Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-08
DETERMINATION OF MIGRATABLE LEAD IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS
62
1Scope
1.1 This method describes a general procedure for the determination of
migratable lead released from consumer products as applicable to item 12
(Children’s jewellery regulation) Part II of Schedule I (SOR 2005-344).
2Applicable Documents
2.1 Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test
Methods. Volume 14.02, ASTM 177-90a, P.79-90, 1998.
2.2Standard Practice for Intra-laboratory Quality Control Procedures and a
Discussion on Reporting Low-Level Data. Volume 11.01, ASTM D4210-89,
P.412-419, 1998.
2.3 John Keenan Taylor, Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements. Lewis
Publishers, INC. 328 p., 1987.
2.4 British Standard “Safety of Toys” Part
3. Specification for migration of certain
elements. BS EN71-3:2000.
2.5 International Standard “Safety of toys- Part 3: Migration of certain elements”
ISO 8124-3:1997.
2.6Standard Consumer Safety Specification on Toy Safety. ASTM F 963-07e1.
2.7 C. Watson, “Update of Method C-08 for the Children’s Jewellery Survey in
2006", Product Safety Laboratory, Project Report 2006-0898 (April 2006).
2.8 N. Ritchot, “Revision of method C08 Determination of migratable lead in
consumer products”, Product Safety Laboratory, Project Report 2007-1002
(January 2008).
2.9K. Gordon, A. Michaud, and S. Krushkova, “Method Update for Migratable
Lead (C08): Alternative Controls”, Product Safety Laboratory, Project Report
2007-1029 (August 2008).
Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-08
DETERMINATION OF MIGRATABLE LEAD IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS
62
3Reagents and Apparatus
3.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Varian 220FS or 240FS.
3.2Whatman filter paper # 4, 11 cm diameter or equivalent
3.2
3.3 Lead (Pb) certified reference solution, 1000 :g/mL.
3.4 Lead (Pb) certified reference solution, 10 ug/mL.
3.5 NIST 54D (0.62% Pb Bearing Metal (Tin-Base) as in-house control sample.
3.6 Ultra pure water 18.2M S, Milli-Q or equivalent.
3.7 Beaker 50 mL (nominal dimensions: height 60 mm, diameter 40 mm).
3.8 Hydrochloric acid concenrated, HCl -Low Trace Metal grade, Fisher Scientific
or equivalent.
3.9 Funnels
3.10 Volumetric flask, 25 mL.
3.11 Water Bath circulator polystate model 12050-00 available from Cole -Palmer
Instrument Company or equivalent.
3.12 Parafilm M (available from American CAN Company)
3.13 Small Parts Cylinder (Truncated right circular cylinder)
3.14 Analytical balance
Procedure
4 Experimental
4.1 Hydrochloric acid solutions
4.1.1 Prepare an acid solution of 1M HCl (e.g., 83 mL of conc. HCl into a 1
L volumetric flask). Make up to volume with Ultra pure water 18.2M S.
This solution will be used to prepare standard solutions and dilute
samples that are over a linear dynamic range.
4.1.2 Prepare an acid solution of 0.07M HCl (e.g.,
5.8 mL of conc. HCl into
a 1 L volumetric flask). Make up to volume with Ultra pure water
18.2M S.
4.2Control samples
4.2.1 Accurately weigh, to the nearest 0.1 mg,100 mg of NIST 54D (0.62%
Pb) in a 50 ml beaker. Add 5 ml of aqueous solution of 0.07 M
hydrochloric acid at 37 ± 2 °C.
4.2.2 Prepare this control in duplicate.
Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-08
DETERMINATION OF MIGRATABLE LEAD IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS
62
4.3 Method blank
4.3.1 Prepare a method blank sample by adding
5.0 mL of 0.07 M HCl at 37
± 2 °C to a 50 mL beaker.
4.4 Glass / ceramic / metallic materials
4.4.1 Place the sample into the Small Parts Cylinder. If the sample does not
entirely fit in the Small Parts Cylinder, it is not tested because there is no
hazard from ingestion.
4.4.2 Pre-wash the sample with acetone, let air dry and place it in a 50 mL beaker.
Weigh the sample accurately to the nearest 0.1 mg.
4.4.3 Add a sufficient volume of an aqueous solution of 0.07 M hydrochloric acid
at 37 ± 2°C to just cover the sample.
