Fill in the following blanks.
1. Caedmon is the first important religious poet in English literature. He was called ___. He wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.
2. The first important religious poet in English literature who was called the father of English song is ___.
3. Beowulf is an epic of _____ lines, and it tells the events that took place on the continent before they moved to the British Isles.
4. The epic, Beowulf, tells the events that took place on ______ before they moved to the British Isles.
5. After the Norman Conquest, politically, a _____ system and a centralized government was established in England.
6. In 1066, William, the energetic Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons and became the King of England. He is called King William I _____.
7. John Wyclif was a translator of ______.
8. Romance was written for the _____ class, so it had nothing to do with the common people. It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealized the virtues.
9. Henry Ⅷbroke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established _____.
10. _____ broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established _____.
11. _____ was the first to introduce Italian sonnets into England.
12. John Lily was famous for his prose romance _____, in which he established a kind of redundant, pompous and flowery style.
13. _____ is considered an outstanding literary critic for the essay A Defence of Poesy.
14. In Elizabethan Period, _____ wrote more than 50 excellent essays, which made him one of the best essayists in English literature.
15. Christopher Marlowe used ____ to write his plays and 3 of his important plays are Tamberlaine, the Great, The Jew of Malta and The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.
16. Ben Johnson's comedies are a special kind, named _____, and he was made ____ in 1616.
17. ____ is both a dramatist and a good critic. His most successful comedies are V olpone and The Alchemist.
18. _____, ______, Macbeth and Othello are generally regarded as Shakespeare's 4 great tragedies.
19 The Shakespearean sonnet rhymes _____, and the last _____ lines are used as a conclusion to sum up the message of the poem.
20. The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. Conflicts and clashes appeared between the ____ and the ____, which represented the bourgeois class.
21. In 1642, a civil war broke out between ____ and the ____. At last the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell.
22. The main literary stream of the 18th century was____. What the writers described were mainly social realities.
23. Pope wrote a poem about literary principles in the form of _____, which is
entitled An Essay on Criticism.
24. Samuel Johnson took 7 years to compile _____.
25. The 2 well-known newspapers run by Steele and Addison are ____ and ____.
26. ____ is undoubtedly the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced. His Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect is of great significance.
1 the father of English song
2 Caedmon
3 alliterative
4 the continent
5 feudal
6 The Conqueror
7 Bible
8 noble
9 the church of England 10 Henry Ⅷ, the church of England 11Thomas Wyatt 12 Euphues 13 Philip Sidney 14 Francis Bacon 15 blank verse 16 comedy of humors, poet laureate 17 Ben Johnson 18. Hamlet, King Lear 19 abab cdcd efef gg, two 20 King, Parliament 21 CharlesⅠ, parliament 22. realism 23 heroic couplet 24 A Dictionary of the English Language 25 The Spectator, The Tatler 26 Robert Burns
Answer the following questions.
1. What’s the definition of epic in Old English Literature?
It is originally an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving actions of broad sweep and grandeur.
2. Introduce the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer briefly.
1) He is the forerunner of Humanism, and he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life and he exposes and satirizes the social vices, including the corruption of the Church.
2) He is the founder of English Realism. For the first time in English literature, Chaucer presents to the readers comprehensive realistic picture of English society of his time.
3) He is the father of English poetry. Chaucer is the 1st to use the heroic couplet to replace the old English alliterative verse. He lays the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.
4) He is the master of the English language. Chaucer uses London dialects in his writings and he contributes to making it the foundation for modern English speech. 3.Please introduce the different periods of Shakespeare’s l iterary career. Shakespeare’s literary career may be divided into 3 major periods which represent respectively his early, mature and late period.
In the first period，he created mainly history plays and comedies: such as Henry IV, The Merchant of Venice and The Twelfth Night. The second period (1601-1608) is the one of great tragedies, namely Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth and King Lear. In the last period(1609-1612), he wrote dramatic romances.
4. As a playwright how different is Ben Johnson from Shakespeare? List the similarity and differences.
Johnson’s theory of “humours” reduces his characters to types, who represent greed, vanity, falsehood, etc. They are flat, one-sided and have no development. Unlike him, Shakespeare digs deep into human nature and depicts the complexities of human relations.Also, Ben Johnson advocates classic Roman and Greek masters, strictly observes the three unities and disapproves of any mixture of the tragic with the comic,
while Shakespeare creates according to his own judgment and the taste of the audience, and is very flexible in his handling of drama rules set by the predecessors. 5. Read and analyze the following sonnet.
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growest:
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
1) Who’s the author of these lines?
William Shakespeare
2) What’s the rhyme scheme of this poem?
abab cdcd efef gg
3) What’s the theme of this poem?
