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中国农村可再生能源发展背景研究报告 英文版

中国农村可再生能源发展背景研究报告 英文版
中国农村可再生能源发展背景研究报告 英文版

No.A1-B1-CS-2007-004/CRESP

GEF/World Bank Assisted

China Renewable Energy Scale-up Program

Background Report

of

Develop Award Criteria for the Green Energy County

Wang Gehua

Rural Energy Policy/Technology Expert

January 2008

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Development of Renewable Energy Nationwide and in Typical Areas

2.1 Review of energy consumption in rural areas

2.2 Analysis on changes of energy consumption in rural areas

2.3 Provincial situation of the development of renewable energy in rural areas

2.4 Rural energy construction in Yunnan Province

3. Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy and Problems

3.1 Biogas

3.2 Solar energy

3.3 Biomass

3.4 Small power generation units

3.5 Biomass industry

3.6 Large-scale wind power

4. Prospect for Renewable Energy in China

4.1 Energy program for new rural areas

4.2 Biogas plant in rural area

4.3 Biomass industry

4.4 Small hydropower

4.5 Mid- to Long-Term Plan for Renewable Energy Development in China

4.6 Development goal for renewable energy in China

1. Introduction

The development of renewable demonstrated a rapid rate around the world, with annual increment rate of application and industry more than 20% in certain areas such as solar votaic and wind power. The renewable has become an important alternative energy for primary energy diversification, tackling the climate change and energy sustainable development. In recent years, the drastic fluctuation of global oil price and the enactment of the Kyoto Protocol attracted extensive attention in many countries around the world.

The Chinese government has continuously attached priority on the construction of rural energy. Since 1980s, several demonstration projects on county-level, for micro hydropower, forest biomass, biogas development, energy-saving stove, have been successfully carried out and disseminated. On the basis of the achievement, the project “Comprehensive construction in 100 counties” has been implemented since the 8th Five-Year Plan (1990-1995), and the project has been disseminated to more than 300 counties around the nation. Large-scale deployments of micro hydropower, solar heater, biogas development, energy-saving stove have been achieved up to now.

With the announcement of the strategic goal for construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and new socialist countryside, the development of rural energy in China is accelerating, and exploitation and utilization of renewable has been included as an important part in energy strategy in China. According to the statistics data in 2004, the total amount of utilized renewable energy reached 400 million tce, 20% of the national energy consumption total, in which 250 million tce from conventional utilization of biomass, 125 million tce from hydropower with a installed capacity of 100 million kW, and 25 million tce from solar, wind power and modern biomass utilization. New renewable energy (other than conventional biomass utilization) accounts fro 7.5% of the national total, a considerable part in China’s energy supply system.

The Renewable Law of China was announced in Feb. 2005, and enacted since Jan. 1, 2006. The government began to devise compatible regulations and policies at

the same time, with main focuses including the total amount goal, mid-to-long term plan for renewable energy development, concrete administration measures favorable for renewable energy (power price and sharing of expenses for electricity generation from renewable energy, e.g.), pertinent technology standards, and supporting economic policies, etc. These measures will strongly promote the development of renewable energy in China.

According to Annual Report on China Electricity Regulation 2006, announced by the State Electricity Regulation Committee, by the end of 2006, the national total power generation capacity reached 622 million kW, within which hydropower 128.57 million kW, about 20.7% of the total; coal-electricity 484.05 million kW, about 77.8%; nuclear power 6.85 million kW, about 1.1%; wind power 1.87 million kW, about 0.3%; and power from biomass and other primary energy 0.66 million kW, about 0.1%.

The solar heater has been fully commercialized in China, with production and utilization ranking the first in the world. By the end of 2005, the utilized solar heaters has a total area of more than 70 million square meters, about 50% of the world total. The annual increasing rate reached 27% during the past 10 years. 8% of China’s households are equipped with solar heater, with more than 3000 suppliers of solar heater, annual production more than 10 million square meters. The whole glass vacuum tube solar water heater is dominant in China’s market. The integration of solar heater and buildings attracted extensive attention and will be the main focus for development of technology in China. The Ministry of Construction announced the Technical Code for Application of Solar Energy Hot Water System for Civil Buildings in Dec. 2005.