4.4.4 Cover each of the beakers containing the sample, controls (as
prepared in section 4.2), or blank (as prepared in section 4.3), with
Parafilm and protect the contents from light (i.e., cover the water bath
with a black cloth).
4.4.5 Allow the contents to stand for two hours at 37 ± 2°C in a water bath.
4.4.6 Filter the mixture using Whatman filter paper #4 into a 25 mL
volumetric flask. Add 2 mL of concentrated HCl in each flask. Fill to
the mark with 0.07 M HCl.
4.5 Polymeric and similar materials.
4.5.1 Obtain a test portion of preferably not less than 100mg of polymeric
or similar materials.
4.5.2 Cut out test portions from those areas having the thinnest material
cross-section in order to ensure a surface area of the test pieces as
large as possible in proportion to their mass. Each piece shall, in the
uncompressed condition, have no dimension greater than 6 mm.
4.5.3 Accurately weigh the test portion in a 50 ml beaker.
4.5.4 Mix the test portion with 50 times its mass of an aqueous HCl
solution of 0.07 M at 37± 2 /C. Where the test portion has only a mass
of between 10 mg and 100 mg, mix the test portion with 5.0 ml of this
solution.
4.5.5 Shake for 1 min. Check the acidity of the mixture. If the pH is greater
than 1.5, add dropwise, while shaking the mixture, an aqueous
solution of HCl 1 M, until the pH of the mixture is between 1.0 and 1.5.
Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-08
DETERMINATION OF MIGRATABLE LEAD IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS
62
4.5.6Cover each of the beakers containing the sample, controls (as
prepared in section 4.2), or blank (as prepared in section 4.3), with
Parafilm and protect the contents from light (i.e., cover the water bath
with a black cloth).
4.5.7 Agitate the mixture continuously at 37±2/C for 1 hour and then allow
to stand for 1 hour at 37 ± 2°C in a water bath.
4.5.8 Filter the mixture using Whatman filter paper #4 into a 25 mL
volumetric flask. Add 2 mL of concentrated HCl in each flask. Fill to
the mark with 0.07 M HCl.
5Calibration
5.1Prepare a series of at least five working standard solutions of 0.5, 2.0, 5.0,
10.0, and 20.0 ug/mL Pb, by diluting the 1000 ug/mL Pb certified reference
solution in an acidic solution of 1 M HCl.
5.2Prepare a calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration using the
prepared lead standard solutions.
5.3Prepare a 0.1 ug/mL Pb sensitivity check solution by diluting the 10 ug/mL Pb
standard.
6Determination
6.1 Determine the Pb concentration of the blank solution before and after the
analysis of a digestion batch.
6.2 Measure the sensitivity of the instrument with a 0.1 μg/mL Pb before and
after the analysis of a digestion batch.
6.3Measure the Pb concentration for the 10 μg/mL Pb certified reference
solution before and after the analysis of a digestion batch.
6.4Measure the Pb concentration of the control sample. (NIST 54D)
6.5Determine the Pb concentration in the sample digest solution, as prepared
in section 4.4.8 or 4.5.10, using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
operated in flame mode at a wavelength of 283.3 nm according to the
instrument manufacturer's instructions. If necessary, dilute the sample digest
Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-08
DETERMINATION OF MIGRATABLE LEAD IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS 62
1The standard deviation (s) of the test results may be calculated according to the following equation, where: x i is the
result of each individual determination, x
) is the average of the replicate determinations and n is the total number of
replicates.solution with 1 M HCl, as prepared in section 4.1.1, in order to ensure the measurements are taken within the range of the calibration curve.7Calculations and Reporting 7.1 Calculate the concentration (mg/kg) of migratable lead by weight in the test
sample according to the following equation:Lead (Pb) = C × Vf × Df × (1-0.30)
M Where:
C =Concentration of lead measured by the instrument (:g/mL =mg/kg)
Vf =Volume of volumetric flask, e.g. 25 mL
Df = Dilution factor
M = Mass of test sample used (g)
(1-0.30) = Thirty percent is subtracted from the results due to interlaboratory trials according to EN-71requirements.
7.2Where the quantity of a sample available for testing is sufficient and where
practical, the results of analysis will be reported as the average of a minimum of three replicate determinations having a precision which meets or exceeds the specifications defined in section 9.1.
7.3
Where applicable, the average (x.x) of replicate determinations and the standard deviation (s) of replicate determinations (s for n > 2) shall be calculated 1 and the result of analysis reported in the following format:Sample
no.
