Chapter 3：Morphology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is
a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called
a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.
10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.
13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.
15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.
19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)
______.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold.
This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the
part of speech of __________.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements.
24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be
combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal
structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B.Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes.
28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the
part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units
of language by the linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
IV. Define the following terms:
31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology
33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme
35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme
37. root 38. affix
39. prefix 40. suffix
41. derivation 42. Compounding
V. Answer the following questions:
43. What are the main features of the English compounds?
44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T
II. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative 16. suffix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stem III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. C IV. Define the following terms:
31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the
internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections
33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of
word- formation.
34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are
independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.
36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot
be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand
by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.
Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify
the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify
the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
41. Derivation:Derivation is a process of word formation by which
derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two
or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
V. Anwser the following questions:
43. What are the main features of the English compounds?
Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.
44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be
used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.
Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammati cal categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.
Chapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学 1.What is pragmatics? 什么是语用学？ Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. It places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used. 语用学研究的是说某种语言的人怎样用句子去实现成功的交际。 由于交际的过程从本质来说是在一定的语境中表达意义的过程，因而语用学的本质是一种意义研究。它是一种将语言置于使用的语境中去的意义研究。 2.Pragmatics and semantics 语用学和语义学 Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning, but they are different. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning, the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. 语用学和语义学都是对意义的语言学研究，但两者是不同的。它们的本质区别在于研究意义时是否考虑了语言使用的语境。没有考虑到语境进行的研究就没有超出传统语义学的研究范围；相反，考虑到语境进行的研究就属于语用学的研究范围。 3.Context 语境 Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境是语言的语用研究中不可缺少的概念。它一般被理解为说话者和听话者所共有的知识。The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 共有的知识包括他们所使用的语言方面的知识和双方对世界的认识，包括对世界的总的认识和对正在进行的语言交际所处的环境的具体认识。 4.Sentence meaning and utterance meaning 句子意义和话语意义The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized, while utterance meaning is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 句子的意义是抽象的，非语境化的，而话语的意义是具体的，受语境制约的。话语意义基于句子意义；它是一个句子的抽象意义在特定语境中的具体体现，或简而言之，在一个语境中的具体化。 5.Speech act theory 言语行为理论 Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It was originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 言语行为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论。它最初是由英国哲学家约翰.奥斯汀在20世纪50年代提出的。 According to speech act theory, we are performing actions when we are speaking.
