2019下半年山东四级人力资源管理师真题及答案(网友版)
理论知识：
1、整个时间资源的总量，是员工工作时间的自然极限的是()。
A.日历时间
B.制度工作时间
C.出勤时间
D.实际公休时间
参考答案：A
2、不属于询问法的调查方法是(。) 会议调查法A. B.电话调查法C.问卷调查法D.表现记录法D
参考答案：)。3、劳动定额的种类有(
计划定额A. 过去定额B. C.现行定额活动定额D. E.设计定额ACE 参考答案：专业技能：简答题：人力资源规划内容1.
答:人力资源规划内容：
(1)战略规划
(2)组织规划
(3)企业人力资源管理制度规划
(4)人员规划
(5)人力资源费用规划
2.要素记点法的步骤
答:要素记点法的操作步骤:
(1)确定岗位系列
(2)搜集岗位信息
(3)选择评价要素
(4)定义评价要素
(5)确定要素等级
(6)确定各要素的权重
(7)确定各要素及各要素等级的点值
3.绩效考评的作用
答：通过绩效考评可以发挥以下作用：
(1)上级主管不必介入到所有具体事务中
(2)通过赋予员工必要的知识来带助他们进行合理的自我决策，从而节省管理者的时间。
(3)减少员工之间因职责不明而产生的误解，减少出现当上级主管需要信息时没有信息的局面。
(4)通过帮助员工找到效率低下的原因，以减少错误和偏差(包括重复出错的问。同时，额效考评还能使员工得到有关他们工作业绩和工作现状的反馈。)题．(5)通过定期的交流，员工不但对自己的长处有了全面的正确的估价，也能清醒、冷静地面对自己的不足和缺陷，从面激发他们劳动的积极性、主动性。
计算题：
求月平均人数和季平均人数
月平均人数=(月初人数+月末人数)/2
季平均人数=(季内各月平均人数之和)/3
案列分析题：
1、绩效制度起草的要求
制定起草企业绩效管理制度应体现以下要求：
(1)全面性与完整性。这是绩效管理的多维性带来的要求，绩效管理虽不能包罗万象、过于烦琐，但必须包括影响工作绩效的各种因素，只有这样才能避免片面性。
(2)相关性与有效性。这是对绩效管理制度在内容上的要求，如个人生活习惯、癖好之类琐碎内容便不宜包括在绩效管理的内容之中。一定要切实保障绩效管理的效度，使绩效管理名副其实。
(3)明确性与具体性。这是对绩效管理标准的要求，如果考评标准含混不清，抽象深奥，则无法使用。
(4)可操作性与精确性。这是上一项要求的自然延伸，考评标准必须便于操作，即可直接测量;考评指标应尽可能量化;绩效管理标准应是有形的、可度量的，尽量转化为具体行为或活动，如“政治思想好”或“工作热情高”这两条标准便不能满足上述要求。
(5)原则一致性与可靠性。这是对绩效管理标准在适用程度上的要求，考评标准应适合相同类型的所有员工，即一视同仁，不能区别对待或经常变动，致使考评结果的横向与纵向可比性降低或丧失，这样绩效管理就失去了必要的可信度。
(6)公正性与客观性。这是对绩效管理的执行实施过程的要求，绩效管理指标的贯彻执行必须保证绩效管理的科学性、合理性和公平性，剔除个人偏好等感情因素。
(7)民主性与透明度。绩效管理要达到使被考评者心服口服、诚心接受，确非易事。
、绩效管理的总结2．
为了加强企业人力资源管理，对绩效管理进行定期的总结是十分必要的，主要应围绕以下重点展开：
(1)为企业提供薪酬方面的相关信息。
(2)为员工的晋升、调动等人事计划的制订提供依据。
(3)对企业员工士气和工作氛围进行评估，完善企业文化建设。
(4)对部门及员工的业绩做出评估，提出改进的方针和措施。
(5)不断挖掘企业员工的潜力，探索实现员工与企业共同发展的途径和方法。
(6)分析员工总体素质状况，进行培训需求分析，提出员工技能开发的改进措施和计划。
3、薪酬问卷调查表格的设计
设计表格的具体要求为：
(1)明确薪酬调查问卷要调查的内容后，再设计表格。
(2)确保表格中的每个调查项目都是必要的，经过必要的审核剔除不必要的调查项目，以提高调查问卷的有效性和实用性。
(3)请若干人员试填表格样本，倾听反馈意见，了解表格设计是否合理。
(4)要求语言标准，问题简单明确。
(5)把相关的问题放在一起，例如姓名、性别、年龄、岗位名称、所属部门等。
(6)尽量采用选择判断式提问，尽可能减少表中的文字书写量。
(7)保证留有足够的填写空间，一些人手写时字体较大。
(8)使用简单的打印样式以确保易于阅读，当然也可以采用电子问卷，以便于统
计分析软件处理。
(9)如果觉得有帮助，可注明填表须知。
(10)充分考虑信息处理的简便性和正确性。如果需要将表格中的调查结果转录到其他文件中，就应按照同样的顺序排列提问答案的选项，以便减少抄录时发生错误。
(11)如果在多种场合需要该信息，可考虑表格带有复写纸，以免不得不多次填写表格。．
(12)如果表格收集的数据使用OCR(光学字符阅读)和OMR(光学符号阅读)处理，这两种方法使信息可以自动读入计算机，表格则需要非常仔细地设计，保证准确地完成数据处理。
4、采集薪酬信息的方法
(1)利用招聘收集信息
招聘工作不仅能满足公司发展对人员的大量需求，而且能带来副产品：薪酬调查的信息。薪酬调查需要大量数据的支持，数据的获得需要与外界不断的、大量的沟通，而招聘工作就是和外界沟通的良好渠道。
(2)离职分析
做好离职面谈工作不仅可以发现工作中存在的问题，进一步改善工作，而且可以反映公司现行的薪酬水平在市场上的位置。
(3)人际关系网络收集
企业人力资源管理人员应积极参加交流会、学术会等各项活动，建立人际关系网络。通过悉心建立的人际关系网络，以及本企业其他员工的亲戚、朋友、同学等各种关系获取薪酬信息。
(4)标杆企业跟踪
选择一家经营目标相似、人才需求类似、薪资水平定位类似、管理规范，并有定期的薪酬调查的企业作为标杆企业，集中人力、物力对该企业的薪资水平细致调查，以该企业的薪资水平为基准，根据本企业的薪资政策、市场情况和公司利润状况对本企业的薪酬进行调整。
(5)网络调查
计算机的广泛使用，尤其是网络技术的迅猛发展，为薪酬信息的获取提供了前所未有的方便。
(6)购买薪酬数据
目前许多国内专业公司都提供薪酬数据服务，这些公司每年都要开展全国或者区域性的薪酬调查。
……