Specimen no.Colour/Description [Lead]migratable mg/kg S-1001234A1heart pendant x.x ± 2s
7.4All results less than the limit of quantitation (LOQ) shall be reported as per
section 11.
Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-08
DETERMINATION OF MIGRATABLE LEAD IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS
62
8Quality Control Procedure
8.1In order to ensure the proper operation of the analytical instrument and that
the precision and accuracy of the analytical measurements meet the
specifications of the method, the following quality control procedures shall be
conducted concurrently with the analysis of the test sample.
8.2The normal and correct operation of the AAS shall be verified according to
the following guidelines:
8.2.1Record the concentration of the 10 :g/mL Pb certified reference
solution in the analytical instrument’s QC logbook. If the instrument
is found in a state of disrepair or out of calibration, the AAS shall
immediately be repaired and/or re-calibrated to meet the prescribed
operating conditions prior to proceeding with the analysis.
8.2.2Record the concentration of the 0.1 :g/mL Pb of the sensitivity check
solution in the instrument’s QC logbook.
8.2.3 Record the concentration of the control sample (NIST 54D) in the
analytical instrument's QC logbook. Verify that the measurement is
within the warning limits (±2s) and does not exceed the control limits
(±3s). If the control sample results are outside of the control limits, the
entire analytical procedure shall be repeated.
9Precision and Bias
9.1Repeatability:
The deviation between replicate test results, as obtained on the NIST 54D
material by the same analyst with the same instrument under constant
operating conditions, should, in the normal and correct operation of the test
method, not differ by more than a 30% (2.8 × %CV) repeatability limit at a
95% probability level.
9.2Reproducibility:
The variability between two single and independent results, as obtained by
a different analyst working in the same laboratory on identical test material
(ie. NIST 54D control) should, in the normal and correct operation of the
method, not differ more than 45% reproducibility limit at a 95% probability
level.
Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-08
DETERMINATION OF MIGRATABLE LEAD IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS
62
9.3Bias:
There is no bias observed for the analysis of the standard reference material. 10Limit of Detection
The limit of detection (LOD) of this method, as determined by measurement with flame AAS at 283.3 nm, has been calculated to be 3 mg/kg Pb.
11Limit of Quantitation
The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of this method, as determined by measurement with flame AAS at 283.3 nm, has been calculated to be 9 mg/kg Pb. All results below 9 mg/kg should be reported as < 9 mg/kg Pb. ...................................................................END..............................................................................
英语五中基本句型
句子的基本句型 由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等句子成分，按不同方式可组合成五种基本句型。 句子成分的表示方法： S: Subject主语； V: Verb动词； O: Object宾语； P: Predicative表语； IO: Indirect Object间接宾语； DO：Direct Object 直接宾语 OC: Object Complement宾语补足语； ◇第一种句型：主语+不及物动词(S+V) 该句型所用动词都是不及物动词，其后当然不能接宾语，但是可以用状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子。 He runs fast in the street. 他在街上跑得飞快。 The meeting begins at nine.
会议九点开始。 ◇第二种句型：主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+DO) 该句型所用动词都是及物动词，可作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词或短语及从句。We attended the meeting. 我们出席了那次会议。(名词作宾语) She stopped him. 她叫住了他。(代词作宾语) She wants to ask a question. 她要问一个问题。(不定式作宾语) They enjoy listening to the classic music. 他们喜欢听古典音乐。(动名词作宾语) 注意：一些不及物动词之后加上介词就可以具有及物动词的功能，其后就可以接宾语了。这一类词组有：listen to 听；look at 看；look after 照看；look for 寻找；arrive at/in 到达等。 May I turn on the light？ 我可以开灯吗？ What are you looking for？ 你在找什么？ ◇第三种句型：主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P) 连系动词的后面必须接表语，说明主语的情况和状态。通常可作表语的是名词或形容词。She became a lawyer last year. 去年，她成为了一名律师。 He is honest. 他是诚实的。 It is getting colder and colder.
