美国文学笔记
I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765）
II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）
III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849）
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862)
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
Walt Whitman (1819~1892)
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918）
Mark Twain (1835-1910)
Henry James (1843-1916)
Stephen Crane (1881-1900)
V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961)
Ezra Pound (1885—1972)
Robert Frost（1847-1963）
Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953)
VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ）
I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765）
II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）：
1. Summary:
One of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation
First great self-made man in America
The embodiment of American dream
2. Major works:
The Autobiograph y《自传》：the first of its kind in literature, one of the classics of
the genre
Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷人理查德的年历》
III. The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849）
1. Summary:
Novelist, poet, critic
good at writing Gothic(哥特式）and detective fiction
Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism
2. Major works:
Poetry
The Raven《乌鸦》
To Helen《献给海伦》
Short stories
Horror ( suspense, terror, Insanity, death，Revenge and rebirth）
The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》
The Black Cat《黑猫》
The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》
Ligeia《丽姬娅》
Detective /ratiocinative(推理的）(originator)
The Purloined Letter 《窃信案》
The Muder in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》
The Mystery of Marie Rog《玛丽.罗热疑案》
The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》
American Transcendentalism
(美国超验主义）
（1830s- Civil War）
Summit of Romanticism/ American Renaissance
1. Appearance
1836, ―Nature‖ by Emerson
2. Features of Transcendentalism
(1). Spirit(思想）/Oversoul（超灵）
(2). importance of individualism
(3). nature – symbol of spirit/God；garment of the oversoul
(4). focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882):
1. Summary:
American essayist,lecturer, poet
The Founder of Transcendentalism
2. Major works:
Nature《论自然》：the manifesto of American transcendentalism
The American Scholar《论美国学者》: American's Declaration of Intellectual
Independence
Self-reliance《论自助》
Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862)
1. Summary:
American Essayist, Poet, Philosopher
2. Major Works
Civil Disobedience ?论公民之不服从?
Walden , or Life in the woods 《瓦尔登湖，或林中的生活》:Walden is a record of Thoreau’s two year experiment of living alone at Walden pond in a self-built house at the edge of the woods.
Late Romanticism
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864):
1. Summary:
American novelist and short story writer
2. His point of view : Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism（清教主义）deeply.
(1). Evil is at the core of human life
(2).whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from
generation to generation
(3). Evil educates.
(4). He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (自负的) (too
proud of oneself) intellect . His intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded
3. Major Works
The Scarlet Letter《红字》
Herman Melville (1819-1891): Novelist, Poet
Major works:
Moby Dick 《白鲸》,1851
Main characters:
Ishmael(以实玛利）: the narrator
Ahab（埃哈伯）: the protagonist
Moby Dick
Walt Whitman (1819~1892)
1. Summary:
American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist/
The father of free verse（自由诗）
2. Major works:
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》
Famous poems
Song of Myself《自我之歌》
One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱一个人的自己》
O Captain! My Captain! 《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》
3. Writing themes (almost everything):
equality of things and beings
divinity of everything
Immanence（无所不在）of God
democracy
evolution of cosmos（宇宙）
multiplicity of nature
self-reliant spirit
death, beauty of death
expansion of America
brotherhood and social solidarity（团结一致）(unity of nations in the world) pursuit of love and happiness
4. S tyle: ―free verse（自由诗）: the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern,
the verse without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.
(1).Parallelism（排比）
(2).phonetic recurrence（同字起句法）（the repetition of words or phrases at the
beginning of the line, in the middle or at the end)
(3).the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖ (the first person narrator)
(4).strong tendency to use oral English
(5).the habit of using snapshots
(6).a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure
(7).use of conventional image
(8).vocabulary –powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some
even wrong
(9). sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines
5. Significance of Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Gras s, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:
→Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism.
→Its free-verse form broke from old poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry.
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
1. Summary: American poet
She wrote altogether 1775 poems, of which only 7 appeared in print in her
lifetime.
