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英语六级复习资料(必过版)

英语六级复习资料(必过版)
英语六级复习资料(必过版)

英语六级复习资料(完整版) 英语六级复习专题一完形填空-固定搭配

1.account for 说明…得原因,就是…

得原因

2.acuse…of… 控告;谴责

3.allow for 考虑到,顾及,为…留出

预地

4.appeal to诉诸,诉请裁决(或

证实等)

5.bringabout 导致,引起

6.calloff 取消

7.care for 照顾,照料;喜欢

8.check in (在旅馆、机场等)登记,

报到

9.checkout结帐后离开,办妥手续

离去

10.e up with 提出,提供,想出

11.count on/upon 依靠,指望

12.count up 共计,算出…得总数

13.draw up起草,拟订;(使)停住

14.fall back on 借助于,依靠

15.get at 够得着,触及;意思就是,意

指;查明,发现;指责

16.go in for 从事,参加;爱好

17.hang on to紧紧抓住;保留(某物)

18.turn out 制造,生产;结果就是;

驱逐;关掉,旋熄

19.take over 接受,接管;借用,承袭

20.take in 接受,吸收,接纳;理解,领

会;欺骗;包括

21.stickout(把…)坚持到底;突出,

显眼

22.stick to 坚持,忠于,信守;紧跟,

紧随;粘贴在…上

23.set out陈述,阐明;动身,起程;开

始;摆放

24.set forth 阐明,陈述

25.set about 开始,着手

26.put in for正式申请

27.refer to…as… 把…称作,把…当

28.pay off 还清(债);付清工资解雇

(某人);向…行贿;得到好结果,取得成

29.make up for 补偿,弥补

30.look over 把…瞧一遍,把…过目;察

瞧,参观

31.look through 详尽核查;(从头至尾)

浏览

32.live on 靠…生活,以…为食物l

ie in (问题、事情等)在于

33.lie in (问题、事情等)在于

34.let go(of) 放开,松手

35.hold out 维持,保持;坚持(要求),

不屈服

36.hold back 踌躇,退缩;阻止,抑制;

隐瞒,保守(秘密等)

37.have an advantage over 胜过、h

ave the advantage of由于…

处于有利条件have the advantage

of sb。知道某人所不知道得事

38.take advantage of(=make

the best of, utilize, make use

of, profit from,harness)

利用。

39.attribute…to…(=tobelie

vesth、 to bethe result

of…)把。、归因于、、, 认为。、就是。、

得结果

40.begin with 以…开始、 to begin

with (=first of all) 首先,

第一(经常用于开始语)

41.on behalf of (=as the repres

entative of) 以…名义

42.believe in(=have faith or t

rust in; consider sth、sb、t

o be true)相信,依赖,信仰。

43.get the better of (=defeat

sb。) 打败,胜过.

44.by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统

at birth 在出生时;give bi

rth to 出生、

45.blame sb、 for sth、因…责备某

人、blame sth、 on sb、把…

推在某人身上

46.in blossom开花(指树木)be in b

lossom开花(强调状态) einto

blossom开花(强调动作)

47.take the floor起立发言

48.be capableof 能够, 有能力

becapable of being +过去分词

就是能够被…得

49.pare…with … 把…与…比较

50.pare…to… 把…比作…

51.plain of (or about)抱怨;诉苦;

控告;plainabout 抱怨某人或

事情;plain to sb、abou

t sth、 (or sb.) 向某人抱怨…;pl

ain (抱怨); plement(补充); p

liment (恭维)

52.delightin(=take great ple

asure in doing sth。)喜欢, 取

53.take(a) delight in 喜欢

干…,以…为乐

54.demand sth、 from sb、向某人要

求(物质得)东西

55.deprive sb、 of sth、剥夺某人

某物

56.deviate from 偏离, 不按…办

57.on a diet 吃某种特殊饮食,节食

58.differ from…in与…得区别在于…

59.dispose of (=get rid of ,throw

away)处理掉

60.beyond dispute不容争议得,无可

争议

61.in dispute 在争议中

62.(be) distinct from ( = be di

fferent from) 与…截然不同

63.distinguish between (=make or

recognize differences) 辨

64.distinguish…from把…与…

区别开

65.do away with(=get rid of;

abolish; discardeliminate) 除

去,废除,取消;do away with

(=kill)杀掉, 镇压

66.e off duty 下班

67.at large(=at liberty, free) 在

逃,逍遥法外at large(=in gen

eral)一般来说, 大体上 at larg

e(=atfull length; withd

etails)详细地

68.accuse…of…(=charge…with;

blame sb、for sth、;b

lame sth、on sb、;plai

nabout)指控,控告

69.allow for (=takeinto

consideration, take into acc

ount)考虑到, 估计到。

70.amount to (=to be equal to)

总计,等于。

71.answerfor(undertaker

esponsibility for, be liab

le for, take charge for) 对…

负责.

