来自:新东方在线
Unit Nineteen
Passage 1
Etiquette (礼仪)
The origins of etiquette—the conventional rules of behavior and ceremonies observed in polite society—are complex. One of them is respect for authority. From the most primitive times, subjects(臣民) showed respect for their ruler by bowing, prostrating themselves on the ground, not speaking until spoken to, and never turning their backs to the throne. Some rulers developed rules to stress even further the respect due to them. The emperors of Byzantium expected their subjects to kiss their feet. When an ambassador from abroad was introduced, he had to touch the ground before the throne with his forehead. Meanwhile the throne itself was raised in the air so that, on looking up, the ambassador saw the ruler far above him, haughty and remote.
Absolute rulers have, as a rule, made etiquette more complicated rather than simpler. The purpose is not only to make the ruler seem almost godlike, but also to protect him from familiarity, for without some such protection his life, lived inevitably in the public eye, would be intolerable. The court of Louis XIV of France provided an excellent example of a very highly developed system of etiquette. Because the king and his family were considered to belong to France, they were almost continually on show among their courtiers (朝臣). They woke, prayed, washed and dressed before crowds of courtiers. Even large crowds watched them eat their meals, and access to their palace was free to all their subjects.
Yet this public life was organized so carefully, with such a refinement of ceremonial, that the authority of the King and the respect in which he was held grew steadily throughout his lifetime. A crowd watched him dress, but only the Duke who was his first valet de chamber (贴身男仆) was allowed to hold out the right sleeve of his
shirt, only the Prince who was his Grand Chamberlain could relieve him of his dressing gown, and only the Master of the Wardrobe might help him pull up his trousers. These were not familiarities, nor merely duties, but highly desired privileges. Napoleon recognized the value of ceremony to a ruler. When he became Emperor, he discarded the revolutionary custom of calling everyone "citizen", restored much of the Court ceremonial that the Revolution had destroyed, and recalled members of the nobility to instruct his new court in the old formal manners.
Rules of etiquette may prevent embarrassment and even serious disputes. The general rule of social precedence is that people of greater importance precede those of lesser importance. Before the rules of diplomatic precedence were worked out in the early sixteenth century, rival ambassadors often fought for the most honourable seating position at a ceremony. Before the principle was established that ambassadors of various countries should sign treaties in order of seniority, disputes arose as to who should sign first. The establishment of rules for such matters prevented uncertainty and disagreement, as to rules for less important occasions. For example, at an English wedding, the mother of the bridegroom should sit in the first pew or bench on the right-hand side of the church. The result is dignity and order.
Outside palace circles, the main concern of etiquette has been to make harmonious the behaviour of equals, but sometimes social classes have used etiquette as a weapon against intruders, refining their manners in order to mark themselves off from the lower classes.
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, decreasing prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements: basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal
compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are consideration for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents' presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that, after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously (难以察觉的) underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.
Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades (十字军东征) , and there the ideals of chivalry (武士制度) grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight (骑士) should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his brave deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a belittled form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of
behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.
1. Etiquette simply serves the purpose of showing respect for authority.
2. Louis XIV of France made etiquette very complicated to avoid familiarity.
3. People of all societies and social ranks observe the good manners of consideration for the weak and respect for age.
4. Napoleon discarded aristocratic privileges when he became Emperor of France.
5. Etiquette has been used to distinguish people from different classes.
6. In Europe, the newly rich have added new ingredients to etiquette while they are learning to behave appropriately for a new way of life.
7. After the sixteenth century, fights between ambassadors over precedence were
a common occurrence.