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2018年国考行测真题（省级以上） 注意事项 1．这项测验共有五个部分，总时限为120分钟。 2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将姓名与准考证号在指定位置上填写清楚。 3．当监考人员宣布考试正式开始时，你才可以答题。 4．当监考老师宣布考试结束时，你应立即停止作答。待监考人员允许离开后，方可离开考场。 5．在这项测验中，可能有一些试题较难，因此你不要在某一道题上思考太长时间，遇到不会答的题目，可先跳过去。否则，你可能没有时间完成后面的题目。 第一部分常识判断 （共20题参考时限15分钟） 根据题目要求，在四个选项中选出一个最恰当的答案。 1．我国宪法对非公有制经济的规定进行了几次修改，按时间先后排序正确的是（） ①允许发展私营经济，采取“引导、监督、管理”的方针 ②在法律规定范围内的个体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济，是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分 ③鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展，并对非公有制经济依法实行监督和管理 ④非公有制经济仅限于个体经济，不包括私营经济，且个体经济处于补充地位 A．①②④③ B．①③②④ C．④①③② D．④①②③ 2．下列关于“三农”问题的说法错误的是（） A．民政部门是农民专业合作社登记机关 B．征地补偿费的使用、分配方案，经村民会议讨论决定方可办理 C．深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革是当前和今后一个时期农业农村工作的主线 D．村民委员会作出的决定侵害村民合法权益的，受侵害的村民可以申请人民法院予以撤销 3．关于2015年中央军委改革工作会议召开以来进行的改革，下列说法错误的是（） A．全面停止军队有偿服务活动 B．组建中央军委联勤保障部队 C．军委机关由多部门制改为总部制 D．成立陆军领导机构和战略支援部队 4．下列金融机构与其可以从事的金融业务对应正确的是（） A．商业银行——股票承销业务 B．人寿保险公司——医疗责任保险业务 C．小额贷款公司——城乡居民储蓄存款业务 D．中国出口信用保险公司——海外投资保险业务
2017年6月大学英语四级真题及答案(三) Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell some of the course books you used at college. Your advertisement may include a brief description of their content,their condition ,their price and your contact information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) 说明：2017年6月大学英语四级考试全国共考了两套听力.本套的听力内容与第二套相同，因此本套听力部分不再重复给出。 Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage. As if you needed another reason to hate the gym, it now turns out that exercise can exhaust not only your muscles, but also your eyes. Fear not, however, for coffee can stimulate them again. During (26)_______ exercise, our muscles tire as they run out of fuel and build up waste products. Muscle performance can also be affected by a (27)_______ called "central fatigue,” in which an imbalance in the
2009年6月英语四级考试真题与答案真题： Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: F or this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of students selecting their lectures. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow: 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ 2. 也会带来一些问题 3. 你的看法？ Free admission to museums Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the
sentences with the information given in the passage. How Do You See Diversity? As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some of the positions with her company .During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise. He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. “It wasn’t until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,” Tiffany confesses. What she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was that the candidate’s “different” behavior was simply a cultural misunde rstanding . He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting(避开) your eyes. “I was just thrown off by the lack of ye contact; not realizing it was cultural,” Tiffany says. “I missed out ,but will not miss that opportunity again.” Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive
