantly good-humored husband had to be in _7)
caustically _______ pain to be behaving so caustically, but it was still a bit of a relief when the nurse said she had to go home because visiting hours were over.
8.The divorce of the two famous movie stars __8) made headlines ______, especially when
he came to blows with a columnist during an interview.
9.Even though Plato wrote these words over hundreds of years ago, our modern Western
readers are only just beginning to _9) resonate _______ in harmony with his tune of truth.
10.Based on the hit comic book by Tomoko Ninomiya, they produced this fun-filled __10)
quirky ________ romantic film of two very opposite people.
Unit 10 Career Planning
Text A How to Change The World
Blank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when
1)The findings have led scientists to speculate that all galaxies might go through a quasar phase,
then a less active phase, and finally _1) settle into _______ the stability like that of our own galaxy.
2)Figures on this spreadsheet have been embellished. Otherwise the company’s financial
difficulties may __ 2) deter _____potential investors.
3)The young man will become a creative artist, and will 3) dazzle ______ world as a musician,
a dramatist or a novelist.
4) A good salesperson should not only be _4) passionate _____ about the product he is
selling, but also have a thorough understanding of his customers.
5)I was told that he _5) made a mint_____ on the stock exchange last year and that’s why he
squanders so much on luxury goods.
6)The seller bragged about his jewels, trying to _6) stun _____ his victim into believing his
suggestions and remarks.
7)Many customers felt a _7) searing _____ resentment against the store as a result of its
deceptive advertisement.
8)With 20 years of sailing experience __8) under his belt _____, he was chosen as the
training supervisor of the navy.
9)She finally quitted the position of chief engineer as her views on the construction of the
bridge didn’t quite _ 9) chime _____ with the board.
10)People of _10) reflective ______ thinking type tend to be more introversive and quite, and
are inclined to observe the details normally neglected by others.
Unit 11 Financial Crisis
Text A Cinderella’s Moment
Bank-filling
Complete the following sentences with the words giving in the box. Change the form when
(1) While strategic alliances are intended to reduce insecurity and_1) volatility ____, they are also designed to increase the competitiveness of the companies involved.
(2) There is no room for __2) complacency ___even though 72 percent of parents in the survey rate private high schools as good or better.
(3) The companies actually had more chances to recruit new talents after the 1998 financial _3) turbulence ____, which it has all regretfully missed.
(4) People here have their own local way of speaking and then they speak a different way to other folk. But then they _4) lapse____back into the local way of speaking when they’re on their own.
(5) He vaguely felt some icy and a _5) pliable ____rope against his neck and set up immediately.
(6) According to the new law, the mother would be _6) eligible ____for financial assistance as
she was to nurture the two kids and entitled to free lodging for three months.
(7) The external consultants saw clearly that our business was suffering because our plant’s manufacturing capability was by its nature inflexible, _7) cumbersome ____and slow.
(8) One of the things most likely to _8) exasperate ____staff and reduce hygiene standards of the working environment is that the kitchen and the toilets are very difficult to clean.
(9) The tapes provided by the employee have been carefully _9) vetted ____for sensitivity of content or for materials which can lead to the identification of speakers.
(10) When the envoys first met for real the fierce, cold, _10) autocratic ____,heroically
self-made emperor’s beady eyes, they knew immediately the hardships they were going to suffer in this nation.
UNITE 12 Entrepreneurship
Text A Can Red Wine Help You Live Forever
Bank -filling
Complete the following sentences with the words giving in the box. Change the form when
(1) Whether it is the academics’ interests in the livings that come _1) in the wake of ______a research career or the industry’s wish to produce a new type of insecticide, the entrepreneur is determined to commercialize on these findings.
(2) Some scientists became rather worried, and some claimed that the multiplication of 2) therapeutic _____trials was diverting resources away from more basic research.
(3) With her “charismatic” personality and _3) disarming____frankness, the new financial controller won the staff’s respect and trust immediately.
(4) As some of his friends became _4) prolific ____writers, Jason became so jealous of their reputations that he began to scorn what they wrote.
(5) “At least--”his vo ice held a _5) husky____tinge of wry amusement “--you will not lose your job as your father is one of the board members of our company.