8. Extremely refined behaviour had ______ on the life of the working class.
9. Basic moral duties are one of the_______of every code of etiquette.
10. According to the passage, the concept of romantic love was introduced in_______.
Passage 2
The economy of the United States after 1952 was the economy of a well-fed, almost fully employed people. Despite 11 alarms, the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a 12 of boom. An economic survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950's, may be typical as 13 the rapid economic growth of the decade. The national output was 14 at 10 percent above that of 1954(1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars). The production of manufactures was about 40 percent more than it had 15 in the years immediately following World War I . The country's business spent about 30 billion dollars for new factories and machinery. National income 16 for spending was almost a third greater than it had been in 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day, or about twenty-five million dollars every hour, all round the 17 . Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them. Only agriculture 18 that it was not sharing in the boom. To some observers this was a sad reflection of the mid-1920's. As farmers' share of their products 19 , marketing costs rose. But there were, among the observers of the national economy, a few who were not as confident as the majority. Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not last long and would 20 lead to the opposite—depression.
A. eventually
B.averaged
C.gradually
D.state
E. valued
F.form
G.declined
H.occasional
I. https://www.doczj.com/doc/886341442.html,plained
M. clockN.availableO.illustrating
Passage 3
In the last two hundred years there have been great changes in the method of production of goods. This is now also true of the building industry; for mechanization has been introduced. System building can save both time and money. The principle of system building is that the building is made from a set of standard units. These are either made at the building-site or at a factory. Some designers, in fact, are standardizing the dimensions of rooms. They are made in multiples of a single fixed length, usually ten centimeters. This is called a modular (标准件的) system, and it means that manufactures can produce standardized fittings at a lower cost. The most important fact about system building is its speed. A
ten-storey flat, for example, can be completed in four months.
There are several new methods of system building. One is the panel method. In this case, the construction company sometimes erects a factory on the site. The walls and floors of the building, called panels, are cast in a horizontal or vertical position. Conduits for electrical wires and sleeves for pipes are cast in the panels when they are being made. The moulds for making these castings are situated all around the building.
After the concrete panels are cast, they are allowed to set and harden for a week. Next they are lifted by a tower crane on to any section of the building. There the panels are cemented together at their joints and the floor covering is laid.
After the panels have been cemented together, the crane lifts a case into the area. It contains all the fittings to be installed, such as wash-basins, radiators and pipes. Finishing tradesmen, such as plumbers, plasterers, painters and electricians, follow behind to complete the work.
In some building developments, in some countries, whole flats with internal features like their bathrooms, bedrooms and connecting stairs, and weighing as much as twenty tons, are carried to the building-site ready-made. A giant overhead crane is used to lift them into position. In the future, this method may become more widespread.
1. The main difference between panel method and the method discussed in the last paragraph is_______.
A. the latter uses ready-made internal features
B. panels are cast in a level position
C. the former is used to build walls and floors while the latter to construct bathrooms or bedrooms
D. the former is more expensive than the latter
22. Which of these statements is TRUE of system building?
A. It employs more men.
B. It is difficult and dangerous.
C. It can save both time and money.
D. It means less mechanization.
23. According to the passage, the principle of system building is that_______.
A. construction methods are safer
B. buildings are made from a set of standardized units
C. similar buildings can be produced
D. all units are produced on the site
24. The usual fixed length in the modular system is_______.
A. twenty centimeters
B. ten millimeters
C. fifty centimeters
D. ten centimeters
25. What lifts the concrete panels onto the building?
* A. Cranes. B. Man-power.
C. Pulleys.
D. Hydraulic jacks.
Passage 4
According to the latest research in the' United States of America, men and women talk such different languages that it is like people from two different cultures trying to communicate. Professor Deborah Tannen of Georgetown University, has noticed the difference in the style of boy's and girl's conversations from an early age. She says that little girls' conversation is less definite than boys' and expresses more doubts. Little boys use conversation to establish status with their listeners.
These differences continue into adult life, she says. In public conversations, men talk most and interrupt other speakers more. In private conversations, men and women speak in equal amounts—although they say things in a different style. Professor Tannen believes that, for woman, private talking is a way to establish and test
intimacy. For men, private talking is a way to explore the power structure of a relationship.
Teaching is one job where the differences between men's and women's ways of talking show. When a man teaches a woman, says Professor Tannen, he wants to show that he has more knowledge, and hence more power in conversation. When a woman teaches another woman, however, she is more likely to take a sharing approach and to encourage her student to join in.
