Design of the Temperature Control System Based on AT89S51
ABSTRACT
The principle and functions of the temperature control system based on microcontroller AT89S51 a re studied, and the temperature measurement unit consists of the 1-
Wire bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20. The system can be expected to detect the preset te mperature, display time and save monitoring data. An alarm will be given by system if the temperat ure exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature which can be set discretionarily and then automatic control is achieved, thus the temperature is achieved monitoring intelligently within a certain range. Basing on principle of the system, it is easy to make a variety of other non-
linear control systems so long as the software design is reasonably changed. The system has bee n proved to be accurate, reliable and satisfied through field practice.
KEYWORDS: AT89S51; microcontroller; DS18B20; temperature
I. INTRODUCTION
Temperature is a very important parameter in human life. In the modern society, temperature contr ol (TC) is not only used in industrial production, but also widely used in other fields. With the impro vement of the life quality, we can find the TC appliance in hotels, factories and home as well. And t he trend that TC will better serve the whole society, so it is of great significance to measure and co ntrol the temperature.
Based on the AT89S51 and temperature sensor DS18B20, this system controls the condition temp erature intelligently. The temperature can be set discretionarily within a certain range. The system can show the time on LCD, and save monitoring data; and automatically control the temperature w hen the condition temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value. By doing so it is to keep th e temperature unchanged. The system is of high anti-
jamming, high control precision and flexible design; it also fits the rugged environment. It is mainly used in people's life to improve the quality of the work and life. It is also versatile, so that it can be convenient to extend the use of the system. So the design is of profound importance. The general design, hardware design and software design of the system are covered.
II. SYSTEM GENERAL DESIGN
The hardware block diagram of the TC is shown in Fig. 1. The system hardware includes the micro controller, temperature detection circuit, keyboard control circuit, clock circuit, Display, alarm, drive circuit and external RAM. Based on the AT89S51, the DS18B20 will transfer the temperature signa l detected to digital signal. And the signal is sent to the microcontroller for processing. At last the te mperature value is showed on the LCD 12232F. These steps are used to achieve the temperature detection. Using the keyboard interface chip HD7279 to set the temperature value, using the micro controller to keep a certain temperature, and using the LCD to show the preset value for controlling the temperature. In addition, the clock chip DS1302 is used to show time and the externalRAM 62 64 is used to save the monitoring data. An alarm will be given by buzzer in time if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature. III. HARDWARE DESIGN A. Microc ontroller
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-
density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-
chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-
system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-
bit CPU with in-
system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications. Minimum system of the microcontroller is shown in Fig. 2. In order to save monitoring data, the 6264 is used as an external RAM. It is a stati c RAM chip, low-power with 8K bytes memory. B. Temperature Detection Circuit
The temperature sensor is the key part in the system. The Dallas DS18B20 is used, which support s the 1-Wire bus interface, and the ON-
BOARD Patented is used internally. All the sensor parts and the converting circuit are integrated in integrated circuit like a transistor [1]. Its measure range is -
55℃ ~125 ℃, and the precision between -
10℃ ~85 ℃ is ±0.5℃ [2 ,3]. The temperature collected by the DS18B20 is transmitted in the 1-
Wire bus way, and this highly raises the system anti-
jamming and makes it fit in situ temperature measurement of the rugged environment [4].
There are two power supply ways for the DS18B20. The first is external power supply: the first pin of the DS18B20 is connected to the ground; the second pin serves as signal wire and the third is c onnected to the power. The second way is parasite power supply [5]. As the parasite power supply will lead to the complexity of the hardware circuit, the difficulty of the software control and the perfo rmance degradation of the chip, etc. But the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the I/O port of the mi cro
controller in the external power supply way and it is more popular. Therefore the external power su pply is used and the second pin is connected to the pin P1.3 of the AT89S51. Actually, if there are multipoint to be detected, the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the 1-
Wire bus. But when the number is over 8, there is a concern to the driving and the more complex s oftware design as well as the length of the 1-
Wire bus. Normally it is no more than 50m. To achieve distant control, the system can be designed in to a wireless one to break the length limit of the 1-Wire bus [6]. C. LCD Circuit
The LCD 12232F is used, which can be used to show characters, temperature value and time, and supply a friendly display interface. The 12232F is a LCD with 8192 128×32 pixels Chinese charact er database and 128 16×8 pixels ASCII character set graphics. It mainly consists of row drive/colu mn drive and 128×32 full lattice LCD with the function of displaying graphics as well as 7.5×2 Chin ese characters. It is in a parallel or serial mode to connect to external CPU [7]. In order to economi ze the hardware resource, the 12232F should be connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode with on ly 4 output ports used.
