英语：译林牛津版高中语法复习大全
英语语法复习（模块1- 模块 4）
语法复习一：定语从句
（一）定义
1) 在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.
2) 被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent
1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
先行词关系代词定语从句
2) You must do everything that I do.
先行词关系代词定语从句
(二 )：关系代词的作用;
1.连接主句和从句。
2.代表被修饰的先行词。
3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。
eg. This is the room which I lived in last year.
先行词关系代词定语从句
(三 )：定语从句中有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as.
关系副词when, where, why等引导定语从句。
（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词
关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定
语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。
词行先行词充当成分
who人主、宾、表
Whom人宾关
系
That人 & 物主、宾、表代
词
Which物主、宾、表
As物主、宾
Whose=of whom\of which人&物定语
When=at\in\on\during which时间状
Where=at\in\to which地点状关
系
Why=for which原因状副
词
that 在口语中可以代替关以上三者状
系副词
This is the place where we work. （ vi. ） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的) This is the place which we visited. (vt. )
种类先行词关联词例句说明
（人）在who This is the doctor who saved the who 在从句中做主语定从句中做boy ’ s life .whom 在从句中做宾语，主语或宾这就是救了孩子生命的医生。口语中 who 可以代替语She is the new student whom I want whom ，也可以被省去，
to introduce to you .但做介词宾语时只能用语她就是我要介绍给你的新学生whom
物在从句whichPlease pass me the book which is
从中做主语lying on the table.which在从句中做主语。
或宾语请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。which充当宾语时可以
The novel which Tom bought is 省去。
very interesting.
句汤姆买的小说很有意思。
Can you lend me the magazine which做介词宾语不可
about which you talked yesterday?省
你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给
我吗？
whose The professor whose daughter teaches you whose 在从句中做定
English is Dr. Williams语
定人那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。指某人的也可以
或The professor, the daughter of whom 用? of whom 代替从物teaches you English is Dr. Williams.whose
句的The bike whose brake was damaged has
now been repaired.指物也可以用? of
那坏了的自行在已修好了。which 代替 whose
=The bike the brake of which was damaged
has now been repaired
that The woman that is playing the piano is Miss that 指人做主人Zhang.
正在琴的那位女是小姐。
或I ’ dlike to see the films that are just on that 指物做主
show.
我想看那些上映的影。
种先行关例句明
They talked for about an hour of things 先行分表示人物and persons that they remember in the 和物，关系代要用
all,
little much that 和
some,any every ,no
构成的合
成代
人
或that
物school.
他起他所得起的学校里的人和事，
了大有半个小。
I ’ ll tell you all(that )I know about it .
我要告你我所知道件事的一切情况。
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
有什么我可以帮助做的事？
I ’ ve brought everything (that )you need.
我把你需要的西都拿来了。
This is the best film that I have seen .
that ，不用who或
which
先行表示物，关系
代用that不用
which,在从句中做
可省去。如果
先行是人，关系
代不受制，用
that 或 who (whom)
均可
是我看的最好的一部影。先行被形容最The first place that we’ ll visit is Beijing 高或序数修
Library.时定语从句用that 引
我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆导。
thatHe is the only person that is believable.先行词被 the only,他是唯一可靠的人。the very,the same 等
定人John is the very person that she wants to see.
约翰正是她要见的人。
语Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?
正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？
从或Which of the books that you bought is easy to
read?
句你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。
物修饰时用关系代词that.
当主句以 who、which 开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that
when He came at a time when we. needed him 在定语从句中作时时most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。间状语
We’ ll never forget the day when the People’ s 间Republic of China was founded.
我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的
那一天。
注：先行词是time, minute, moment, next time 很少用关系副词when,可用 that 但通常省去。
where This is the room where he put up for the 在定语从句中作地点状语
地点night.