But Professor Tannen does not believe that women are naturally more helpful. She says women feel they achieve power by being able to help others. Although the research suggests men talk and interrupt people more than women, Professor Tannen says, women actually encourage this to happen because they believe it will lead to more intimacy and help to establish a relationship.
Some scientists who are studying speech think that the brain is preprogrammed for language. As we are usually taught to speak by women, it seems likely that the brain must have a sexual bias(倾向性) in its programming, otherwise male speech patterns would not arise at all.
26. In the opinion of the writer, women encourage men to talk because
A. it will lead to more intimacy and help to establish a relationship
B. it will help to establish status with their listeners
C. it will help to express more clearly
D. it will help to communicate better
27. There are_______in little girls' conversation than in boys'.
A. fewer doubts
B. more demands
C. more doubts
D. fewer uncertainties
28. Some scientists believe that brain is pre-programmed for language. The word "pre programmed" means_______.
A. programmed already
B. programmed before one is born
C. programmed early
D. programmed by women
29. In private conversation, women speak
A. the same things as men
B. less than men
C. more than men
D. as much as men
30. The theme of this article is _______.
A. women are naturally more helpful
B. men and women talk different languages
C. men talk most and interrupt other speakers more
D. little girls' conversation is less definite
参考答案：
Unit Nineteen
I. N 2. Y 3. Y 4. N 5. Y 6. NG 7. N
8. little influence 9. three elements 10. twelfth-century Provence, France
II. H 12. D 13. O 14. E 15. B 16. N 17. M 18. L 19. G 20. A 21. A 22. C 23. B 24.
D 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. B
（必备）英语四级阅读技巧：如何做阅读理解？ 一、英语四级阅读技巧 1、练习阅读方法，提高阅读速度。传统的三种方法：1）先看文章后作题。是用这种方法应注意三点：1、注意文章中心与作者基本观点，即抓大的放小的。 2、注意重要细节的位置，第一遍阅读时在了解主题之后知道某个东西在哪里，胜过你知道他是什么。 3、阅读速度稍快。不能过分沉迷于原文，速度要快一点。 2）先看问题再读文章要抓对重点适用于文章：1、难度较大的文章2、只包含一两段的流水账文章。流水账文章段落少层次感较差，可以先看题目看清问题，确定大概的位置。3、细节题较多的文章。缺点：对主题把握不够明确。 3）读一层意思做一道题，读文章做题交叉进行。本方法适用于：1、段落较多的文章2、阅读速度较慢的同学。注意事项：1每次阅读一小段或者一长段的一半2阅读速度比第一种阅读方法要稍慢一些，力求弄清本段意思3每次读新的内容之前，最好把接下来要回答的问题要先看一下。每篇文章为9分钟，读原文要5分钟，做题要4分钟注意不良的阅读习惯：1逐词指读正确方法要读意群2出声阅读 2、分析句子结构注意句子的主干，其他可以不看
3、熟悉体型主题（mainmainlyprimaryprimarily中心思想写作目的标题）细节（定位原文关注考试原则）词意（包括指带上下文推断词义词根）推理（细节性推理题infer题型conclude题型）态度（表示态度的首段选项的含义） 4、课外阅读主要是看复旦大学和上海交大的书 5、授课内容与方式对阅读一般性了解，结合一篇文章讲一讲四级的阅读方法细节题的导入3细节题考试原则常考的语言现象5主题方面的总结8难题穿一穿 四级一般的阅读方法和做题方法概括四句话：1扫读题干关键词2浏览原文作标记3比较选项得答案4迅速排除省力气其中核心是浏览原文作标记 可以标记的地方：1指示性的具体信息如时间、人物、数字2与文章结构有关的中心信息包括：主题句转折词（buthoweveryet出现这几个词的时候一般都会考到）其他标记题号考试原则 文章首句出现定义或者概念，通常就是主题 出现转折必会考到 主题在末段的可能性接近于零0 任何主题题型只要选项包含细节就直接错误，不管它有大多伟大按时间顺序阐述的文章主题通常在首末段，尤其是首段 细节题定为原则：细节出现多次，优先考虑首次定位 原文有个词，再在选项中弄一个与其相类似的单词作干扰选项作词义题的方法：根据上下文确定同义或反义的关系
2洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌 2007.12阅读第一篇 Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year. As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressure of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn’t win the contest again? That’s the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface. A revelation (启示) came last week when I asked her, “Don’t you want to win again?”“No,”she replied, “I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade.” I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously (自发地) told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided”by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it. Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting (借用) my daughter’s experience. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough a way to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices. 注意：此部分试题请*考试&大在答题卡2上作答。 57. What do we learn from the first paragraph? A) A lot of distractions compete for children’s time nowadays. B) Children do find lots of fun in many mindless activities. C) Rebecca is much too occupied to enjoy her leisure time. D) Rebecca draws on a lot of online materials for her writing. 58. What did the author say about her own writing experience? A) She was constantly under pressure of writing more. B) Most of her stories had been rejected by publishers. C) She did not quite live up to her reputation as a writer. D) Her way to success was full of pains and frustrations.