2. Some famous poems:
I Died for Beauty
Because I Can’t Stop for Death
A Narrow Fellow in the Grass
I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died
ToMake a Prairie
I’m Nobody
3. Theme
Mainly based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows (inner world):
(1). Death and immortality
(2) .Love—sufferings and frustration caused by love
(3) .Nature-Kind and cruel
(4). Religion-doubt and belief about religious subjects
(5) .Beauty (beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one)
(6). physical aspect of desire
(7). free will and human responsibility
4. Style
1). Poems without titles
2) .Use of capital letters –emphasis and dashes-create cadence (抑扬顿挫）
3).Economy of expression. (Plainest words, directness, brevity)
4). Short poems, mainly two stanzas
5). Fresh and strange images
6) .Bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors
7) .Rhetoric techniques: personification —make some abstract ideas vivid
8). off-rhyme(半韻) and defamiliarization(陌生化）
IV. The American Realism 现实主义时期(1865-1918)
1. Three Giants in Realistic Period
William Dean Howells –―Dean of American Realism‖
Henry James Mark Twain
2. Comparison:
Theme:Howells –middle class，James –upper class，Twain –lower class Technique:
Howells –smiling/genteel realism
James –psychological realism
Twain –local colourism and colloquialism
Mark Twain (1835-1910):
1. Summary:
American writer, short story writer/
Humorist
2. Major works:
The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)
《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》
Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆.索亚历险记》
Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》:All modern American literature comes from his masterpiece ―The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.‖——Ernest Hemingway
3. Style:
(1). colloquial language（口语）, vernacular (本土的）language, dialects
(2). local colour
(3). syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, and sometimes ungrammatical
(4). humour
(5). tall tales (highly exaggerated) （荒诞不经的故事）
(6). social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)
4. Contribution
One of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country.
Henry James (1843-1916)
1. Summary:
An American and British novelist, literary critic
Founder of psychological realism
First of the modern psychological novelist
Initiator of the international theme: American innocence in face of European sophistication
2. Major works:
Daisy Miller （1878）《戴茜·米勒》
The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇的肖像》
The Wings of the Dove (1902)《鸽翼》
The Ambassadors (1903)《专使》
The Golden Bowl (1904)《金碗》
The Art of Fiction(1884)《小说的艺术》
3. His Point of view
(1). Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness
(2).Psychological realism
(3). Highly-refined language
4. Style –―stylist‖
(1). Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, and accurate
(2).V ocabulary: large
(3). Construction: complicated, intricate
Naturalism（自然主义）
1. Background:
(1). Darwin’s theory: ―natural selection‖
(2).Spenser’s idea: ―social Darwinism‖
(3). French Naturalism: Zora
2. Features
(1). environment and heredity
(2). scientific accuracy and a lot of details
(3). general tone: ironic and pessimistic, hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of
the society
St ephen Crane (1881-1900)
1. Summary:
Novelist, poet
Pioneer in the naturalistic tradition
Precursors（先驱）of Imagist poetry
2. Major Works:
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》: the first naturalistic novel in
America
The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》
The Open Boat《海上扁舟》
V. AMERICAN MODERNISM (1918-1945)
（美国现代主义）
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
1. Summary:
Famous American novelist, short story writer, and essayist
the representative of the 1920s
the spokesman for the Jazz Age
one of the“lost generation”writers
2. Major Works
This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》
Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》
Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》
The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》:
Narrative point of view – Nick Carraway
Theme: The decline of the American Dream
3. His Point of view
(1). He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called
―American Dream‖ is false in nature.
(2). He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating
effects of money on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that
wealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and di strusted. He
thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.
(3). His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.
4. His ideas of ―American Dream‖
It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could
become rich.
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
1. Sumary:
An American novelist and poet
Initiator of American Southern Renaissance
One of the most influential modern novelists of 20th century
Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1949
2. Major Works:
The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》
As I Lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》
Light in August 《八月之光》
Absalom, Absalom 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》
Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》
Yoknapatawpha County（约克纳帕塔法县）:
--- A fictional county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stories, and patterned upon Faulkner’s actual home in Lafayette County, Mississippi.
3. Major Themes of his Works
(1). history and race
(2). Deterioration
(3). Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment
(4). Horror, violence and the abnormal
4. Faulkner's narrative technique
(1).Withdrawal of the author as a controlling narrator
(2). Dislocation of the narrative time: The most characteristic way of structuring
his stories is to fragment the chronological time.