句子翻译 1.我是学生.(简单句)______________________________________________________________________________ 2.他在做的与我无关._____________________________________________________________________________ 3.我来了,但他已经走了. (复合句)___________________________________________________________________ 4.我不知道他已经走了,但是她知道. (并列复合句)_____________________________________________________ 5.你能回答我的问题吗___________________________________________________________________________ 6.我在写信.______________________________________________________________________________________ 7.请开门.________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.他是一个多聪明的男孩啊!________________________________________________________________________ 9.我非常喜欢这本书.______________________________________________________________________________ 10.他昨天去哪儿了_______________________________________________________________________________ 第二组：词类 11.你应该用正确的方法做这件事.____________________________________________________________________ 12.最终, 他受到了惩罚.____________________________________________________________________________ 13.他在湖里游泳. He is swimming in the lake. 14.至今,我已经读了100部小说. So far, I have read 100 novels. 15.我不喜欢这乐曲. I don’t like the music. 16.你喜欢音乐吗 Do you like music 17.如果我是你, 我会跟他在一起.
LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型，注意词性和词序，以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单，但至关重要。掌握好它们，在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 ▲主+系动词+表 注：*注意该结构中的名词，它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语（名词） 2 他（是）很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语（形容词） ▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。
3 她（是）在教室里。She is in the classroom. 主语系表语主语系表语（介词短语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常 由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名 词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注 意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译 好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5
形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词 6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语（介词短语）定语（介词短语） She is
介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语，虽然它们词性相同，但由于词序不同，它们所起到的作用也不同，当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是 2不是我的。 3．我的家乡hometown 峡谷valley里。 4那个贼 面behind。 1. 是 is 2钱不是我的。
1)It is+形容词+that It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。 2)It is+形容词+to do/ doing She had said what it was necessary to say. 她已经说了一切有必要说的话。 3)祈使句/名词+and/ or Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination. 努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。 4)as+many/ much+名词+as It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don. 据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。 5)倍数词+as+形容词+as The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago. 这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 6) 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康的危害极大，每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。 7)(not)as/ so...as(和……(不)一样)
1. 好朋友就是能和你分享快乐和忧伤的人。(share…with) 2. 如果你们两停止争斗并努力好好相处，我将不胜感激。(be grateful, get along with) 3. 这是他第一次用电子邮件与笔友交流。（the first time, communicate with） 4. 爱好是不会让你感到厌倦的——你投入的时间越长，乐趣越多。(the more… the more; devote to; get tired of) 5.网络使人们即使身处世界的不同角落也完全可能面对面地交流。(face to face; even if；entirely) 6．根据新闻报道，是天气决定神舟七号发射的准确时间。(according to, it is ….that强调句) Module 1 Unit 2 1．现在, 每年有超过100万的旅客来广州观光旅游. (at present, more than) 2. 他们的友谊是建立在多年相互开放沟通的基础上的. (base on, communication) 3. 世界淡水资源十分有限，因此我们必须充分利用。(make use of, resources) 4. 我将十分乐意参加任何能丰富我对世界认识的讨论。(take part in, enrich) 5. 不管你相不相信, 我们已经逐渐地可以用英语流利地表达自己了. (believe it or not, gradually, express, fluently) 6. 实际上学好英语有很多简单的方法, 例如看英文电视或和外国朋友在线聊天。(actually, a number of, such as) 7. 即使这工作要花掉我六个星期的时间，我仍决心要完成这份工作。(even if, determined )