英英英英英英 大学生英语四级真题 (共3套) 2018 年6 月英语四级真题一................................................................................................ .. 1 2018 年6 月英语四级真题二 (16) 2018 年6 月英语四级真题三 (31) 2018 年6 月英语四级真题（第1套） Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an a short easy on the importance of speaking ability and how to develop it.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension(25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 to 2 are based on the new report you have just heard. 1．A) The return of a bottled message to its owner's daughter. B)A New Hampshire man's joke with friends on his wife. C)A father's message for his daughter. D)The history of a century-old motel. 2.A) She wanted to show gratitude for his kindness. B)She wanted to honor her father's promise.
精品文档 2014年6月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（完整版） 来源：文都教育 Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why? 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。 Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。 1. A) See a doctor about her strained shoulder. B) Use a ladder to help her reach the tea. C) Replace the cupboard with a new one. D) Place the tea on a lower shelf next time. 2. A) At Mary Johnson's. C) In an exhibition hall. B) At a painter's studio. D) Outside an art gallery. 3. A) The teacher evaluated lacks teaching experience. B) She does not quite agree with what the man said. C) The man had better talk with the students himself. D) New students usually cannot offer a fair evaluation. 4. A) He helped Doris build up the furniture. B) Doris helped him arrange the furniture.
大学英语四级考试真题及答案(绝对完整） Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of students selecting their lectures. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow: 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ 2. 也会带来一些问题 3. 你的看法？ Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. How Do You See Diversity? As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some of the positions with her company .During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise. He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. “It wasn’t until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,” Tiffany confesses. What she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was that the candidate’s “different” behavior was simply a cultural misunderstanding . He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting(避开) your eyes. “I was just thrown off by the lack of ye contact; not realizing it was cultural,” Tiffany says. “I missed out ,but will not miss that opportunity again.” Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive as different. As the world becomes smaller and our workplaces more diverse, it is becoming essential to expand our under-standing of others and to reexamine some of our false assumptions . Hire Advantage At a time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult ,employers who can eliminate invalid biases(偏爱) from the process have a distinct advantage .My company, Mindsets LLC ,helps organizations and individuals see their own blind spots . A real estate recruiter we worked with illustrates the positive difference such training can make .