72.abide by(=be faithful t

o ; obey)忠于;遵守

73.ply with (=act in accorda

nce with a demand, order,

rule etc。)遵守,依从

74.apply to sb、forsth、为…

向…申请; apply for申请; a

pplyto 适用。

75.apply to与…有关;适用

76.arise from(=be caused by)

由…引起。

77.arrive on到达; arrive at 到达

某地(小地方);得出,作出; arrive

in到达某地(大地方);78.be ashamedof (=feel sha

me,guilt or sorrow because

of sth、 done)以…为羞耻

79.assure sb、 of sth、(=try to

cause tobelieve or trust in

sth。)向…保证,使…确信。

80.attach(to) (=tofix, fas

ten; join) 缚, 系,结

81.attend to (=giveone’s att

ention, care and thought)注意,

照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait

upon, serve, look after) 侍候,

照料

82.in accordance with (=in agreement

with) 依照,根据

83.on one’s own account 1) 为了某

人得缘故, 为了某人自己得利益2)

(=at one’s own risk) 自行负责 3)

(=by oneself)依靠自己 on ac

count 赊账; onaccount of 因为;

on noaccount不论什么原因也

不;of …account 有….、重要性。

84.take…into account(=conside

r)把、.、考虑进去

85.account for (=give an exp

lanation or reason for) 解释,

说明。

86.on account of(=because o

f) 由于,因为。

87.be accustomed to (=be int

he habit of,be used t

o)习惯于。

88.be acquainted with(=to hav

eknowledgeof) 了解; (=to

have met socially) 熟悉

89.act on奉行,按照…行动; act

as扮演; act for 代理?adapt

oneself to(=adjust oneself

to)使自己适应于

90.adapt…(for)(=make sth、 Suit

able for a new need) 改编,改

写(以适应新得需要)

91.in addition (=besides)此外,

又,加之

92.in addition to(=as well as,

besides, other than)除…外93.adhere to (=abide by, confor

mto, ply with, cling to,

insist on, persist in,

observe,opinion, belief )

粘附; 坚持,遵循

94.adjacent(=nextto, close

to) 毗邻得,临近得

95.adjust。、(to)(=change

slightly)调节;适应;

英语六级复习专题二翻译—语法精要

Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)

时态

1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been + —ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束、

I’ve been writing letters for an hour、

I’ve been sitting in the garden、

2)过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行得动作

I’d been working for some timewhen he called、

We had been waiting for her fortwo hoursby the time she came、3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行得动作、

By next summer, he willhave been working herefortwenty years、In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for thre e years、

4)将来完成时(由shall/will have +过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生得事、

I shall have finished this one before lunch、

They’llhave hit the year’s target bythe end of October、

语态

可以有两种被动结构得类型,例如:

He was saidto be jealous of her success、

It was said that he was jealous ofher success、

能同时适用于上述两个句型得主动词通常都就是表示“估计”,“相信"等意义得动词,常见得有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等、

It is supposed that the ship has beensunk、

The ship is supposed tohave been sunk、

担当be supposed to 与不定式得一般形式搭配时往往表示不同得意义、例如:

Why are you driving so fast in this area? You aresupposed to know the speed to knowthe speedlimit、(您应该晓得速度限制)

双宾语及宾补结构得被动语态

双宾语结构得被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中得一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数就是把间接宾语变为主语、

He was asked a number of questions at the press conference、

Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations、宾补结构得被动语态:

She was called Big Sister by everybody、

Then he was made a squad leader、

He was consideredquite qualified for the job、

The room was always keptclean and tidy、

短语动词

Vi +adv

The plane took off two hourslate、

Vi + prep

They lookedround the Cathedral、

Vi + prep (有被动语态)

She’s looking after her sister’s children、

The childrenwere always well looked after、

Vi + adv + prep

I beganto lookforward to their visits、

Vt + O + adv

Some women chooseto stay at home and bringup their children、The children were brought up by theirmother、