(6) Proud though he was of his wife, the king could not help noticing that the queen was stealing the__6) limelight ___.
(7) Wilson appointed Larry Walkman the CEO of Asian area, and encourage him to _7) spearhead ____some 20 projects, up and down the different regions, to develop new products and markets.
(8) “Tony Scott was a great director, a genuine friend and it is _8) unfathomable ____to think that he is now gone.” said Denzel Washington, who worked with Scott on five films.
(9) Nutrient availability is thus enhanced, but such scavenging also results in the trapping of pollutants, which can __9) retard ___growth.
(10) Residential area built at such a _10) frenetic ____tempo on farmlands will finally result in devastating effect on the countryside life.
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories
中国现代文学史试题 五、论述题 41．联系作品论述鲁迅杂文的创作特色。 41.分析评价茅盾《蚀》三部曲对大革命时期小资产阶级知识分子各类精神面貌的反映。 42.分析孙犁小说的独特风格。 1.试析朱自清散文的艺术成就。 2.“五四”文学的基本特色。 42.以周朴园形象为中心分析曹禺《雷雨》剧中人物关系的复杂性。 2.沙汀小说的创作特色。 41．结合作品，比较分析巴金小说《家》中觉慧与觉新的思想性格。 1.试析造成老舍《骆驼祥子》中主人公悲剧的主、客观原因。 42.试论穆旦诗中的“自我”。 41.试析郭沫若抗战时期历史剧的基本思想。 42.分析评价闻一多新格律诗“三美”理论和创作实践。 41．以《八骏图》为例，论述沈从文对现代都市文明的嘲讽与批判。 42．论述艾青诗歌创作的独特风格。 41.为什么称沈从文为“文体”小说家？ 42.试析鲁迅杂文的艺术特色。 41.试分析《女神》的思想内容和艺术成就。 42.以《小二黑结婚》为例，试分析赵树理小说的民族化、群众化特色。 42.《雷雨》中蘩漪要周萍记着：“一个女子不能受两代人的欺侮”，并且警告周萍：“小心! 你不要把一个失望的女人逼得太狠了，她是什么事都做得出来的!”由这些台词联系全剧，分析蘩漪的思想性格及形象意义。 1.概述第二个十年小说创作的巨大成就。 2.试分析评价《女神》所表现的“五四”时代精神。 41.试论艾青诗作的独特风格及在中国新诗发展史上的地位。 42.试论毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》的主要内容与意义。 1.论述艾青诗作的独特思想内容。 2.试析鲁迅杂文的艺术特色。 41．试从浪漫主义精神和浪漫主义表现方式两方面，论述《女神》的创作特色。 42．分析巴金《寒夜》的思想艺术成就。 1.试评左联的成就与缺失。(15分) 2.论述艾青诗作的独特思想内容。(10分) 41．以《八骏图》为例，论述沈从文对现代都市文明的嘲讽与批判。 42．论述艾青诗歌创作的独特风格。 41.论述鲁迅小说《呐喊》、《彷徨》在中国现代文学史上的现实主义成就。 42.结合《屈原》剧作，分析郭沫若抗战时期历史剧的悲剧精神。41．以《八骏图》为例，论述沈从文对现代都市文明的嘲讽与批判。
现代文学习题(试题+答案)
练习一 填空： 1、 1842年，魏源编写的中国近代史地科学的开山之作《_海国图志_》刊刻行世，书中提出了“以夷攻夷，以夷款夷，师夷长技以制夷。” 2、中日甲午战争的失败，使中国文化人对_中体西用__的效用发生了怀疑。 3、____严复______于1896年翻译了出版了赫胥黎的《天演论》。 4、____严复______用“进化”的思想，在政治时事的纵横捭阖中为国人敲响了警钟；而__谭嗣同__ 则在《仁学》等著作中对中国道德文化的批判实行了“诛心之术”。 5、黄遵宪提出了“我手写我口”的诗歌创作主张。 6、__梁启超___在《论小说与群治之关系》里提出，“今日欲改良群治，必自小说界革命始，欲新民，必自新小说始。” 7、《_新小说_》和《月月小说》、《绣像小说》、《小说林》一起被时人称为“晚清四大小说杂志”。 简答： 1、先进的知识分子在办报过程中提出了哪些对中国现代文学转型有重要意义的主张？
