文献出处:Labored D. The Development of Total Quality Management Theory [J] Journal of Operations Management, 2014, 24(6): 31-49.
原文
The Development of Total Quality Management Theory
Author: Labored D.
Abstract
Total quality management after a long stage of development, from quality management ideas and methods of the deeming (PDCA cycle) development to the Philippines fort root, put forward the concept of the beginning, the world has carried on the thorough research to it, the total quality management thought and method, the theory of application and development constantly in practice. Content and requirements of quality management standardization with the spread of the concept of total quality management, more and more companies began to adopt this kind of management method, it is the world recognized the effective quality management mode. The core of the product design quality management plan based on customer as the center, design products that customers need, speed up the product design, guarantee the quality of the product design, to achieve product design. Goal is to save the product cost, make the product design meets the requirements and related standards, reduce rework, enhance the competitiveness of the product has the profound significance.
Key words: Total quality management; Product design; Management plan
1 Introduction
Total quality management (TQM) is an important content of enterprise management modernization and scientific. It originated in the United States in the 1960 s, was later Western Europe and Japan to promote gradually get rapid development. It is the principle of application of mathematical statistics method for quality control and quality management to realize quantitative, change the after inspection of the quality of the products for the quality control in the process of production. Total quality management (TQM), first of all, the meaning of quality is
comprehensive, including not only the product quality of service, but also the quality of work, work with quality guarantee the quality of the product or service; Second, it is the whole process of quality management, not only to manage the manufacturing process, and management of procurement, design until the whole process of storage, sales and after-sales service. International quality academy of sciences lie zhang pointed out that the best things in the world than the total quality management. He has a very incisive insights for total quality management is: total quality management is to improve staff quality and enterprise quality, to improve quality, reduce consumption and increase the efficiency of purpose; Total quality management is the key coordination and supervision of the quality management work, and it only head shall have the right to do; The history of management is from tube people to respect people.
2 The relative concepts of total quality management
2.1 The definition of quality
Quality from the viewpoint of customers into consideration and strengthen to the product. Quality importance lies in its consistency, it is a kind of culture, is a way of life. For example, workability, reliability, durability, operational, etc., but some quality characteristics is not easy to be identified. In a word, to improve the consistency of quality, make it a better focus to meet customer demand, to exceed customer expectations, is the real quality. Traditional production oriented enterprise, the quality of products are usually only be book financial losses linked with the company: to rework cost, scrap, and warranty and service costs to measure the quality of the product. The customer is the most important part of the production system, due to the high quality products and services is not lost can ensure that the old customers and attract new customers, also can improve the company's reputation and increase market share. Customer is can feel the products quality, and can pass the demand increase and decrease of feedback. Good quality products can attract more customers, this has brought the company market space, but also a profit. The definition of national standards: quality is the product or service characteristics and features of the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. And popular definition of quality: quality is the user of a product (including services) satisfaction measurement. Quality is the life of the
product or service.
2.2 Quality management
Quality management is the quality of command and control coordinate activities of the organization. Quality management involves all aspects of the organization, it requires around form the whole process of product quality, through the establishment and implementation of quality policy and quality objectives, to provide the market with products to meet the requirements of customers and other interested parties. Quality management of the main activities include: quality policy and quality objectives; Quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. In these activities, quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement is to formulate and implement the quality policy and quality objectives. When after the quality policy, quality objectives should be back to quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. Therefore, it can be said that quality management is a kind of continuous implementation of the cycle of quality planning and quality improvement activities, is a cycle, the process of continuous improvement.
Quality cost is also called "quality cost", refers to the organization to meet the requirements of a certain quality of costs and for not meet the quality requirements and did not meet the needs of the customers and final consumers of all losses. Quality cost, discussed the quality and cost should be level. Quality cost by general prevention cost, appraisal cost and loss cost (including the internal loss cost and external loss cost of the project.
