语言学专业术语
语言学及应用语言学陈倩雯李学娇徐玮琳殷彦明邓利洁
acquisition习得
Active articulator 积极发音器官
Affixation（词缀）
Allophones音位变体
Alphabet 字母
anthropological linguistics人类语言学
Antonymy(反义关系)
applied linguistics应用语言学
applied sociolinguistics应用社会语言学
Aspect体
associative联想
Bilingual corpus 双语语料库
Bound Morphemes (粘着词素)
Broad transcription 宽式标音
Case-格
category范畴
Category-范畴
Clause-小句\从句
Clean text policy 干净文本原则
Cluster 词簇、词丛
Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v. 搭配词；搭配
Collocation 搭配、词语搭配Cognitivegrammars-认知语法
Collocation(搭配）
Compound vowel 韵母
compounding（复合）
computational linguistics计算语言学concept概念
Consonant 辅音
Construction-句子结构
contextual analyses语境分析
context语境
contrastive analysis对比分析
Conversion（转换）
Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学
Corpus 语料库
Comparable corpora 类比语料库、可比语料库corpus linguistics语料库语言学
derivation（派生）
Derivational affixes (派生词缀)
Descriptivegrammars-描写语法
descriptive linguistics描写语言学
diachronic linguistics历时语言学
Discourse analysis-话语分析
Discoursegrammar-语篇语法
Discourse-语篇
experimental psycholinguistics实验心理语言学
Free morphemes (自由词素)
Free variation 自由变体
Functional grammars-功能语法
functional linguistics功能语言学
Gender-性
General (purpose) corpus 通用语料库
Longitudinal/Developmental corpus 跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库general linguistics普通语言学
generative semantics生成语言学
genre体裁语类
Genre-语类
Grammardescription-语法描写
Head vowel 韵头
historical linguistics历史语言学
Hyponymy (上下义关系)
Idiom(习语，成语）
inflection (构形法)
Initial consonant声母
Intonation 语调
intonation语调
Intonology语调学
label标记
Laryngeals 喉音
Lexeme(词位）
Logogram-语标
Metaphor（隐喻）
metaphor隐喻
metonymy转喻
metre韵律
Monolingual corpus 单语语料库
Multilingual corpus 多语语料库
morpheme(词素)
Morpheme(词素）
Narrow transcription 窄式标音
NLP/Natural Language Processing 自然语言处理Nominative主格
Number-数
Object-宾语
Paradigmatic relations-聚合关系
Parallel corpus 平行语料库、对应语料库
Parole linguistics 言语语言学
Pedagogic corpus 教学语料库
Segmentation 切分、分词
Special purpose corpus 专用语料库、专门用途语料库、专题语料库Passive articulator 消极发音器官
Pedagogical grammar-教学语法
Phonology 音位学
Phrase-短语
Predicate-谓语
prefix（前缀）
Register-语域
Rhyme scheme 韵律
Semiotics-符号学
Sequentialrelations-序列关系
Signified-能指
Signifier-所指
structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学
Subject-主语
Suffix（后缀）
Syllable 音节
Synchronic corpus 共时语料库
synchronic linguistics 共时语言学
Syntactic function-句法功能Syntagmaticrelations-组合关系
Syntax-句法
T ail vowel 韵尾
Tense时
The essential vowel in a compound vowel 韵腹The Expansion of Meaning（词义的扩大）
The narrowing of meaning（词义的缩小）Tokenization 分词
Transcription 转写
Translational corpus 翻译语料库
Web as Corpus 网络语料库
Wildcard 通配符
Tone 声调
Tonetics声调学
Turn话轮
Urrterance-
Voiced consonant 浊辅音
Voiceless consonant 清辅音
Vowel 元音
Word class(词性）
Word definition 单词界定
Word form 词形
Word family 词族
Word list 词表
XML/Extensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言
Word order-词序
Word-formation(构词）
现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics: 语言学Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: 语音学The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变 3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone. 4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher. 5 Syntax: 句法学The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: “The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found, The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 同义词、反义词，同音词 7 Pragmatics: 语用学The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。 8 Sociolinguistics: 社会语言The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example:regional dialects, social variation in language.
