语用学题库

What is your impression on pragmatic study? In what way do you think Pragmatic study is essential to our English learning?Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence. So an utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience2.why do you think one says to the gate-keeper “May we come in?” when he is alone?And why does he still say so to the gate-keeper w hen he and his company want to go into the park?(15’)the category of plural notion is not applied to the first person in the same way as it is to the person . Deixis is from a Greek word meaning ‘indicating’ or ‘pointing’. In linguistics, it refers to certain aspects of context of utterance, including the role of participants in the speech event and their spatio-temporal and social location. It directly concerns the relationship between the structure of language and the context in which it is used. Typical examples are pronouns, demonstratives, time & place adverbs, and some grammatical categories such as tense.Some languages even make a distinction between “we-inclusive-of-addressee”and “we-exclusive-of-addressee.”Here, the person says to the gate-keeper "may we come in "when he is alone, the plural forms”us” includes the gate-keeper. By saying so, the person intends to show his friendness to the gate-keeper. It seems they have a close relationship. when he and his company want to go onto the park, by saying”may we come in ”, the plural forms ”us” just means the person and his company.Man:Does your dog bite?Woman:No(then the man reached down to pet the dog.the dog bites the man’s hand)The speaker's own questioning expression unclearConversation is the common interactions of speaker and hearer, however in order to research are often only pay attention to the hearer, the analysis for the hearer to specific inference, the purpose of the violation of cooperative principles more than from the Angle of the hearer guess what the speaker want to convey meaning. In this paper, the subjective factors include two aspects, one is the speaker's factor, 2 it is to the hearer. In some cases, the speaker words to express itself is not clear, easy to make the listener produce misunderstanding, confusion. Thereby, the unpredictability of the speaker said tend to be obedient people don't cooperate.In this scenario, lady with a clear violation of the cooperative principle in the amount of code, thus she can deduce the conversational implicature is: she doesn't want to communicate with the strange man. If you want to communicate well, she should say at the outset of this dog is not her. From the speaker, however, that this man's point of view to analysis, the man didn't clear from thestart, he asked the question itself is not clear, is easy to be misunderstood. Assuming he ask is this your dog? Then ask the dog bite? Or directly ask the dog bite? Ms. I'm afraid I won't bring cooperation and dogs not friendly.4.What’s the importance of Grice’s theory of conversational implicature?answer this question with the following example (15’)Student A:How are you?Student B:I’m dead.The importance of the theory of conversational implicature in pragmatics is due to various sources or contributions.1.the theory of conversational implicature may provide come significant function explanation for linguistic facts.2.it provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually “said”, or more than what is literally expressed.3.it may help to simplify the content of semantic descriptions.4.it is essential if various basic facts about language are to be accounted for properly.5. it may offer an insight into the rhetorical use of language.The Cooperative Principle has four categories of maxims as follows:1. Quantity2.Quality3.Relation4.MannerIt is important to recognize these maxims as unstated assumptions we have in conversations. In this case, it violates the Quality of CP. Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true.(1)?Do not say what you believe to be false.(2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.We can see the sentence “I’m dead” is not true, so it violates the maxim of quality in CP and products implicature.5.Xiao:(look around)（20’）Grocer:老师吃什么？(what would you like to have,teacher?)Xiao:西瓜多少钱一斤？(How much is water melon?)Grocer:一块二(one yuan and twenty)Xiao:一块二？很贵的(one yuan and twenty?very expensive）Grocer:哦，我们进来就一块一，一天挣不了几个钱，你要我给你便宜一毛Grocer:好，来一个。