Boosted by the Renewable Energy Law, the development of renewable energy is accelerating with larger scale in construction of wind farm, biogas engineering, fuel ethanol, and thermal utilization of solar energy. The newly installed hydropower system has a capacity surpassing 10 million kW, with accumulated capacity of 120 million kW; newly installed wind power system has a capacity of 1.33 million kW, equivalent to the sum of the last 20 years, with the accumulated capacity of 2.6 million kW; the production capacity of solar heater reached 20 million square meters, with accumulated utilization of 95 million square meters. The utilization of biomass is diversified, with more than 22.6 million households equipped with biogas (more than

75 million benefited), more than 3500 large-scale biogas engineering. The production and consumption of biogas surpassed 10 billion cubic meters. The demonstration project of agriculture biomass to power generation has been commissioned. Significant progress has been achieved in bio-liquid fuel area. The demonstration project for pellet biomass fuel also made progress.

In one word, the development of renewable energy in China is very fast, with some technologies reaching or nearing commercialization level, and significant large-scale development potential from aspects of resource, technology and industry. Renewable energy has proved its impact in energy supply of China, and will play a more significant role in the future.

According to the National Mid- to Long-Term Plan for Development of Renewable Energy, by 2010, the utilization of renewable energy, including hydropower, wind power, solar and biomass through modern conversion technology, will account for 10% of the national energy consumption total, within which the capacity of hydropower 180 million kW, wind power more than 5 million kW, biomass power 5.5 million kW, solar electricity 0.3 million kW, fuel ethanol and bio-fuel annual supply of 2 million and 0.2 million tons respectively, biogas consumption 19 billion cubic meters, and the solar collecting area reaching 150 million square meters.

2. Development of Renewable Energy Nationwide and in Typical Areas

2.1 Review of energy consumption in rural areas

In 1995, 170 million energy-saving stoves, 5.78 million household biogas systems, 4.85 million hectare of firewood forest, micro hydropower with total capacity of 16.2 million kW were constructed. 4.5 million square meters of solar heaters, 140,000 solar cooker, 3.34 million square meters of passive solar houses, and 265 kW of solar votaic cell were propagated in rural areas of China. Two solar votaic power stations, with capacities of 10 kW and 20 kW respectively, were constructed in power-unavailable counties of Tibet. The total capacity of wind power reached 60,000 kW with 14 wind farms, which, together with 130,000 micro wind generators and 60,000 micro hydropower systems utilized in pasturing and mountainous areas, played significant roles to improve the living standard of rural citizens.

The total commercial primary energy consumption amount was 1.31 billion tce in 1995. The energy consumption amount in rural areas summed up to 648 million tce, within which the consumption of commercial primary energy was 381 million tce, about 29% of the national total, the consumption of non-commercial primary energy (e.g., biomass via conventional conversion) reached 267 million tce, about 20% of the national commercial primary energy consumption total. The energy consumption for product was 266 million tce, about 41% of the rural total, and that for living was 383 million tce, about 59%. The energy consumption for production was dominated by coal, amounting to about 58%, while that for living was dominated by straw and firewood, amounting to 39.4% and 26.2%, respectively. Per-capita energy consumption in rural areas was annually 0.67 tce in 1995.

Tab. 1 Energy consumption structure in rural areas in China 1995

type unit

quantity 10,000 tce production living product

ion

living sum %

crude coal 10,000t 21155 12047 15404 8611

25295 39.0 coke 10,000t 1357 1280 0

power 100 MkWh 1617 1107 4370 4192 8562 13.2

oil 10,000t 1616(diesel)

1096(gasolin

178

(keros

2352

1613

256

4221 6.5

e) ene)

Sum of commercial energy25019 13059 38078 58.7 firewood 10,000t 2727 17560 1557 10013 11570 17.9 straw 10,000t 30330 0 15092 15092 23.3 Other(biogas, solar heater:10.5+58.2)0 68.7 68.7 0.1 Sum of non-commercial energy 1557 25174 26731 41.3 sum 10,000tce 26576 38283 64809 100 Source: China Rural Energy Statistical Yearbook 1997, China Agriculture Press, 1998