英汉语言学词汇对照表 abbreviation ablative abrupt accent accusative acoustic phonetics acquisition action verb active active chart parser active knowledge active verb actor-action-goal actualization acute address adequacy adjacency pair adjective adjunct adjunction adverb adverbial idiom affective affirmative affix affixation affricate agent agentive-action verb agglutinative agreement AI (artificial intelligence) AI language Algebraic Linguistics algorithm alienable alignment allo- allomorph allophone alpha notation alphabetic writing alternation 缩写[省略语 ] 夺格 (的) 突发音 口音 /{Phonetics} 重音 受格（的） 声学语音学 习得 动作动词 主动语态 活动图句法剖析程序 主动知识 主动动词 施事 (者)-动作 -目标 实现 (化) 锐音 地址 { 信息科学 }/ 称呼（语） { 语言学 } 妥善性 邻对 形容词 附加语[ 附加修饰语 ] 加接 副词 副词词组 影响的 肯定（的；式） 词缀 加缀 塞擦音 施事 施事动作动词 胶着（性） 对谐 人工智能[人工智能 ] 人工智能语言[人工智能语言 ] 代数语言学 算法[算法 ] 可分割的 对照 [多国语言文章词；词组；句子翻译的 ] 同位 - 同位语素 同位音位 alpha 标记 拼音文字 交替
acronym: is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(e g. [t h] is an allophone of /t/ in English. When /t/ occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated [t]. Both [t h] and t] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called “contact”or “contiguous” assimilation. assimilation theory: language (sound, word, syntax, etc) change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial pars of the two words. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e. g. the plural morpheme in dogˊ s. broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription. category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc. creativity:by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. One of the reasons why language is actually a far more complicated entity than traffic lights is that we can use it to create new meanings. concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntaetic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. compound: Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc. complementary
系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 作者：翁素贤提供 转贴自：摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 您要打印的文件是：系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 打印本文 系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 ―――摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 A Abitliy 能力 Actor 施动者 Addressee 受话者 Addresser 发话者 Agent 施事 Anaphoric 指前的 Antonym 反义词 Antonymy 反义意义 Autonomy 自治性 B Behavior 行为 Behavioral process 行为过程 Beneficiary 受益者 C Cataphoric 指后的 Categorical 绝对的 Categorization 范畴化 Central token 中心标志 Chain 链 Channel 渠道 Choice 选择 Clause 小句 Clause as theme 句项主位 Cleft sentence 分裂句 Closed system 封闭系统 Coclassisfication 相互区分
Coextension相互扩展Coherence连贯 Cohesion链接 Cohesive chain链接链Cohesive tie链接纽带Cohyponym共同下义词Collocation搭配Collocational chain搭配链Comeronym共同局部关系词Command命令 Comment述题 Competence（语言）能力Complementarity互补性Congruence一致性Conjunction连接，连词Consonant辅音 Consonant grammar协和语法Constructivism构建主义Context语境，上下文Context of culture文化语境Context of situation情境语境Continuity连续体Continuum连续体Conventional meaning常规意义Coocurrence同现Cooperative principle合作原则Coordination并列Coreference相互对应Correspondence对应 Critical linguistics批评语言学Cross-coupling交互匹配 D Decategorization非范畴化Declarative陈述的 Delicacy精密度 Dialect方言 Dialectal variety方言变体Diatypic variety功能变体Didactic教导性的 Direct speech act直接言语行为Discontinuity脱节，间断性Discourse话语 Discourse analysis话语分析
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表 1. 语言的普遍特征： 任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能： 传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能metalingual 3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学phonology 形态学Morphology 句法学syntax 语义学semantics 语用学pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor e. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative
《语言学》术语及英文解释 Define the following terms: 1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2. function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.doczj.com/doc/869370631.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3. etic: a term in contr ast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.doczj.com/doc/869370631.html,ying down rules for language use. 9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, a nthropological linguistics,et 16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. 18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 Glossary and Index (备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。) A abbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1 Abercrombie 10.3.2 ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1 abstractness 抽象性1.3.2 accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5 accuracy 正确性11.6.4 accusative 宾格4.1.1 achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2 acronym 缩略语3.3.1 action process 动作过程12.2.3 actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3 addition 添加3.3.2 address form 称呼形式7.2.3 addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1 addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1 adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2 adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3 adverb 副词3.1.2 affix 词缀3.2.1 affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1 affixation词缀附加法7.1.4 affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1 agreement 一致关系4.1.3 airstream 气流2 alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6 allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1 allophone 音位变体2.8