Quality cost by the United States is the concept of quality expert Dr. Philip fort root, in the 1950 she will be in the enterprise quality prevention and appraisal cost and quality of the products do not conform to the requirements of the enterprise itself and the customers loss caused by consideration together, forming quality report, for the enterprise top managers to understand and grasp the quality problems impact on the economic efficiency of enterprises, quality management decision to provide important basis. Since people fully understand the lower quality costs tremendous potential for improving enterprise economic benefit, so as to further improve the quality of the
importance of cost management in the enterprise management strategy. The improvement of the quality, often accompanied by prevention and appraisal costs ink erase as well as a decline in the cost of loss. On the premise of meet the requirements, therefore, choose reasonable and proper quality level is an important way to reduce quality cost.
3 Total quality management theory
Total quality management, is the enterprise staff and relevant departments to participate in, the integrated use of modern science and management technology, to control the factors affect the whole process of product quality and the economic development and production of management activities and provide customer satisfaction of products and systems.
Quality mainly includes: the quality of the products and/or services; the quality of the work; Design quality and manufacturing quality. And then tend to be forgotten, but it is essential for total quality management ideas and management methods.
The development of the theory of quality control can be summarized into five stages. In the 30 s of this century is the quality inspection stage before, can only exercise afterwards checks the quality of products, eliminating defects and waste. But the quality is not the inspection, so, the quality inspection does not improve the quality of the product.1924 annual leave, hart theory quality control stage. From inspection stage development to statistical process control stage, using hart working procedure quality control chart in quality control. Product quality inspection does not come out, but the production, the quality control should focus on the manufacturing stage, which will be engaged in quality control checks in advance to the manufacturing stage.
1961 Philippines fort roots, total quality management (TQM) theory is put forward, to expand quality control to the whole process of product life cycle, stressed and the staff are involved in quality control. In the 70 s, tag chi doctor thinks, product quality is designed first, second. Therefore, the quality control should focus on the design stage, to the quality control from the manufacturing stage further in advance to the design stage. In the 80 s, is the use of computers for quality management (CAQ),
appeared in the CIMS environment quality information system (Qis).With the help of the advanced information technology, make the quality control and management on a new step, because information technology can realize many cannot be achieved by quality control and management functions. Make quality management more stylized and quantify, intelligent control. During the design phase of the quality of management, it is also will not small.
4. The development and total quality management
Total quality management in the early ninety s of the 20th century, the quality of the famous master drive quality trend. The master include deeming, Joseph Juan and Philip, Klaus. Total Quality Management, that is, Total Quality Management, is a kind of driven by customer needs and expectations of Management philosophy.TQM take the quality as the center, based on full participation on the basis of a management method, its purpose is to secure long-term customer satisfaction, organizational members and the interests of the society.1508402 definition of TQM is: an organization take the quality as the center, on the basis of full participation, the purpose is to through to customer satisfaction and all members of the organization and the management way of social benefit and achieve long-term successes fort root's definition of TQM: "in order to be able to in the economic level, and consider to fully meet customer requirements under the conditio随时n of market research, design, manufacturing and after-sales service, the different departments within the enterprise development quality, maintain quality and improve quality activities constitute as one of a kind of effective system”. Specifically, TQM contains the following: strong attention to customers. From the point of view of the present and the future, the customer has become the enterprise of food and clothing parents. “Customer-oriented" management model is gradually attaches great importance to by enterprises. Total quality management focus on customer value, the dominant idea is "customer's satisfaction and recognition is to win the market for a long time, the key to create value”. Therefore, a comprehensive quality management must take the customer as the center of thought through to management of enterprise business processes, namely, from market research, product design, manufacture, production, inspection,
warehousing, sales and after-sales service of each link should firmly establish the idea of "customer first", not only to produce cheap products, and to provide services for customers, finally make the customer satisfied.