By the end of 2000, there were accumulatively 8.48 million household biogas digesters, 855 mid- to large-scale biogas plants with feedstock of agriculture waste, 187 biogas plants with feedstock of industry waste. Annual biogas output reached 2.72 billion cubic meters. In the same year, accumulatively 11.08 million square meters of solar heaters, 9.78 million square meters of solar houses, 330,000 solar cookers, 120,000 micro wind generators, 89,000 micro hydropower system, 52,300 solar votaic system, and 388 biomass gasification plant with 79,400 households benefited, were constructed.

The total commercial primary energy consumption amount was 1.38 billion tce in 2000. The energy consumption amount in rural areas summed up to 672 million tce, within which the consumption of commercial primary energy was 450 million tce, about 33% of the national total, the consumption of non-commercial primary energy (e.g., biomass via conventional conversion) reached 222 million tce, about 16% of the national commercial primary energy consumption total. The energy consumption for product was 300 million tce, about 45% of the rural total, and that for living was 371 million tce, about 55%. The energy consumption for production was dominated by coal, amounting to about 53%, while that for living was dominated by straw and coal, amounting to 33% and 32%, respectively. Per-capita energy consumption in rural areas was annually 0.79 tce in 2000.

Tab. 2 Energy consumption structure in rural areas in China 2000

type unit

quantity 10,000 tce productio

n

productio

n

productio

n

productio

n

sum %

crude coal 10,000t 22461 16528 16037 11801

2932

8

43.6

coke 10,000t 1580 1490

power 100 MkWh 1617 861 6469 3444 9913 14.

8 oil 10,000t 3185 529 4555 757 5312 7.9

other(LPG、natural gas、coal gas:396.6+17.1+9.6) 423

423 0.6

Sum of commercial energy28551 16425 4497

6 66. 9

firewoo

d

10,000t 2620 14100 1496 8052 9548 14.2

straw 10,000t 28812 12360 1236

18.4 Other(biogas, solar heater:162+144)306 306 0.5

Sum of non-commercial energy 1496 20718 2221

4

33.1

sum 10,000tc

e 30047 37143 6719

100

Source: National Statistic Data for Renewable Energy in Rural Areas 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture of China

By the end of 2005, there were accumulatively 17 million household biogas digesters with annual biogas output of 7 billion cubic meters, 3764 mid- to large-scale biogas plants with total digester volume of 1.72 million cubic meters, annual feedstock of waste 120 million ton, and annual biogas output of 340 cubic meters. The development of household biogas and construction of biogas plants effectively improved the rural environment, increased the farmers’ income and accelerated the development of rural civilization.

By 2005, the production of solar heater reached 15 million square meters, with total retaining amount of 75 million square meters, within which 32 million square meters is installed in rural areas. China became leading the world in production and consumption of solar heater around the world. By 2005, accumulatively more than 15 million square meters of solar houses, 686,000 solar cookers, and total capacity of 70 MW of solar votaic system, were constructed. By 2005, the total capacity of produced solar cell amounted to more than 150 MW, although more than 95% of which were exported.

During the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), the industry of large wind power witnessed its fast development in China, with the total capacity increasing from 350 MW in 2000 to 1260 MW, and annual increasing rate of 30%. By the end of 2005, about 320,000 small wind generators have been accumulatively installed with total

capacity of about 65 MW, for consumption of citizens in rural areas. It is assumed that about 250,000 small wind generators are still in operation. A series of small wind generators have been developed, with single output from 100W to 10 kW. The total production of small wind generators in 2005 surpassed 33,000, with more than 5,800 exported to more than 20 countries around the world.

The scales of hydropower plant were clarified within the industry in Jun. 2005. The category included large-, mid-, small- and micro-scale, with the last one determined as the plant with capacity less than 500 kW. The total capacity of micro-hydropower reached near 8 GW. There were about 200,000 micro-hydropower generators with single capacity less than 10 kW, with total capacity of 220 MW; about 19,545 micro-hydropower stations with single capacity between 10 and 100 kW, and total capacity of 696.1 MW; 19,107 micro-hydropower station with single output between 100-500 kW, with 38,652 units, and total capacity of 7.18 GW. According to the per-capita electricity consumption rate 200W (electrization standard established by the Ministry of Water Resources), the population benefiting from micro-hydropower has surpassed 40 million.