英语活用基本句型共五大句型42条公式： 第一种句型：S×V 1.S×V 2.It×V×S 3.There×V×S 4.There×V×S＋副词（片语） 5.Here;There×S×V 6.S×V＋副词（片语.子句） 7.S×V＋to-原形 8.S×Vp＋that从句 第二种句型：S×V＋C 9.S×V＋名.代.动名词.名词子句 10.S×V＋副词（片语） 11.S×V＋形容词×介词＋（代）名.动名词.子句 12.S×V＋形容词＋that 13.S×V＋副词（子句）.介系词片语 14.S×be＋副词（片语） 15.S×Vp＋副词（片语） 16.I t×be＋C＋S 第三种句型：S×V＋O 17.S×V＋名.代.名词子句. 18.S×W＋名.代.动名词. 19.S×V＋副词（片语） 20.S×V＋动名词. 21.S×V＋连接词形×副词（片语） 22.S×V＋that 23.S×V＋to×名.代＋that 24.S×V＋连接词×子句 25.S×V＋名.代.＋to＋名.代. 26.S×V＋名.代.＋for＋名.代. 27.S×V＋名.代.＋介＋名.代. 28.S×V＋it＋介＋名.代.＋不定词片语.名词子句 29.S×V＋名.代.＋副词 30.S×V＋名.代.＋不定词片语.副词（片语） 第四种句型：S×V＋OI＋OD 31.S×V＋名.代.＋名.代. 32.S×V＋名.代.＋连接词＋to-原形
33.S×V＋名.代.＋连接词×子句 34.S×V＋名.代.＋that 第五种句型：S×V＋O＋C 35.S×V＋名.代. ＋形容词＋（片语） 36.S×V＋名.代.＋名词.＋(子句) 37.S×V＋名.代.＋过去分词 38.S×V＋名.代. ＋to-原形 39.S×V＋名.代. ＋to-原形 40.S×V＋名.代.＋原形 41.S×V＋名.代.＋现在分词 42.S×V＋it＋名.代.形.＋（片语）.子句
翻译中常见的句型 1．否定句型 1）部分否定。其否定意义只局限于整体中的一部分。其形式：“概括词all, every等+not+谓语动词”。常用于该句型词：all, both, everybody, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly等。 All is not gold that glitters. I do not wholly agree. 2) 完全否定。其形式：no, none 等否定词+肯定式谓语。常用于该句型词：no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nowhere, nowise, 等。还有一种句型：all等概括词+肯定式谓语+否定意义的词。 No words can describe the scene. 任何言词均不能描绘那景色。 All his plan came to nothing. 3)双重否定 a.主语+cannot+ help/refrain/keep + from + v-ing He could not help showing his pleasure.他不由得喜形于色。 b.主语+cannot+ but/choose but/ help but +do They can not choose but admit that they are wrong. c.(there be) not +主语+but+谓语 (There is )Nobody but has his faults. 人人都有缺点。 2．判断句型 1）强调判断句 a.主语+be+ no/none +other than/but +表语（强调内容） The tall figure that I saw was none other than our commander. b.主语+be+ nothing+(else)but/ else than/ less than+ 表语 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才只不过是劳动加勤奋而已。 c.it is/was +强调部分+that/ who +从句 It is I who am to blame. 2) 正反判断句 a.主语+be +not+表语a, but +表语b What I admire in Columbus is not his discovered a world, but his having gone to search for it on the faith of an opinion. b.(it is) not… that(who) …, but…that (who) Not that we are afraid of them, but that they are afraid of us. 3)比较判断句： a.主语+be less+表语a +than表语b / more+表语b+表语a Experience shows that success is due less to abilities than to zeal. b.主语+be+表语b+ rather than+表语a He is an artist rather than a philosopher. c.主语+be+ not so much +表语a+ as+表语b It is so much advice as approval that he seeks. 他寻求的与其说是忠告，不如说是忠告。3．倍数表示句型： a.主语+be+倍数+that of 被比较对象/ as +形容词+as+被比较对象
基础句型两百句 根据括号内的提示将下列句子翻译成英语： Module 1 Unit 1 1. 好朋友就是能和你分享快乐和忧伤的人。(share…with) 2. 如果你们两停止争斗并努力好好相处，我将不胜感激。(be grateful, get along with) 3. 这是他第一次用电子邮件与笔友交流。（the first time, communicate with） 4. 爱好是不会让你感到厌倦的——你投入的时间越长，乐趣越多。(the more… the more; devote to; get tired of) 5.网络使人们即使身处世界的不同角落也完全可能面对面地交流。(face to face; even if；entirely) 6．根据新闻报道，是天气决定神舟七号发射的准确时间。(according to, it is ….that强调句) Module 1 Unit 2 1．现在, 每年有超过100万的旅客来广州观光旅游. (at present, more than) 2. 他们的友谊是建立在多年相互开放沟通的基础上的. (base on, communication)
3. 世界淡水资源十分有限，因此我们必须充分利用。(make use of, resources) 4. 我将十分乐意参加任何能丰富我对世界认识的讨论。(take part in, enrich) 5. 不管你相不相信, 我们已经逐渐地可以用英语流利地表达自己了. (believe it or not, gradually, express, fluently) 6. 实际上学好英语有很多简单的方法, 例如看英文电视或和外国朋友在线聊天。(actually, a number of, such as) 7. 即使这工作要花掉我六个星期的时间，我仍决心要完成这份工作。(even if, determined ) 8. 政府应该尽快想出更好的办法来解决高油价所带来的问题. (come up with, petrol) 9. 全体同学都要准时参加明天举行的会议. (request) Module 1 Unit 3 1. 杰克给了我一个坚定的眼神，这眼神表明他不会改变主意，也不会屈服。(determine, change one’s mind, give in) 2. 花了一周时间才把衣物和药品送达灾区。(transport) 3. 那个老人很固执，病了还拒绝搬到他女儿家中住。(stubborn) 4. 请耐心点。火车十分钟后到。(be doing 表将来) Module 1 Unit 4