The theme is that in this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry.
4) Translate the last 6 lines.
唯有你永恒的夏日常新，你的美貌亦毫发无损。死神也无缘将你幽禁，你在我永恒的诗中长存。只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。
6. Read and analyze the following soliloquy.
To be, or not to be- that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them.
To die- to sleep- No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die- to sleep.
To sleep- perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub!
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause.
1) Who’s the author of the soliloquy?
William Shakespeare
2) The soliloquy is from the drama ______: Act ____, Scene One.
Hamlet,Three
3) What’s the theme of this soliloquy?
The speech conveys a sense of world-weariness as well as the author’s incisive comments on the social reality of his time. Hamlet lives between action and resolution. He is so contemplative that he examines the nature of the action only to deny its possibility. He considers it better for people to die, but then says nobody knows what happens in the afterlife.
4) Translate the first five lines.
生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受暴虐的命运矢石交攻，还是拿起武器勇对无涯的苦难，通过抗争把它们根除，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？
7. Compare John Dryden with John Bunyan.
Towards the end of the 17th century, there appeared two prominent literary figures in England, John Dryden and John Bunyan. Although they both made great contributions to English literature, they came from entirely different social, religious and cultural backgrounds.Dryden was a well-educated upper-class intellectual and a versatile man who established himself in fields of poetry, drama and literary criticism,whereas Bunyan was a staunch Puritan dissenter, who did not have much education but devoted himself solely to writing allegories based on the Bible.
8. What is “neo-classicism”?
In the 18th century, in English literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neo-classicism. The neo-classicists modeled themselves after the Greek and Roman authors, and tried to guide literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Roman works. The representatives are Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift，Addison and Steele，Samuel Johnson.
9. How did Fielding name his panoramic novels? What are the main features of his novel?
Fielding names his panoramic novels as “comic epic in prose”.
Epics are usually written in verse, and the subjects are always adventures and heroic deeds of the heroes of the noble birth. But here Fielding has written a prose work with the epic scope and power, but the main protagonists are common people and even people of the low social status.This is a real revolution in the Western literary history.
10. Read and analyze the following poem.
As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,
So deep in luve am I;
And I will luve thee still, my deer,
Till a’ the seas gang dry.
Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,
And the rocks melt wi' the sun;
And I will luve thee still , my dear,
While the sands o' life shall run.
And fare thee weel, my only luve,
And fare thee weel a while;
And I will come again, my luve,
Tho' it wre ten thousand mile!
1) The above poem is written by ______.
Robert Burns
2) What’s the name of the poem?
A Red, Red Rose
3) Translate the last 4 lines.
再见吧，我唯一的爱人，再见吧，小别片刻；
我会回来的，我的爱人，即使万里相隔！
19th&20th Century
1.The 2 poets who won the title of the poet laureate are _____.
A. Southey and Byron
B. Southey and Coleridge
C. Southey and Wordsworth
D. Shelley and Wordsworth
2.Wordsworth doesn't emphasize the importance of ___ in poetry composition.
A. simplicity in diction
B. spontaneity in feeling
C. recollections in tranquility
D. the right poetic form
3.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend _____ appeared. And it
flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.
A. romanticism
B. naturalism
C. realism
D. critical realism
4.Of the following 4 novels by Austen, _____ is the most popular and dramatic one.
A. Emma
B. Northanger Abbey
C. Pride and Prejudice
D. The Watsons
5.When composing poems for Lyrical ballads, Coleridge was given task of writing
about _____.
A. the supernatural and the romantic
B. the superstitious and the remote
C. the romantic and the Gothic
D. the sublime and the terrible
6. Which of the following poems was written by W. Scott?
A. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
B. Tintern Abbey
C. The Lady of the Lake
D. Chritabel
7.Shelley was influenced by the Utopian ideal of _____.
A. Byron
B. William Blake
C. Thomas Paine
D. William Godwin
8. The publication of _____ marked the beginning of the Romantic Literature.
A. Lyrical Ballads
B. Song of experience
C. The Flea
D. Paradise Regained
CDDCA CDA
1 The preface of the _________ written by Wordsworth marks the Romanticists' break with the conventional poetical tradition.
