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试析受教育权理论发展综述中英文翻译

试析受教育权理论发展综述中英文翻译
试析受教育权理论发展综述中英文翻译

试析受教育权理论发展综述中英文翻译W.k.che man the right to education theory development in both English and Chinese translation

论文摘要现行宪法颁布以来,受教育权一直是理论研究的热点,受教育权的行使涉及到受教育权的概念、本质、法律关系等一系列问题,总结其理论发展脉络和存在的问题,有利于辨析澄清观点和完善制度规则,有利于受教育权纠纷的解决。

Paper since the current constitution promulgated, the right to education has always been the hot spot of the theory research, the exercise of the right to education refers to the concept of the right to education, essence, legal relationship and a series of problems, summed up the theoretical development venation and the existing problems, and is conducive to differentiate to clarify ideas and perfect the system of rules, is conducive to the solution of the disputes over the right to education.

论文关键词受教育权法律关系权利救济

Paper keywords educational legal relationship right remedy

现行宪法颁布以来,受教育权一直是理论界研究的热点,学者们以科学、实用的态度开展了受教育权的探讨,从不同角度阐述受教育权的概念、本质、法律关系等理论问题,学术上出现了许多理论创新和有代表性的作品,主要研究成果综述如下:

Since the current constitution promulgated, the right to education has been the hotspot in theory research, scholars with scientific, practical attitude has carried out the discussion of the right to education, explains the concept of the right to education from different angles, essence, legal relationship theory issues such as, there appear a lot of theoretical innovation and academic representative works, the main research results were summarized as follows:

一、受教育权理论的主要观点

One, the main point of the theory of the right to education

由于现行《宪法》、《教育法》、《未成年人保护法》、《行政复议法》等条文中涉及的“受教育权”内涵,没有相应的解释和法律上的界定,学者们对受教育权的定义、本质、内容及相互关系等问题众说纷纭。

Due to the current constitution, the education law, minors protection law, the administrative reconsideration law involved in the provision of "educational" connotation, no corresponding explanation and legal definition, scholars of educational problems such as definition, essence, content and the relationship between the opinions vary.

(一)受教育权的定义

(a) the definition of the right to education

关于什么是“受教育权”,学者们见仁见智,定义各不相同。有的从受教育的途径、场所以及学习内容来定义,有的从国家保障义务来定义,有的从促进人的发展角度来定义,有的结合人的发展和国家的保障义务来定义,如龚向和认为:“所谓受教育权,是指公民依法享有的要求国家积极提供均等的受教育条件和机会,通过学习来发展其个性、才智和身心能力,以获得平等的生存和发展机会的基本权利。”这些定义大多数是从宪法的角度,从国家作为义务的主要承担者的角度去概括,而忽略了公民受教育权的行使涉及的义务主体除国家之外还有教育机构、监护人和其他主体,这是一个缺陷,需要进一步完善。现实中形形色色的受教育权纠纷,有许多并非是受教育者和国家的争议,而是受教育者与学校、监护人、其他组织或个人的争议,按照我国学术界的主流定义方式,受教育权是公民向国家要求学习的机会和条件,那么这些纠纷就不能称之为受教育权纠纷,这显然难以自圆其说。

About what is "the right to education", scholars have different opinions, different definition. Some place from by the way of education, and to define the learning contents, from national security obligation is defined, some defined from the Angle of promoting the development of people, some combination of people's development and national security obligation is defined, such as gong to and think: "the right to education, refers to the citizens shall have the right requirements of countries actively provide equal education conditions and opportunities, by learning to develop their personality, intelligence and physical and mental abilities, in order to obtain the survival and

development of an equal chance of fundamental rights." Most of the definitions from the Angle of the constitution, from the view of state as the main undertaker of obligation to sum up, while ignoring the citizens' exercise of the right to receive education involving in addition to the obligation the country and education institutions, the guardian and other main body, is this a defect, need to be further perfected. For a variety of disputes over the right to education, in reality there are a lot of is not the educatees and controversy of the country, but by educators and school, the guardian, other organization or individual disputes, according to the definition of the mainstream of academic circles in our country, the right to education is a citizen to the state requires the learning opportunities and conditions, then the disputes cannot be called a dispute over the right to education, it is difficult to justify.