100个最常用的语言学术语（“欧美语言学”课） 1.语言language 2.语言学linguistics 3.语言学家linguist；philologist 4.语法grammar 5.语法单位grammatical unit 6.语法形式grammatical form 7.语法意义grammatical meaning 8.语法手段grammatical device 9.语法范畴grammatical category 10.元音vowel 11.辅音consonant 12.语文学philology 13.传统语法traditional grammar 14.历史比较语言学historical comparative linguistics 15.转换生成语法transformational generative grammar 16.结构主义语言学structural linguistics 17.应用语言学applied linguistic 18.方言dialect 19.语言教学language teaching 20.语言规划language planning 21.语言政策language policy 22.语言学习策略language learning strategy 23.发现程序discovery procedure 24.语境context；language environment 25.中介语interlanguage 26.音位phoneme 27.音节syllable 28.语素morpheme 29.词法morphology 30.句法syntax 31.交际法communicative approach 32.认知cognition 33.习得acquisition 34.第二语言second language 35.第二语言习得second language acquisition （SLA） 36.自由语素free morpheme 37.黏着语素bound morpheme 38.复合词compound word 39.普遍语法universal grammar，UG 40.词类part of speech
Define the following terms: 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 4. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 10. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 11. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 12. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 13. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 14. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 15. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 16. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 17. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 18. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 19. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 20. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But
第一章语言学导论 phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics 理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories 句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory 劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics 应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学 第二章语音 trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state 封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位
自考语言学概论名词解释: 1、口语：口语是语言的有声客观存在形式，是书面语产生的基础，相对于书面语是第一性的。 2、书面语：书面语是语言的客观存在形式之一，在口语的基础上产生，相对于口语是第二性的，是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式。 3、语言：语言是从言语中概括出来的，为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和。 4、言语：是个人说的行为（说话）和结果（所说的话）。 5、符号：是根据社会的约定俗成使用某种特定的物质实体来表示某种特定的意义而形成的这种实体和意义的结合体。 6、能指：是语言符号的物质实体。 7、所指：是符号所指的意义内容。 8、语言符号的任意性：是指语言符号的物质实体和意义内容之间没有必然的理据关系。 9、语言符号的强制性：指语言符号在同一社会、同一时代，对使用同一种语言的每一个社会成员来说，是不能任意改变的。 10、聚合关系：在同一个位置上可以互相替换出现的各个语言单位处在互相可以联想起来的关系中，因而聚合成为一个类。 11、组合关系：在语言结构的同一层级上组合起来的各个单位之间所形成的关系。 12、普通语言学：指从理论上研究人类各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点的一门语言学分支学科。 13、理论语言学：指从理论上研究人类语言的性质、功能、结构等的语言学分支学科。以研究对象的不同，可分为个别语言学和一般语言学。 14、应用语言学：指运用语言学的理论知识来解决其他学科领域的各种问题的语言学分支学科，可分为狭义应用语言学和广义应用语言学。 15、传统语言学：一般泛指20世纪以前的语言学，特别是指索绪尔开创的结构主义语言学以前的语言学。 16、结构主义语言学：指索绪尔创立的语言学，它旨在语言系统本身的规律。 17、语音的生理属性：指发音器官发音动作、发音部位和发音方法。 18、语音的物理属性：指物体受外力的作用，发生振动，从而使周围的空气也发生震荡，形成一种音波。音波传到人的耳朵里，使鼓膜发生相应的振动，刺激听觉神经，于是人们就产生了声音的感觉。语音的物理属性可从音高、音长、音强、音质四个方面分析。 19、音位：就是从社会功能的角度划分出来的语音单位，它是特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小的语音单位。20、音质音位：以音素为材料，通过音质的差别来起辨义作用的音位。 21、非音质音位：通过音高、音强、音长的差别来起辨义作用的音位。 22、音位的条件变体：指出现的语音环境各不相同而又同属一个音位的两个或几个音素。 23、音位的自由变体：指可以在同一语音环境里出现而又不能区别意义的两个或几个音素。 24、区别特征：具有区别音位的作用的语音特征。 25、调位：利用音高差别来区别意义的非音质音位。 26、重位：利用音强等方面的差别来区别意义的非音质音位。 27、时位：利用发音长短来区别意义的非音质音位。 28、音渡：语音单元在前后过渡、相互联接时，会因为自身性质的不同而采取不同的过渡和联接方式，这些方式叫做音渡，又叫音联。 29、元辅音分析法：以元辅音为基本分析单位，如把以元音作为核心的音节他为V、C —V、V—C、C—V—C四种基本类型，所采用的就是这种分析方法。 30、声韵调分析法：以“声母”，“韵母”、“声调”为基本分析单位，按照这种分析法，汉语的音节可以分为声母、韵母、声调三个部分。 31、同化：语流里两个不同的音，其中一个因受另一个影响而变得跟它相同或相似的现象。 32、异化：语流中两个相同或相近的音，其中一个因受另一个的影响而变得不相同或不相近的现象。 33、语流音变：在连续的语流中，一个音可能由于邻近音的影响，或自身所处地位的不同，或说话的快慢、高低、强弱的不同而在发音上产生一些变化的现象。 34、韵律特征：又叫做“超音质特征”或“超音段特征”，指的是语音中除音质特征之外的音高、音长和音强方面的变化。 35、连续变调：声调语言的两个或两个以上的音节组合在一起时，音节的调值有时会发生变化而与单念时不同的现象。 36、语汇的任意性：指任何语言的词语，特别是意义单一的词，发什么音表什么义在初始阶段大多是任意的。如汉语管某一种东西叫“书”（shu），英语管书叫“book”这都是任意的。词语和命名的事物之间没有必然联系。 37、语汇的理据性：指语言中有相当多词语，其音义之间也有一定的联系，特别是“同源词”和“复合词”。同源词如“帐”“涨”“胀”等与“张”不但语音近似，且意义有某种联系。复合词如汉语的“雨衣”是“下雨时穿的衣服”，英语的“raincoat”就是“rain”“coat”组合的意义。它们都是可以论证的。