The total commercial primary energy consumption amount was 2.23 billion tce in 2005. The energy consumption amount in rural areas summed up to 870 million tce, within which the consumption of commercial primary energy was 570 million tce, about 26% of the national total, the consumption of non-commercial primary energy (e.g., biomass via conventional conversion) reached 300 million tce, about 13% of the national commercial primary energy consumption total. The energy consumption for product was 383 million tce, about 44% of the rural total, and that for living was 491 million tce, about 56%. The energy consumption for production was dominated by coal, amounting to about 56%, while that for living was dominated by straw and coal, amounting to 34% and 32%, respectively. Per-capita energy consumption in rural areas was annually 0.96 tce in 2005.

Tab. 3 Energy consumption structure in rural areas in China 2005

type unit

quantity 10,000 tce production living production living sum %

crude coal 10,000t 27969 2336719970 16684

3826043.8

coke 10,000t 1703 1606 0

power 100 MkWh 1650 850 6601 3398 999911.4 oil 10,000t 4770 853 6821 1220 80419.2

other(LPG、natural gas、coal gas:570.9+33.9+28.0) 0 642

6420.7

Sum of commercial energy 34998 219445694265.1 firewood 10,000t 5757 180553287 103101359715.6 straw 10,000t 37201159601596018.3 Other(biogas, solar heater:493+416)909 909 1.0 Sum of non-commercial energy 3287 271793046634.9 sum 10,000tce 382854912387408100 Source: National Statistic Data for Renewable Energy in Rural Areas 2005, the Ministry of Agriculture of China

2.2 Analysis on changes of energy consumption in rural areas

The above listed energy consumption data for 1995, 2000 and 2005 in rural areas demonstrate that, the commercial energy consumption in rural area accounts for about 30%, while the ratio between the non-commercial energy to the national commercial energy total has been decreasing, from 20% in 1995 to 13% in 2005. The total energy consumption amount and per-capital consumption have been increasing, and the increasing rate in 2000-2005 is significantly higher than that in 1995-2000. During 1995-2005, the annual increasing rate of energy consumption for production is about 4%, while that for living is about 3%. Compared with the variation of production and living energy consumption around the country (shown in Tab. 5), the tendency in energy consumption in rural areas is in accordance with that of the nation.

Tab.4 Energy consumption structure variation 1995-2005 Unit: 10,000 tce

1995 2000 2005

1995-2000

Annual incre.

(%)

2000-2005

Annual incre.

(%)

1995-2005

Annual incre.

(%)

Consumption

total

64809 67190 87408 0.7 6.0 3.5 For

production 26576 30047 38285 2.6 5.5 4.4 For

living 38283 37143 49123 -0.6 6.5 2.8 Per-capita

(tce)

0.67 0.79 0.96 3.6 4.3 4.3

Tab.5 Variation of national energy production and consumption Unit: 10,000 tce

Item 1990 1995 2000 2005 1990~2005 Annual incre.(%)

Energy production

total

103922 129034 109000 206068 4.5

Energy consumption

total

98703 131176 138553 223319 5.4

Breakdown of the

consumption

1. Agriculture,

forestry, herding,

fishing etc.

4852 5505 6045 7972 4.3 2.Industry 67578 96191 95443 158058 8.9

Sum of consumption for

production

82904 115431 122588 199926 9.4 Consumption for

living

15799 15745 15965 23393 3.2 Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2006, China Statistical Yearbook 2001.