有限度地承认白话文的传播优势；在文学体裁上，极力推崇小说戏曲所特有的社会教育功能。 2、简要叙述梁启超《论小说与群治之关系》的主要观点。“小说为文学之最上乘”；“欲改良群治，必自小说界革命始”；“欲新民，必自新小说起。” 思考： 1、洋务运动发生的基本原因有哪些？ 2、戊戌变法运动发生与失败的主要原因是什么？ 3、中国近代小说戏曲革命是在怎样的社会背景下发生的？ 练习二填空： 1、梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同、唐才常等人发表的倡导变法维新的文章肇端于《时务报》，时人称其为“时务文章”；由于此类文体与报纸密切相关，这类文章也被人称作“__报章文体________”。 2、__梁启超________在《变法通议》中说：“变亦变，不变亦变！变而变者，变之权操诸己，可以保国，可以保种，可以保教。” 3、___梁启超_______在《清代学术概论》中概括自己的散文“务为平易畅达，时杂以偶语韵语及外国语法，纵笔所至不检束……笔锋常带感情，对于读者颇有一种魔
I. Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’) 1. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ____ was the dominant. 2. The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named ____. 3. Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism? 4. The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the __ attitude of its author.
5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by ___. 6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___ and Thoreau. 7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”? 8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
中国现当代文学史简答论述题 1鲁迅《呐喊》，《彷徨》，与《故事新编》从三部作品之中分析鲁迅的写作内容及其艺术手法。 答：鲁迅是以启蒙主义精神从事文学创作的，在“立人”的出发点上，揭露封建礼教对于人性的束缚与摧残，他的小说立足于为人生，改良人生，努力“揭出病苦，引起疗救的注意”.鲁迅以其独特的呐喊与彷徨，或揭示封建礼教，或针砭麻木灵魂，或抨击冷漠的社会，或讴歌诚与爱，呈现出执着的反封建精神。 内容：（1）鲁迅的小说揭示封建礼教。中国历史上第一篇短篇白话小说《狂人日记》把吃人的内容和仁义道德的表面看得清清楚楚，揭破了那些戴着礼教吃人的滑头伎俩。其思想忧郁深广。这篇小说揭露了社会到家庭的“吃人”现象，从而抨击了封建家族制度和礼教“吃人”的本质。这篇小说体现了他小说彻底反封建的总体倾向。 （2）鲁迅的小说抨击冷漠的社会。社会环境的冷漠是孔乙己悲剧的重要原因。孔乙己是一个不幸者，他生活在一个麻木而冷酷的环境之中，人们自私冷漠，无情无义，给人一种冻僵了的感觉。这种社会是孔乙己悲剧的催化剂。对于孔乙己这样一个弱者来说，社会不仅没有关爱他，更为严重的是人们还把他当作笑柄。老板的无情，长衫的不屑，伙计的鄙视，甚至短衣帮的讥笑，都深深地伤害了孔乙己本来就千疮
百孔的心，这种社会正是鲁迅所批判的冷漠社会。 （3）鲁迅的小说针砭麻木的灵魂，小说《药》这是其中的代表之作。《药》所描绘的是辛亥革命之前清末封建社会的现实，封建势力猖獗，人民群众在封建势力重压之下处于麻木落后，不觉悟的精神状态，他们不懂得反抗自救，不理解革命者为之奋斗，流血牺牲的目标是什么，更谈不上以实际行动支持革命。一句话，《药》暴露了人民群众在封建压迫下麻木愚昧的精神状态，呼吁人们寻找唤醒他们的“药方。（4）鲁迅的小说努力讴歌诚与爱在一件小事中，鲁迅先生把一位平凡的人不能再平凡普通的不能再普通的车夫写的那样的光辉伟大，事情是这样的：一天，鲁迅先生有急事鼓了一辆车去S门，但路上，人力车的车把碰到了一位衣衫破烂的老妇人，当时，鲁迅先生不以为然，认为她并没有受伤，于是，挥挥手让车夫快些走，但车夫却完全不理会鲁迅先生，而是“傻傻的”跑过去把老妇人扶起来，并关切的问她的伤势，再把她送到警署去做检查，当时，鲁迅先生看着车夫的背影，心里觉得他不再低微，而是变得伟大起来，而鲁迅先生觉得自己又是那样的渺小，心里的愧疚感便油然而生。 《一件小事》的特点是短小精悍，内容警策深邃。在歌颂下层劳动人民崇高品质的同时，还反映了知识分子的自我反省，表现出真诚向劳动人民学习的新思想。在五四运动时期能有如此认识是很不寻常的，具有深远的社会意义。