They took him on、

Vt+adv + O (无被动语态)

I am trying to give upsmoking、

Vt +O + prep

We talked Donald into agreement、

省略

在以as,than, when, if, unless等引导得从句中得省略:在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又与主句得主语一致a),或者主语就是it b),就常常可以把从句中得主语与谓语得一部分(特别就是动词be)省略掉、

Look out for cars when crossing the street、

When taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effects、

While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project、

Although not yet sixmonthsold,she wasable to walk witho utsupport、

If not well managed,irrigationcan be harmful、

Though reduced innumbers,they gained in fighting capacity、This viewpoint, however understandable,is wrong、

Enemies, once discovered,weretightlyencircled and pletelywipedout、

She hurriedly left theroom as though/if angry、

She workedextremelyhard though still rather poor inhealth、Fill inthe application as instructed、

Whenever known,such facts should be reported、

The documents will be returned assoon as signed、

He said that no acrobat couldeverperform those daringfeats unless trained very young、

Once having made a promise, you should keep it、

If necessaryI’ll have the letter duplicated、

Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary、

If possible, I should like to have two copies of it、

As scheduled,they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy、

在以than a) 或as b) 引起得从句中,常会有一些成分省略、

He told me not to use morematerial than (it is) necessary、We should think more of the collective than of ourselves、

They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did)、

He is now a vice-manager, but still often works inthekitchenas before、

Their training is free, asis all education、

We will, as always, stand on your side、

错误得省略

His life is as fully mitted to booksas anyone Iknow、

While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her、

一致

如果主语就是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no lessthan, more than等引导得短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式、

Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday、

An expert, together with some assistants, wassent tohelp inthis work、

The captain, as wellas thecoaches,was disappointedin the team、代词作主语时得一致

each, either, neither与由some,any, no, every构成得复合代词,都作单数瞧待、

Eachof us has something to say、

Iseverybody ready?

Somebody is using the phone、

Neither ofus has gone through regular training、

Has either of them told you?

some, few, both, many 等作复数

some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一、

none作复数瞧待时较多,但也有时作单数瞧待,主要瞧说话人脑中联系想到得就是复数还就是单数概念,但none 在代表不可数得东西时总就是瞧作单数:

None of the books are easy enough for us

None of us seem to have thoughtof it、

None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera、

None (= nobody) hasfelt it morekeenly thanshe did、

None ofthisworries me、

all 与most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…, mostof the …), 动词用单数、

由and 或 both… and连接名词词组时,后用复数; 由not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or 连接得并列主语, 谓语通常与最邻近得主语一致、

Not only the switches but also the old writing hasbeen changed、My sister or my brother is likely to be at home、

Eitheryouor Mr Yang is to do the work、

Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade mydaughter to change her mind、

如果一个句子就是由there 或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也与最邻近得那个主语一致、

There was carved in the board a dragonand a phoenix、

Here is a pen, a few envelopes andsome paper for you、

people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数、

Cattle aregrazing on the pasture、

The policearelooking for him、

有些集体名词有时作单数瞧待,有时作复数瞧待,主要根据意思来决定、

His family isn’t very large、

His family are all music lovers、

The mittee meets twice a month、

Themittee are divided in opinion、

The audience was enormous、

The audience were greatly moved at the words、

有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词得数:

This new series isbeginning next month、

These new series arebeginning next month、

This species is nowextinct、

These species are now extinct、

表示时间,重量,长度, 价值等得名词, 尽管仍就是复数形式,如果作整体瞧待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也就是可以得):

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations、One hundred li was covered in asingle night、

其她问题

书名, 国家名用单数:

Tales fromShakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb、

学科名,如mathematics, economics用单数、

many a 或morethan one 所修饰得词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a personhas hadthat kind of experience、

More than one person has involved in the case、

a number of 后接复数,the number of后接单数:

A number of books have been published on thesubject、

The number of books published on the subject is simplyamazing、

one of those 后用单数、在“oneof + 复数名词+关系分句”结构中,关系分句中谓语动词得单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一就是根据先行词采用复数形式:

Joan is one of those people whogo out of their way to be helpful、当one 之前友the only 等限定词与修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定,即采用单数形式:

Heis the only one ofthose boys who is willing to take on another assignment、

Ⅱ非谓语动词

不定式

形式

完成式:不定式得一般形式所表示得动作,通常与主要谓语表示得动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或就是在它之后发生、假如不定式所表示得动作, 在谓语所表示得动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式得完成式、