这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。
原因why I know the reason why she studies so well .在定语从句中作原因状语
理由我知道她学习好的原因。
This is the place where work. （ vi. ） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的) This is the place which we visited. (vt. )
（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定从句只是对先行词的附加说
语，如果省去，主句的意思就明，如果省去 ,主句的意思仍然
会不完整或不明确。清楚或完整
标点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号
分开
关指人 who (that) whom指人 who（作主语） whom（做
系指物 which (that)宾语）
代人和物 whose指物 which
词关系代词在从句中作宾语时可人和物的 whose
以省去关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也
可修饰整个主句
翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个
独立的句子
限制性非限制性
形式上无逗号有逗号
内容上先行词不是唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句
可有可无。
关系词可用 that ,why.作宾语可以省不可用 that ,why 。关系词一
限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句
从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定从句只是对先行词的附加说
语，如果省去，主句的意思就明，如果省去 ,主句的意思仍然
会不完整或不明确。清楚或完整
标点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号
分开
关指人 who (that) whom指人 who（作主语） whom（做
系指物 which (that)宾语）
代人和物 whose指物 which
词关系代词在从句中作宾语时可人和物的 whose
以省去关系代词一般不可省
修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也
可修饰整个主句
翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个
独立的句子
略律不省。
先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以使整个
句子
汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句
1．二者差异比较
限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that 来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，
不可用 that 引导。
He has a brother who is a physicist.
He has a brother, who is a physicist. ( 只有一个 )
He returned all the books which are written in English.
He returned all the books, which are written in English.
I will wear no clothes which will be out of ordinary.
I will wear no clothes, which will be out of ordinary.
The man who lives next door is a doctor.
My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.
I ’ m sure I know the person who served me.
Tom, who served us, is the owner of the restaurant.
A student who studies hard will make good progress.
The student, who lives far from school, is the leader of their football match.
（六）关系代词that 和which的区别
<1> ．只能用that 的情况
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none， few.等不定代词，关系
代词一般只用that，不用 which 。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears.
Everything that we saw was interesting.
’ t know.
I ’ m interested in everythingthat I don
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
(2) 如果先等词被all ,little none any, only, few,much, no, some,very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用
which.
例如：I read all the books that you gave to me.
This is the only money that I have in my pocket.
All the money that was collected was given to the Hope Project.
(3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which 。
This is the first book that was written in English.
This is the last factory that I visited.
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
This is the funniest thing that I ever heard.
(4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.
This is the only book that I really like.
He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.
(5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who, which.
例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
(6)who ,which 开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.
Who is the person that is standing there?
Which of us that knows Englis h doesn ’ t know this?
which of the novel do you like best?
(7) 关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.
It took us many years to make the city that it is today.
He is not the man that he used to be.
China isn’ t the country it used to be.
(8)先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that .
Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water.
(9) 当主句“ there be开头“时，关系代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。
There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.
(10) 当先行词是“ to be后“面的表语时关系代词用that .
This is the dictionary that was bought in the bookstore yesterday.
<2> ．只能用which 的情况
1)非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. Bei jing , which is china s capital,’is rich in culture.
2)those/that + 名词后的定语从句用which 引导。不能用关系代词that。
That pen which he took is mine.
A shop should keep those goods which sells well.
3)介词后只用 which
This is the room in which he lived.
I don’ t know the man to whom you talked.
The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.
(4)which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，不用that..例如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5)先行词是 that 时，关系代词要用 which. What’
s that which flashed in the sky just now?
(6)关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词which.
Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.
<3> ．只用 who, whom. 而不用 that 的情况
(1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones 等时，关系代词
应该用who 或 whom ，不用which .that 。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
People all like those who have good manners.
（ 2）当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then.
Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.
(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词who
Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.
(4) 当先行词用-body或 -one构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用who
We’ d better not believe in anyone who we don’ t know.
(5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who
The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brother’ s sister.
（七）．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构
(1) 介“词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without等，关系代词只可用whom或which, 不可用 that 。其中 whom 代表人， which 代表物
Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?
He works in a factory, in front of which there is a river
Give me the book the cover of which is red(the cover of which=whose cover)
He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher.
This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle.
(2) from where 为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如：
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
（ 3） *** 关系代词前的介词如何确定？
A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配
Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.
B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定
There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)
C.根据所表达的意思确定
The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.
The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.