(二)受教育权的本质

(2) the nature of the right to education

受教育权的本质解决的是受教育权是一种什么样的权利,权利的实现对受教育者有何意义。日本学者对受教育权本质的认识经历了从政治权利的公民权说到生存权说再到学习权说三种学说的演变,这三种学说曾被我国学者多次援引,例如龚向和从人权理论的角度来观察受教育权本质学说的演变,提出受教育权本质的认识有四种学说:公民权说、生存权或社会权说、学习权说、发展权说。

The nature of the right to education is to solve the right to education is a kind of what kind of right, what's the meaning of the realization of the rights of educatees. Japanese scholars understanding of the nature of the right to education has experienced from political rights of citizenship when it comes to life again to the right to learn the evolution of the theory of three, the three theories has been scholars quoted many times in our country, such as gong to and from the Angle of human rights theory to observe the evolution of the nature of the right to education theory, put forward the right to education of the essence of the four kinds of theories: civil rights, right to life, or social rights said, learning right, the right to development.

关于受教育权的本质,公民权说和生存权说遭到的质疑比较多,两种学说过多地从政治和经济的角度对受教育权加以阐释,忽视了人的丰富性和人的目的地位。目前较为流行的四种学说中的“发展权说”,实际上已被“学习权说”所吸收。20世纪80年代以后,学习权说被国际社会普遍接受。学习权包含了学习自由(主动学习)与受教育权(被动学习)。它强调了受教育者在教育过程中的主体地位,强调了主体在享受受教育权利时的主动性与自由性,

远远超出了“接受教育”的含义,最接近受教育权的本质,但也不能以学习权的概念取代受教育权,因为受教育权是学习权中的一部分,即经他人协助下的学习权。

About the nature of the right to education, citizenship and the right to life by the question is more, two theories too much on the right to education from the perspective of political and economic interpretation, ignore the people's richness and the purpose of the position. At present more popular of the four theories of "the right to development", in fact has been absorbed by "learning right". Since the 1980 s, the study said rights is accepted by the international community. Learning includes the right of free learning, active learning, with the right to education (passive learning). It emphasized the educatee's main body status in the process of education, emphasizes the initiative of subject while enjoying the education rights and freedom, far beyond the meaning of "education", the most close to the nature of the right to education, but also can't in order to study the concept of the right to replace the right to education, because the right to education is part of the learning right, namely, by the help of others to learn.

(三)受教育权法律关系

(3) the right to education legal relationship

我国现行《宪法》第46条第1款规定:“中华人民共和国公民有受教育的权利和义务”。对于现行宪法这种规定,学者们仍然有所疑问,受教育到底是权利还是义务,受教育的这种所谓的权利与义务的一致性或双重性到底是怎样体现出来的?权利主体和义务主体指向的是什么?权利主体与义务主体是否同一?

Our current constitution prescribed in paragraph 1 of article 46: "citizens of the People's Republic of China the rights and obligations of education". For the current constitution, scholars still have doubt, whether education is a right or obligation, the education of the rights and obligations of the so-called consistency or dualism reflected how? What rights and obligations subject to? The subjects of rights and obligations are the same?