I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seen your mo ther)、

(比较: I am glad to see you、)

Heis said to have writtenanewbook aboutworkers、

He pretended not to have seenme、

进行式: 如果主要谓语表示得动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示得动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式得进行式、

You are not supposedto be working、 You haven’t quite recovered yet、

We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here、

Hepretended to be listening attentively、

完成进行式:在谓语所表示得时间之前一直进行得动作,就要用不定式得完成进行式、The struggle was knownto havebeen going fortwenty years、We are happy to have been working with you、

被动式: 当不定式得逻辑上得主语就是不定式所表示得动作得承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式、

It isan honour for me to beasked to speak here、

She hated to be flattered、

Hewanted the letter to be typed at once、

Thisis bound to be found out、

There are a lot of things to be done、

She was too young tobe assigned suchwork、

功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b),表语(c),定语(d) 或就是状语(e)、

a、 To scold her would not be just、

b、We areplanning to builda reservoir here、

c、 One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture、

d、Doyou have anything to declare?

e、We have e to learnfrom you、

不带to 得不定式:

在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词就是表示感觉意义得see, hear,wat ch,smell, feel, notice等, 或就是表示“致使"意义得have,make,let等,其后得不定式结构不带to、

John madeher tell him everything、

这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面得不带to 得不定式一般还原为带to得不定式、

Shewas made to tell himeverything、

在had better,had best,would rather, would sooner, wouldjust as soon, might(just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to、

I’d rathernot have eggs and bacon forbreakfast、

They cannotbut accept his term、

在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall,let fly, let slip,let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leaveg o of等固定搭配中,用不带to得动词不定式、

John let fly a torrent of abuse at me、

I’ve heard tell of him、

在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to得不定式, 也可用带to得不定式、

Can I help(to)lift this heavybox?

在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do得某种形式, 不定式一般不带to,反之带to、

Thereis nothing to do except wait till it stops raining、

Smith will do anything but work on a farm、

There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining、

连词 rather than,sooner than 置于句首时, 其后得不定式不带to、

Rather than push the book back ashe wantedto do, he forced himself to pick it up、

出现在句中其她位置时, 其后得不定式有时带to,有时不带to、

He decided to write rather than telephone、

The manager believes itis important to investinnew machinery rather than to increase wages、

用作补语得动词不定式, 如果主语就是由“all + 关系分句”,“thing +关系分句”,“what 分句"或“thing +不定式结构”等构成,并带有do得某种形式,这时,作为主语补语得不定式可以省to,也可以不省、

What he willdo is (to)spoil the whole thing、

All youdo now is plete the form

The only thing I can do now is go on by myself、

Thething to do now is clear up this mess、

The least I can do isdrive everybody else closer to the issue、

不定式得其她用法

too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:

She was too young to understand all that、

enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:

She was notold enough tounderstand all that、

not too, buttoo, alltoo, only too等与不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:

He's only too pleased to help her、

so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:

Be so kind as to drop in some time when you arefree、

如果要说明不定就是表示得动作就是谁做得, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起得短语:

It is not hard for one to do a bit of good、

It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally、

在以某些形容词(如kind,good, nice, wise,unwise,clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty,

impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起得短语,来说明不定式指得就是谁得情况:

It’s kind of you to think so much of us、

(It is) Awfully good of you to e andmeet us、

It’svery nice of you to be so considerate、

It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal、

V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)

形式

完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表得动作在谓语所表示得动作之前发生, 通常用动名词得完成形式、

He didn'tmention having met me、

I regretnothaving taken her advice、

在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词得一般形式,尽管动作就是在谓语所表示得动作之前发生得、

Excusemefor ing late、

I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere、

现在分词得完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示得动作之前发生、

Having been there many times, he offered tobe our guide、

Having found the cause, they wereable to propose a remedy、另外,独立结构也可用现在分词得完成形式、

The guests having left, they resumed their discussion、

The children,having eating their fill, wereallowedto lea ve the table、

被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上得主语所表示得就是这动作得对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式、

His beingneglected by the host added to his uneasiness、

He couldn’t bear being made funof like that、

但要注意,在want, need,deserve, require 等动词后,尽管表示得就是被动得意思, 却用动名词得主动形式、

My pen needs filling、

The point deserves mentioning、

This problem requires studying with great care、

在worth这个形容词后情形也就是这样、

Her method is worth trying、

现在分词得被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中、

This is one of the experiments beingcarried on in our laboratory、You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere、

Beingasked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse、

Thesearesold at reducedprices,the defects always being point ed out to the customers、

完成被动式:如果表示得动作在谓语表示得动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词得完成被动式、

I don’t remember havingever been givena chance totry thi

smethod、

但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘、

现在分词得完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中、

Having beengivensuch a good chance, how couldshelet i tslip away?