1.躯干骨包括椎骨、肋和胸骨，共51块。椎孔：后面微凹陷，与椎弓共同围成锥孔。 2.横突孔有椎动、静脉通过。 3.鼻旁窦有四对：额窦、筛窦、蝶窦和上颌窦。开口：额窦开口于中鼻道；前筛窦和中筛窦开口于中鼻道，后筛窦开口于上鼻道；蝶窦分别开口于左、右蝶筛隐窝；上颌窦最大，开口于中鼻道的半月裂孔。 4.肩胛骨下角平第7肋或第7肋间隙；外侧角肥大；上角近似直角，对第2肋。 5.黄韧带又称弓间韧带，位于相邻的椎弓板之间，呈节段性，主要由弹性纤维构成，参与围成椎管。活体时呈黄色，标本上为粉红色或暗红色。黄韧带有限制脊柱过度前屈的作用。当屈脊柱时，黄韧带伸长，其弹性回缩协助脊柱恢复直立姿势。 6.骨盆组成：由左右髋骨和骶、尾骨以及其间的骨连接构成。 7.膝关节是人体最大、最复杂的关节。前交叉韧带在伸膝时最紧张，能限制胫骨前移；后交叉韧带在屈膝时最紧张，可限制胫骨后移。半月板是纤维软骨构成的关节盘，内外侧各一。 内侧较大呈C行，外侧较小呈O行。 8.斜角肌间隙：前中斜角肌与第1肋之间的空隙，有锁骨下动脉和臂丛神经通过。 9.腹股沟管：为男性精子或女性子宫圆韧带所通过的一条肌和健之间的裂隙，位于腹前外侧壁的下部，在腹股沟韧带内侧半的上方，由外上斜贯向内下，长约4.5cm。为斜疝的好发部位。 10.小腿三头肌：浅表的两个头称腓肠肌，比目鱼肌。 11.内脏包括消化、呼吸、泌尿和生殖4个系统。 12.消化管是从口腔到肛门粗细不等的管道。包括口、咽、食管、胃、小肠（十二指肠、空肠和回肠）及大肠（盲肠、阑尾、结肠、直肠和肛管）。临床上把从口腔到十二指肠这一段肠称为上消化道，空肠以下到肛门称下消化道。 13.大唾液腺有3对，即腮腺、下颌下腺、舌下腺。腮腺开口于平对上颌第2磨牙的颊粘膜上。下颌下腺开口于舌下阜。舌下腺开口于舌下襞。 14.咽与鼻腔、口腔和喉腔相通。咽腔是消化道与呼吸道的共同通道，以腭帆游离缘和会厌上缘为界，分为鼻咽、口咽和喉咽。 15.食管长约25cm，上端在第6颈椎体下缘平面与咽相续，下端约平第11胸椎体高度与胃的贲门连接。 16.食管的三个狭窄：第一狭窄为食管的起始处，相当于第6颈椎体下缘水平，距中切牙约15cm；第二狭窄为食管在左主支气管的后方与其交叉处，相当于第4、5胸椎体之间水平，距中切牙25cm；第三狭窄为食管通过膈的食管裂孔处，相当于第10胸椎水平，距中切牙40cm。以上狭窄是食管异物滞留和食管癌的好发部位。 17.胃：大部分位于左季肋区，小部分位于腹上区，入口称贲门，与食管腹部相连。出口称幽门，与十二指肠相连。胃的上缘凹而短，称胃小弯，下缘称胃大弯。胃前臂朝向前上方，后壁朝向后下方。分为为四部：贲门部、胃底、胃体、幽门部。 18.肝：大部分位于右季肋区和腹上区，小部分位于左季肋区。 脏面中部有略呈H形的沟，位于中部的横沟为肝门。是肝左右管，肝固有动脉左右支、肝门静脉左右支和肝的淋巴管及神经进出肝的门户。 19.肝外胆道系统：包括胆囊和输胆管道（肝左管、肝右管、肝总管和胆总管） 20.胆囊三角：胆囊管、肝总管和肝的脏面围成的三角形区域。有胆囊动脉通过，该三角是胆囊手术寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 21.输胆管道由肝左右管，肝总管、胆总管组成。胆总管：在肝固有动脉右侧、肝门静脉的前方下行于肝十二指肠韧带内，向下经十二指肠上部后方，至胰头与十二指肠降部之间（也可行经胰头后方的沟内）进入十二指肠降部的后内侧壁，在此处与胰管汇合，形成略膨大的肝胰壶腹。肝胰壶腹开口于十二指肠大乳头。 22.喉腔：是由喉软骨、韧带和纤维膜、喉肌、喉粘膜等围成的管腔。声门裂是喉腔最狭窄之处、声门下腔炎症时最易发生喉水肿。 23.肺根：肺门内有支气管、血管、神经、淋巴管等出入，它们被结缔组织包裹，统称为肺根。 24.脏、壁胸膜在肺根处相互移行所形成的密闭间隙称胸膜腔。肋胸膜与隔胸膜转折形成半环行的肋隔隐窝，该隐窝是直立位时胸膜腔的最低部位，胸膜腔积液常积聚在此。 25.肾蒂：肾门诸结构为结缔组织包裹称肾蒂。肾蒂内各结构的排列关系，自前向后顺序为：肾静脉、肾动脉和肾盂末端；自上而下顺序是：肾动脉、肾静脉和肾盂。26.肾门约平第1腰椎体，其体表投影点位于竖脊肌外侧缘与第12肋之间的夹角部位，称肾区。肾患某些疾病时，此区可有叩击痛或压痛。 27.肾表面自内向外有3层被摸：纤维囊、脂肪囊、肾筋膜。 28.膀胱尖朝向前上方，膀胱底呈三角形，朝向后下方，膀胱体为尖与底之间的部分，膀胱颈是膀胱的最下部，在男性为尿道内口紧接前列腺的部分，在女性为尿道内口邻接尿生殖膈的部分。 29.膀胱三角：在膀胱底内面，有一个呈三角形的区域，位于左、右输尿管口和尿道内口之间，此处膀胱粘膜与肌层紧密连接，缺少粘膜下层组织，无论膀胱扩张或收缩、始终保持平滑称膀胱三角。是肿瘤、结核和炎症的好发部位。 30.男性内生殖器由生殖腺（睾丸）、输精管道（附睾、输精管、射精管、男性尿道）和附属腺（精囊、前列腺、尿道球腺）组成。外生殖器包括阴囊和阴茎。阴茎具有排尿和射精的双重功能。 31.精索部是进行输精管结扎的常取部位。 32.精索的主要成分是输精管、睾丸动脉和蔓状静脉丛。 33.阴茎主要有二个阴茎海绵体和一个尿道海绵体构成。每个海绵体外面均有一层厚而致密的纤维膜，分别是阴茎海绵体白膜和尿道海绵体白膜。 34.