从受教育权的构成看,权利主体是具有中国国籍的人。义务主体是谁?是否同权利主体的范围一致?由于受教育权是一项权利构造较为复杂的权利,在公民受教育的过程中,除了国家提供教育机会和条件,学校、教师、父母等主体也会以不同的身份或形式参与进来,在教育上也享有特定的权利和义务。同时,受教育权对应的相关义务又包括消极的不侵犯公民受教育权的义务与积极保障公民受教育权的义务,消极义务与积极义务的承担主体是不一致的、不同一的。消极义务即不侵犯公民受教育权的主体具有广泛性,任何公民、社会团体、

企事业单位、国家机关都不得侵犯公民受教育权的享有与行使。那么,受教育的积极义务的承担者是谁呢?根据宪法精神,国家是受教育积极义务的承担者。因此,受教育权的义务承担者,不仅包括国家,还包括教育机构、监护人和社会上的其他组织或个人。受教育权的权利客体,简单地说,就是教育,包括一切种类和一切级别的教育。

Looked from the structure of the right to education, the right subject is the person who shall have Chinese nationality. Compulsory subject who is it? Whether agree with the scope of the right subject? Because the right to education is a right structure more complex, in the process of Chinese citizens to receive education, except for countries to provide education opportunities and conditions, schools, teachers, parents, etc. The subject will be in a different form of identity or involved, on the education and enjoy certain rights and obligations. Corresponding obligations at the same time, the right to education, including negative not infringing upon the citizen right to education of obligation and positive obligation to guarantee citizens the right to receive education, negative obligation and positive obligation to bear the main body is not consistent, different one. Negative obligation that is not the main body of infringement of citizens' right to education has universality, any citizens, social organizations, enterprises and institutions, state organs are not allowed to infringe upon citizens enjoy and exercise the right to education. So, by the positive obligation of education who is considering? According to the spirit of the constitution, the country is under the obligation of education actively. Obligation to hit from the right to education, therefore, not only including countries, also including education institutions, the guardian and other organizations or individuals in the society. Right to education of the right to object, simply, is education, including all types and all levels of education.

在受教育权的法律关系中争论最多的是受教育权的内容,由于我国宪法没有明确受教育权的范围和界限。有学者认为主要包括三方面的内容,第一是学习的权利。第二是义务教育无偿化。第三是教育机会均等。龚向和按照时间顺序,分成开始阶段的“学习机会权”(包括升学机会权、教育选择权、学生身份权)、过程阶段的“学习条件权”(包括教育条件建设请求权、教育条件利用权、获得教育资助权)、结束阶段的“学习成功权”(包括公正评价权、获得学业、学位证书权),从现有的教育立法来看,受教育权主要包括三方面的内容,即免费义务教育、教育机会平等,以及选择教育的自由。但选择教育的自由在义务教育阶段,有选择私立学校的自由,不包括在公立学校之间进行选择的自由,在非义务教育阶段,包括选择是否接受教育的自由,选择不同类型教育(如职业教育或普通教育)的自由,以及选择哪

一所学校的自由。总之,受教育权的内容由各国法律加以确定,同时,受国际人权法的约束,国际人权法规定的受教育权最低核心内容,需要所有缔约国承担并立即实现。作为国际人权法的缔约国,我国应参照国际人权法规定的受教育权核心内容,在立法中确定我国受教育权的范围和界限。

Dispute in the legal relationship of right to education is the content of the right to education, because our country constitution is not clearly the scope and boundaries of the right to education. Some scholars think that content mainly includes three aspects, first is the right of learning. The second is the compulsory education for free. The third is the education equality of opportunity. Gong to and in accordance with the time order, divided into beginning phase of the "right of learning opportunities (including the right of entrance opportunity, education option, right of student), the process stage of right" to "learning conditions (including education conditions for construction, education rights, get the education funding), end stage of the" right "to learning success (including the right of fair evaluation, school, degree certificate), from the point of view of the existing education legislation, the content of the right to education mainly includes three aspects, namely, free compulsory education, education equality of opportunity, as well as the freedom of choice of education. But the freedom of choice of education at compulsory education stage, there is freedom of choice of private schools, public schools are not included in between the freedom of choice, in the stage of compulsory education, including the freedom to choose whether or not to accept education, choose different types of education (such as a vocational education or general education) of freedom, and freedom of choice of what school. In short, the content of the right to education by national law to determine, at the same time, bound by international human rights law, international human rights law of the right to education minimum core content, requires all parties to undertake and implement immediately. As an international human rights law of the contracting states, our country should refer to international human rights law right to education of the core content, in the legislation to determine the scope and boundaries of the right to education in our country.