《中国现代文学专题》期末复习题及答案第四部分 四、简答题 1.1921年成为新文学发展史上的重要年头的主要原因有哪些？ A．文学研究会和创造社两大新文学社团成立，新文学的声势大振。《小说月报》由沈雁冰担任主编，从鸳鸯蝴蝶派的重镇变成新文学的重要刊物。 B．这一年出版了郁达夫小说集《沉沦》、郭沫若诗集《女神》（以及汪敬熙小说集《雪夜》、俞平伯诗集《冬夜》）等。沈雁冰关于小说创作的评论和理论探讨，对小说的发展也起了重要作用。（说出两部作品集及沈雁冰即可） C．这一年涌现出了郁达夫、叶绍钧、冰心（以及庐隐、王统照、落华生（许地山）、王鲁彦、许杰、郑振铎、彭家煌、蹇先艾、凌淑华、冯沅君、蹇先艾、台静农、张资平、郑伯奇）等有影响的小说家。（说出三位作家即可） 2.1902年鲁迅东渡日本，开始在东京弘文学院补习日语，后入仙台医学专门学校（现日本东北大学医学部）。 鲁迅为什么选择学医？又为什么决定弃医从文？ A．鲁迅选择学医，因为他从阅读中得知日本维新大半发端于西方医学，也意在救治像他父亲那样被庸医所害的病人，改善中国人的健康状况，遇到战争则去做军医救护伤员。 B．鲁迅决定弃医从文，缘于在医学课间插播的时事性幻灯画片中所见：日俄战争中，一个中国人为俄国人做侦探，被日本军队捉住杀头，一群中国同胞却麻木地充当看客。使他认识到思想不觉醒，医好了身体又能奈何？ 3.在《在酒楼上》和《孤独者》这两部小说中，鲁迅是如何把自己一分为二，用“我”的目光审视另一个自我的？ A．鲁迅把自己的形象特征赋予其笔下的魏连殳，“原来他是一个短小瘦削的人，长方脸，蓬松的头发和浓黑的须眉占了一脸的小半，只见两眼在黑气里发光”。 B．吕纬甫和魏连殳的行为，如受母亲之命给早夭的弟弟迁坟，为祖母送葬而遭受流言和冷眼，都是鲁迅自己的遭遇。 C．魏连殳对孩子和青年的殷切关爱和希望，也是鲁迅曾经持有的热烈心态。 4.鲁迅小说成为现代小说的开创者和高峰的主要原因是什么？ A．比起同时代的作家，鲁迅年长许多，个人经历和体验远为丰富，他对世道人心的思考，显然要老辣得多。 对中外思想文化的广泛接受，则加强了他的思想深度和韧度。 B．鲁迅的艺术修养，非常丰富。鲁迅在北京大学等高校讲授中国小说史课程，并且出版了国人所写的第一部《中国小说史略》，又广为涉猎世界文学，具有开放的心态，积极的借鉴。 5.《狂人日记》中的狂人“我”，和《沉沦》中的“他”，是中国现代小说中出现最早的两个具有强烈个性的人物 形象。请简要说明这两个形象的异同。 A．他们都被赋予特定的历史的和民族的意义，前者倾诉的是对数千年之吃人民族与吃人自我的冷峻思考与“救救孩子”的热切呼唤，并且由此追问狂人最后的“回归”之蕴含何在。后者则是以弱国子民的心态，迫不及待地以最后的生命发出“祖国呀祖国！我的死是你害我的！”“你快富起来！强起来罢！”的呼吁。 B．两者的不同则在于，鲁迅是在自我与社会的关联上，是时代的先行者如何唤起那些沉睡的国人，是重在理性的层面上进行灵魂的拷问：郁达夫则是向自己的内心深处，向着最隐秘的性心理和性生理，进行深
美国文学史期末考试复习题(使用书本为童明的《美国文学史修订版》) 一、名词解释（交代背景、内容/特点、代表人物/作品） 1. American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. (the representative writers and its features should be also added.) 2. Black Humor : 1）In the 1960s, in literature, drama, and film, black humor refers to grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. 2）Black humor often uses low comedy farce and low comedy to make clear that individuals are helpless victims of fate and character. 3）Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is an example of this school 3. Henry James’s international theme: 书p159 4. Beat Generation： 1) American poets, 1950s-1960s, a rebellion ,counterculture, romantic, drugs and uninhibited sex. 2)Best and most influential poem: “Howl”:denounces the life-denying effects of American culture. 5.American Puritanism：it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination and salvation were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness，thrift and sobriety were praised.书p17 6. Transcendentalism: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism. Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.