三个狭窄分别位于尿道内口、尿道膜部和尿道外口；三个膨大：分别位于尿道的前列腺部、尿道外部和尿道舟状窝；两个弯曲：是凸向下后方的耻骨下弯和凸向上前方的耻骨前弯；（耻骨前弯可变直而消失）腹膜陷凹：1）男性的直肠与膀胱之间有直肠膀胱陷凹；2）女性膀胱上面的腹膜向后折转到子宫前面形成膀胱子宫陷凹；3）直肠子宫陷凹。男性的直肠膀胱陷凹和女性的直肠子宫陷凹是腹膜腔的最低位置。 35.输卵管的分部（由内向外）：输卵管子宫部（最细）、输卵管峡（短直、狭窄输卵管结扎术的常选部位）、输卵管壶腹（约占全长2/3、卵子和精子在此部形成受精卵）、输卵管漏斗部（外侧的膨大部）。 36.子宫：位于小骨盆中央，膀胱与直肠之间，下端接阴道。子宫的韧带有：1）子宫阔韧带：限制子宫向两侧倾倒；2）子宫圆韧带：维持子宫前倾；3）子宫主韧带：维持子宫正常位置，防止子宫向下脱垂；4）子宫底韧带：维持子宫前屈位。 阴道穹：以阴道穹后部最深，可经后穹引流凹陷内的积液。 37.腹膜内位器官：各面均被腹膜所覆盖的脏器，如胃、十二指肠上部、空肠、回肠、盲肠、阑尾、横结肠、乙状结肠、脾和卵巢、输卵管（女性）。 腹膜间位器官：三个面或大部分被腹膜覆盖的脏器，如肝、胆囊、升结肠、降结肠、直肠上段、膀胱、子宫(女性）。 腹膜外位器官：仅前面被腹膜覆盖的器官，如肾、肾上腺、输尿管、胰、十二指肠降部和水平部、直肠中、下部。
Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language
第一章 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Teaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics. Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics Teaching procedures https://www.doczj.com/doc/857656205.html,nguage 1.1Why study language?为什么学习语言 A tool for communication交流的工具 An integral part of our life and humanity 人类生活和人性中不可或缺的一部分. If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.如果不能完全理解语言的本质和结构,我们就会对人类的本质一无所知. 1.2What is language?什么是语言 1.2.1different senses of language 语言的不同意义 1. what a person says( concrete act of speech) a person’s consistent way of speaking or writing a particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial language an abstract system 2. A Webster’s New Dictionary offers a frequently used sense of the word “language”: a. human speech 人类的言语 b. the ability to communicate by this means 通过言语来交流的能力 c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; 用来表达或交流思想和感觉的一套声 音及这些声音互相结合的系统 d. the written representation of such a system 系统的文字表达 3. the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication.最简洁的定义:语言是言语交 流的一种方式. Language is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiostic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles. Language distinguishes us from animals.因为说和写的交流方式是一种有目的的行为,所以语言是实用性的;因为语言 是社会符号,语言的交流只能在所有参与者广泛理解了人类的那些非言语的暗示,动机,社会文 化角色等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进行,因此语言又是社会的,约定俗成的.语言使人类 区别于动物. 1.2.2definitions Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. What is communication? A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener). A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. (×) bkli (×) Why do we say language is arbitrary? Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. This explains and is