2. Prometheus Unbound is a(n) __________ written by _______.
1 Lyrical Ballads
2 lyrical drama, Shelley
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲 第一部分英国文学 一、课程简介 本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。 二、课程重点章节简介： 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学 1. <<贝尔武夫>> 2. 乔叟及其代表作 第二章: 文艺复兴时期 1. 文艺复兴的定义 2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗 3. 培根的代表作 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学 1.弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<
失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1.新古典主义 2.伤感主义 3.笛福及代表作 4.蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主义时期 1.浪漫主义时期文学的特点 2.彭斯的创作特点及代表作 3.华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作 4.拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作 第六章: 维多利亚时期 1.维多利亚时期的文学特点 2.布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 第七章: 现代时期 1.现代主义文学 2.汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作 3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作 三、本课程重点和难点内容简介 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学： 1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗” 第二章: 文艺复兴时期： 1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定 2.“文艺复兴”的名词解释 3.“人文主义” 的名词解释 4.莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题 5.哈姆雷特的性格分析 6.英语解释《论学习》中的句子 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学： 1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子 2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析 第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 1.启蒙运动时期的界定 2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色 3.伤感主义的名词解释 4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
Pre-Renaissance period Beowulf : the first English national epic I. The position of the Beowulf: the first English national epic II.The story: (to simply narrate it ) Beowulf←→ Grendel and his mother Beowulf←→ Fire dragon III. Its artistic features 1. I t’s a 3183-line verse written in true epic style and in Old English; 2. the most evident feature: the use of alliteration; (refer to the history of literature By Liu Bingshan,) 3. to use compound-words to serve as metaphors; 4. the use of understatements: the impression and a color of humor. △5. the mixing of pagan elements with Christian colouring. Geoffrey Chaucer I. life : 1. He was born in a wine merchant family in 1340; 2. His early life as a page and his marriage acquainted him with knowledge about upper class; 3.he was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”. II. His Work: The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales The General Prologue ...
Charlotte Bronte 24 Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. In her mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and of passion. Idylls of the King 53 Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence and contentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral poem. The title of Tennyson’s Idylls of the King, a sequence of Arthurian romance, bears little relation to the usual meaning. The Ring and the Book 64 The publication of the Ring and the Book established Browning’s position as one of the greatest English poets. My Last Duchess 63 Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “ audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed unwittingly. It is in Browning’s hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity and perfection. “ Pippa Passes”, “ My Last Duchess,”The Bishuop Orders His Tomb”, “ The Ring and the Book” What does Wordsworth’s poem “ the Solitary Reaper” tell us about Romanticist? 1To romanticists. Poetry i s an expression of an individual’s feelings and experiences no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. 2 Romanticists take delight only in sound effect, the theme of a work is not their concern. 3Romanticists are not patient people; they would leave before the revelation of the theme. 4 Poetry should present the apparent and tangible. 2. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _______. A. the poetic romance B. the poetic movement C. the poetic revolution D. the poetic reformation 4. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except __________. the using of everyday language spoken by the common people the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings the humble and rustic life as subject matter elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
Lecture2:Old English Literature(Before1066) I.Historical Background II.Old English Poetry III.Beowulf I.Historical Background (see textbook) I.1Old English period(449-1066) I.1.1The early inhabitants:Celts I.1.2England was conquered by the Jutes,Angles,and Saxons(different tribes of Teutons) I.1.3Angle-land:shortened into England I.1.4The Old English language:also called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon which was spoken from A.D.600to about1100. II.Old English Poetry II.1The literature:pagan and Christian II.1.1Poets:Caedmon:Paraphrase of the Bible Cynewulf:four poems but nothing remains. II.1.2Other poems:Genesis A:Genesis B II.1.3Prose Anglo-Saxon Chronicle III.Beowulf III.1Brief introduction Form：poetry Author:anonymous Type:English epic Time:about6th-7th century Place:in Denmark Setting:Scandinavia Main Characters:Beowulf:the hero; Hrothgar:King of the Danes Story or Plot:3182lines,3parts The poem can be divided into three parts: The fight against Grendel The fight against Grendel's mother The fight against the Dragon III.2Artistic features III.2.1Sound:no end rhyme,but alliteration III.2.2Rhythm:Each half-line has two main beats and each half-line is joined to the other by alliteration. III.2.3Meter:rising meter III.2.4Tone:originally in an oral form,sung by the bards. III.2.5Alliteration and understatement Alliteration and Understatement&metaphors Alliteration Of men he was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest,keenest to praise.
2018年自学《英国文学选读》试题及答案 1. What are Shakespeare ’s achievements? a. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to de desires and aspirations of the people. b. Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age. c. Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters. d. Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audienc e. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays. e. Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry. f. Shakespeare as master of the English language. 2. What are the basic characteristics of ballads? a. The beginning is often abrupt. b. There are strong dramatic elements. c. The story is often told through dialogue and action. d. The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic
英美文学 I. 本期讲过的所有名家名作 II．名词术语: Ode ——in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event. Alliteration ——It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme. It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other. e.g. He came on under the clouds, clearly saw at last Rage-inflamed, wreckage-bent, be ripped open Kenning ——a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. It is a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object. e.g. Helmet bearer—— warrior Swan road——the sea The world candle—— the sun Repetition &Variation e.g. Grendel / The spoiler / warlike creature / the foe / horrible monster A host of young soldiers / a company of Kinsmen / a whole warrior-band Caesura ——every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which is a pause, called caesura. e.g. Grendel stalking; God’s brand was on him.