The decision having been made, the next problem was how to makeagood plan、

All the positions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home、

句法功用

作主语:

Walking is good exercise、

It’s nice talking to you、

There is nodenying the fact that the new methodhas greatly raised labour productivity、

作宾语:

Your shoes need polishing、

You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over、

He avoided giving us a definite answer、

作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用得时候最多、它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见得有:insist on, persist in, think of, dream of,object to, suspect…of,accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, kee p…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward t o, opposed to,depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for,aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of,be sick of, s ucceed in,be interested in, feel (be)ashamed of, be proud of,be keen on, be responsible for、

作表语:

The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people、

动名词与不定式都可以作主语或表语、一般说来,在表示抽象得一般得行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作,特别就是将来得动作时, 多用不定式、

作宾语补足语:分词可以在see, hear,notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语、

The words immediately set us alllaughing、

Once wecaughthim dozing off in class、

His remark left mewondering what he was driving at、

在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语、用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了、

Do you hear someoneknocking at the door?

Yes, I did、Iheard him knock threetimes、

作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行得另一动作,来对谓语表示得主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬、

I ran out of the house shouting、

I got home, feeling very tired、

Driving to Chicago that night,I was struck by a suddenthough t、

现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因得状语从句、

Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her、

Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note、

Having already seen the filmtwice,she didn’t want to go to the cinema、

现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when引起得从句:

Seeing those pictures,he couldn’t help thinkingof those m emorable daysthey spent together、

如果两个动作就是完全同时发生得,多用when 或while加分词这种结构、

Be careful when crossing the street、

Whenleaving theairport, they wavedagain and again to us、She gotto know themwhile attending a conference in Beijing、前面带有代词或名词得动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词得所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上得主语、

Their ing to help was a great encouragement to us、

Our soleworry isyour relying too much on yourself、

Doyou mind my reading your paper?

Theyinsisted on mystaying there for supper、

如果不就是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词得普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些、

Idon’t mind him going、

She hates people losing their temper、

只能用动名词作宾语得动词:suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can't help,mind, admit, enjoy, leaveoff,require, postpone, put off, delay,practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endur e, escape, miss

既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语得动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin,start, continue, intend, attempt,can’tbear,propose, want,need, remember, forget, regret, neglect,try, deserve, can't affor d等、

有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却有不同得意思、在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别就是比较明显得、

I remember seeing her once somewhere、

I must remember to take my notebooks with me、

I regret not having accepted your advice、

I regret to say I haven’t givenyou enough help、

She doesn’t want (need) to e、

Thehouse wants (needs) cleaning、

We must try to geteverything done in time、

Let's trydoing the work some other way、

悬垂修饰:分词作状语时, 表示得必须就是主语得一个动作或状态、

Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers、 (walking就是we得动作,正确)

Walking through the park,the flowers looked very beautiful、 (错误)

Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city、 (正确)

Standing onthe tower,the whole village could be seen、(错误)分词

意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义与完成意义;而现在分词有得来自及物动词, 有得来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义与未完成意义、

frozen food ?a freezing wind

a bored traveller?a boring journey

a lost cause? a losing battle

a conquered army? a conquering army

a finished article??the last finishing touch

the spoken word a speakingbird

a closed shop ?the closing hour

a recorded talk a recording machine

来自不及物动词得过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用得仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义、

the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned studen ts, retired workers,departed friends,escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors

用作后置修饰语得过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其她成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句、

Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends、

句法作用

作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, cannedfood罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头,stricken area灾区

分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply—furnished room陈设简单得房间,clear-cu t answer明确得答复, highly—developed industry高度发展得工业,heartfelt thanks衷心得感谢,hand-made goods手工制品, man—made sa tellite人造卫星

作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语得动词有:

see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉与心理状态得动词、

I saw the students assembled in the hall、

We found her greatly changed、

make,get, have, keep等表示"致使”意义得动词:

I have my hair cut every ten days、

She gother bad tooth pulled out、

Please keep us informed of the latest developments、

like, want,wish, order等表示希望, 要求,命令等意义得动词:

I don’t wantany of you(tobe)involved in the scandal、

He won’t like such questions (to be)discussed at the meeting、过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生得背景或情况、

Guided by these principles, they went onwith the work,

Delighted withherwork,they made her the general manager、过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因得状语从句、

Influenced byhisexample, they performed countless good deed s、

有时也可说明动作发生得时间, 相当于一个表示时间得状语从句、

This method,tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a m arkedrise intotal production、

间或也可表示一个假设得情况,相当于一个条件从句、

Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong、

偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句、

Picked 20 years a year,it grows tiredonly after 40 or50years、

独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上得主语一般必须与句子得主语一、致、但有时它也可以有自己独立得逻辑上得主语,这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随得动作或情况、

He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat、

有时可以表示时间:

Late that autumn, his work finished, he preparedto return to his institute、

表示原因:

Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter、

条件:

All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours、Ⅲ虚拟语气

that从居中:

wish, would rather (sooner), had better:

Iwish I were as strongas you、

I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation、

I wish I remembered the address、

I would ratherthey came tomorrow (you hadgone there too)、

I had rather (that)you toldhim than I did、

suggest, order, demand, propose, mand, request, desire,insist 等动词后得宾语从句:

The manderordered that all civilians(should) be evacuated、

He asked that he be given an opportunity to try、

She urged that he write and acceptthe post、

it isdesired, it is suggested, it is requested, itwas ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been deci ded等结构后得主语从句中、

It was arranged that they leave the following week

Itwill be better that we meet some other time、

suggestion, motion, proposal, order, remendations, plan,idea等后面得表语从句与同位语从句:

His sole requirement is(was) thatthy system be adjusted、

在某些句型中

itis time that

It is time that we went (或should go)to bed、

It is high time we (should)put an end to this controversy、

as if (though) 引起得从句:

They talked(are talking) as if they had been friends for years、It seems as if it was (were)spring today、

Heacts (acted)asif (though) hewere (was) an expert、

以lest,for fear that 与 in case 引起得从句(这时谓语多用 should +动词原形):

He took his raincoat with him lestit should rain、

He put his coat overthechild for fear that (或lest) heshould catch cold、

I'll keep a seat for you in case youshould need it、

以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组引起得从句(这时,谓语多用may加动词原形构成):

Whatever defects he may have, heis an honest man、

e what may, we will go ahead、不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去、I accept thatheis old andfrail; be that as itmay, he's sti llagoodpolitician、

我承认她年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍就是优秀得政治家、

条件句

虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:

表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现得可能性不大得情况):

谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):

IfI were you, I wouldn’t lose heart、

Hownice it would beif you could stay a bitlonger、

表示过去情况得虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反得假设情况),谓语主要形式如下:

She w

If I hadn’ttaken your advice, I would have made abad mistake,

You wouldn't have caughtcold ifyouhad put on more clothes、有时候,条件从句表示得动作与主句表示得动作, 发生得时间就是不一致得(如一个就是过去发生得,一个就是现在发生得)、这时,动词得形式要根据表示得时间来调整、这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句、

If he had received sixmore votes, he would be our chairman n ow、

If we hadn’t got everything ready by now,we shouldbe having a terrible time tomorrow、

有时假设得情况并不以条件从句表示, 而就是通过一个介词短语来表示、

Withoutmusic,the world wouldbe a dull place、

We could have done better undermore favorable conditions、

That would have beenconsidered miraculous in the past、

But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier、

如果条件句从句中包含有were, had, should 或could,有时可把if省略掉,并把were, had, should或could放在主语前面、

Had we made adequate preparation, we mighthave succeeded、

Should there be a flood,what should we do?

Were it not for their assistance,we would be in serious difficulty、

Ⅳ介词

合成介词与复杂介词

合成介词: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout,upon within, without

复杂介词: according to,along with, apart from, as for, asto, bec ause of, by meansof,in frontof,in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalfof, owing to, due to,together with, up to, withregard to, prior to等

介词在句末:

Thisis what he is interested in、

Does everyone has a seat to sit on?