一、名词解释 解剖学姿势 身体直立，面向前，两眼平视前方；两足跟、足尖靠拢，足尖向前，两上肢垂于身体两侧，手掌向前 二、填空 1、解剖学上常用的切面有矢状面、冠状面、横切面三种。 2、以器官本身为准，沿其长轴所作的切面为纵切面，与长轴垂直的切面为横切面。 3、轴分为矢状轴、冠状轴、垂直轴三种。 （1） 一、名词解释 胸骨角 胸骨柄与胸骨体的连接处，形成的微向前方突出的角，其、两侧与第2肋相连，是临床上计数肋和肋间隙的重要标志。 椎间盘 位于相邻的椎体之间（第1、第2颈椎除外），由周围的纤维（软骨）环和中央的髓核组成，将相邻的椎体紧密相连） 二、填空 1、运动系统包括骨、骨连结和骨骼肌三部分。 2、根据骨的外形，可将骨分为长骨、短骨、扁骨和不规则骨四类。 3、椎体和椎弓围成的孔为椎孔；相邻椎骨的上下切迹围成的孔为椎间孔。 4、从上向下胸骨由胸骨柄、胸骨体和剑突组成。 5、脑颅骨共8块，包括成对的顶骨和颞骨；不成对的额骨、筛骨、蝶骨和枕骨。 6、不成对的面颅骨有下颌骨、犁骨和舌骨。 7、鼻旁窦有4对，上鼻道有筛窦后组的开口，中鼻道有筛窦前组、筛窦中组、上颌窦和额窦的开口，开口于蝶筛隐窝的是蝶窦。 8、鼻旁窦包括上颌窦、额窦、筛窦和蝶窦。 9、关节的基本结构包括关节面、关节囊、关节腔。 10、椎间盘是由纤维环和髓核两部分构成。 11、相邻两肋之间的间隙称肋间隙，共有11对。 12、最大的闭合最晚的颅囟是前囟。 13、运动系统的肌为骨骼肌，根据外形可分为长肌、短肌、阔（扁）肌和轮匝肌。 14、每块骨骼肌包括肌腹和肌腱两部分。 15、膈肌有三个裂孔，即主动脉裂孔、食管裂孔和腔静脉孔；分别有主动脉与胸导管；食管迷走神经前干、后干和下腔静脉通过。 16、股四头肌有四个头，即股内侧肌、股外侧肌、股直肌和股中间肌。 17、小腿三头肌是由骨骼（间）肌和蚓状肌合成。 三、单项选择题 1、椎骨属于（ D ） A、长骨 B、短骨 C、扁骨 D、不规则骨 2、老年人易发生骨折的原因是（ B ） A、有机质含量多 B、无机质含量多 C、骨松质较多 D、无机质有机质均少 3、开口位置高于窦底的鼻旁窦是（ A ） A、上颔窦 B、筛窦 C、额窦 D、蝶窦
期末模拟试卷 一．单选题 1．球旁细胞来自 A．入球微动脉管壁上的内皮细胞 B．远曲小管上皮细胞 C．入球微动脉管壁上的平滑肌细胞D．球外系膜细胞 2．十二指肠的好发部位是 A 十二指肠降部 B 十二指肠球部 C十二指肠水平部 3. 关于肋隔隐窝的叙述错误的是（） A. 为肋胸膜与膈胸膜转折处 B. 为胸膜腔最低的部位 C. 吸气时，肺下缘伸入其内，隐窝消失 D. 为临床胸膜腔穿刺的常选部位 E. 胸膜腔积液时，首先存在于此处 4. 下列哪项不属于女性外生殖器？（） A、阴道 B、阴道前庭 C、大阴唇 D、阴阜 E、阴蒂 5、中纵隔内有B A 支气管 B 心 C 迷走神经 D 气管 E 食管 6.视觉器官中，可调节折光力的折光体是 A.角膜 B.房水 C.晶状体 D.玻璃体 E.睫状体 7．心 A．左右半心互相连通 B．左半心含静脉血C．右半心含动脉血 D．体循环起于右半心 E．左半心称为动脉心 8．颈外静脉 A．是颈部最粗大的浅静脉 B．由枕静脉和面静脉合成 C．注入颈内静脉 D．注入头臂静脉 E．位于胸锁乳突肌深方 9．腕关节不能作 A．前屈运动 B．外展运动 C．内收运动 D．后伸运动 E．旋转运动 10．在上肢，与内侧相同的方位术语又称A．桡侧 B．胫侧 C．尺侧 D．腓侧 E．远侧 11．精索内不含有 A．输精管 B．睾丸血管 C．射精管 D．神经 E．淋巴管 12．对角膜的描述，错误的是 A．富有血管 B．富有感觉神经末梢 C．无色透明 D．占纤维膜的前1/6 E．微向前凸 13．膀胱最下部称 A．膀胱底 B．膀胱尖 C．膀胱颈 D．膀胱体 E．膀胱顶
14．属于内分泌组织的是 A．松果体 B．睾丸 C．甲状腺 D．胰岛 E．脾 15．右锁骨下动脉 A．起于主动脉弓 B．起于头臂干 C．于前斜角肌前方走行 D．发出甲状腺上动脉 E．该动脉的止血点是锁骨中点 16．属于腹膜外位器官的是 A．胃 B．脾 C．胰 D．肝 E．膀胱 17．沟通眼球前房和后房的是 A．虹膜角膜角 B．巩膜静脉窦 C．瞳孔 D．泪点 E．前房角 10．睫状体 18．上皮组织与结缔组织的区别之一( ) A上皮组织有血管，而结缔组织没有 B结缔组织的细胞很少，上皮组织细胞较多 C上皮组织的间质发达，结缔组织则相反D结缔组织分布于体表，上皮组织分布于体内 19.一般功能活跃的细胞形态结构特点是（ D ） A 细胞核较小 B 细胞核着色较深 C 细胞核较大，着色较深 D 细胞核较大，着色较浅 E 细胞核较小，着色较浅 20．头面部的痛、温度、触（粗）觉传导的第一级神经元位于 A．三叉神经脊束核 B．三叉神经感觉核 C．三叉神经运动核 D．丘脑腹后外侧核 E．三叉神经节内 二．配伍题 A.相邻肺泡间的结缔组织 B.多个肺泡的共同开口处 C.肺内结缔组织血管淋巴管神经等 D.管壁上开始出现肺泡上皮为单层立方上皮 E.相邻肺泡之间气体流通的小孔 1.肺泡囊是 2.呼吸性细支气管 3.肺间质包括 4.肺泡隔是 5.肺泡孔是 A.垂体 B.松果体 C.甲状腺 D.肾上腺 E.下丘脑 6.分泌褪黑激素 7.分泌降钙素 8.分泌醛固酮 9.分泌催乳素 10.分泌催产素 三．多选题 1. 不成对的脑颅骨包括 A. 额骨 B. 颞骨 C 枕骨 D蝶骨 E 筛骨 2．右心房有：