I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
1.The Norman Conquest brought the body of customs and ideals known as ___________ into England. 1.诺曼的战胜带来了即是的关税和理想的身体＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿进入英国之内。 A.chivalry 一。骑士精神 B.feudalism 封建制度 C.Christianity 。基督教 D.capitalism资本主义 2. Being one of the forerunners of ____________, Chaucer praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. 作为先驱之一＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, 乔叟称赞男人的精力，智力、快的机智和生活的爱。 一。人性 B。写实主义 C。现代作风 D。浪漫精神 A. humanism B. realism C. modernism D. romanticism 3.The keynote of English Renaissance was ____________. 3.英国文艺复兴的主调音是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿. 一。人性 B。改革 C。附件运动 D。恢复 A.Humanism B.reformation C.Enclosure movement D.Restoration 4.When Shakespeare wrote King Lear and Macbeth, he mainly relied on ___________. 4.当莎士比亚写信给李尔王的时候和马克白，他主要地仰赖＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿. 一。意大利故事 B。Holinshed 年代记 C。高贵希腊人的生命和罗马人 D。丹麦的事件 A.Italian stories
British Literature 英国文学 一、The Middle Age 中世纪文学( 约5 世纪---1485) Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟（1343---1400） Chaucer is regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature. He innovate the heroic couplet and he is regarded as “Father of English Poetry” 首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体（the heroic couplet），被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟翻译过法国诗歌，其早期的文学创作受到法国文学的影响。两次游历欧洲文艺复兴的发源地意大利后，乔叟接触到意大利文学，深受以但丁（Dante, 1265---1321）、彼特拉克（Petrarch, 1304---1347）和薄伽丘(Boccaccio, 1313---1375)等作家为代表的意大利人文主义文学的影响。乔叟去世后安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂（Westminster Abbey）,从此威斯敏斯特教堂的一角便成为大诗人安息的“诗人角”（the Poet’s Corner） 代表作：《公爵夫人之书》（Book of the Duchess）（1836） 《声誉之宫》（The House of Fame）（1374---1384） 《百鸟会议》（The Parliament of Fowls）（1380） 《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》（Troilus and Criseyde）（1380---1385） 《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）（1386---1400） 二、Renaissance 文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期---17世纪初） 1、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚 莎士比亚从1590年起至1613年，一共创作了38（或39）部戏剧包括悲剧、戏剧、编年史剧、传奇剧等，另外还创作有154首十四行诗和2首长诗（Venus and Adonis，1593）。 Ben Johnson （本·琼森，莎士比亚同时代戏剧家）wrote in the dedication to the edition that “he was not of an age, but for all time!”（他不属于一个时代，而是）属于永远。 四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》Hamlet（1601）《奥赛罗》Othello （1604）《李尔王》King Lear（1605）《麦克白》Macbeth（1606）《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉（埃及艳后）》Anthony And Cleopatra（1606---1607） 《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》《裘力斯·凯撒》《科利奥兰纳斯》《特洛埃围城记》 《雅典的泰门》等 四大喜剧：《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice（1596） 《仲夏夜之梦》 A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《皆大欢喜》As You Like It 《第十二夜》Twelfth Night（1600） 《冬天的故事》Winter’s Tale（1610）《暴风雨》The Tempest（1612） 《错中错》《终成眷属》《无事生非》《一报还一报》《驯悍记》《辛白林》 《温莎的风流娘们》《爱的徒劳》《维洛那二绅士》《泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯》等 悲喜剧（正剧）：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and Juliet（1595） 历史剧：《亨利四世（上篇）》Henry IV, Part I（1597）《亨利四世（下篇）》 《亨利五世》《亨利六世（上篇）》《亨利六世（中篇）》《亨利六世（下篇）》《亨利八世》《约翰王》《里查二世》《里查三世》 十四行诗：《爱人的怨诉》《鲁克丽丝失贞记》《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》 《热情的朝圣者》《凤凰和斑鸠》等
1. Ballad(民谣) A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue. 2. Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse. 3. Sonnet (十四行诗) It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea. The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧) The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience. 5. Lyric(抒情诗) As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings. 6. Epic(史诗) It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost. 7. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.