美国文学史及选读试题 I. Multiple Choice 10’ 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer
自考“中国现代文学史”论述题精选 1.中国现代文学史的发展经历了哪几个重要阶段？各个阶段的主要内容和特点是什么？各个阶段之间有什么内在的联系？ 一般把1919前后到1949年之间的大约30年的文学发展称为中国现代文学史。 1）1917-1927年，五四文学运动时期。文学革命开端时间，开创性的作品：胡适《文学改良刍议》、陈独秀《文学革命论》、鲁迅《狂人日记》、郭沫若《女神》、胡适的白话新诗，戏剧、小品散文的出现，最早的文学社团：文学研究会（为人生现实主义）、创造社（为艺术浪漫主义），特点：奠基性，开创性。 2）1928-1937年，开始的标志是革命文学运动的开始。创造社、太阳社于1928年正式发起革命文学运动，革命文学标志现代文学从艺术形式到思想内容的深刻变化。重要内容：（1）左翼革命文学的发展，集中出现了一批革命文学的作家作品，左联五烈士、东北作家群、蒋光慈、叶紫、鲁迅后期、茅盾前期的创作，都看作左翼时间的创作。（2）左翼之外，风格独立，卓有特色的艺术大家有：巴金、老舍、沈从文、曹禺等。特点：从思想到艺术都进入成熟阶段，整个文学创作呈现繁荣、复杂、多元的格局。 3）1938-1949年，开端标志：抗战爆发进一步深化的阶段。特点：（1）抗战爆发，形成全国规模的抗战文艺运动，使现代文学又出现一次深刻的变化，抗日救亡成为压倒一切的主题，现代文学密切配合社会发展。（2）由于政治变化，出现国统区、解放区。解放区与国统区已经是不同的社会制度，解放区已经是不同于国统区的“新天地”，局面更复杂，流派更多。关键字：抗战文艺运动、国统区、解放区。（内在联系我没有写，再听录音） 2.为什么说鲁迅的一出现就是一个高峰（为什么鲁迅的作品一出现就这么成熟、深刻）？ 这要从几个方面来论述，鲁迅的生活经历，思想基础，审美追求，决定的，也是由时代历史和文学自身的发展所决定的。 生活方面：在人生经历中对国民的劣根性有深刻的认识，所以鲁迅的作品一出现就是成熟的，在新文学以前，他就虑过…立人?的思想，在确立要用文学作为自己终生奋斗的职业，以此作为起点，用文学来拯救民主命运，用文学来改变民族的劣根性，所以鲁迅创作的生活与思想基础是非常深厚的。 审美方面：鲁迅有对传统文化的深切体会，打下了良好的中国古典文学的基础。在南京求学和在日本留学期间，鲁迅大量的阅读了西方古典美学著作，接触了最新思潮的报刊，这些为他后来从事文艺学术事业提供了丰富的营养，构成了鲁迅一出现就是一个高峰，也是为什么鲁迅在文学史上的成就和地位。（要再听一次录音，29页第二题说要结合鲁迅的人生经历和创作道路来回答这个问题） 3.分析《呐喊》中的阿Q、闰土、七斤等农民形象 小说集《呐喊》中的阿Q、《故乡》中的闰土、《风波》中的七斤，是三种类型的农民形象。他们既有共同点又有不同点：
中国现代文学史复习题及答案 一、填空题（ 10 分，每空 1 分） 1 、 1918 年周作人发表＿＿＿＿＿和《平民文学》，反对非人的文学，强调平民文学要写世间普通男女的悲欢成败。 2 、 1921 年 10 月，郁达夫的＿＿＿＿＿集的出版，标志着创造社自我小说的兴起。 3 、闻一多于 1928 年一月出版的《死水》，真正体现他新诗格律化的主张，“三美”＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿ ＿＿奠定新诗格律理论的基础。 4 、＿＿＿＿＿是丁玲早期作品中一系列“五四”退潮后小资产阶级叛逆、苦闷的知识女性中最重要的典型。 5 、在艺术上，鲁迅的两部散文集各呈特色，＿＿＿＿＿深沉含蓄，具有诗的凝练；《朝花夕拾》流畅清新，表现散文的通脱与舒展。 6 、＿＿＿＿＿标志着矛盾创作开始进入一个新的成熟阶段，是我国现代文学一部杰出的革命现实主义的长篇。 7 、《雷雨》、《日出》以后，曹禺于 1937 年写了＿＿＿＿＿，这是一部描写农民向地主的复仇的悲剧。 8 、冷清秋是＿＿＿＿＿里的重要角色，这是作者张恨水别具匠心安排的一个核心人物，让她走进金府，去见证这个大家庭的腐败与衰落。 二、选择题（ 10 分，每题 2 分） 1 、 ." 五四 " 时，一些戏剧家提出 " 爱美的 " 口号，其意思是 ( ) A. 浪漫的戏剧 B. 非职业戏剧 C. 唯美的戏剧 D.职业的戏剧 2 、指出下列属于论语派的刊物 ( ) A. 《文学季刊》 B. 《宇宙风》 C. 《水星》 D. 《文化评论》 3 、《女神》是 " 火山爆发式 " 的诗集，之后郭沫若又陆续创作了四本诗集。其中留有 " 潮退后的一些微波，或甚至是死寂 " 的诗集是 ( ) A. 《星空》 B.《瓶》 C. 《前茅》 D. 《恢复》 4 、下面不属于巴金以家为题材创作的小说的是 A. 《春》 B. 《寒夜》 C. 《灭亡》 D. 《憩园》 5 、在下列作品中，具有鲜明主观抒情性的作品是 ( ) A. 《华威先生》 B. 《骆驼祥子》 C. 《荷花淀》 D. 《潘先生在难中》 三、名词解释（ 20 分，每题 5 分） 1 、“新月诗派” 2 、“问题小说” 3 、“七月诗派” 4 、“孤岛”文学 四、简答（ 30 分，每题 10 分） 1 、郁达夫小说的创作特色 2 、结合作品，试论徐志摩诗歌的主要艺术特色 3 、结合作品，试分析孙犁小说的抒情品格 五、论述（三选二，每题 15 分） 1 、试论述 20 年代“乡土文学”作家群的创作特色 2 、试分析新感觉派小说的审美特色 3 、分析《围城》讽刺文学的特征