(4)*** 注意关系代词的位置
介词在关系代词前时，只能用which 和 whom 不能用 that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可 which ,that ,whom, who, 都行，而且还可以省略。
This is the drawer in which I put my letters.
= This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.
Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?
= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?
所以一个句子有时有多种用法
如：那就是他工作的大学
This is the college at which he works.
This is the college that/which he works at.
This is the college where he works.
但像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
This is the book which /that I am looking for.
This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.
（八）whose 引导从句的意义
1）指人 =of whom表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
2)指物 =of which 表所修饰的“某物的“
I live in the room whose window faces south.
I live in the room, the window of which faces south
( whose + 从句可以用“ of which +从句”代替)
（九） As 与 which是有区的
A)相同之：都可以用来引非限制性定从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做或
表
He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.
He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.
B)区：
1） as 引的非限制性定从句位置灵活，可以位于主句前面．中或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，
但 which 所引的非限制性定从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
1) As we all know, Galileo’ s theory of falling objects is right.
=Galileo ’ s theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right
=Galileo ’ s theory of falling objects ight,isr as we all know.
2)He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village
3)As is expected, the England team won the football match.
4)The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
5)He was late again, which made me unhappy
6)As you know, he is good at English.
2.）as 有“如”、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含，which没有。后面的多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report 等。
Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.
Our team won the game, which made us happy.
As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.
We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
We hope to get the tool which he is using.
3.) as在引限制性定从句多与such或the same 用，可以代替先行是人或物的名。
the same? as such ? .as
This is the same story as he told me.
I hope to get such a book as he is using
4).as也可独使用，引非限制性定从句，作用相当于which 。可代表一个句子。例如：
The elephant’ s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
5).as 做主，其后必跟系，而which无此限制
The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.
He was murdered, as seemed true.
6)as 引从句，从句必和主句一致
She was married again, which was unexpected
She was married again, as was unexpected 7
7） the same?as与the same ..that的区：前者修的是原物同的
而后者修的就是先行
This is the same watch as I lost. 和我的那一只手表是一的。
This is the dame watch that I lost. 着就是我的那一只手表。
（十）什么候that 可以省略？
1)引同位从句，主从句，表从句不能省略，且不做成分。
The name“ whitewater” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
It ’ s known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)
The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有可省，一般不省)
2）从句中可以省略
I don’ t think (that) you are right.
3） that 只有在定从句中做成分，可做主、、表。
（十一）关系代做主，的复数取决于先行而不是关系代。
I want to see the film that is on show.
The students who don’ t study hard will not pas the exam.
(十二 )one of the与?the one of the做?先行不一致。
Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.
Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.
This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese.
This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.
He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.
He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.
（十三）．关系副引的定从句
1．关系副也可以引定从句
关系副在从句中分表示．地点或原因。关系副when 在从句中充当状，where 充当地点状， why 充当原因状。
1)when 表示 , 充当状when=on/ in/ of /at?+which
I still remember the day when I join the party
I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
但注意：
1.当先行是表地点： place ,room, mountain, airport 等：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason等名 ,并且分在句中做地点、、原因状，用where ,when ,why 引。但是如果如果表示
地点原因的名不做状，而是做主，，或者表，必用关系代that /which 来引而不是用where 等。
I still remember the day that we spent together 。
May 1 is the day that I will never forget。
The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.
江三峡是个美的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参。
The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.
Is this the reason that he gave us for being late?
This is the factory that we visited
That is the house that he lived in..
The place that we had been to was far.
The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.
2.当先行by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time ，关系不用when 而用 that.或省略
This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
The first time I saw him was in 1980
By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics
但如果 time 前无修 ,关系用that when 均可
I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.
3. 当先行way ，关系用in which ,that,或省略.
This is the way that/ in which /不加he smiles.
但注意：
4.why 表示原因（行只有一个reason），做原因状。Why= for which
That is the reason why he was late.
（十四）学生容易出现的问题。
1.在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：
Some of the boys I invited them didn’ t come.
Some of the boys I invited didn’ t come.
Is this the horse you drew it yesterday?
Is this the horse you drew yesterday?
2.把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。
Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.