Adhere to continuously improve. TQM is a kind of never meet commitments, "very good" is not enough, quality can be improved, "no best, only better”. Under the guidance of this concept, the enterprise continuously improve the quality and reliability of the product or service, to ensure enterprise access to rival competitive advantage difficult to imitate. To improve the quality of the organization in every job. The quality of the TQM by generalized definition. It is not only related to the final product, and also and how the organization delivery, how to quickly response to customer complaints, how to provide customers with better after-sales service, etc.
译文
全面质量管理理论及发展
作者：拉夫雷特
摘要
全面质量管理经过的一个很长的发展阶段,从戴明的质量管理思想和方法(PDCA循环)发展到菲根堡姆提出的概念开始,世界各国对它进行了全面深入的研究,使全面质量管理的思想、方法、理论在实践中不断得到应用和发展。质量管理的内容和要求标准化随着全面质量管理理念的普及,越来越多的企业开始采用这种管理方法,它被世界公认的有效质量管理模式。产品设计质量管理方案的核心是以顾客为中心,设计出顾客需要的产品, 加快产品设计速度,保证产品设计的质量,使产品设计得以实现。目标是能节省产品成本,使产品设计符合要求和相关标准,减少返工,增强产品的竞争力具有深远的意义。
关键词：全面质量管理；产品设计；管理方案
1 引言
全面质量管理(TQM)是具有企业管理现代化、科学化的一项重要内容。20世纪60年代它起源于美国,后来被西欧与日本逐渐推广使其得到迅速的发展。它的原理是应用数理统计方法进行质量控制,使质量管理实现定量化,变产品质量的
事后检验为生产过程中的质量控制。全面质量管理(TQM),首先,质量的涵义是全面的,不仅包括产品服务质量,而且包括工作质量,用工作质量保证产品或服务质量;其次,它是全过程的质量管理,不仅要管理生产制造过程,而且要管理采购、设计直至储存、销售、售后服务的全过程。国际质量科学院院士刘源张指出:世界上最好的东西莫过于全面质量管理了。他对全面质量管理有十分精辟的见解是:全面质量管理是改善职工素质和企业素质,以达到提高质量、降低消耗和增加效益的目的;全面质量管理关键是质量管理工作的协调和督促,而这件事最后只有一把手有权去做;管理的历史就是从管人到尊重人。
2全面质量管理的相关概念
2.1质量的定义
质量是从客户的观点出发加以考虑并加强到产品上的东西。质量重要性在于其一致性,它是一种文化,是一种生活方式。例如:工作性、可靠性、耐久性、操作性等,但有些质量特征不易被辨认。总之,要改进质量的一致性,使其更好的集中到满足客户的需求,做出超过客户期望的东西,才是真正的质量。传统的生产导向型企业,产品质量通常只被与公司账面财务损失联系到了一起:以返工成本、废品、保修和服务成本来测量产品质量。其中客户是生产系统最重要的一部分,由于高质量的产品和服务可以确保老顾客的不流失及吸引新顾客,也能改善公司声誉并且增加市场份额。客户是能感觉到产品质量的好坏,并能通过需求的增加及减少反馈出来。质量好的产品能够吸引更多的顾客,这给公司带来了市场空间,同时也带来利润。国家标准的定义:质量是产品或服务满足明确或隐含需要能力的特征和特性的总和。而质量通俗的定义:质量是用户对一个产品(包括相关的服务)满足程度的度量。质量是产品或服务的生命。
2.2质量管理
质量管理是质量方面指挥和控制组织的协调活动。质量管理涉及组织的各个方面,它要求围绕产品质量形成的全过程,通过建立和实施质量方针和质量目标,从而向市场提供符合顾客和其他相关方要求的产品。质量管理的主要活动包括:制定质量方针和质量目标;进行质量策划、质量控制、质量保证和质量改进。在这些活动中,质量策划、质量控制、质量保证和质量改进都是为制定和实施质量(本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库）方针和质量目标而进行的。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