The LCD grayscale can be changed by adjusting the variable resistor connected the pin Vlcd of the LCD. CLK is used to transmit serial communication clock. SID is used to transmit serial data. CS i s used to enable control the LCD. L+ is used to control the LCD backlight power. D. Clock Circuit The Dallas DS1302 is used, which is a high performance, low-power and real-
time clock chip with RAM. The DS1302 serves in the system with calendar clock and is used to mo nitor the time. The time data is read and processed by the AT89S51 and then displayed by the LC D. Also the time can be adjusted by the keyboard.
The DS1302 crystal oscillator is set at 32768Hz, and the recommended compensation capacitance is 6pF. The oscillator frequency is lower, so it might be possible not to connect the capacitor, and t his would not make a big difference to the time precision. The backup power supply can be connec ted to a 3.6V rechargeable battery. E. Keyboard Control Circuit
The keyboard interface in the system is driven by the HD7279A which has a +5V single power sup ply and which is connected to the keyboard and display without using any active-
device. According to the basic requirements and functions of the system, only 6 buttons are neede d. The system's functions are set by the AT89S51 receiving the entered data. In order to save the external resistor, the 1×6 keyboard is used, and the keyboard codes are defined as: 07H, 0FH, 17 H, 1FH, 27H, 2FH. The order can be read out by reading the code instruction. HD7279A is connec ted to the AT89S51 in serial mode and only 4 ports are need. As shown in Fig. 6, DIG0~DIG5 and DP are respectively the column lines and row line ports of the six keys which achieve keyboard monitoring, decoding and key codes identification. F. Alarm Circuit
In order to simplify the circuit and convenient debugging, a 5V automatic buzzer is used in the alar m circuit [8]. And this make the software programming simplified. As shown in Fig. 7, it is controlled by the PNP transistor 9012 whose base is connected to the pin P2.5 of the AT89S51. When the te mperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value, the P2.5 output low level which makes the tra nsistor be on and then an alarm is given by the buzzer.
G. Drive Circuit
A step motor is used as the drive device to control the temperature. The four-phase and eight-beat pulse distribution mode is used to drive motor and the simple delay program is used to handle the time interval between the pulses to obtain different rotational speed. There are two output stat es for the step motor. One: when the temperature is over the upper value, the motor rotates revers ely (to low the temperature), while when lower than the lower limit value, the motor rotates normally (to raise the temperature); besides not equals the preset value. Two: when the temperature is at s omewhere between the two ends and equals the preset value, the motor stops. These steps are u sed to achieve the temperature control. In addition, the motor speed can also be adjusted by relativ
e buttons. As shown in Fig. 8, the code data is input through ports A11~A8 (be P2.3~P2.0) o
f the A T89S51 and inverted output by the inverter 74LS04. Finally it is amplified by the
power amplifier 2803A to power the motor.
IV. SOFTWARE DESIGN
According to the general design requirement and hardware circuit principle of the system, as well a s the improvement of the program readability, transferability and the convenient debugging, the sof tware design is modularized. The system flow mainly includes the following 8 steps: POST (Power-on self-
test), system initiation, temperature detection, alarm handling, temperature control, clock chip DS1 302 operation, LCD and keyboard operation. The main program flow is shown in Fig. 9. Give a little analysis to the above 8 tasks, it is easy to find out that the last five tasks require the real time ope ration. But to the temperature detection it can be achieved with timer0 timing 1 second, that is to sa y temperature detection occurs per second. The system initiation includes global variable definition , RAM initiation, special function register initiation and peripheral equipment initiation. Global variab le definition mainly finishes the interface definition of external interface chip connected to the AT89 S51, and special definition of some memory units. RAM initiation mainly refers to RAM processing. For example when the system is electrified the time code will be stored in the internal unit address or the scintillation flag will be cleared. The special function register initiation includes loading the ini tial value of timer and opening the interrupt. For example, when the system is electrified the timer i s initialized. The peripheral equipment initiation refers to set the initial value of peripheral equipmen t. For example, when the system is electrified, the LCD should be initialized, the start-
up display should be called, the temperature conversion command should be issued firstly and the clock chip DS1302 should also be initialized. The alarm handling is mainly the lowering and the rai sing of temperature to make the temperature
remain with the preset range. When the temperature is between the upper and the lower limit value , it goes to temperature control handling, that is to say the temperature need to be raised or lowere d according to the preset value. By doing so make the condition temperature equal to the preset va lue and hence to reach the temperature target.