I.Define the following terms: (15%) 5个II.Indicate the following statement true or false, mark “T”for the true statements and “F” for the false. (10%) 10题III.From A, B, C and D, choose the appropriate one to complete the following statements. (20%) 20题IV.Fill in the blanks with the following word which completes the statements.(20%) 20题V.Answer the following questions. (35%) 四题1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English. (5%)Exampl e：[i] front mid-high unrounded short2. Pick out ten minimal pairs from the following words. (10%)3. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two sentences that paraphrase the multiple meanings. (10%)4. Answer the questions (10%)复习题1. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. learning and teachingD. acquisition2.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? .A. Lend/BorrowB. Single/MarriedC. Hot/ColdD. Old/Young3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? .A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D.[r]4. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to使发生，引起.A. breakdown of the conversationB. confusion of one`s intentionC. conversational implicatures会话含意D. hostility between speakers and listeners.5. is concerned with all the speech sounds that occur in the world`s languages.A. PhonologyB. Phonetics发音学，语音学C. MorphologyD. Psychology6. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about .A. language and MTB. SLA and languageC. language and thoughtD. language and LAD7. Morphemes such as “bed”, “tree” are called .A. bound morphemesB. word formationC. free morphemes自由语素D. stem morphemes8. What`s the meaning relationship between the two words “flower” and “rose”?A. Homonymy 同音异意B. Antonymy 反义词组；反义现象C. Hyponymy 上下位关系D. Polysemy一词多义；意义的分歧9. “Commerce / begin”and “facilitate / help”are two examples of variety.A. genderB. sexC. ageD. register10. The relation, Saussure originally called associative, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at aparticular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.A. syntagmaticB. chainC. horizontalD. paradigmatic词形变化的；范例的11.Halliday proposed three ：the ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.A. micro-functionsB. macro-functionsC. meta-functions 元功能D. functions12. Bloomfield drew on psychology when trying to define themeaning of linguistic forms语言形态.A. structuralB. behaviorist行为主义者C. conceptualistD. mentalist13. are produced by moving from one vowel position to antherthrough intervening positions.A. Diphthongs双元音；复合元音B. MonophthongsC. V owelsD. Consonants14. Words such as “male/female”and “present/absent”are .A. gradableB. complementaryC. converseD.relational15. A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to whichcan be added.A. an inflectional affix 曲折词缀B. a derivational affixC. a compoundD. a blending16. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to thething it refers to, or stands for, is known as the theory.A. cohortB. assimilationC. referential 指示的；用作参考的D. dissimilation17. The smallest meaning unit of language is .A. allomorphB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme词素；形态素18. Style refers to in a person`s speech or writing or aparticular person`s use of speech or writing at all times or to a way of speaking or writing at a particular period of time.A. dialectB. registerC. languageD. variation变化19. is the language which a person is learning , in contrast to afirst language or mother tongue.A. Target languageB. Second languageC. Native languageD. Mother language20. The members of the same class are .A. hyponymsB. antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms21. Which description of the meaning components of the word “mother”is correct?A.＋human,＋adult,－maleB. ＋human,－adult,＋maleC. －human,＋adult,－maleD. ＋human,＋adult,＋male22. According to Saussure, refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. languageD. langue23. The Cooperative Principle is proposed by .A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons24. Saussure is a linguist and the founder of modern linguistics.A. BritishB. SwissC. FrenchD. Russian25. The study of language as a whole is often called linguistics.A. generalB. averageC. ordinaryD. particular26. The word “language”sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person`s language is called .A. idiolectB. formal languageC. informal languageD. social language27. Writing is the secondary language form based on .A. body languageB. gestureC. soundsD. speech28. L. Bloomfield is a famous structural linguist.A. BritishB. AmericanC. SwissD. Russian29. When stress is organized to form a regular rhythm, the term used for it is .A. metreB. stressC. intonationD. pattern30. Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization 极大化，最大化of .A. oppositionB. synonymC. relevanceD. antonym31. is a matter of class membership.A. AntonymyB. Hyponymy上下位关系C. Co-hyponymyD. Synonymy32. A r-expression , as the abbreviation of a , covers all theother r-expression except anaphors and pro-nominals.A. referenceB. relationshipC. relevanceD.referential-expression33. Those in which there is only one head ,with the head being dominantand the other constituents dependent are constructions.A. coordinateB. subordinateC. endocentricD. exocentric34. is the degree to which a test measures what it is meant tomeasure.A. Validity 有效性；正确；正确性B. ReliabilityC. ConsistencyD. Agreement35. Frequency effect describes the additional ease with which a word isaccessed due to its more .A. recentB.recencyC. frequencyD. frequent36. Which of the following pairs is a minimal pair? The pairof .A. boo t：butB. bea n：pinC. rop e：roadD. bea t：put37. Traditional grammarians 文法学者used the method of todescribe sentence structure.A. analysisB. traditionC. phonemeD. parsing语法分析；剖析38. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and transcriptions.A. wideB. bigC. broadD. large39. Recency effect describes the additional ease with which a word isaccessed due to its repeated in the discourse or context.A. appearanceB. absenceC. distanceD. occurrence40. Linguistic refers to the differences between men andwomen in language use which are brought about by women`s social place.A. sexism（针对女性的）性别歧视；男性至上主义B. genderC. femaleD. sexist参考答案1.C2..B3.A4.C5.B6.C7.C8.C9.D 10.D 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.B15.A16.C 17.D 18.D 19.A 20.C21.A 22..D 23.C 24.B 25.A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.A 30.C 31.B 32.D 33.B 34.A 35.D 36.A 37.D 38.C 39.D 40.A。