文献出处：Borkar S, Koranne S. Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry [J]. Pacific Business Review International, 2014, 6(9): 21-25. 原文 Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry Borkar; Sameer Abstract It is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well. Keywords:Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process. Introduction It has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques
本科毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 原文： SPC and Total Quality Management Abstract The seven basic tools of Statistical Process Control (SPC) are articulated, together with an understanding of how SPC is an essential element of Total Quality Management. The criteria to establish a Total Quality Operation are also discussed and the presentation will include case histories of problems examined and benefits realized. The creation of a Total Quality operation It must be recognized that improvements in any aspects of a business operation may possibly lead to a state of continuous quality improvement, but Total Quality will only be achieved by a radical, co-ordinated approach throughout the entire operation, and that demands leadership. The creation of a Total Quality operation demands a balanced amount of attitudinal change, use of a management control system, together with application of appropriate tools and techniques. The common thread is management leadership and a dedicated passion to improve. A system without passion will not succeed, neither will passion without a system. However, improvement in general cannot be achieved without specific improvements being identified and realized. It is this focus on many specific improvement opportunities which produces a radical improvement in quality levels to break through existing barriers. Such intensive focus on specific improvement opportunities (sometimes called problems) demands the creation of teams with membership specific to the improvement action; the detailed knowledge and use of process improvement tools and techniques; together with dedicated management leadership. The creation of a Total Quality operation is the result of the optimal use of total human resources