英语翻译常考句型详解 1.It is not that…but that… 这不是说…，而是说… 「例文」It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 「译文」这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和在另一种情况下所使用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。 2.nothing else than 完全是，实在是 「例文」What the man said was nothing else than nonsense. 「译文」那个人讲的话完全是一派胡言。 3.as引导的特殊状语从句，翻译时做定语从句处理。 「例文」We hope the measures to control prices, as they have been taken by the government, will succeed. 「译文」我们希望，政府已经采取的控制物价的措施将取得成功。 4.名词+or+名词结构中，or后的名词是同位语，应译为即…；或者称…. 「例文」Moreover， technology includes techniques , or ways to do things , as well as the manchines that may or may not be necessary to apply them. 「译文」再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些记忆并不一定都需要机器。 5.more…than…结构有三种译法：than连接肯定形式的从句时，该从句译为否定句；在比较的基础上表示选择关系时，可译为与其说…不如说；进行同类比较时，译成比…更. 「例文」The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches. 「译文」人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行彻底变革，而一些政客口头上是很不愿意承认这一点的。 「分析」这是一个主从复合句，连词than前为主句，than后为从句。虽然本句是进行程度上的比较，但从句意义是否定的， 故译成否定句。 6.no more …than 与not… any more than no more …than 与not… any more than同义，不可简单地看成是more …than的否定形式。具体地说，这一结构可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式，也可能是一种较特殊的类比形式。其翻译方法有二；表示同类否定比较时，可译为不比…更或都…同样不；表示比喻关系时，可译为正如…不，…也不. 「例文」The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed. 「译文」这条船上(供应的)食品并不如比利工作过的其他船上的(食品)好。(括号里的词是可以省略的。) 「分析」这是一个主从复合句、主句是The food …no better , than on any other ship 是省略了比较对象的比较状语从句，从句on which引导的定语从句修饰先行词ship.本句中no more… than用于同类否定的比较，可译为不如…. 7.not so much as与其说…不如说… 「例文」Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 「译文」新学派科学家说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。 「分析」这是一个主从复合句。插入语they say是主句，Science moves forward,……and tools是宾语从句。not so much……as 连接的是状语，as引导的状语从句中，由于上下文清楚，主谓语都省略了，即as(sciencemoves forward.)because of……not so much……as也可译为与其说……不如说……，它所表达的逻辑关系和more than有相似之处，也是在比较的基础上进行判断和选择，被比较的事物也同属一个范畴。所不同的是，more……than表示前重后轻的逻辑关系，而not so much… as和less than表示前轻后重的逻辑关系，这两个结构中信息重心落在句尾，因此不必倒过来译，只须按原文的词序顺译即可。
?高中英语常用50句句型翻译 1、你没有必要提前预定音乐会的票（need n.） There is no need for you to book the ticket for the concert in advance. 2、在专家面前班门弄斧是没有好处的(good n. show) It is no good showing off in the presence of so many experts. 3、如果你不能集中精神学习，熬夜是没有用的(use) It is no use staying up late if you can’t focus your attention on your study. 4、抱怨交通状况是浪费时间(waste) It’s a waste of time making complaints about the transportation system. 5、我觉得你有必要在应聘之前接受一些训练(it) I find it necessary for you to have some training before you apply for a new job. 6、我突然想起来我忘记提醒班长集合的时间了(occur) It suddenly occurred to me that i forgot to remind the monitor of the gathering time. 7、似乎John对於赢得胜利没有什麽信心，你最好对他说些鼓励的话 It seems that John is not very’d better say a few encouraging words to him. 8、第一眼见到她，我就忍不住爱上她了(the first time) The first time i saw her, i couldn’t help falling in love with her. 9、你在阅读上花时间越多，取得进步越大 The more time you spend in reading, the more rapid progress you will make. 10、他获得成功的原因是他从不丧失信心，从不半途而废(halfway) The reason why he achieved success was that he never lost heart and gave up halfway. 11、重要的不是你说些什麽而是你如何演讲(matter) What matters is not what’s in your speech but how you deliver your speech. 12、再努力一下，你就能成功(effort) Make another effort, and you’ll succeed. 13、尽管教学经验不足，他总是全力以赴的满足学生的需求(spare) In spite of the fact that he lacks teaching experience, he spares no effort to meet the demand of his student. 14、不可否认，他的勇气和坚持为他赢得了很高的声誉(deny)
CET-4 翻译练习 1. I have had a great deal of trouble keeping up with the rest of the class. (跟得上班上的其他同学) 2. I don't mind yourdelaying making (你延期做出决定) the decision as long as it is not too late. 3. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play indispensable roles (起着不可缺少的作用) in raising children. 4. Mark often attempts to escape/avoid being fined(试图逃脱罚款) whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 5. When I caught/found him cheating me(发现他骗我), I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. 6. I suggested he should adapt himself to（使自己适应）his new conditions. 7. What a lovely party! It's worth remembering all my life(牢记一生). 