语用学测试题及答案一、选择题1. 语用学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的物理特性B. 语言的抽象结构C. 语言的交际功能D. 语言的演变过程答案：C2. 以下哪个选项是语用学中的合作原则？A. 说话要尽量简短B. 不要说自知是假话C. 说话要有条理D. 说话要尽量具体答案：B3. 根据格莱斯的合作原则，以下哪个选项是违反了量的准则？A. 说话要尽量简短B. 不要说自知是假话C. 说话要提供足够的信息D. 说话要尽量具体答案：A二、填空题根据语用学中的合作原则，说话者和听话者之间应该遵循以下准则：1. 量的准则：说话者应提供足够的信息，但不要提供比必要更多的信息。

2. 质的准则：说话者不应说自知是假的话，不应说缺乏足够证据的话。

3. 关系准则：说话者应保持话题相关性。

4. 方式准则：说话者应避免模糊不清，避免不明确的表达。

三、简答题1. 请简述语用学中的言外行为理论。

答案：言外行为理论是语用学中的一个重要概念，它指的是说话者通过言语行为所表达的超出字面意义的信息。

言外行为通常包括直接言外行为、间接言外行为和隐喻言外行为等。

2. 举例说明如何通过语境来理解话语的隐含意义。

答案：语境在理解话语的隐含意义中起着至关重要的作用。

例如，当某人在餐厅说“这里的菜真好吃”，在不同的语境下可能有不同的隐含意义。

如果说话者刚刚品尝了一道新菜，这可能是对菜品的直接赞美；但如果餐厅的菜品普遍不佳，这句话可能隐含着讽刺的意味。

四、论述题1. 论述语用学在跨文化交际中的重要性。

答案：语用学在跨文化交际中的重要性体现在多个方面。

首先，不同文化背景的人在交际中可能有不同的语言习惯和交际准则，了解这些差异有助于避免误解和冲突。

其次，语用学可以帮助人们更好地理解言外之意，即通过语境来解读话语的隐含意义。

此外，语用学还有助于提高跨文化交际的效率和效果，通过适当的言语行为来实现交际目的。

语用学定义和大题目37. pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.38. Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge thatis shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 39. utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.40. sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is often consideredas the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.41. Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ; 42. Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act. 43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act ofuttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.45. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formedby or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice.It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is: Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.49. How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?A sentence meaning is of-ten considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning;it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There isadogatthedoor”. The speaker co uld utter it as a matter- of- fact statement, telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could use it as a warning, asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are other possibilities, too. So, the understanding of the utterance mean ingof“There is adogatthedoor”depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.How are Lawrence horn and Stephen Levinson similar and different in their reformulation of Grice’s Cooperative principle?Similarity: both of Horn and Levinson base their Q-principle on the first sub maxim of Quantity Maxim.Difference: Horn's R-principle is based on the second sub maxim of Quantity Maxim, relation maxim and part of Manner Maxim, while Levinson' I-principle is based on the second maximof Quantity Maxim and his Principle based on Manner Maxim从会话原则分析小品不差钱对数量准则的违反在这组对话中,赵的第二句除了回答毕“在搜狐网上也有您的名字?”这个问题外,还提出了一项超出需要的信息,即“我还有一个重要秘密没跟你透露-----其实我姥爷也姓毕” 这句话违反了会话合作原则中的数量准则,提供了多余的星系,从而产生了会话含义,即小品中赵想和毕拉近关系,能够得到去星光大道表演的机会,展现出一位淳朴又不失聪慧的老人形象,自然让观众忍俊不禁.对方式准则的违反在对话中,赵故意用了一种隐晦模糊的方式来表达社长的意思,即“今个儿吃完了,明个儿来结账”. 而小沈阳饰演的服务员却一语道出了赵这句隐晦的话语的含义,即打白条. 赵饰演的角色在这里故意违反了方式准则的第一题,即避免话语含混不清,而这种有意识的违反该准则,实际上是为了顾及面子,顾及服务员的态度及情绪.。

语用学期末考试试题# 语用学期末考试试题## 第一部分：选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语用学研究的核心问题是：A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的使用情境D. 语言的历史演变2. 以下哪个选项是间接言语行为的例子？A. "请把窗户关上。

"B. "今天真热啊。

"C. "你能把窗户关上吗？"D. "窗户开着。

"3. 语用学中的“合作原则”是由谁提出的？A. 乔姆斯基B. 格莱斯C. 索绪尔D. 维特根斯坦4. 以下哪项不是语用学中的语境因素？A. 社会文化背景B. 说话者和听话者的关系C. 语言的音韵特征D. 说话的时间和地点5. 语用学中的“礼貌原则”包括哪些子原则？A. 量准则、质准则、关系准则、方式准则B. 量准则、质准则、方式准则、目的准则C. 质准则、关系准则、方式准则、目的准则D. 量准则、关系准则、方式准则、目的准则## 第二部分：简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 解释“言语行为”理论中的“言内行为”、“言外行为”和“言后行为”。