They key opens the room is missing.
Those who have finished may leave the classroom now.
This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.
This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.
3.省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。
Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.
Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.
They key opens the room is missing.
They key which/that opens the room is missing.
4.定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。
The house where he lives in needs repairing.
The house where he lives needs repairing.
The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.
This is the time at when he’ s more likely to be in. This is the time when he’ s more likely to be in. This is the time at which he’ s more likely to be in.（十五）代有插入语的定语从句who 与 whom 的选用。担主语成分时用who ,担宾格成分时用whom
方法：要区分是定语从句中的插入语还是主谓结构。
Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.( 去掉仍成立 ) Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest.
做宾语
The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.
The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.
（十六）什么候宜用非限制性定从句
1）当先行是有名，通常用非限制性定从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。
Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden .
Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.
2) 当先行是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句表示唯一的一个，compare:
Her room has a window which faces south.
Her room has a window, which faces south.
I have a brother who is working in Beijing.
I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.
3.当先行表示属意，即表示某物，事物或人，其后所跟的定从句一般是非限制性的。
A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.
Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world.
语法复习二：动词时态
1一般在的用法
1)常性或性的作，常与表示腮度的状用。
状：every ?, sometimes, at ?, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2)客真理，客存在，科学事。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3)表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.者必。
注意：此用法如果出在从句中，即使主句是去，从句也要用一般在。
例： Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4)在刻的状、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般在，用于操作演示或指明的示范性作，表示言行的瞬作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是行的志，表示正在行的作的客状况，
所以后句用一般在。
2 一般去的用法
1）在确定的去里所生的作或存在的状。
状有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在去一段内，常性或性的作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth"到??了""?? 了"
It is time sb. did sth. "已了""早??了"
It is time for you to go to bed.你睡了。
It is time you went to bed.你早睡了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用去，作探性的、求、建等。 I thought you
might have some. 我以你想要一些。
比：
一般去表示的作或状都已成去，已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含：她已不在人。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含：她在活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含：在住在肯塔基州，有可能指离去)
注意：用去表示在，表示委婉气。
1）want, hope, wonder, think, intend
等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
3 used to / be used to
used to + do：" 去常常 "表示去性的作或状，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk.(去常常散步 )
be used to + doing：??已感到，或"于 "， to 是介，后需加名或名。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.( 在于散步)
典型例
----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
----It's 69568442.
A. didn't
B. couldn't
C. don't
D. can't
答案A.本句没有明确的状，但从意上看出，在听的候没有听懂个作生在去，因此用去。
4一般将来
1)shall 用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替。
will在述句中用于各人称，在争求意常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2)be going to + 不定式，表示将来。 a.
主的意，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b.划，安排要生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month 。
c.有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3)be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意： be about to不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
5 be going to / will
用于条件句时，be going to表将来
will表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
6 be to 和be going to
be to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes ( 不是 will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
8用在行表示将来
意： "意 "、 " 打算 "、 "安排 " 、常用于人。常用come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
9在完成
在完成用来表示之前已生或完成的作或状，其果的确和在有系。作或状生
在去但它的影响在存在；也可表示持到在的作或状。其构成：have (has) +去分。10比去与在完成
1）去表示去某生的作或叙述去的事情，作；在完成去生的，
去的事情在的影响，的是影响。
2）去常与具体的状用，而在完成通常与模糊的状用，或无状。
一般去的状:
yesterday, last week，? ago, in1980, in October, just now,具体的状
共同的状:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
在完成的状
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的状
3）在完成可表示持到在的作或状，一般是延性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
去常用的非持性有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。
例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（看的作生了。）
I have seen this film.
（在的影响，影的内容已知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（起床的作已生了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（有卷子，可能不公平争。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在内的状可延)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是的状可持)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入，joined 短行。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有去的副（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960 ），不能使用在完成，要用去。
（） Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（） Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11用于在完成的句型
1） It is the first / second time构?中.的that从句部?分，用在完成。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2） This is the?that构?，that从句要用在完成.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
是我看的最好的影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例
(1)---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
答案 B. This is the first time后面所加从句在完成，故B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?