Calculating the hadronic vacuum polarization and leading hadronic contribution to the muon

高二英语海洋科学单选题40题1. The dolphin is known for its intelligence and ____ swimming skills.A. excellentB. badC. commonD. poor答案：A。

本题考查形容词的词义。

“excellent”表示“优秀的，出色的”，海豚以其智力和出色的游泳技能而闻名，A 选项符合语境。

B 选项“bad”意为“坏的”，C 选项“common”意为“普通的”，D 选项“poor”意为“差的”，都不符合海豚游泳技能的特点。

2. The shark has sharp teeth to catch its ____.A. friendsB. enemiesC. foodD. partners答案：C。

本题考查名词词义。

鲨鱼锋利的牙齿是用来捕捉“食物”的，C 选项符合逻辑。

A 选项“friends”朋友，B 选项“enemies”敌人，D 选项“partners”伙伴，都不符合鲨鱼牙齿的用途。

3. The octopus can change its color to ____ from enemies.A. fightB. protectC. attackD. hide答案：D。

本题考查动词词义及搭配。

“hide from”表示“躲避”，章鱼能改变颜色来躲避敌人，D 选项符合。

A 选项“fight”战斗，B 选项“protect”保护，常用搭配为“protect...from...”，C 选项“attack”攻击，均不符合语境。

4. Whales are ____ animals and they live in groups.A. socialB. lonelyC. wildD. strange答案：A。

本题考查形容词词义。

“social”表示“群居的，社交的”，鲸鱼是群居动物，A 选项正确。

B 选项“lonely”孤独的，C 选项“wild”野生的，D 选项“strange”奇怪的，都不符合鲸鱼的生活习性。

托福阅读TPO21(试题+答案+译文)第一篇:GeothermalEnergy为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO21(试题+答案+译文)第一篇:Geothermal Energy，希望大家喜欢！托福阅读原文【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanicheat.【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to theground from which they were removed.【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.托福阅读试题1.According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?A.Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.B.When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.C.Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.D.When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.2.The word "practical" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toable.B.plentiful.C.economical.D.familiar.3.The word "abundant" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.economical.B.familiar.C.plentiful.eful.4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80°to 180° centigrade?A.They are under international control.B.They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.C.Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.D.They are used to generate electricity.5.According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?A.Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.B.Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.C.Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped.D.Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?A.To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United States.B.To imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in California.C.To help explain the signs of decline shown by The Geysers.D.To explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s.7.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?A.Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180° centigrade.B.More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.C.Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.D.A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.8.According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part becauseA.the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from it.B.the water above the rock is under very high pressure.C.the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into it.D.the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself.9.The word "exploiting" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaningtoA.locating.B.increasing.C.making use of.D.estimating the size of.10.How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?A.Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.B.The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials.nd at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.D.Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.B.Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.C.The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is notpractically speaking, renewable.D.In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.12.In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large thatA.it might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewable.B.these sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology.C.these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first century.D.it does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100° centigrade.Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■【A】The water is usuallynaturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■【B】The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■【C】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■【D】Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.A.Heat reservoirs with a temperature from 80° to 180° centigrade can be used, as in France and Iceland, to heat buildings.B.A number of countries now use geothermal reservoirs that contain water or steam above 180° centigrade to generate electricity.C.Most heat reservoirs with a temperature above 180° centigrade cannot be used for energy because they are usually too close to recent volcanic activity.D.The sinking of land above heat reservoirs and other environmental problems arise when water is pumped into a heat reservoir under high pressure.E.Experiments are under way to determine if geothermally heated waters could be used as a source of certain minerals that have been dissolved out of hot rocks deep within Earth.F.A number of issues, including how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a natural supply of water, will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.托福阅读答案1.细节题，问radioactivity和steam的关系，所以找双关键词，分别定位至本段第一句和最后一句，第一句说radioactivity提供了地球的内热，最后一句说水变成蒸汽到达地表，水受热才能蒸汽，而这份热量是geothermal energy提供的，这就是二者的关系，所以答案是C。

高二英语海洋科学单选题40题1. There are many kinds of fish in the ocean. The ______ is one of them.A. sharkB. elephantC. tigerD. monkey答案：A。