2. 描述“隐喻”在语用学中的作用及其对语言理解的影响。

3. 阐述“语境”在语言交流中的重要性，并举例说明。

## 第三部分：论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述“预设”在语言交流中的作用及其可能引起的误解。

2. 分析“指示语”在不同语境下的变化，并讨论其对交流的影响。

## 第四部分：案例分析题（共30分）阅读以下对话，并分析其中涉及的语用学概念：- A: “你昨天去图书馆了吗？”- B: “如果我去了，我就不会问你借书了。

”请从语用学的角度，分析B的回答中隐含的意思，并讨论这种交流方式在日常生活中的应用。

请注意，以上试题仅为示例，实际考试内容和形式可能有所不同。

考生应根据具体的教学大纲和课程内容进行复习准备。

I。

Put the following English terms into Chinese. (1'×10＝10’)所指对象referent所指论Referential theory专有名词 proper name普通名词 common nouns固定的指称记号 rigid designators指称词语deixical items确定性描述语definite descriptions编码时间 coding—time变异性variability表示反复的词语 iterative表述句 constative补救策略redressive strategies不可分离性 non—detachability不确定性indeterminacy不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions 阐述类言语行为 representatives承诺类言语行为 commissives指令类言语行为directives表达类言语行为expressives，宣告类言语行为declarations诚意条件 sincerity condition次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act等级含义 scalar implicature等级划分法 rating scales副语言特征 paralinguistic features非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record非规约性non—conventionality非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature非论证性的 non—demonstrative非自然意义non—natural meaning (meaning—nn)否定测试法negation test符号学 semiotics构成性规则 constitutive rules古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature关联论Relevance Theory关联原则Principle of Relevance归属性用法 attributive use规约性含义conventional implicature人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric篇章修辞textual rhetoric含蓄动词 implicative verbs合适条件 felicity conditions呼语 vocatives互相显映 mutually manifest会话含义 conversational implicature话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy积极面子positive face间接言语行为 indirect speech acts间接指令 indirect directives结语 upshots交际意图communicative intention可撤销性 cancellability可废弃性 defeasibility可推导性 calculability跨文化语用失误cross—cultural pragmatic failure跨文化语用学cross—cultural pragmatics命题内容条件 propositional content condition面子保全论 Face-saving Theory面子论 Face Theory面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts （FTAs）蔑视 flouting明示 ostensive明示－推理模式ostensive—inferential