(3). the modern stream-of-consciousness（意识流）technique and the interior
monologue（内心独白）：
(4). Multiple points of view（多重视角）
(5). symbolism and mythological and biblical（圣经的）allusions
Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961)
1. Summary:
Novelist and short-story writer
One of the great American writers of the 20th century
The Spokesman of the ―Lost Generation‖（American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were lost generation, devoid of faith and alienated from the Western civilization．）
Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1954 （for his ―mastery of the art of modern narration‖）
2. Major works
The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》
A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》
For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》/ 《战地钟声》
The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》
A Clean, Well-lighted Place 《一个干净，明亮的地方》
3. Major Themes
(1).The ―Nada‖(虚无) Concept
(2).Grace under pressure(压力下的优雅）
―Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.‖------The Old Man and the Sea
(3). Code Hero（准则英雄/ 硬汉）
a. The Hemingway hero is not a thinker; he is a man of action.
b.―Grace under pressure is their motto.
c.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their
indestructible(不可毁灭的）spirit.
4. Artistic features
(1) .The iceberg（冰山）technique
The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.
(2). Language style
a. simple and natural
b.direct, clear and fresh
c. lean and economical
d.simple, conversational, common found, fundamental words
e. simple sentences
f. Iceberg principle: understatement, implied things
g.Symbolism
Ezra Pound (1885—1972)
1. Summary:
A leading spokesman of the ―Imagist Movement‖(意象主义运动）
One of the most influential American poets and critic
2. Major works:
Cathay:《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》
Cantos /《诗章》
3. Imagism (1909-1917)
(1) .Background:Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese
poetry and Japanese literature ―haiku‖
(2). Defintion : The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most
effective means to express the these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.
(3): Manifesto of Imagism:
?Direct treatment
?Economy of expression
?New rhythm
In a station of the Metro《在一个地铁站》:a quintessential（典型的）imagist text Robert Frost（1847-1963）
1. Summary:
the most popular American poet
Won Pulitzer Prize four times
Received honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universities
Read ―The Gift Outright‖at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961
2. Famous Poems:
F ire and Ice《火与冰》
The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜伫立林边有感》
Mending Wall《补墙》
After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》
3. Frost’s writing feature
His combination of the traditional verse pattern and a colloquial distinctive language (New England Speech)
1.Imagism: Imagism is a literary movement which came into being in Britain and U.S .around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation. The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image. Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.
2. The Lost Generation:The ―Lost Generation‖is a term used to characterize a general motif of disillusionment of American literary notables who lived in Europe, mostly Paris, after the First World War. Figures identified with the ―Lost Generation ‖included authors and artists such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound , Sherwood Anderson and so on.
3.Local Colorism: Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first came to prominence in the late 19th century in America. The local colorists were devoted to capturing the unique customs, manners, speech, folklore, and other qualities of a particular regional community, usually in humorous short stories. The most famous of the local colorists was Mark Twain, with his masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
4.Multiple points of view: The employment of several narrators or narrative points of views to tell a story, thus making the structure of the book somewhat radioactive. For example, The Sound and the Fury uses four different narrative voices to piece together the story and thus challenges the reader by presenting a fragmented plot told from multiple points of view.