快速阅读 Colleges taking another look at value of merit-based aid Good grades and high test scores still matter —a lot —to many colleges as they award financial aid. But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as merit aid, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars. George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and pare the number of recipients, pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago. Now, Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y., says it will phase out merit scholarships altogether. No current merit-aid recipients will lose their scholarships, but need-based aid alone will be awarded beginning with students entering in fall 2008. Not all colleges offer merit aid; generally, the more selective a school, the less likely it is to do so. Harvard and Princeton, for example, offer generous need-based packages, but plenty of families who don't meet need eligibility have been willing to pay whatever they must for a big-name school. For small regional colleges that struggle just to fill seats, merit aid can be an important revenue-builder because many recipients still pay enough tuition dollars over and above the scholarship amount to keep the institution running. But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profiles. "They're trying to buy students," says Skidmore College economist Sandy Baum. Re-evaluating aid Studies show merit aid also tends to benefit disproportionately students who could afford to enroll without it. That's where demographics enter the picture. "As we look to the future, we see a more pressing need to invest in need-based aid," says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, which has offered merit scholarships for 10 years. During that time, it rose in US News & World Report's ranking of the best liberal arts colleges, from 25 to 17. Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $1 million a year, "served us well," Inzer says, but "to be discounting the price for families that don't need financial aid doesn't feel right anymore." Need-based aid remains by far the largest share of all student aid, which includes state, federal and institutional grants. But merit aid, offered primarily by schools and states, is growing faster, both overall and at the institutional level. Between 1995-96 and 2003-04, institutional merit aid alone increased 212%, compared with 47% for need-based grants, a study by Pennsylvania State University professor Donald Heller says. At least 15 states also offer merit aid, typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state's public institutions. But in recent years, a growing chorus of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice.