8. If you won't agree to our plan, neither will they(他们也不会同意). 9. His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose(想知道他的真实目的). 10. If you had followed my advice, you would not be in trouble (听从了我的劝告，你就不会陷入麻烦） 11. Though you stay in the sea for weeks, you will not lose contact with(失去联系) the outside world. 12. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed(正在研制) and perfected now. 13. How close parents are has a strong influence/impact on(有很强的影响) the character of their children. 14. The room is in a terrible mess; it can’t have been cleaned（肯定没打扫过）. 15. With tears on her face, the lady watched her injured son sent into the operation room(看着她受伤的儿子被送进手术室） 16. （这个计划成功的关键）The key to the success of this project is good planning. 17. The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual(每一人都不同) 18. The ship’s generator broke down and the pumps had to be operated manually(不得不用手工操作) instead of mechanically. 19. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used to students’ being late for(习惯了学生迟到) his lecture. 20. I prefer to communicate with my customers via E-mail instead of telephone(通过写电子邮件而不是打电话） 21. After the terrorist attack, tourists were advised not to travel to that country at the moment(被劝告暂时不要去该国旅游） 22. (他把自己奉献于社区工作) He devoted himself to the community and is passionate about what he is doing. 23. Man should not exploit the natural resources at the cost of sacrificing other species (以牺牲其他物种为代价). 24. When Sandy recovered from cancer, her doctor attributed it to her firm belief in the future(把此归因于她对未来的信念). 25. At the end of his speech, the school master encouraged the children to work hard and not to let their parents down(不要让父母失望). 26. In the budget for this building, they failed to take into account/consideration the factor of
五种基本句型 句子由主语和谓语两大部分组成。主语结构比较单一，谓语结构则不然，不同类别的谓语动词导致不同的谓语结构，从而形成了不同的句型( Sentence Pattern )。换句话说，不同的句型是由不同类别的谓语动词所决定的，因此，句型又被称为动词句型 ( Verb Pattern )。语法家们对句型的分类不尽相同，一般认为，现代英语的基本句型主要有五种： 1. “主----系-----表” (SLP)句型： 在这种句型中，谓语动词是以be为主的连系动词(Linking Verb )，后面跟主语补语(Subject Compleme nt),如： These oranges have kept fresh. 这些桔子一直很新鲜。 Mary is a student / here /in the room. 玛丽是个学生/ 在这儿/ 在房间里。 有的语法家把be后面的副词(短语)或介词短语视为状语，从而形成了“主----动----- 状” (SVA这一在五种基本句型之外的句型(见上面最后一个例句)。 2. “主----动” (SV句型： 在这种句型中,谓语动词为不及物动词( Intransitive Verb ),谓语部分通常只包括限定 动词,即使有状语,也属任意性状语,即：去掉后并不影响句子结构和意义的完整,如： This bread won 't keep (for a long time). 这种面包不好(长期)存放。 Tom has left. 前面说过, 有些句子中的状语是不可缺少的,这种状语被称为必具性状语,从而构成“主 ----动----状” (SVA)句型，但这仅限于少数几个动词的某些用法，因而不是一种主要句型，如： They are staying in a hotel. 他们暂住在一家旅馆里。 3. “主----动----- 宾” (SVO 句型： 在这种句型中,谓语动词为只带一个宾语的及物动词,这种动词被称为单宾语及物动词 ( Monotransitive Verb ),如： He kept the money. 他保存着这些钱。 The train leaves London at nine. 这列火车九点钟驶离伦敦。
六级翻译常用句型归纳汇总 1. During the meeting,hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.(他一开始说话,就被听众打断了 2. Surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choices but to surrender on the spot.(没有选择,只能投降 3. The concerned mother thrilled at the news of her son having been admitted to the university.(她的儿子被大学入取了 4. The lecture was so boring that the students couldn’t help yawning.(学生忍不住打起哈欠 5. I will be very grateful if you could be kind enough to give me a ride to school.(好心载我一程去学校 6. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled to a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery. (除非你和保险公司签订了货物保险合同 7. It is reported that local health organization was established 25 years ago(据说当地的卫生组织 25年前就成立了 8. Mr s.Smith shut the window lest the noise outside (should interfere with her son’s sleep(外面的噪声会影响她儿子睡觉 9. The new mayor was charged with failure to fulfill his promise to decrease the inflation rate(未能履行他降低通货膨胀率的承诺 10. When confronted with such question, my mind goes blank(每当我遇到这类问题,我脑袋一片空白 , and I can hardly remember my won date of birth.