名词加介词 ( n + prep)

某些名词之后要求用某些介词: solution to, faith in,glance at, needfor

某些名词之前要求用某些介词: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight

动词加介词

Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to,fall into, apply for,touch upon Vt +O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等

Vi + adv + prep:

I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts、

The familycame up against freshproblems、

You’re not telling me the whole story、 You're holding out on me、

She got off with him soon after she began toworkat the institution、

Vt + O + adv +prep:

You shouldn’t takeyourresentment out onme、

We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning、

形容词加介词

about —-— anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, en thusiastic,guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure,timid,unhappy,etc

at --- awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted,good, mar vellous, quick,skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etc

for -——convenient, eligible, grateful,homesick,hungr y, necessary,noted, perfect, responsible, etc

from ---evident, exempt,inseparable, safe, tired, etc

in --- deficient,expert, liberal, quick, rich,successful, wea k, etc

of———apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent,jealous, positive, scared,sensible,short, sick, suspicious, typical,worthy, etc

on -—- dependent, keen,intent, etc

to --- acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive,attentive, blind, parable, courteous, deaf,destructive, essential, favourab le, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferabl e,related,responsible,sensitive,suitable, unjust, etc with -—- awkward, bored, careful,disappointed,generous, i dentical, ill, impatient, popular,sick, wrong, etc

Ⅴ连词

并列连词

表示意义得引申: and, both…and,not only…but(also), as well as,and…as well, neither…nor

表示选择: or, either…or

表示转折:but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为就是副词)

表示因果: for, so, therefore,hence

从属连词

表示时间:when, while,as, after, before, since, until(till),as soon as,once

表示原因: because,as, since, nowthat, seeing that

表示条件: if, unless, in case,provided(that), suppose, as longas, oncondition (that),

表示其她关系: (al)though,than,as/so…as, lest, in order that,so…that

Ⅵ定语从句

限制与非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句就是名词词组不可缺少得一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它得先行词分开、

The boys who wanted to playfootballwere disappointed whenit rained、

The boys, who wanted to play football, weredisappointed when it rained、

如果定语从句得先行词就是专有名词, 或就是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词,其后得定语从句通常都就是非限制性得:

Mary Smith,who is inthecorner, wants to meet you、

Her mother, who had long sufferedformarthritis, died lastnight、

All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates、

在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代、My father, who had been on a visitto America, returned yesterd ay、

All the books,which had pictures in them, weresent to the litt le girl、

定语从句得引导词

that, who,whom:非限制性定语从句,如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多)、如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,就应当用宾格whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉,在口语中可用who代替whom、

Here is the man (whom)you’ve beenlooking for、

He is aman (that) you can safely depend on、

The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes、

There are some people here who I want you to meet、

但在介词后只能用whom:

This isthe man towhom I referred、

但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that,但省略时更多一些、

Have youmet the person about whom he was speaking?

Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about

The girl towhom I spoke is my cousin、

The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin、

限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that得时候较多,也有时用which、、当这个代词在从句中就是用作宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都就是省略得, 特别就是口语中(尤其就是当被修饰得词就是all, everything等词时):

Have you everything you need?

(Is there) anything I can do for you?

All you have to do is to pressthe button、

在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去,这时可以用that,但省略得时候更多一些:

The tool with which he is working is called a wrench、

The tool(that) he is working with is called a wrench、

Thisis the question aboutwhich we've had so much discussion、

This is the question (that) we’ve hadso much discussion about、定语从句一般就是修饰名词或代词得, 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或就是句子得一部分b),引导词用which:

They have invited me to visit their country, which is verykind of them、

The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted When deeply absorbed in work, whichhe often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping、

She was very patient towards the children, whichher husband seldom was、

whose:在表示“。。.得”这个概念时,可用所有格whose; whose 用于指物,有时可与of which交替使用, 通常得词序就是名词词组+of which:

Is there anyone in your class whose family isin the northeast?We had a meeting whose purpose was pletely unclear、 (…the purpose of which was…)

He's written abook the name of which I’ve pletely forgotten、(…whose name I’ve…)

of which前得名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all,both, several, enough,many,most,few以及基数词担任;这些词也能用在 ofwhom之前、Thebuses, most of which were already full, weresurrounded by an a ngry crowd、

It's a family of eight children,all of whom are studying music、

关系副词when,where,why:它们得含义相当于 at which,in which,for which,因此它们之间有交替使用得可能、

The day when he was born…

on which he wasborn…

whichhe was born on…

The office where he works…

at which heworks…

which he works at…

有时可用that替代关系副词,在口语中that 可省略、

Everytime (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous、

This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss、

Do you know anywhere (that)Ican get a drink?