美国文学笔记 I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790） III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849） Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Herman Melville (1819-1891) Walt Whitman (1819~1892) Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918） Mark Twain (1835-1910) Henry James (1843-1916) Stephen Crane (1881-1900) V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945 F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) William Faulkner (1897-1962) Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) Robert Frost（1847-1963） Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953) VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ） I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）： 1. Summary: One of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation First great self-made man in America
Part I Identification Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1.( T ) Hurstwood is a character in Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie. 2.( F )In 1954, T. S. Eliot was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the a rt of modern narration.” 3.( T )Hemingway believed that a man could find meaning in life by facing his death with dignity and courage. 4.( T )Literary naturalism may be regarded as the new development of literary realism, and was sometimes called “pessimistic realism.” The naturalistic writers were philosophical pessimists. 5.( F )Hemingway, Pound, Cummings, Dos Passos, and Fitzgerald, belong to the school of “Beat Generation”. 6.( F )William Faulkner's woks mainly concerned the decay in economy and moral in the American North. 7.( F ) Fitzgerald's fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the romantic period. 8.( T )The narrator in T he Great Gatsby is a minor character named Nick Carraway, who is also a participant in the event. 9.( T ) Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises pained the image of the whole generation, the lost generation. 10.( F )In Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called imagism, in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character. Part II Multiple choice: Directions: Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 1. ___________ showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas. A. Ezra Pound B. Robert Frost C. T. S. Eliot D. E. E. Cummings 2. Ezra Pound's long poem____________ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected. A. The Waste Land B. The Cantos C. Don Juan D. Queen Mab 3. In Paris, Ernest Hemingway, along with _____________, accomplished a revolution in literary style and language. A. Gertrude Stein B. Ezra Pound C. James Joyce D. all of the above 4. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and
1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf. 4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). 二、Questions 1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi 2. What drink are the French most famous for? Wine 3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge. 4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians? Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine. 5.What was Fortunato's insult? Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph 6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs? "Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs. 7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection? Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance. 8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato? He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs. He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die. 9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance. The fettering and entombment of Fortunato. Montresor's sick sense of humor. 10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato? His obsession with alcohol. His drunkenness. His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similar
读韦勒克的《文学理论》 王连功 美国文艺理论家韦勒克和沃伦的著作《文学理论》，作为新批评派的重要理论代表作品，在国内的传播却经历了两个阶段。80年代曾经在国内流传甚广，但是随后却难觅踪影，2005年江苏教育出版社再版，终于让这本文学理论的经典著作在国内重新被众多学者认识。我也是经过多年期盼才一睹为快。下面我就简单谈谈我初读这本书的一点感受。 在这本书的第一版序中作者称“我们力图把‘诗学（文学理论）’、‘批评’（文学的评价）和‘研究’（“探索”）、‘文学史’（文学的“动态”与文学理论与批评的“静态”相对照）这四个范围统一成一体。”1 而他们采取的方法是首先区别文学和文学研究：“我们必须首先区别文学和文学研究。这是截然不同的两种事情：文学是创造性的是一种艺术；而文学研究，如果称为科学不太确切的话，也应该说是一门知识或学问。”2由此发现了文学与非文学的区别，并且指出传统的文学研究“都是从语义分析的角度重申一些古老的美学术语……其中每一术语都只能描述文学作品的一个方面，或表示它在语义上的一个特征；没有单独一个术语本身就能令人满意。由此至少得出一个结论：一部文学作品，不是一件简单的东西，而是交织着多层意义和关系的一个极其复杂的组合体。”3 韦勒克由此在对传统文学研究的各种观点的批评中提出一种新的文学研究模式：将文学区分为外部研究和内部研究。他们把外部研究分为四种：第一，文学与作者。韦勒克认为“从作者的个性和生平方面来解释作品，是一种最古老和最有基础的文学研究方法。”4“（虽然如此），作家的传记和作品之间，仍然存在不少平行的、隐约相似的、曲折的反映的关系。……从这些界说的意义来说，传记式的文学研究法是有用的。”但是韦勒克同时指出“不论传记在这些方面有什么重要意义，但如果认为它具有特殊的文学批评价值，则似乎是危险的观点。任何传记上的材料都不可能改变和影响文学批评中对作品的评价。” 第二，文学和心理学。“‘文学心理学’（psychology of literature）的含1韦勒克、沃伦：《文学理论》，刘象愚译，江苏教育出版社2005年8月第1版，以下同 2同上书，第3页。 3同上书，第18页。 4同上书，第75页。