广州市高二水平测英语基础句型200句(人教版英语必修1至必 修5句子翻译练习与答案) 根据括号内的提示将下列句子翻译成英语： Module 1 Unit 1 1. 好朋友就是能和你分享快乐和忧伤的人。(share…with) 2. 如果你们两停止争斗并努力好好相处，我将不胜感激。(be grateful, get along with) 3. 这是他第一次用电子邮件与笔友交流。（the first time, communicate with） 4. 爱好是不会让你感到厌倦的——你投入的时间越长，乐趣越 多。 (the more… the more; devote to; get tired of) 5.网络使人们即使身处世界的不同角落也完全可能面对面地交流。 (face to face; even if；entirely) 6．根据新闻报道，是天气决定神舟七号发射的准确时间。(according to, it is ….that 强调句 ) Keys: 1. A best friend is someone who can share happiness and sorrow with you. 2. I would be grateful if the two of you stopped fighting and tried to get along with ea ch other. 3. This is the first time he has used e-mail to communicate with his pen pal. 4. A hobby is something that you never get tired of—the more time you devote to it, the more fun you have. 5. Because of the Internet it is now entirely possible for people to communicate face to face, even if they are in different parts of the world. 6. According to the news report, it is the weather that will determine the exact launc h time of Shenzhou Seven. Module 1 Unit 2 1．现在, 每年有超过100万的旅客来广州观光旅游. (at present, more than)
高一上下册翻译句子200句 高一上册翻译句子100句 1．I’d like to _______ you _____my teacher Miss White. 我想把你介绍给我的教师怀特小姐。 2．_____ _____ _______ , he is wasting time. 依我看，他在浪费时间。 3．He had some bad fish. _____ _____ ________, he felt ill this morning. 由于吃了些坏鱼，所以今天上午他感到不舒服。 4．____ _____ _______ _____ the fire, thousands of people lost their homes. 由于大火的结果，成千上万的人失去了家园。 5．_____ _____ a cup of coffee? 来杯咖啡怎么样？ 6．We went swimming ______ _____ playing football. 我们去游泳了，而没去踢足球。 7．This _____delic ious. What’s in it ? 这个味道很鲜美，里面放了什么？ 8．____ ____ ____ is interested in chemistry. 他们中没有一个人对化学感兴趣。 9．George ____ ____ _____ this week. 乔治这个星期休假。 10．Our teacher is standing ____ ____ ____ ____the classroom, while the foreign guests are sitting at the back. 我们的老师站在教室的前面，外宾们都坐在后面。 11．He will leave for Shanghai ____ ____ ____ ____ this week, and will be back at the beginning of next month. 他将于本周末动身去上海，下月初回来。 12．The work is ____ ____ ____ finished. 这项工作大体上已经完成了。 13．A great many of them are ____ ____ ____. 他们中的许多人失业。 14．Y ou must _____ _____ English more . 你必须多练习说英语。 15．Are you going to Japan ____ ____ or ____ ____? 你是乘飞机还是坐海轮去日本？ 16．____ ____ ____ ____ to get him to change his mind. 要他改变主意是不容易的。 17．I was about to go to bed ____ there was a ring. 我正要睡觉，这时忽然听到电话铃响了。 18．What ____ ______(it is)! 多好的天气呀! 19．Take the medicine ____ ____ ____. 每四个小时吃一次药。