2.3 Provincial situation of the development of renewable energy in rural areas

Tab.6 Utilization of renewable energy in rural areas 2005

Province

Total

biogas

output

Within

which Solar

heater

Solar

houses

Solar

cooker 10,000

cubic

meters

Mid- to

large-scale

Biogas plant

10,000

square

meters

10,000

square

meters

Number of

units

Nationwide 728878.5 22985.1 3205.6 1514.4 685552 Beijing 1002.7 67.1 42.1 15.8

Tianjin 1187.9 1113.3 19.7 2.9

Hebei 41752.2 328.1 404.9 149.6 5277 Shanxi 4155.0 36.0 60.0 2.4

Inner Mongolia 1081.3 5.6 11.6

177.5

11252

Liaoning 9170.6 261.5 96.0 375.9 815 Jilin 1186.9 180.0 14.7 175.6 361 Heilongjiang 1617.4 12.4 155.2 294 Shanghai 57.6 50.5 4.9

Jiangsu 10863.9 113.3 310.5 9.1 14 Zhejiang 4236.4 1031.1 186.6

Anhui 17097.4 8021.3 172.9 0.9

Fujian 15140.5 2918.1 23.7

Jiangxi 40757.7 132.0 17.8

Shandong 16675.8 1981.9 525.1 18.7 11653 Henan 65587.2 1718.2 122.1 1.3

Hubei 35988.8 89.0 82.4 1.0 147 Hunan 79449.4 424.9 57.2

Guangdong 8085.9 721.2 0.7 0.7 4 Guangxi 109635.4 72.7 12.2

Hainan 14874.3 2764.9 392.5

Chongqing 20807.3 55.8 0.9 800

Sichuan 102997.0 886.4 28.2 3.3 935 Guizhou 36380.8 4.2

360.8

Yunnan 70640.6 4.7

111.7 13 xizang

Shaanxi 9930.1 53.0 190.4 2794

Province

Total

biogas

output

Within

which Solar

heater

Solar

houses

Solar

cooker 10,000

cubic

meters

Mid- to

large-scale

Biogas plant

10,000

square

meters

10,000

square

meters

Number of

units

Gansu 4511.0 36.2 178.3

484704 Qinghai 401.4 42.1 70810 Ningxia 2365.3 3.5 13.2 4.1

94089 Xinjiang 1240.9 31.6 9.6

1590 Source: Environmental Statistics of China 2005

2.4 Rural energy construction in Yunnan Province

Organized construction of rural energy system in Yunnan Province can be traced

back to the end of 1970s, and demonstrates an accelerating tendency. During the 8th

Five-Year Plan (1991-1995), the work mainly focused on retrofitting of stoves to save energy, with 5.05 million households benefiting from the work. During the 9th

Five-Year Plan (1996-2000), the work mainly focused on development of household

biogas system. The number of households equipped with household biogas supply increased from 138,00 in 1990 to 473,000 in 2000.

During the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), the province government decided to strengthen the construction of rural energy. During the five years, the newly increased household biogas increased 1.244 million, with accumulated total of 1.5 million, and

6 million rural farmers benefiting from the development.

Up to now, 3 mid- to large-scale biogas plant with feedstock of dejections have

been constructed, with total digester volume of 500 cubic meters, annual biogas

output of 45,000 cubic meters, and annual handling capacity of waste amounting to

3,300 ton. 74 demonstration projects were launched, with total handling capacity of

712,300 ton waste water annually.

During the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), 460,000 households witnessed the retrofitting of stove, with accumulated retrofitting of 6.3 million households. 7 biomass gasification plants were constructed annually handling 781.75 ton of straw,

with annual gas output of 1.9802 million cubic meters, for consumption of 1,936 households.

In 2003, the provincial government included the construction of 50,000 square meters of solar heater in rural areas into a “Morale Engineering” Project, which significantly promoted the deployment of solar energy around the province. Up to now, the accumulatively installed solar heaters have a total solar collecting area of 914,800 square meters, and solar cells were installed in 86 sites, with total peak power output of 10,936 W.

In 2006, the government focused on further promotion of the rural biogas. With the newly installed 230,000 digesters, the total number of digesters reached 1.7 million by the end of 2006, ranking 4 in China.

The provincial government plans to construct small-hydropower projects to save fuel in 60 counties. The government has allocated more than RMB 100 million for construction of 6 projects in 6 counties. Up to now, 11,213 micro-hydropower generator, with total capacity of 15,278 kW, annual output of 1.707 MWh, have been installed for consumption of 31,081 households.

3. Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy and Problems

3.1 Biogas

Chinese government attached more and more priority on construction of rural biogas in recent years, and listed the biogas construction in national debt project. In 2005, the central government invested RMB 1 billion through the budget stream of national debt project, for 9,144 villages dispersed in 721 counties and 27 provinces to promote the rural biogas construction. 1.04 million households benefited from the construction. Geographically (with redundancy), there are 644 project counties in areas mandated to restore cropland to forest with funding proportion of 88.6%, 363 counties in western areas with funding of 55.37%, and 62 counties in areas suffering epidemic such as schistosome.

1)Household digester

In 2005, 3.15 million digesters were newly installed, with accumulative total number of 17.16 million, total biogas output of 7.06 billion cubic meters annually, per-household annual output of 411.4 cubic meters. 11.25 million digesters achieved comprehensive utilization of biomass.

2)Digester for cleaning of civil waste water

There are totally 146,000 digesters for cleaning of civil waste water running nationwide in 2005, with total digester volume of 6.37 million cubic meters, and annual handling capacity of 600 million ton. The deployment of this type of digester promoted the control of environment impact in rural areas with advantages like zero energy consumption, low investment, and easy administration.

3)Mid- to large-scale biogas plant

There are totally 3,764 mid- to large-scale biogas plants running nationwide in 2005, with total digester volume of 1.724 million cubic meters, annual handling capacity of waste 120 million ton, annual gas output of 340 million cubic meters, power output of 40 million kWh, and 1.384 million beneficiary households.

4)Equipment manufacturing industry

There are totally more than 3,000 companies providing service and system parts

nationwide in 2005, with total asset of RMB 1.405 billion, sale amount of RMB 1.66 billion, and taxation of RMB 153 million. Adjusted with invariable price, the total income of the industry amounted to RMB 7.2 billion, 26% higher than 2004.

5)Technology innovation and development

After years of research, development and demonstration, the digester design, construction and maintenance of digester has matured from its infancy. Standardized digester suitable for different climate, feedstock and environment has been developed. Convenient and practical apparatus for feeding and residue handling have been developed.

The rural biogas system has developed from single-functioned digester construction, to incorporation of retrofitting of pens, lavatories and kitchens. During the practice in different areas of China, the system has further developed to integration of retrofitting of piped water, farming land and village road, creating several types of bio-village mode. The purpose of biogas system has been enlarged from the original “cooking and lighting with fuel saving”, to improvement in production and environment. The construction of bio-village saves fuel, water, and fertilizer, increases crop and hog output and income, and significantly improves the appearance of the whole village.

6)Problems

The number units for biogas power generation is small and the capacity is not very large, also featured with slow development. The reason behind the phenomenon is that supporting policy cannot be effectively enacted, whereas current mechanism seriously limits the development of biogas to power. Firstly, the strict fining measures for environment pollution are still pending, and the factories with large quantity of discharge of dejection and industrial organic waste water have no motivation to invest in the pollution control, since they do not necessarily pay for the outer cost brought about by the environment pollution. Secondly, the low distance between biogas power plant and the mid- to large-scale biogas plant, but due to the small capacity of the generation units, increasing number of power plants leads to higher power grid management cost. China still lack experience in operation of large-scale distributed power plant, leading to many difficulties in connection to power grid and sale of the

electricity.

3.2 Solar energy

1)Solar heater

The production and utilization of solar heater underwent rapid development since the end 1990s. The annual production of solar heater increased from 8.2 million square meters in 2001 to 15 million square meters in 2005, with annual increment rate

of 18.7%, and the total total number increased from 32 million square meters in 2001

to 75 million square meters in 2005, with annual increment rate of 22.6%. The solar heater technology has been fully commercialized, with more than 1000 suppliers and 150,000 employees working in the industry. The total sale of solar heater reached RMB 20 billion in 2005 in China. China ranks the first in solar heater production and total number, with products exported to more than 30 countries and regions, and the export value increased from USD 6 million in 2001 to more than USD 20 million in 2005.