V. CONCLUSION
The temperature control system has the advantages of friendly human-
computer interaction interface, simple hardware, low cost, high temperature control precision (error in the range of ±1 ℃), convenience and versatility, etc. It can be widely used in the occasions with -55℃ to 125℃ range, and there is a certain practical value.
汽车防盗报警器外文翻译参考文献 汽车防盗报警器外文翻译参考文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译： 汽车防盗报警器 目前汽车是人类最为主要的交通工具，也是现代文明的标志。世界上每年汽车销售量超过6000万辆，保有量超过4 亿。使用的车辆越多，随之而来的交通事故以及被盗的汽车量也越来越多，造成了人员伤亡和经济财产损失。人们对车辆的使用性能和防盗性能提出了更高的要求。汽车安全已经成为一个重要的社会性问题。为了减少汽车事故的发生，让拥有汽车的用户保有安全感,研制出一种操作方便而又简单可靠,能自动检测汽车各部分安全状况，如果发现不正常情况能给司机给予报警提醒和防盗报警的安全系统，具有非常实际的意义。 汽车价值很高，伴随着汽车数量不断增加，汽车已经成为盗窃者的重点盗窃目标，汽车被偷也已成为当今社会普遍关注和急需解决的大问题。目前，各种汽车防盗方式和产品不断更新，尽管车门和车辆引擎已经安装了防盗机械锁，但是 汽车防盗报警器外文翻译参考文献 盗徒用万能钥匙可不用吹灰之力把车门打开将车开走，所以汽车防盗问题仍然没有完全解决。如今社会的汽车防盗有以下几种方式： 一是机械防盗，主要原理是用锁锁住汽车上的某一部位，使其不能发挥应有的作用。现有如下几种防盗方式：变速器档把锁、方向盘锁、制动踏板锁、离合踏板锁等，相应带来的麻烦是机械锁体积大，车主同时要随身多带一把钥匙。而且破解的手段很多，由于核心终究是一把锁，这就难不住溜门撬锁之徒。更难不住如液压剪之类的大型偷车手段；不小心再把钥匙丢了等等也是汽车被盗的可能性之一。 二是电子防盗，这是目前汽车市场上最为常用的防盗措施。启动防盗系统便可将点火线圈和供油回路切断，只有在解锁钥匙的控制下才能将防盗正常解除。这类防盗产品种类繁多。国内外大部分小轿车在出厂时便已经配置了钥匙芯片防盗系统。这是利用钥匙中的芯片发射无线电与本车的ECU接通后就能启动汽车发动机。除此之外还有声光报警系统，汽车仪表盘上装有一种发光二极管，既可以让车主知道系统工作状态，同时也可以对窥探车内的偷车贼起到精神上的压力作用。当汽车因为外力而发生震动或者车门、后盖、前盖被强行打开时，系统会发出报警声，以阻吓盗车者。更有一种双向报警系统，这比一般的发光和声音报警系统多一个能够通知车主的功能，当汽车遭到外界影响时，人在附近的车主就能通过随身携带的一种液晶显示钥匙知道汽车现在的状态。
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
中英文对照外文翻译 汽车变速器设计 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档
齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一
Based on monolithic integrated circuit automobile security alarm system design Abstract:Decodes the automobile security system using them on litchis integrated circuit interior resources realization jump code, it each time uses the remote control password all is changing, both enhanced the system security, and greatly reduced the cost. Keyword: Monolithic integrated circuit, Automobile security system , Code/decode Introduction Is unceasingly progressive along with the social economy and the high tech rapid development, in the routine work and the life, the automobile has become the people ideal transportation vehicle. But the following motor vehicle the case which robbed gradually is also in creased has created the pilot economical property loss. In order tore duce the automobile to rob the event the formation rate, for has the automobile the user to provide the safety control, simply develops one kind to be reliable, the ease of operation, can send out in the discovery normal condition to the pilot reports to the police the reminder and the security warning safety system has the practical significance. This article based on to the existing automobile security alarm system generalized analysis, develops one kind of brand-new security alarm system. This system has mainly used the jump code code/decoding principle, causes the overall system to be safer, greatly reduces password explaining rate. 1. System principle of work The automobile security alarm system the remote control which carries by the driver and installs in the automobile the controller two parts composes. The remote control and the controller all use eight CMOS which American AT-MEL Corporation produces the A VR monolithic integrated circuit, this series monolithic integrated circuit based on new simplifies instruction R the ISC structure, includes the service life most to be few is 1,000 time writes/scratches the circulation the Flash program memory, as well as the service life at least is 100,000time writes/scratches the circulation E the EPROM data-carrier storage, some 2 only have when the entire piece