英语语言学复习资料 注: 1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题. 2.未标习题的章节为一般了解. Chapter 1Language and Linguistics: An Overview 1.1 What is language? 1.2 Features of human languages (i) Creativity (or productivity) Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. _________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. A. Duality B. Arbitrariness C. Creativity D. Displacement (ii) Duality ( ) Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing. (iii) Arbitrariness ( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent. (iv) Displacement ( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future. (v) Cultural transmission (vi) Interchangeability (vii) Reflexivity 1.3 Functions of language (i) The ideational function (ii) The interpersonal function (iii) The textual function Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by
人体形态学概论学期末总复习 一.名词概念 1.胸骨角:胸骨柄成上宽下窄的四边形,上缘的中份为颈静脉切迹,其两侧为锁切迹,与 锁骨相关节.柄和体连接处形成微向前凸的角,称为胸骨角,可在体表摸到.胸骨角侧 方恰与第二肋相连结,因此胸骨角可作为胸前部计数肋的标志. (p35) 2.翼点:颞窝底(内侧壁)的前下方骨质较薄,最弱处在额、顶、颞、蝶四骨的会合处，常 构成”H”形的缝,称为翼区(翼点),其内面紧邻脑膜中的动脉前支.（p39） 3.半月板:半月板是垫在股骨内、外侧髁与胫骨内、外侧髁关节面之间的两块半月 形纤维软骨板，分别称内、外侧半月板。内侧半月板较大，呈“c”形，前端 窄后份宽；周缘与关节囊及胫侧副韧带紧密相连。外侧半月板较小，近似“o” 形，周缘亦与关节囊相连。半月板是关节面更为相适，也能缓冲压力，吸收 震荡，其弹性垫的作用。（p48、49） 4.咽峡：咽峡由腭垂、两侧的腭舌弓，及舌根共同围成，它是口腔与咽的分界。 P61 5.肝门：肝的脏面上有一近似“H”形的沟。右侧纵沟前部为胆囊窝，容纳胆囊。 右侧纵沟后部为腔静脉沟，有下腔静脉通过。左侧纵沟前部有肝圆韧带,左侧 纵沟后部有静脉韧带.横沟称肝门,是肝固有动脉,肝门静脉,肝管,神经和淋巴 管出入肝的部位.P70 6.肺门:肺的内侧面(纵隔面)中央为肺门,有主支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、淋巴管 及神经等出入。P78 7.纵隔：是两侧纵隔胸膜之间所有器官和结缔组织的总称。其前界为胸骨，后 界为脊柱胸段，上界为胸廓上口，下界为膈，两侧是纵隔胸膜。P81 8.膀胱三角：在膀胱低的内面有一个三角形区域，位于两侧输尿管口与尿道内 口之间，称膀胱三角，此区黏膜与基层紧密相连，缺少粘膜下层组织。（无论 膀胱处于空虚或充盈时，黏膜都保持平滑状态。该趋势膀胱结核与肿瘤的好 发部位。）p88 9.肾门：肾前面较凸，朝向腹腔；后面平坦紧贴腹后壁；上端宽而薄，下端窄 而厚；外侧缘隆凸，内侧缘中部凹陷成肾门，为肾的血管、神经、淋巴管及 肾盂出入之处。P82 10.二叶（尖）瓣：左心室入口为左房室口，口周附有左房室瓣（二尖瓣）亦与 左室内相应的乳头肌和腱索相连，构成二尖瓣复合体。P110 11.三叶（尖）瓣：右心室入口为右房室口，口周附有右房室瓣（三尖瓣）。P110 12.颈动脉窦：颈动脉窦为颈内动脉起始处的膨大部分，动脉壁内有压力感受器。 当血压升高时，窦壁扩张，刺激此处感受器，可反射性的引起心跳减慢，末
英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2
Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…