With the development of rural economy, the citizens pay more attention to sanitation and health, and economic and practical solar heater becomes first choice for bathing. About 70% rural households adopt solar heater in Nantong, Jiangsu Province and Ninghai, Zhejiang Province. The Sangle Solar Energy Company, Ltd. witnessed a sale value of RMB 270 million in 2005, 70% of which was achieved in rural areas.

2)Solar house

More than 15 million square meters of solar house were constructed by the end

of 2005, the dominant role of which are passive solar houses. Active solar houses are demonstrated in several sites like Beijing and Liao, but have not been manufactured in large quantity. With development of green and energy-saving building, the utilization

of solar is expected to expand in the future.

Tab.7 Installed solar house in China

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Area

970 1010 1105 1250 1360 1514 (10,000m2)

Source: Annual Report on Rural Energy Development in China 2006

3) Solar cooker

Certain market is still waiting for solar cooker. The solar cooker will undergo development to some extent, but high-quality, long-life and convenient solar cooker is critical for its development. The total number of solar cooker in 2005 is about 700,000

in China.

Tab.8 Total number of solar cooker in China

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Number

33.2 50 52.1 54.2 57.7 68.6 10,000

Source: Annual Report on Rural Energy Development in China 2006

4) Others

The solar greenhouse witnessed significant growth since 1990s in China. Canopied planting and breeding brought good reward for farmers. With development

of China’s economy, solar drying, conditioning and seawater desalting underwent development to different degree in recent years.

3.3 Biomass

1)Biomass gasification

Several types of sub-MW gasification stoves, including fixed bed and fluidized bed ones, have been developed in China. The stoves are fed with wood scraps, rice hull, branches and straw, with the heat values between 4-10 MJ/cubic meters. There

are totally more than 800 units installed for drying of timber and agricultural

by-product, about 600 centralized gas supply stations, and annual output of 20 million cubic meters of biomass syn-gas in China. Further research is stilled for small-scale gasification process, including raw material collection and storage, cleaning of syn-gas, handling of secondary pollution, system standardization, and versatility for different feedstocks.

More than 20 MW-level biomass gasification units for power generation have been deployed in China. The Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion of Chinese Academy of Science constructed the nationwide first 1 MW gasification and power generation system with rice hull in Putian, Fujian Province during the 9th Five-Year

Plan (1996-2000). After further construction of two MW-level stations respectively in Sanya, Hainan Province and Handan, Hebei Province, the Institute signed a contract with Heilongjiang Agriculture and Reclamation Bureau for construction of 20 units. The technology is successful in international market, with construction of two 600-kW systems respectively in Thailand and Burma.

2)Biomass liquid fuel

The development of biomass fuel ethanol can be traced back to the end of 1990s. During the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), the product of fuel ethanol reached annual output of 1.02 million ton in four pilot provinces. The alternative fuel is adopted in 9 provinces. To enlarge the supply of feedstock, the technology for production fuel ethanol from the stem of sorgo has been developed in China. In recent years, the crossbred sorgo planted in several pilot farms in China demonstrated high production and high sugar content. The product of stem surpasses 4 ton per mu (1/15 hektare), with the stem juice Brix more than 18, and the seed production more than 300-400 kg/mu. The Planning and Design Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, together with Beijing Taitiandi Energy Technical Company, Ltd., carried out the National 863 Project “Demonstration of production of ethanol from stem from sorgo”, and pilot farms have been constructed in Huachuan, Heilongjiang Province and Anqiu, Shandong Province.

The technology for production of bio-diesel has been developed in China, although the cost is still high. The feedstocks include oily crop, oily plant seeds and oily aquicolous plant. The production processes include chemical process, bio-enzyme process and super-critical process.

3.4 Small power generation units

1)Solar V otaic

With the development of China’s solar votaic industry and the decrease of manufacturing cost, the solar votaic cells witnessed its expansion to industrial and rural areas. The central and local governments launched several supporting program, including the Sunlight Program in Tibet and Brightness Program. In the new century, in the Township Program, the state invested the construction of 20-MW solar power system in the last 3 years, providing electricity for 800 towns.

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