本题考查海洋生物名词。

选项B“elephant”是大象，生活在陆地；选项C“tiger”是老虎，生活在陆地；选项D“monkey”是猴子，生活在陆地。

只有选项A“shark”鲨鱼是海洋生物。

2. The ______ can change its color to protect itself.A. dolphinB. starfishC. chameleonD. whale答案：B。

此题考查海洋生物特性。

选项A“dolphin”海豚不能变色；选项C“chameleon”变色龙，但它不是海洋生物；选项D“whale”鲸鱼也不能变色。

而选项B“starfish”海星可以改变颜色来保护自己。

3. Which of the following is NOT a marine mammal?A. SealB. JellyfishC. WalrusD. Orca答案：B。

本题考查海洋哺乳动物。

选项A“Seal”海豹、选项C“Walrus”海象、选项D“Orca”虎鲸都是海洋哺乳动物，而选项B“Jellyfish”水母是腔肠动物，不是哺乳动物。

4. The ______ has a hard shell and moves slowly.A. crabB. birdC. catD. rabbit答案：A。

本题围绕海洋生物的特征。

选项B“bird”鸟、选项C“cat”猫、选项D“rabbit”兔子都不是海洋生物，且没有硬壳。

而选项A“crab”螃蟹有硬壳且移动缓慢，是海洋生物。

5. Among these marine creatures, the ______ is known for its beautiful shape.A. sea urchinB. horseC. pigD. duck答案：A。

2019年1⽉5⽇托福阅读考试真题及答案
1⽉5⽇新⼀期的托福考试已经顺利完成，相信⼤家对真题及其答案⾮常感兴趣，接下来就和店铺⼀起看看2019年1⽉5⽇托福阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage One
学科分类：地质类
题⽬：全球⽓候的形成
内容回忆：科学家通过研究北冰洋冰架核，通过研究⽕⼭，判断过去全球⽓候
词汇题：
1. relatively = comparatively
2. episode = occurrence
3. amplify = strength
Passage Two
学科分类：⽣物类
题⽬：⽕在植物⽣长中的作⽤
内容回忆：⽕对于植物有益处也有害处，益处是可以把腐殖质燃烧，让他快速
变成植物可以⽤的营养。

后⾯举例说明美国黄⽯国家公园在 1988
年着⽕，让部分之前消失的物种重新出现
词汇题：
1. completely = entirely
2. uniform = same
3. magnitude= size
4. readily=easily
Passage Three
学科分类：天⽂
题⽬：地球海洋的形成
内容回忆：海洋的形成，通过研究地球轨道 orbit 运动，太阳活动的变化去猜
测海洋的形成，最终得出结论地球海洋形成是慢慢演变的
词汇题：
1. extreme = intense
2. collide= mix together
3. in retrospect=reconsider the past。

极地科考英语语态练习40题1. The ice samples in the polar region are often ______ for scientific research.A. studiedB. being studiedC. studiedD. to be studied答案：A。

本题考查一般现在时的被动语态。

选项A“studied”是一般现在时的被动语态形式，表示“被研究”，符合句子语境。

选项B“being studied”是现在进行时的被动语态，表示“正在被研究”，此处没有正在进行的意思。

选项C 重复了选项A。

选项D“to be studied”是不定式的被动形式，表示“将要被研究”，与句子的时态不符。

2. The temperature in the polar areas ______ every day.A. is measuredB. measuresC. is measuringD. has measured答案：A。

此题考查一般现在时的被动语态。

选项A“is measured”是被动语态，“温度被测量”，符合题意。

选项B“measures”是主动形式，温度不能主动测量。

选项C“is measuring”是现在进行时，不符合语境。

选项D“has measured”是现在完成时，也不符合句子的时态要求。

3. The polar bears' living conditions ______ by scientists.A. are observedB. observeC. is observedD. observes答案：A。

本题考查一般现在时的被动语态。

主语“living conditions”是复数，所以要用“are observed”，表示“被观察”。

选项B 和D 是主动形式，不符合句子意思。

选项C“is observed”用于主语是单数的情况。

4. The data about the polar climate ______ carefully.A. is collectedB. are collectedC. collectsD. collected答案：A。

小学上册英语第4单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The ______ can live a long time.2. A silverfish is a type of ________________ (昆虫).3.I have a _______ (surprise) for you.4.Catalysts can significantly speed up reaction rates without being _____ in the process.5.In a reversible reaction, reactants can form products and _____ can reform the reactants.6.In spring, the _____ blooms beautifully.7.What is the name of the ocean located on the east coast of the United States?A. Atlantic OceanB. Pacific OceanC. Indian OceanD. Arctic OceanA8.The Earth's core is primarily made up of ______ and nickel.9.I can ______ (展示) my talents.10.The chemical formula for copper(II) sulfate is _____.11.My dad teaches me to be __________ (负责任的) in my actions.12.What do you call a person who repairs cars?A. MechanicB. ElectricianC. PlumberD. PainterA13.My favorite ________ is pink.14.The antelope grazes on the _____ grass.15.The __________ is a famous landmark in Paris.16.My _____ (叔叔) works at a zoo and takes care of the animals. 我叔叔在动物园工作，照顾动物。