(四)受教育权纠纷涉及的法律关系

(4) the right to education disputes involving legal relationship

受教育权纠纷涉及的参加者包括受教育者、教育行政主体、学校、监护人以及其他社会组织和个人。其中,受教育者与教育行政主体发生纠纷,其法律关系属于较为纯粹的行政法律关系;受教育者与父母或其他监护人因教育问题发生纠纷,属于民事法律关系;受教育者与教育机构以外的其他社会组织或个人发生受教育权纠纷,基本属于民事主体之间的侵权纠纷,也可以归入民事法律关系。唯有受教育者与学校或其他教育机构发生的受教育权纠纷,其法律关系的定性可谓众说纷纭。法学界关于受教育者与学校的法律关系,大致有特别权力关系说、一般行政法律关系说、教育契约关系说、监护代理关系说和民事与行政关系兼有说五种学说,但前四种学说都无法涵盖所有教育层次和教育类型的受教育者,只有民事与行政关系兼有说在实务中被普遍采用。但这种理论本身也存在一定缺陷,如学校根据“学校规章”决定学生退学和开除等,属于大学自治性权力,由于没有国家法律的授权,相对方的权益就无法得到有效的救济。因此,有必要突破传统的“授权性行政主体”理论,引入“自治性行政主体”的概念。

Educational disputes involving participants including the educatees, education administrative subject, school, the guardian and other social organizations and individuals. A dispute among them, the pedagogue and education administrative subject, its legal relations are relatively pure administrative legal relationship; By educators and parents or other guardians of a dispute due to the education problem, belongs to the civil legal relationship; Educated and of the soc ial organizations or individuals other than education institutions occurred disputes over the right to education, basic belongs to tort disputes between civil main body, can also be classified as civil legal relationship. Only the educatee with schools or other institutions of education disputes over the right to education, the legal relationship of qualitative is debated. Legal science of educatees and the legal relations of the school, roughly said special power relation, general administrative legal relationship, education contract relationship, the guardianship agency relationship and civil and administrative relations with five kinds of theories, but the first four theories cannot cover all the level of education and education type of the educatees, only says both civil and administrative relation is widely used in practice. But this theory itself also has some defects, such as school determined according to the rules "" school students drop out of school and fire and so on, belong to the university autonomy power, without the authorization of national law, in each other's rights and interests cannot get effective relief. Therefore, it is necessary to breakthrough the traditional "authorized administrative subject theory, introduce the concept of" autonomy of administrative

subject ".

对于学校与学生就受教育权纠纷所涉及的法律关系,我国可以借鉴日本和我国台湾地区的做法,将“特别权力关系说”发展为“基础关系与管理关系说”。涉及基础关系的学生身份的取得、丧失及降级等决定,都属于可诉行政行为。其他如对学生的服装、作息时间、宿舍管理规定等都属于管理关系,不必遵循法律保留原则,属于不可诉的行政行为。受处分学生可以通过申诉途径谋求救济,如未获救济,可以依法提起行政复议及行政诉讼。

Has the right to education for schools and students legal relations involved in the dispute, our country can draw lessons from the practice of Japan and Taiwan area in our country, the "special power relation" to "basic relationship and management". Involves the basic relations of the acquisition, loss and degradation of student decision, belong to actionable administrative action. Other such as clothing, work and rest time for students, dormitory management regulations belong to manage relationships, don't need to follow the principle of law reserve, belongs to administrative behavior is v. Disciplined students may seek relief through appeal ways, such as did not get a relief, can bring administrative reconsideration and administrative lawsuit in accordance with the law.