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
互利共赢的供应商质量控制 前言 近年来，随着对供应链的重视，供应商管理正逐渐成为企业和学术界的关注对象，IS0９000族标准以及QS 9０00标准都对供应商的管理提出了相应的要求，与供应商管理有关的研究成果正逐渐增多，一些软件巨头也推出了供应商关系管理的软件，但是在这些研究成果和应用软件中，涉及到的供应商质量控制的内容只是一些最基本的要求，而供应商质量控制恰恰是供应商管理的最基本、最重要的内容。另一方而，质量管理界对质量控制的研究取得了大量的成果，遗憾的是这些成果大多依然局限于企业的内部控制，仅仅研究从企业内部各环节如何改善产品的质量，而基于供应链的角度来研究质量控制的成果尚不多见。因此，系统地研究经济全球化形势下供应商质量控制的理论与方法，将有助于推动我国企业产品质量的快速提高和供应链竞争优势的形成与巩固。 1、质量与企业共存 质量一直是一个随着时代的变化而不断变化的概念,人们对质量的认识也往往因关注点不同而有所不同。如，早在1908年，通用汽车公司的工程师们在皇家汽车俱乐部会员们的面前拆解了3辆凯迪拉克轿车，并把这些零件混在一起,而后从中选择零件重新组装成车，然后驾车绝尘而去。这令在场的会员极为震惊，认为凯迪拉克车质量之高令人惊叹。显然在当时，汽车零件具有互换性是一种了不起的质量特性,这也是福特公司的Ｎ型车和T型车取得辉煌成功的重要原因.时至今日，即使农用三轮车的零部件也具有极高的互换性，零部件的标准化和互换性已经是理所当然的事情，不再是吸引顾客的重要质量特性.可见质量的内涵是不断变化的.那么究竟什么是质量呢？ （１)市场竟争就是企业间对“顾客”的争夺，在日益激烈的“顾客"争夺战中，质量、价格、交付（交付日期、方式和手段）和服务是企业常用的四个法宝，其中质量是根本，离开质量其他三项将变得毫无意义，因此可以说质量己成为市场竞争的焦点.它反映了产品是否能够反映顾客需求、能否满足顾客需求，从面决定了产品的市场前途。有鉴于此，质量己成为一项全球性运动,世界上所有优秀企业无一不把质量作为企业战略的关键内容，从战略的角度来规划质量。 （2）对于企业经营者来说,认识到质量对企业的重要意义只是经营企业的第一步,重要的是如何利用科学的方法来保证产品和服务的质量，使顾客满意，来保证过程和工作的质量来获互利共炭的供应商质量控制得良好的业绩。 众所周知,企业管理是社会生产力发展到一定程度的历史产物,质量管理作为企业管理的组成部分,同样也是社会发展的客观要求，特别是顾客处于主导地位的今天,要使顾客满意，就必须有过硬的产品质量和服务质量，这就要求企业积极推行先进的质量管理理论与方法，不断进行质量管理创新. ２、企业与供应商质量控制 随着生产社会化的不断发展，企业的生产活动分工越来越细,专业化程度越来越强，促使生产技术水平越来越高,产品质量得到大幅度改善。通常，某一产品不可能由一个企业从最初的原材料开始加工直至形成顾客最终使用的产品，往往是通过多个企业分工协作来完成.另外，先进生产方式的广泛应用,如准时生产、敏捷制造、零库存等，使企业与供应商的关系愈加紧密，企业与供应商的关系也由单纯的买卖关系向互利共底的合作关系演变。 ISO 900０族标准自1987年诞生以来受到了世界各国的一致追捧,全球约５0多万家企业通过ISO90０1质量管理体系认证足以说明这套管理标准在引领国际管理潮流方面的巨大成功。在备受企业欢迎的新版标准ＩSO9000：2０00中，互利的供应商关系被作为八项质量管理原则之一，充分体现了供应商关系管理在企业经营实践中的作用和价值。企业要贯彻这一原则,就必须
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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. 轻型发动机设计方案 摘要： 在过去的一些年里，新一代汽车发动机燃油效率并不是像我们预料中的那样会有所降低。其原因：汽车重量的增加。通过对汽车发动机整车重量以及部分重量的分析知：曲轴箱作为一个单一部件具有潜在的可减少重量的部件，这篇论文讲述的是通过利用轻型材料和现代的设计手段减少发动机重量的方法。 将轻型材料应用于曲轴箱设计构思中包含着广泛的设计理念，这种设计理念就是尽最大可能利用被选材料所具有的可能性去减少汽车重量，以下我将详细的谈论关于直列式和V-型发动机特殊方法的构思，发动机重量减轻也可以利用中小型发动机来代替又大又重的发动机，现代技术以被应用于现存的发动机设计构思中从而增加发动机功率重量比，使发动机性能得到提高因此它的市场价值也得到提高。 新型轻型发动机设计方案中有一个重要方面就是与传统发动机设计理念相比要尽量减小发动机零部件数量，因为这样对于减少整车重量有着非常重要作用。 