2017年英语双学位《美国文学史及选读》期末考试题型及复习要点 期末考试题型及分值： 1．作家、作品配对题（10*1分= 10分） 2．作品选读题（填空题、简答题5*5分= 25分） 3. 文学术语、文学人物解释题（4*5分= 20分） 4. 论述题（3*15分= 45分） ●认真阅读教材的中文版的《序言》 ●熟悉教材中以下复习要点中各位作家的选文 Benjamin Franklin: ?Remember Benjamin Franklin as inventor, statesman and writer. ?Remember him as ‘father of the United States’. ?Writing features The Autobiography: It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The narrative is lucid, the structure is simple, the imagery is homely. ?本杰明·富兰克林： ?本杰明·富兰克林是发明家、政治家和作家。 ?他是“美国之父”。 ?写作特点自传：这是清教徒的简单、直接和简洁的方式。叙事清晰，结构简单，意象朴实。 Edgar Allan Poe ●Remember Poe as father of modern short story and father of detective story. ●Remember his important works. ●Remember his critical works: The Poetic Principle and The Philosophy of Composition. ●Be able to list some of his famous short stories and some of his famous poems such as The Raven, Annabel Lee, To Helen. ?Tell the story The Cask of Amontillado in your own words. What is the theme of this short story? Be familiar with his poem To Helen. 埃德加爱伦坡 Poe是现代短篇小说之父和侦探小说之父。 他的重要著作。 他的批评作品：诗歌原则和写作哲学。 能够列出一些他著名的短篇小说和一些著名的诗歌，如《乌鸦》、《Annabel Lee》、《海伦》等。 ?讲述一桶白葡萄酒用你自己的话。 这个短篇小说的主题是什么？ 对海伦熟悉他的诗。 Ralph Waldo Emerson Know something about transcendentalism. Remember Emerson as the leader of this philosophy: Transcendentalism refers to a kind of attitude that believes in the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.Major concepts
Washington Irving Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄 (1822) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tales of a Traveller 旅客谈 (1824) Christopher Columbus (1828) c. writing characteristics (1) humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction (2) vivid and true character portrayal (3) finished (refined) and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn. Goldsmith ” d. analysis