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
III Multiple choice (20%) 1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. When her poems were published in England, she became known as the “______” who appeared in America. A Ninth Muse B Tenth Muse C Best Muse D First Muse 2. ______ is the sometimes exaggerated use of local language, characters and customs in regional literature. A purple prose B waste-land imagery C local color D symbolism 3. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _______. A The Jazz Age B The Gilded Age C The Glorious Age D The Beat Age 4. ___________ was a reaction to the ideas of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment. A Romanticism B Realism C Naturalism D Modernism 5. Although only few of her poems were published in her lifetime and a complete collection of them didn’t appear until the 1950’s, _____ had a major impact on 20th century poetry. A Anne Bradstreet B Gertrude Stein C Emily Dickinson D Amy Lowell 6. Who of the following is NOT a 20th century American poet? A Henry Wordsworth Longsfellow B Amy Lowell C Ezra Pound D Robert Frost 7. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ______. A International theme B Waste-land imagery C Local color
1、文学活动四要素：美国当代文艺学家M.H.艾布拉姆斯在《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》提出此观点，具体指作品、作者、读者和世界四个要素。 更好地展示了四要素间的关系：相互依存，相互渗透，相互作用 2、文艺学：是一门以文学为对象，以揭示文学基本规律，介绍相关知识为目的的学科，包括文学理论、文学批评和文学史三个分支。它们之间既相互独立又相互联系、相互渗透。 3、审美意识形态性质和一般意识形态性质： 文学的一般意识形态性质是指文学和其他意识形态区别于经济基础和政治、法律制度的共同性质，即是文学与其他意识形态共同具有的普遍性质。文学的审美意识形态性质则是指文学不仅区别于经济基础和政治、法律制度，而且尤其区别于其他意识形态的独特性质，即是文学区别于其他意识形态的特殊性质。 文学作为社会意识形态，有其一般性的特点。一方面它最终决定于经济基础，另一方面它与经济基础的关系不是直接的和紧密的，而是间接的和有距离的。其次，文学虽然属于意识形态，但却是一种特殊的意识形态——审美意识形态。它以其特殊的审美性质而保持相当的独立自主性。 审美是人类掌握世界的一种特殊方式，审美始终是与意识形态相互交织、渗透的。审美的无功利，意象一直觉和评价性质往往遭遇来自意识形态性质的功利、概念一推理和认识等性质的挑战或抵抗。可以说，文学作为审美意识形态，它既是非功利的，也是功利的；既是意象一直觉的，也是概念一推理的；既是评价的，也是认识的。 就两者关系而言，文学的一般意识形态性质是根本性的，它制约着文学的审美意识形态性质，即共性制约着个性；同时，文学的审美意识性质使得文学的一般意识形态性质以特殊的审美风貌显示出来，即个性显示了共性。 4、“模仿说”：亚里士多德《诗学》“模仿说。他认为诗人和画家一样都是模仿者，模仿主要有三种方式，第一种是简单地模仿自然，第二种是根据神话传说，第三种（最好的方式）“诗人的职责不在于描述已发生的的事，而在于描述可能发生的事，即按照可然律或必然律可能发生的事。”（为什么第三种是最好的方式？） 5、创作动机/接受动机 （1）作家从事创作活动的内在驱动力，主要有3种： a、表层动机：最初诱发作家对文学创作产生兴趣并将作家引入特定艺术对象的一种动机 b、深层动机：植根于作家心胸、融进作家血肉、构成作家生命一部分的心理原动力 c、临近动机：两层意思，一是指更加切近文学创作本身的动机，主要指作家对自己艺术才能的良好感觉和充分自信；二是指临近创作状态的动机，主要表现为语感动机
美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期 Part two: American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s L eaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”） 2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。 8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓
作家作品 Naturalism 1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》 2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家. Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义” 在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs. 1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances. 2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law. Dreiser's Writing Features: ?As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side. ?As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time. ?His narrative method is natural and free from artifice. Modern Poetry 3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗?He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country. A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之 后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;
Literary terms这部分的答案均来自星火《英美文学》一书，质量高 1.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. 2.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At the end of the 19th century，this pessimistic form of realism appeared in America. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious “truth” were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.” 4.Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term "Jazz Age" retroactively to refer to the decade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americans embarked upon what he called "the gaudiest spree in history". Jazz Age is inextricably associated with the wealthy white "flappers" and socialites immortalized in Fitzgerald's fiction. 5.Free verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman's poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century. 6. The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway, as follows：if a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. 这部分来自星火的为：3,7,8, 来自课本为：1,4,9 来自网络为：2,5,6大家自取之 1.Poe's Poetic Ideas A.His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty. B.He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense. C.Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thus poetry must concern itself only with “supernal beauty”. D.Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” a definition gi ving unexampled emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.