介绍： 汽车在生态方面和将来继续充当普通交通工具的要求已经显著提高尤其在美国和欧洲。通过合法的要求使那些有压力的顾客在这方面得到缓解。必需考虑到这样的事实，对于燃油的消耗，排放，回收在利用这些中心问题要有一个回应。 在过去的一些年里，汽车发动机的发展取的了进步，使发动机功率得到了显著的提高同时在降低发动机燃油消耗和排放方面已经付出巨大的努力。通过应用直喷，废气涡轮增压和多气门技术于柴油发动机中，使发动机的性能得到显著提高。 新车取代与在它之前所有具有相类似功能车时，其新车发动机工作效率的提高并不是通过对原有车的有效改进。整个交通工具工作效率停滞不前甚至降低的原因是在过去的十五年里增加了15%~20%的车辆（图1）。尽管轻型材料的使用不断增长以及设计者有意识的向轻型结构方面设计但是重量减轻却被其他方面所弥补。读者可以通过以下方面得知：多余的汽车外形 安全方面的改进
关于企业质量管理文献综述 摘要：随着新世纪的到来，特别是我国加入WTO后，中国将进一步融入世界经济的主流，质量将成为我国广大企业抓住机遇、迎接严峻挑战的关键。要拓展海外市场，必须靠有竞争力的质量；要保护国内的市场，不再有高关税和政府的过渡保护，也要靠质量的较量。随着科学技术的进步，质量管理的理论和方法有了更大发展。本文综合了质量管理的发展历程，并简要评价，提出看法，以便为企业的质量管理和理论研究提供参考。 关键词：质量管理、管理改进 21世纪是质量的世纪”。随着经济全球化和信息革命的迅猛发展，竞争日益加剧。在“数量”问题已解决的今天，人们将越来越追求和依赖于高质量的产品和服务，而且质量的领域不断拓宽，生活的质量、环境的质量、文化的质量、经济增长的质量更加受到全社会的关注。质量已成为竞争的焦点，不仅关系到企业的生存发展，而且影响到国家经济实力的增强和民族的形象。质量已成为全球经济发展战略的核心问题。 一、质量管理理论的回顾 （一）、质量管理的发展阶段 （1）质量检验阶段（20世纪20-30年代） 生产力迅猛发展，生产过程分工细化、日益复杂，许多美国企业按照泰勒的管理模式，纷纷设立检验部门，使检验与生产分离开来，其最大特点为“事后把关”。（2）统计质量阶段（20世纪40-50年代） 早在20世纪20年代，美国贝尔实验室工程师休哈特就提出“控制与预防缺陷”的概念。主要是利用数理统计原理，预防产生废品并检验产品质量，在方式上由专业质量控制工程师和技术人员承担。但这种方法只是保证生产过程中的产品质量，而不能提高产品本身的质量。 （3）全面质量管理阶段（20世纪60年代至今） 美国的费根堡姆提出，“全面质量是为了能够在最经济的水平上，并考虑到充分满足顾客要求的条件下进行生产和提供服务，将企业各部门研制质量、维持质量和提高质量的活动构成为一体的一种有效体系”。 （二）、质量管理的理论流派 1、事后检验 20世纪，美国工程师泰勒提出“科学管理理论”，1911 年泰勒出版了专
会计信息质量在投资中的决策作用对私人信息和监测的影响 安妮比蒂，美国俄亥俄州立大学 瓦特史考特廖，多伦多大学 约瑟夫韦伯，美国麻省理工学院 1简介 管理者与外部资本的供应商信息是不对称的在这种情况下企业是如何影响金融资本 的投资的呢？越来越多的证据表明，会计质量越好，越可以减少信息的不对称和对融资成本的约束。与此相一致的可能性是，减少了具有更高敏感性的会计质量的公司的投资对内部产生的现金流量。威尔第和希拉里发现，对企业投资和与投资相关的会计质量容易不足，是容易引发过度投资的原因。 当投资效率低下时，会计的质量重要性可以减轻外部资本的影响，供应商有可能获得私人信息或可直接监测管理人员。通过访问个人信息与控制管理行为，外部资本的供应商可以直接影响企业的投资，降低了会计质量的重要性。符合这个想法的还有比德尔和希拉里的比较会计对不同国家的投资质量效益的影响。他们发现，会计品质的影响在于美国投资效益，而不是在日本。他们认为，一个可能的解释是不同的是债务和股权的美国版本的资本结构混合了SUS的日本企业。 我们研究如何通过会计质量灵敏度的重要性来延长不同资金来源对企业的投资现金 流量的不同影响。直接测试如何影响不同的融资来源会计，通过最近获得了债务融资的公司来投资敏感性现金流的质量的效果，债务融资的比较说明了对那些不能够通过他们的能力获得融资的没有影响。为了缓解这一问题，我们限制我们的样本公司有所有最近获得的债务融资和利用访问的差异信息和监测通过公共私人债务获得连续贷款的建议。我们承认，投资内部现金流敏感性可能较低获得债务融资的可能性。然而，这种可能性偏见拒绝了我们的假设。 具体来说，我们确定的数据样本证券公司有1163个采样公司（议会），通过发行资本公共债务或银团债务。我们限制我们的样本公司最近获得的债务融资持有该公司不断融资与借款。然而，在样本最近获得的债务融资的公司，也有可能是信号，在资本提供进入私人信息差异和约束他们放在管理中的行为。相关理论意味着减少公共债务持有人获取私人信息，因而减少借款有效的监测。在这些参数的基础上，我们预测，会计质量应该有一