英语四级阅读试题及答案详解1 Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts __1__ questions, and so on. For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become __2__ of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between __3__ and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our question of the text continues at the unconscious level. Different people __4__ with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page, others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is __5__ in the text. The latter represents __6__ levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers. There is another conversation which from our point of view is __7__ important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process” conversation as __8__ to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the __9__ we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a
英语四级阅读理解复习技巧大总结 1.使用英语四级真题或阅读专项复习，不建议使用英语四级预测题和模拟题，真题汇集了最多的知识点和考点，通过精读真题阅读文章，可以全面掌握四级考点，快速提升解题技巧，这是预测题和模拟题所不具备的。 2.精读文章是复习阅读理解的必要步骤，逐句翻译文章，将其中的生词全面搞懂，然后逐句分析句型结构，学习语法知识。这一步是必须要做的，这是学习词汇和语法的最好方法。 3.对于英语基础较好的同学来说，分析句式会容易些，但英语四级真题文章中其实有很多的长难句和复杂句，英语基础薄弱的考生可能会很难搞清楚，建议选择一本对文章讲解全面详细的真题，比如巨微—四级真题/逐句精解，文章精读做的很到位，能帮基础薄弱考生攻克词汇和语法。 4.边做题边总结各种阅读题型的解题思路与技巧。比如快速阅读（匹配题），需要采用寻读法，带着选项关键词在文章内搜寻答案；比如传统阅读题，常考的细节题、态度题等，需要采用精读和略读相结合的方法，快速定位答案。 5.文章中会有一些不常见，但是很可能在写作和翻译中考到的专有名词，比如“春运”、“返乡潮”、“低头族”、“蚁族”、某个节日，或者某部作品的特殊称谓……，把这些词汇或词组积累下载，摘抄在笔记本上，反复记忆。
6.一些好词好句也需要积累和记忆，都可以摘抄下来，抽时间对这些句子进行背诵和仿写，以后都可以运用到翻译和写作中去。 7.学会找文章的主旨句和关键词，这个需要大量做题去总结，一般主旨句会出现在首两段或末段，关键词会在选项和文章中重复出现。对于表示态度的句子也要认真分析，要记住“紧抓5个W”原则，who ？（人物）；say what ？（观点）；When？（时间）；Why？（原因，论点，论据）Where？（场景，地点） 8.要记住英语阅读题的解题原则：选项中表达过于绝对的一般不是正确答案；观点表达不全面的不是正确答案；原文重现的一本不是正确答案（同义替换的可能才是）；两个选项意思相同或相近则都不选；选项意思相反则答案在其中。
Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-education well off and the unskilled poor. Rapid tech nological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squ eezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individual and soci ety, are profound. 在发达国家，受过良好教育的人工作的年限比那些没有什么技能的人的越来越长。有65％的年龄在62到74岁的拥有专业学位的美国男性还在工作，而只有高中学历的只有32％的仍然在工作.这进一步拉大了受过良好教育的富人和没有任何技能的穷人之间的差距。随着科技的发展，那些有着高级技能的人的收入上升了，而那些没技能的人的收入却被压榨了。这种结果值得个人和社会深思。 The world is facing as astonishing rise in the number of old people, an d they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the glob al population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 mi llion to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater lo ngevity (长寿)translated into more years in retirement rather than more
Passage1 Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。 I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。 Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导 We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。 Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。 Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is
Passage 1 By the time the Olympics begin in Atlanta this summer, the business world will have spent more than $ 1 billion to link their names and products to the Olympic Games. There are 10 Worldwide Sponsors, 10 Centennial Olympic Partners, about 20 regular sponsors and more than a hundred licensees. The Atlanta Games will boast an “official" scouring pad and timepiece, two official game shows, and three official vehicles: a family car, an import minivan and a luxury sedan. But what exactly do these companies reap for their huge investment At the very least, they command tickets to the most popular events, invitations to the best parties and prime hotel rooms. But most of all, according to US Postal Service, it is purchasing the right to spend money. And the right to spend money is expensive. The biggest backers, Olympic sponsors like Anheuser-Busch, Coca-Cola, Mcdonald's and Xerox, commit up to $ 40 million. But, getting the rights to the Olympic rings is only half the battle. The other half is the challenge to sort of wrap their product brands around that image. Often that means TV time. And at roughly $ 400 000 per 30-second spot, some of the biggest sponsors have already locked up every commercial slot in their product categories that NBC has to sell. Not everyone is convinced that the Games are worth the price of business admission. The biggest and most conspicuous naysayer is Nike. Its spokesman says:“If I see a Reebok official who may not be in the best shape firing the starting pistol and Carl Lewis wearing Nike shoes, I'm going to go with Carl because that's the authentic link." Nike's strategy is hard to argue with - instead of sponsoring the Olympics, it sponsors Olympians. Yet even Nike wants a piece of the Atlantic action. Along with some other nonsponsors, Nike is trying to dot downtown Atlanta with billboards. Advertisement, it's another Olympic event. 1. By “official vehicles", the author means . A. automobiles for Olympic officials B. automobiles used in official occasion C. automobiles that the Olympic participants must drive D. automobiles that allowed to bear the Olympic symbol 2. Which of the following is not an Olympic sponsor A. US Postal Service. B. Nike. C. Coca-Cola. D. Mcdonald's 3. The last sentence of this passage indicates . A. businesses trying to get publicity is a part of the Olympic Games B. what the Olympic non-sponsors do is of no interest to the Olympic organizers C. that businesses must try very hard to earn money from the Olympic Games as if they were themselves competing in the Games D. that those who fail to sponsor the Olympics this time will try very hard the next time 4. Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage A. Companies use their Olympic sponsorship to promote sales of their products. B. To provide sportswear for Carl Lewis is a more effective advertisement than to provide suits for Olympic officials. C. NBC makes great profits from selling advertising time to companies eager to impress potential customers during the Olympic Games. D. Nike looks down upon the Olympic Games. 5. Which of the following can best sum up the passage A. Businesses want to profit from the Olympics. B. The 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.