model摹状词理论Descriptions粘合程度 scale of cohesion篇章指示 discourse deixis前提 presupposition前提语 presupposition trigger强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event 确定性描述语 definite descriptions认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics上下文 co—text社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure施为句 performative省力原则 the principle of least effort实情动词 factive verbs适从向 direction of fit手势型用法 gestural usage首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability顺应性adaptability语境关系的顺应(contextual correlates of adaptability)、语言结构的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、顺应的动态性（dynamics of adaptability)和顺应过程的意识程度（salience of the adaptation processes）。

《语用学》复习范围一、绪论1.语用学的由来和发展（“语用学”这个术语的提出；语用学成为新学科的标志）；“语用学”（pragmatics拉丁词“行动、做”）这个术语是由美国哲学家莫里斯于1938年在《符号理论基础》一书中首先提出，而哲学家和逻辑学家卡纳普也在其后提出。

莫里斯的符号学包括句法学（符号之间的形式关系），语义学（符号及其所指对象的关系）和语用学（符号和使用者的关系）。

而《语用学杂志》于1977年在荷兰阿姆斯特丹正式出版发行则是语用学成为一门独立的新学科的标志。

1986年，国际语用学学会成立。

2.语用学产生和发展的语言学背景；（索绪尔的语言和语言学理论开创了20世纪的语言学。

受其影响的结构主义语言学派，主张研究语言系统、结构，并尽力追求语言描写形式化。

50年代末，乔母斯基提出转换生成语法理论，使语言分析高度形式化。

从结构主义语言学到转换生成语法，存在两大明显的缺陷，即忽视语言运用研究；语义研究薄弱。

而20C5/60年代，语言系统、结构的研究已经取得了杰出成就，完全具备了重点地研究语言运用的条件和可能性。

而语义研究遇到了难于解决的新问题，为语用学的产生和发展提供了良好的机遇。

）3.语用学的研究内容；语境、指示词语、会话含义、预设、言语行为、会话结构4.语用学和修辞学的区别与联系；●联系：两者的中心问题都是语言运用。

●研究目的不同：修辞学要对语言运用的形式，判别好与不好的界限，注意力是修辞技巧。

而语用学则是解释性的，它的目的是分析语言运用活动，建立意义解释理论，寻找语言运用的规律。

●理论基础不同：修辞学基础薄弱，基本上是一门纯经验的学科，而语用学理论基础雄厚。

●研究方法不同：修辞学主要采纳归纳的方法，而语用学不排斥归纳，但主要方法是理论解释和推理分析。

●研究兴趣和学科传统不同：修辞学以辞格、句子、词语的交际特色、语体风格为具体研究对象；而语用学以语境、指示词语、会话含义等为研究的具体对象。

5.语用学研究的理论意义和实用价值。

语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。

答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。

答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。

答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。

语用学概论（1）丈夫：我去办公室啦。

（2）妻子：老公，今天是星期天。

（1）父亲：今天哪儿也不想去。

（2）女儿：老爸，今天是星期天。

（1）下午踢球去吗？（2）晚上还有考试。

（昨天把腿拉伤了。

）（1）小王：怎么样？（2）小李：资料都拿走了。

（1）老师：现在几点了？（2）学生：路上自行车没气啦。

第一讲什么是语用学一、语用学的起源❑“语用学”术语的提出1938年美国哲学家莫里斯在著作《符号理论基础》（Foundation of the theory of signs）中首次使用了“语用学”这一术语（Pragmatics）。