2023年1月浙江高考英语阅读B篇解析(笔记版)2023年1月浙江高考英语阅读B篇解析(笔记版)2023年1月的浙江高考英语阅读B篇是一个重要的考试部分。

在本文中，我们将对该篇阅读材料进行详细解析和分析，帮助考生更好地理解文中的内容，并为他们在考试中取得更好的成绩提供指导。

首先，让我们对阅读材料进行整体概述。

该篇文章主要谈论了气候变化对海洋中的生物多样性和海洋生态系统的影响。

文章列举了一些具体的例子和数据，旨在向读者展示气候变化是如何对海洋生态系统造成负面影响的。

接下来，我们将逐段对文章内容进行解析。

第一段是文章的引言部分，旨在向读者介绍本文的主题。

该段落提到了气候变化对地球的重要性，并简要概述了气候变化对海洋生物和生态系统的影响。

此处，作者通过引用科学家的观点来支持他们的论述，使文章更有说服力。

接着，第二段详细讨论了气候变化对海洋温度的影响。

文章指出，随着地球变暖，海洋温度上升，这对海洋生物的生存环境带来了很大的威胁。

为了支持这个论点，作者引用了一项研究，并分享了相关数据。

这些具体的信息有助于读者更好地理解气候变化对海洋生态系统的负面影响。

在第三段，文章转向讨论气候变化对海洋酸化的影响。

作者解释了二氧化碳的排放是造成海洋酸化的主要原因，并指出这一现象对海洋生物的生存造成了严重的威胁。

为了支持这一观点，作者引用了另外一项研究，并提供了相关的事实和数据。

这些信息加强了文章的可信度。

随后的一段具体讨论了气候变化对海洋生物多样性的影响。

文章指出，气候变化导致的环境变化对海洋生态系统中的物种多样性产生了负面影响。

为了支持这一说法，作者引用了一些案例研究，并提供了适当的例证。

这些具体的例子有助于读者更好地理解气候变化对海洋生物多样性的威胁。

最后一段是文章的结论部分，总结了文章的主要观点。

作者再次强调了气候变化对海洋生态系统的危害，并呼吁人们采取积极的行动来减缓气候变化的影响。

这一段提供了一个有力的结论，强调读者应对气候变化负责，并呼吁他们行动起来。

1月24日托福阅读真题
第一篇：火星上的水
【文章解析】：
第一段：综述火星的大气特征，与地球形成对比，提出在这种气候条件下液态水不易在表面形成。

第二段：通过各种探测手段对火星表面地质特征(沉淀，水道)的研究得出结论：火星上确实存在液态水。

第三段：液态水的存在证明，火星上很可能存在生命迹象。

第四段：然而对于火星上生命迹象的研究存在很多的难题。

第二篇：二战后欧洲经济
文章解析：
第一段：综述二战后各国经济的发展。

(此段中出现很多细节性的对比数据，考查考生对杂乱的细节信息的收集与梳理能力)
第二段：战后经济发展的原因：马歇尔计划对欧洲经济发展的巨大推动作用，但是经济支援停止后，经济发展也陷入停滞。

第三段：战后经济发展的原因：政府在欧洲经济发展中起到的作用：支持私有化经济，维持经济的稳定性。

第四段：政府间的合作也对推动了经济的发展。

第五段：美国对于欧洲的经济援助停止后，当地的经济发展也陷入停滞，究其原因是没有有技术的工人操作现代化的机械。

第三篇：罗马的文化入侵
文章解析：
文章关注罗马文明在文化方面对于其他区域的影响。

首先，拉丁语被广泛推崇，人们认为学习语言不仅是为了日常交流，更重要的是可以成为更好的人(当时
人们对于罗马文化的推崇可见一斑)，语言的广泛传播的同时更推动了罗马文化和政治方面的深入影响。

接下来阐述罗马建筑的影响，罗马在征服属地之后，影响当地的建筑风格，随后当地的建筑越来越罗马风。

建筑除了装饰更重要的作用是用于政治和宗教聚会。

随后记叙罗马民主意识的发展和传播。