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2019年国家公务员考试行测真题（省级及以上） 注意事项 1．这项测验共有五个部分，总时限为120分钟。 2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将姓名与准考证号在指定位置上填写清楚。 3．当监考人员宣布考试正式开始时，你才可以答题。 4．当监考老师宣布考试结束时，你应立即停止作答。待监考人员允许离开后，方可离开考场。 5．在这项测验中，可能有一些试题较难，因此你不要在某一道题上思考太长时间，遇到不会答的题目，可先跳过去。否则，你可能没有时间完成后面的题目。 第一部分常识判断 （共20题参考时限15分钟） 根据题目要求，在四个选项中选出一个最恰当的答案。 1．我国宪法对非公有制经济的规定进行了几次修改，按时间先后排序正确的是（） ①允许发展私营经济，采取“引导、监督、管理”的方针 ②在法律规定范围内的个体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济，是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分 ③鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展，并对非公有制经济依法实行监督和管理 ④非公有制经济仅限于个体经济，不包括私营经济，且个体经济处于补充地位 A．①②④③ B．①③②④ C．④①③② D．④①②③ 2．下列关于“三农”问题的说法错误的是（） A．民政部门是农民专业合作社登记机关 B．征地补偿费的使用、分配方案，经村民会议讨论决定方可办理 C．深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革是当前和今后一个时期农业农村工作的主线 D．村民委员会作出的决定侵害村民合法权益的，受侵害的村民可以申请人民法院予以撤销 3．关于2015年中央军委改革工作会议召开以来进行的改革，下列说法错误的是（） A．全面停止军队有偿服务活动 B．组建中央军委联勤保障部队 C．军委机关由多部门制改为总部制 D．成立陆军领导机构和战略支援部队 4．下列金融机构与其可以从事的金融业务对应正确的是（） A．商业银行——股票承销业务 B．人寿保险公司——医疗责任保险业务
目录 2017 年12 月大学英语四级真题试题一(完整版) (1) 答案 (15) 2017 年12 月大学英语四级真题试题二(完整版) (15) 答案 (24) 2017 年12 月大学英语四级真题试题三(完整版) (24) 答案 (34) 2017 年12 月大学英语四级真题试题一(完整版) Part I Writing (25 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)? Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an a short easy on how to besthandle the relationship between doctors and patients. You should write at least 120words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1 上作答。 Questions 1 to 2 are based on the new reportyou have just heard. 1.A)Her grandfather. B)Her grandfather.
2017年6月英语四级真题 作文一： For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and then explain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contact.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. “Dear Andy-How are you? Your mother and I are fine.We both miss you and hope you are doing well.We look forward to seeing you again the nest time your computer crashes and you come down-stairs for something to eat,Love,Mom and Dad.” 作文二： For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain why doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
2011年12月大学英语四级真题及答案汇总 一、写作部分 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a shortessay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commentingon the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing inthe world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write atleast 120 words but no more than 180 words。 Nothing Succeeds Without aStrong Will No great work can be performedwithout will. We envy famous men and imagine that fame was due tosome trick of luck. But when we know their histories, we find thatit is long years of will and constant effort that have broughtabout their success. Just as we can’t reach the top of a mountainwithout climbing, we can’t achieve success without will。 The modern society providespeople with more opportunities than before, and there are storieswhich tell us the possibility of becoming successful overnight.Actually that is not the case. Before these people becomesuccessful, a lot of hard work has been done, unnoticed mostly.What we usually see is the result, but what we ignore is a longprocess of struggling forward and wrestling with internal orexternal obstacles. Take “quitting