This is the place (where) we metyesterday、

That is the reason (why) he did it、

在the way后也可用that替代in which,在口语中that也可省略、

This is the way (that/in which)he did it、

That’s the way I look at it、

如果定语从句中谓语为there is,作主语得关系代词也常可省掉:

I must make full use ofthe time there is left to me anddo as much as I canfor the people、

This is thefastest train (that) thereis to Nanjing、

定语从句得简化: 定语从句与不定式结构, —ing分词结构, -ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系、

He was the only onetorealizethe danger (= who realized thedanger)、

The womandriving the car(=who was driving the car) indicated that she wasgoing to turn left、

The man injured bythe bullet (= who was injured by the bullet) was taken to hospital、

Allthe women present (=who were present)looked up in alarm、

Ⅶ倒装

全部倒装与部分倒装:如果谓语在主语前面,就就是倒装语序、倒装语序又分为全部倒装与部分倒装、在全部倒装得句子中,整个谓语都放在主语得前面:

Here aresome registered letters for you、

In came a man with a white beard、

在部分倒装得句子中只就是谓语中得一部分(如助动词, 情态动词,或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:

Under no circumstancesmust a soldier leave his post、

I couldn’tanswer the question、Norcould anyoneelse in our class、

Only in this way is it possibleto acplish theabove—mentione dglorious task、

以neither, nor, so等开始得句子: 由so引起得表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)得句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起得表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)得句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前、

“We must start for the work—site now”、“ So must we、"

Iamquite willingto help and so aretheothers、

He didn't drop any hint、 Nor (Neither) did his secretary、

“I won’t do such a thing、”“Nor(Neither) will I、”

如果一个句子只就是重复前面一句话得意思,尽管就是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒、

“Itwas cold yesterday、”“So it was、”

“Tomorrow willbe Monday、”“Soit will、”

当句首状语为never,little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcel y等否定词或有否定意义得词语时,一般引起部分倒装、

No longer arethey staying with us、

No soonerhad he arrived there than he fellill、

Under no circumstances could I agree tosuch aprinciple、

表示位置或方向得副词提前,谓语动词为 go,e等表示位置转移得动作动词而主语又较长时,通常用全部倒装:

There was a sudden gust of windand away went his hat、

The door burst open and I rushed the crowd、

There es thebus!

Now es your turn、

1.如果主语就是代词,仍用正常语序:

There es your turn、

有here引起,谓语为be得句子, 也要倒装:

Here isChina’s largest tropical forest、

Here are somepicture—books、

2.如果主语就是代词,仍用正常语序:

Here we are、 This is the new railwaystation、

“Give me some paper、”“Hereyou are、"

3.表语与系动词提前:

介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang、

Near the southern end of thevillagewas a large pear orchar d、

形容词: Very important in the farmer’slife is the radio weathe rreport、

Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered、

副词: Belowis a restaurant、

Southwest of the reservoirwere 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland、

分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library,an auditorium and re creation rooms、

Hidden underground is a wealthof gold, silver, copper, lead and zink、

Lying on the floor was a boy aged about17、

Standing beside the table was an interpreter、

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Only yesterday did he find outthat his watch was missing、

Only through sheer luck did he manage to getsome tickets、Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get someticke ts in theend、

有not only开头得句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装:

Not only didhe plain about the food,healso refused to pay f or it、

Not onlydidthe garage overcharge me, but theyhadn't done a very good repair job either、

Ⅷ比较级与最高级

无比较级与最高级得形容词及副词: plete, perfect, utter,etc

比较从句

as…as, almost/just/nearly as…as,not so/as …as:

We’ll give you as much help as we can、

I haven't made as much progress as I should、

We've producedtwice as much cotton thisyear as wedid ten years ago、

My mand of Englishis nothalf so (as) good as yours、

than, so much/a lot morethan, no more… than,notmore…than,less than

more…than,less…than可表示“与其说…不如说…”:

He is more goodthan bad、

He wasless hurt than frightened、

The presentcrisis in capitalist countries is muchmore a politi cal than an economic crisis、

“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than"所表示得可以就是该形容词或副词得相反得含义: no rich than = as poor as

no bigger than =as small as

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