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目用单片机实现的数字时钟电路设计文献综述题目单片机控制系统系电子工程 专业电子信息科学与技术 姓名郭筱楠 班级08091911 学号08919115 指导教师王维平
单片机控制系统 广义地说，微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）是用于处理信息的，这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈，也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作：信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，例如计数器，无论是电子计数器还是机械计数器，都要存储当前的数值，并且按要求将该数值增加1。一个系统例如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。 现如今，以微处理器为基础的系统从常规的处理方法中分离了出来，它将信息的处理，信息的存储和信息的传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。这种主要将系统分成三个主要单元的分离方法是冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代所设想出来的，并且是针对微计算机的设想。从此以后基本上所有制成的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管他们包含着宽广的物理形式与物理结构，但从根本上来说他们均是具有相同基本设计的计算机。 在以微处理器为基础的系统中，处理是由以微处理器为基础的系统自身完成的。存储是利用存储器电路，而从系统中输入和输出的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。要在一个以微处理器为基础的时钟中找出执行具有计数功能的一个特殊的硬件组成部分是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。但是，规定系统运转过程的软件却规定了包含实现计数器计数功能的单元部分。由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。 图1.1 微型计算机的三个组成部分 图1.1显示出了微型计算机中这三个单元在一个微处理器控制系统中是如何按照机器中的信息通信方式而联接起来的。该系统由微处理器控制，微处理器能够对其自身的存储器和输入/输出单元的信息传输进行管理。外部的连接部分与
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
智能家居的安防控制系统设计文献综述 摘要：随着我国经济的快速发展，生活水平的不断提高，人们对居家的概念已从最初满足简单的居住功能发展到注重对住宅的人性化需求。安全、舒适、快捷、方便的智能小区，已成为住宅发展的主流趋势，其中，安全性是首要目标。智能小区安全性的实现，除了人为的因素外，主要依靠小区的智能化安全防范系统。 关键词：智能小区/住宅/安防系统 为了完成本次毕业设计，我通过学校图书馆和网络资源查阅了大量的有关智能家居的安防控制系统设计方面的中外文献，这些文献为我本次毕业设计提供了很多帮助，以下这些文献就是我在本次毕业论文书写过程中所用到的参考文献，现将其列举如下： 文献[1]以保障安全为目的而建立起来的技术防范系统，称为安全防范系统。它包括以现代物理和电子技术及时发现侵入破坏行为、产生声光报警阻吓罪犯、实录事发现场图像和声音提供破案凭证，以及提醒值班人员采取适当的物理防范措施的各种设备。智能小区安全防范系统的设置应遵循以下原则： 应根据智能小区内保护对象的风险等级，确定相应的防护级别，满足小区全面防护和局部纵深防护的设计要求，以达到所要求的安全防范水平。 应根据智能小区的建设标准、使用功能及安全防范管理的需要，综合运用电子信息技术、计算机网络技术、传感检测技术、安全防范技术等，形成先进、可靠、经济、适用的安全防范技术体系。 文献[2]智能小区安全防范系统的系统设计及其各子系统的配置，须遵照国家相关安全防范技术规程及智能化居住小区的规范、标准，并坚持以人为本的原则。系统的集成应以结构化、模块化、规范化的方式来实现，应能适应工程建设发展和技术发展的需要。 文献[3]智能小区一般通过在小区周界、重点部位与住户室内安装安全防范装置，并由小区物业管理中心统一管理，来提高小区的安全防范水平。小区的智能化安全防范系统，主要由下列子系统构成。 住户室内安装家庭防盗或紧急求助报警装置，与小区物业管理中心计算机系统联
外文文献一单片机简介 单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 二、单片机的发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有： 1.低功耗CMOS MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 2.微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样 单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有． 自己特色的单片机芯片。此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。 3.主流与多品种共存 现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾
原文： Transmission design As we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve. Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example Zhengzhou richan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1; stalls 2.202:1; stalls 1.414:1; stalls 1:1 5 stalls (speeding file) 0.802: 1. When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps
外文翻译 标题：Design and Development of a Smart Auto Intruder Alarm System with GSM Network 中文译名：基于GSM网络的智能汽车防盗报警系统的设计与开发 作者：M.Ehikhamenle, B.O. Omijeh 日期：2016年 出处：Ehikhamenle M, Omijeh BO. Design and Development of a Smart Auto Intruder Alarm System with GSM Network [J]. IJIRCCE, 2016, 4(12): 20588-20597. 分为2部分： 第一部分为外文原文 第二部分为中文译文