on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(选自the sketch book 见闻札记 ) 1. the story:setting,character, plot 2. theme:conflicts and praise conflict betw. Ichabod and Brom conflict betw. the village and the outside world James Fenimore Cooper The Spy (1821): a historical novel The Pilot (1824): a sea novel Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841): frontier novels The Last Mohicans (1826) (Colonial War betw. Britain and France) e. writing features: strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature. Weak points: characterization is weak. There is unsatisfactory description of characters (esp. female). He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor. “Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic. Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House Usher Feature: i. brevity (15 pages) ii. Single effect iii. originality in theme To Helen It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things: 1. its rhyme scheme: ababb 2. its varied line lengths 3. its metaphor of a travel on the sea 4. its oft-quoted lines: "To the glory that was Greece,/And the grandeur that was Rome." theme: praise the ideal love and beauty and ancient Greek and Roman civilizations The Raven 乌鸦 theme: the lament over the death of a beautiful woman tone: melancholy Transcendentalism (essayists, poets, novelists) Their journal is “The Dial ” . Definition: Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) b. features (1) stress on Oversoul, that is spirit. (2) stress the importance of individual. (3) fresh conception of nature. c. significance (1) inspired a whole generation of writers such as Whitman, Melville and Dickinson. (2) dresses man ’s subjective initiative as opposed to materialism. (3) liberated people from Calvin ’s original sin d. limitation (1) shallow: cut off from real life or reality; initiated by the rich, they were limited in a certain circle. So, in some degree, they have been cut off from social life and can ’t understand the sufferings of the common people. (2) inward contradiction: gain knowledge by intuition, shows its idealistic aspect. R.W. Emerson (Ralph Waldo) Nature (1836): the Bible of New England transcendentalism The American Scholar (1837): "America's Declaration of Intellectual The Divinity School Address 神学院致辞 (1838) Essays (1841/1847) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856)