这个术语是莫里斯参照pragmatism（实用主义）和pragmaticism（实效主义）创造出来的。

符号学（semiotics）包括：句法学（syntax）、语义学（semantics）、语用学（pragmatics）三分。

句法学（Syntactics or syntax）研究“符号之间的形式关系”；语义学（semantics）研究“符号及其所指对象的关系”；语用学（Pragmatics ）研究“符号和使用者的关系”（Morris,1938）《符号、语言和行动》（1946 ）语用学是符号学的一个部分，它研究符号的来源、应用及其在行为中出现时所产生的作用或效果。

⏹语用学与符号学⏹语用学与语言哲学自20世纪30年代末开始，皮尔斯、莫里斯和卡纳普等把语用学作为符号学的一部分，其研究仅限于哲学，这可算是语用学发展的第一个阶段。

从20世纪50年代初到60年代末，以希勒尔、奥斯汀、塞尔和格赖斯等为代表的语言哲学家对言语行为和会话含意理论的探索，使语用学有了突破性的进展，他们的研究成果基本上奠定了语用学的理论基础，这可算是语用学发展的第二个阶段，此时的语言学研究仍限于哲学范围内。

正式因为哲学家对语言的探讨，为70年代语用学成为语言学的一门独立学科准备了条件。

70年代以后，特别是1977年在荷兰正式出版发行了《语用学学刊》以后，语用学作为语言学的一门新兴学科才得到确认。

《语用学》复习范围一、绪论1、语用学的由来和发展（“语用学”这个术语的提出；语用学成为新学科的标志）；2、语用学产生分和发展的语言学背景；3、语用学的研究内容；4、语用学和修辞学的区别与联系；5、语用学研究的理论意义和实用价值。

二、语境6、索振羽先生关于“语用学”的定义；7、语境的提出者；国外语境研究概述（知识性内容）8、语境的定义及研究内容研究；9、语境对语言运用的影响。

三、指示词语10、指示词语的定义；11、什么事指示词语的指示中心？12、指示词语的两种指示用法（举例说明）；13、指示词语一般可以分为哪几类？14、社交指示的概念。

四、会话含义15、格赖斯会话含义理论：合作原则以及四条准则的相关内容；16、什么叫会话含义?格赖斯把会话含义分为哪两类？17、举例说明会话含义的推导。

18、会话含义的特征包含哪些内容?19、新格赖斯会话含义理论（列文森三原则）的内容。

20、利奇提出的“礼貌原则”的内容。

21、礼貌准则的特征五、预设22、第一位探讨“预设”这类问题的哲学家是谁？23、什么是广义的预设和狭义的预设？24、预设有哪些特性？25、举例说明预设在现实生活中应用。

六、言语行为26、奥斯汀的言语行为理论（施为句理论）27、奥斯汀“言语行为三分说”的主要内容。

28、塞尔间接言语行为的定义。

29、塞尔认为间接言语行为要解决的问题是什么？30、塞尔认为理解或传达间接言语行为的四条依据是什么？31、为什么说塞尔对发展完善言语行为理论做出了重要贡献？32、言语行为理论的功绩。

七、会话结构33、语用学为什么要研究会话结构？（p184）34、会话结构所涉及的几个概念：A、轮流说话B、相邻对C、修正机制D、预示序列35、总体结构（开端、本体、结束语）考试题型：一、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）二、判断分析题: （本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）判断正误，在题后的括号内，正确的划上“√”，错误的划上“╳”，并改正。