Design and Development of a SmartAutoIntruder Alarm System withGSMNetwork M.E h ikhamenle1, B.O.Omijeh1 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State,Nigeria1’ ABSTRACT:Thisprojectisbasedonthedesignandconstructionofanintruderdetectingandalertingsystem.This wasachievedusinganAT89C52microcontrollerforthecontroloftheothercomponent,aSIM900-GSMmodulethat communicatesbetweenthehomeownerphoneandthePIRsensor(motionsensor).TheinterfacingbetweentheGSM module and the microcontroller was achieved using an IC called MAX232 (this IC converts TTL voltage level (+5V)to RS232 voltage level (plus minus 7.5V) vice versa) and the microcontroller was programmed using assemblylanguage. At the end of this project we were able to design and construct a device that is not only cheap but efficient.We overcometheproblemoffalsealarmbyusingaPIRsensor(passiveinfrared:thissensoronlyrespondtoinfrared emitted from the human body and animals) and after testing, the microcontroller responded to the information sentby the PIR sensor and in the occurrence of intrusion send an alert message to the home owner as well sounding an alarmto alert the neighbours using abuzzer. KEYWORDS; Intruder Detecting, G S M Module, P.I.R.Sensor I.INTRODUCTION Security is a prime concern in our day-to-day life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as possible. In recent timesthe world has experienced an exponential increase in the rate of crime. Criminals break into houses on a daily basisaround the world carting with huge amount of money and precious items. Sensitive and confidential documents, materialsand equipmentbycorporationareconstantlydeclaredmissingfromwheretheyarekept.Sothereisaneedtoprovidea device that can detect unauthorized persons in anenvironment. In a network or a system, any kind of unauthorized or unapproved activities are called intrusions. An IntruderDetection System (IDS) is a collection of the tools, methods, and resources to help identify, assess, and reportintrusions. Intrusion detection is typically one part of an overall protection system that is installed around a system or device andit is not a stand-alone protection measure (Ngad, 2008). In (Zhang et el, 2003), intrusion is defined as: “any set ofactions that attempt to compromise the integrity, confidentiality, or availability of a resource” and intrusionprevention techniques (such as encryption, authentication, access control, secure routing, etc.) are presented as the first lineof defense againstintrusions. However, as in any kind of security system, intrusions cannot be totally prevented. The intrusion and compromise ofa node leads to confidential information such as security keys being revealed to the intruders. This results in the failureof the preventive security mechanism. Therefore, IDSs are designed to reveal intrusions, before they can disclosethe secured system resources. IDSs are always considered as a second wall of defense from the security point of view. IDSs are cyberspace equivalent of the burglar alarms that are being used in physical security systems today (Patchaand Park, 2007). As mentioned in (Zhang et el, 2003), the expected operational requirement of IDSs is given as: “lowfalse positiverate,calculatedasthepercentageofnormalcyvariationsdetectedasanomalies,andhightruepositiverate, calculated as the percentage of anomaliesdetected”.