全国2004年7月高等教育自学考试 中国现代文学史试题课程代码：00537 一、单项选择题每小题1分，共30分) 1.沈从文《长河》中的女性形象是（C）。 A.翠翠 B.贞贞 C.夭夭 D.香香 2.以《抗战文艺》为会刊的社团是（B）。 A.“左联” B.“文协” C.中国诗歌会 D.九叶诗派 3.《平民文学》一文的作者是（C）。 A.陈独秀 B.胡适 C.周作人 D.刘半农 4.晚清文坛“诗界革命”的代表人物是（B）。 A.梁启超 B.黄遵宪 C.裘廷梁 D.谭嗣同 5.“鸳鸯蝴蝶派”通常又称（D）。 A.“才子佳人”派 B.言情派 C.游戏消遣派 D.“礼拜六”派 6.郭沫若的自叙传小说是（B）。 A.《瓶》 B.《漂流三部曲》 C.《爱情三部曲》 D.《南冠草》 7.二十年代中期与冰心齐名的“闺秀派”女作家是（D）。 A.庐隐 B.凌叔华 C.苏雪林 D.白薇 8.巴金最后一部长篇小说是（D）。 A.《还魂草》 B.《火》第三部 C.《第四病室》 D.《寒夜》 9.“汉园三诗人”得名于（A）。 A.三位诗人合出的一部诗集名《汉园集》 B.三位诗人共同的书斋名“汉园” C.三位诗人经常在名为“汉园”的公园里聚会吟诗 D.三位诗人都来自“汉园”地区 10.《毁灭》是朱自清的一部（A）。 A.抒情长诗 B.叙事长诗 C.抒情散文 D.写景散文 11.吕纬甫这一人物，出自鲁迅小说（C）。 A.《风波》 B.《离婚》 C.《在酒楼上》 D.《孤独者》 12.鲁迅收入《野草》一集中，为纪念“三?一八”惨案而作的文章是（B）。 A.《淡淡的血痕中》 B.《纪念刘和珍君》 C.《为了忘却的纪念》 D.《铸剑》 13.《猫城记》是（B）。 A.老舍的童话体小说 B.老舍的寓言体小说 C.张天翼的童话故事 D.张天翼的讽刺小说
《中国现代文学专题》期末复习题及答案第三部分 三、填空题 1.十九世纪末戊戌变法的失败，促进了维新运动的领导者梁启超的反思，他从政治斗争的需要出发，倡导“新 小说”，于1902年创办《新小说》杂志。 2.1915年，陈独秀创办《青年杂志》，从第二卷起改名为《新青年》。 3.1918年5月，鲁迅的《狂人日记》发表于《新青年》。此后，他的《药》、《孔乙己》、《阿Q正传》、《祝福》 等接连发表，引起巨大反响。 4.在受到老师们主办《新青年》影响而创办的北京大学学生刊物《新潮》上，出现了一个活跃的作家群，创作 出新文学早期的一批诗歌、小说、散文和戏剧。 5.五四时期表现青年男女情感纠葛的小说主要有鲁迅的《伤逝》、庐隐的《海滨故人》、郁达夫的《沉沦》、郭 沫若的《喀尔美罗姑娘》、张资平的《她怅望着祖国的天野》等。 6.阿Q式的流氓无产者，对于革命和社会的危害，到四十年代赵树理的《李有才板话》、《邪不压正》，和八十 年代古华的《芙蓉镇》、张炜的《古船》中，才得到了充分的展现。 7.创造社初创时期，有两座高峰，一是以《女神》闻名的郭沫若，一是以《沉沦》闻名的郁达夫，他们共同建 构了创造社重主观抒情和浪漫主义的特色。 8.1921年6月，郁达夫与郭沫若、成仿吾、张资平、田汉、郑伯奇等人在东京酝酿成立了新文学团体创造社。 9.1921年7月，郁达夫的第一部短篇小说集《沉沦》问世，产生很大影响。 10.郁达夫的小说，开创了现代小说中的“零余者”形象系列。 11.30年代前期的叶灵凤，和张资平一样，创作了《时代的姑娘》、《永久的女性》等一批现代言情小说，将新文 学与商业化结合在一起，成为海派文学的重要作家。 12.叶绍钧是中国现代童话创作的拓荒者，出版有童话集《稻草人》和《古代英雄的石像》。 13.13．文学研究会成立于1921年，是新文学史上成立最早、存在时间最长、成员数量最多、地域分布最广的 文学社团。 14.乡土小说，最初得名于鲁迅的命名。 15.同样着力于乡土文学，却走着诗意化道路的废名（原名冯文炳）是“浅草社”成员。 16.1917年2月，《新青年》第2卷第6号上发表了胡适的八首白话诗，这被视为新诗的起点。 17.如果说，胡适的《尝试集》是中国新诗现代性的开端，那么，郭沫若的《女神》则是自觉实践并取得决定性 成果的标志。 18.冯至被鲁迅誉为“中国最杰出的抒情诗人”。 19.宗白华写作小诗的直接渊源是冰心的影响。 20.冯至的第一部诗集是《昨日之歌》。 21.1926年，徐志摩接编《晨报副刊》，创办《诗镌》专栏，请闻一多任主编，开始新月社的新诗创作和理论建 设，培养了一大批青年诗人，形成早期新月诗派。