大学英语四级真题及答案( 多套题及翻译） CET4 Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 目一：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why? 假你的一位外国朋友来参你的校园，你最感趣的地方想他/ 她去看 ?什么 ? 目二：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why? 假你的一位外国朋友来参你的家，你最感趣的地方想他/ 她去看 ?什么 ? 目三：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit China, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why? 假你的一位外国朋友来参中国，你最感趣的地方想他/ 她去看 ?什么 ? Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分在答卡 1 上作答。 1.A. See a doctor about her strained shoulder a ladder to help her reach the tea. the cupboard with a new one. the tea on a lower shelf next time. 1. W: I can’t seem to reach the tea at the back of the cupboard 。 M: Oh? Why don’t you use the ladder? You might strain your shoulder 。 Q: What does the man suggest the woman do? 2. A. At Mary Johnson’s B. In an exhibition hall C. At a painter’s studio. D. Outside an art gallery. 2. W: Since it’s raining so hard, let’s go and see the new exhibits 。 M: That ’s a good idea. Mary Johnson is one of my favorite painters 。 Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
2019年12月英语四级听力真题原文【完整版】 News 1 A device that weighs less than one kilogram is part of a mission that will allow scientists to deliver fourth generation or 4G mobile coverage to the moon in 2019。 If successful， the tiny device will provide the moon with its first ever mobile phone network。 The lunar network will support high definition streaming of video and data between the moon and earth。 The network is part of a mission to the moon。 This is a project with the goal of landing the first privately paid for mission to the moon。 The 4G mission is set to launch from Cape Canaveral in the United States on a space X Falcon 9 rocket in 2019。 Mission to the moon intends to establish and test the first elements of a communications network on the moon。 The scientists working on the project opted to build a 4G rather than a fifth generation or 5G network。 This is because fifth generation networks are still in testing and trial phases。 This means that a 5G network may not yet be stable enough to work on the moon‘s surface Question 1：What are scientists planning to do? Question 2：Why did scientists choose to set up a 4G network in their mission? News 2 It‘s responded to a fire Wednesday night at an abandoned mall in Heywood。 The fire was reported at 9：26 pm at an old shopping center on Michigan Avenue near St。 Mary’s Church。 Six fire engines， two trucks and two chiefs
2019国考行测题库及答案解析(1) 阅读材料回答1-5题。 有人说到“经”，便有意无意地把它等同于“经典”，而提起“中国经典”，就转换成“儒家经典”。这种观念有些偏狭。中国经典绝不是儒家一家经典可以独占的，也应当包括其他经典，就像中国传统是“复数”的传统一样。 首先，中国经典应当包括佛教经典，也应当包括道教经典。要知道，“三教合一”实在是东方的中国与西方的欧洲在文化领域中最不同的地方之一，也是古代中国政治世界的一大特色，即使是古代中国的皇帝，不仅知道“王霸道杂之”，也知道要“儒家治世，佛教治心，道教治身”，绝不只用一种武器。因此，回顾中国文化传统时，仅仅关注儒家的思想和经典，恐怕是过于狭窄了。即使是儒家，也包含了相当复杂的内容，有偏重“道德自觉”的孟子和偏重“礼法治世”的荀子，有重视宇宙天地秩序的早期儒家和重视心性理气的新儒家。应当说，在中国古代，关注政治秩序和社会伦理的儒家，关注超越世界和精神救赎的佛教，关注生命永恒和幸福健康的道教，分别承担着传统中国的不同责任，共同构成中国复数的文化。其次，中国经典不必限于圣贤、宗教和学派的思想著作，它是否可以包括得更广泛些?比如历史著作《史记》《资治通鉴》，比如文字学著作《说文解字》，甚至唐诗、宋词、元曲里面的那些名著佳篇。 经典并非天然就是经典，它们都经历了从普通著述变成神圣经典的过程，这在学术史上叫“经典化”。没有哪部著作是事先照着经典的尺寸和样式量身定做的，只是因为它写得好，被引用得多，被人觉着充满真理，又被反复解释，有的还被“钦定”为必读书。于是，就在历史中渐渐成了被尊崇、被仰视的经典。因此，如今我们重新阅读经典，又需要把它放回产生它的时代里面，重新去理解。经典的价值和意义，也是层层积累的，对那些经典里传达的思想原则甚至知识，