标题：【四级预测】We Should Balance Our Love 字数: 不低于120字并且不高于180 字 满分: 100 要求： Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic how to balance our love for our children and parents. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 1. 现在有很多人关心下一代超过关心上一代 2. 这一现象带来什么问题 3. 你认为应该怎么做 【写作指导】 Para 1: introduce the current situation that most people care more about their children than their parents; Para 2: illustrate the problems arises from this phenomenon and its aftereffects; Para 3: give your own opinion on how to solve the problem. 【好词好句】 focus one’s attention on 把注意力集中在 empty nest seniors 空巢老人 arouse the public concern 引起公众关注 consequence 后果，结果
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四）含答案解析 六 As the pace of life continues to increase ,we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through lift,being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is an natural part of everyday lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact ,it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation adn give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress,and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress,in whatever form,we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme,but however little the stress,it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long,through continued exposure to stress,that health becomes endangered.Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress.Since we cannot remove stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could),we need to find ways to deal with it. 1.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_____. a.they do not know how to enjoy themselves b.they do not believe that relaxation is important for health c.they are travelling fast all the time d.they are becoming busier with their work 2.According to the writer ,the most important character for a good manager is his ________. a.not fearing stress
大学英语四级选词填空和快速阅读复习攻略 选词填空: 首先:预览选项，了解词义并把选项分为四大类词性:名词n，动词v，形容词a，副词ad，在每个选项后作词性的简要标记; 其次:精读全文开头，把握文章主题，并以三个空或一个段落为一个单位，利用前后文判断每空的词性; 第三:把对应词性的选项逐一带回原文，含义通顺，时态、主谓搭配一致的为正确选项。 记背选词填空选项的重点范围: 1.历年曾经考过的复合式听写的单词 2.历年曾经考过的完形填空的选项，仔细阅读态度题的选项 3.历年曾经考过的真题中的高频词汇 快速阅读: 建议做题方法:读题干并确定关键词(中心词)--去原文中定位关键词--分析定位句--分析题干--确定答案。 首先用“打包”方法对付乱序: 把整组题全部一次性吃透，然后去原文从头到尾定位。否则，考生如果按顺序逐题解答，时间会严重不足，最好是文章一遍看下来，能找到所有的信息。此外，考生应该注意定位原文的过程中，一定要脑、眼和手并用:眼是肯定要用的，不用脑会导致忽视同义转换，不用手(笔)会使我们处于走马观花的状态，然后会怀疑自己是不是漏掉了信息而不停地看。 其次:“吃透”题干，准确判断关键词(中心词)至关重要。如果没吃透题干，就无法准确判断关键词或中心词，就可能对原文中的重要信息没感觉。一般来说，题干关键词或中心词为实词以及一些数字、专有名词等。 最后，在解题的先后顺序上，采用先易后难的策略。采用由易到难的解题策略，可以提升考生的解题信心。对于那些答题线索较少的题干细节信息，考生可留在最后再解答。在解答这类较难的题目时，考生可快速阅读原文中仍未选过的段落的主题句(通常为第一句、第二句或最后一句)，之后根据段落大意与题干中的细节信息进行匹配。