二、实践中和立法上需要进一步明确的问题

Second, the problems need to be further defined on the practice and legislation

(一)“就近”“免试入学”的标准

(a) "near" and "an exemption entrance" standards

义务教育阶段的就学纠纷,在现实中主要表现为适龄儿童就近入学、免试入学、监护人拒不送被监护人入学等方面的争议。

Compulsory education phase of the school dispute, main show is in reality school-age children entrance, an exemption to the nearest entrance, refused to send guardian read his ward a lecture on admission, etc.

根据《义务教育法》的精神,使儿童、少年就近入学,是地方各级人民政府的法定职责。但实际上,各县市政府编制的义务教育学校设置规划中,并没有中小学合理布局的具体标准,有时政府划分学区没有考虑居民实际居住状况,而过多的考虑行政区域的划分或学生户籍所在地等其他因素,出现了只隔一堵墙却不在一个学区不能就近入学的情况。还有一些偏远地区适龄儿童上学要翻山越岭,因太远太累孩子不愿上学还要责罚其父母的情况。要解决现实中存在的问题,除了制定学校设置和学区划分的具体标准外,还要转变观念,使政府在义务教育上履行职责。有一些地方就根据本地实际,制定了当地办学条件标准,如《河南省农村义务教育阶段学校办学条件基本标准(试行)》规定:“根据人口分布和人口出生率等综合因素,人口比较密集的平原地区,原则上每0.5万人左右设一所完全小学,每2-3万人设一所初中。”“本着就近入学的原则,平原地区小学服务半径一般不超过2公里(不含寄宿制学校)。”总之,只有制定就近入学的具体标准,人们才能判断政府设置学校是否合理,同时,也会减少由此产生的纠纷以及辍学现象的发生。

According to the spirit of the compulsory education law, children and adolescents neighborhood school, is the legal responsibility of the local people's governments at various levels. But in fact, various counties city compulsory education school set up plan, no specific standard, the reasonable layout of primary and secondary schools are sometimes divided government district residents did not take into account the actual living conditions, but too much considering the division of administrative regions, or other factors such as student census register seat, a separated only a wall, but not a district can't go to school. School-age children go to school and some remote areas to nuristan, because far too tired children don't want to go to school to visit his parents. To solve the problems that exist in the reality, in addition to the specific standards for school Settings and school district division, but also changing ideas, make the government perform their duties in the compulsory education. Some place according to local actual, make the local standard operating conditions, such as the basic standard of henan rural compulsory education phase of school running conditions (try out) "regulation:" according to comprehensive factors such as population distribution and population birth rate, more densely populated plains, in principle, each about 05000 people set up a complete primary school, each 2-30000, set a junior high school." "Based on the principle of neighborhood school, elementary school services in plain area is generally not more than 2 km radius (excluding boarding school)." All in all, only the specific standards for neighborhood school, people can tell the government set up the school is reasonable, at the same

time, also can reduce the resulting disputes and dropping out of school.

2006年新《义务教育法》第12条第一款规定“适龄儿童、少年免试入学”,但现实中,有一些学校,尤其是重点小学、初中仍然进行入学测试,其中有些属于外语学校等特色学校,义务教育阶段的就学安排,关系到众多儿童、少年的切身利益,要减少矛盾和冲突,除制定规则外,还要求政府坚决执行法律。但要从根本上解决“免试入学”方面发生的纠纷,则需要政府明确教育目的,改革教育体制,推行素质教育。同时,平衡教育资源,缩小不同地区、不同学校间的差异,在取消重点学校与非重点学校、重点班与非重点班上下功夫。

New 2006 paragraph 1 of article 12 of the compulsory education law "school of school-age children and adolescents an exemption", but in reality, there are some schools, especially focus on elementary school, junior high school entrance test, some of them belong to foreign language school characteristic such as schools, compulsory education school arrangement, relations to the vital interests of the many children and adolescents, and to reduce the contradiction and conflict, in addition to the rules, also asked the government to enforce the law. But to fundamentally solve the disputes "an exemption entrance", requires the government education purpose clear, reform the education system, the implementation of quality education. At the same time, the balance education resources, narrow the differences between different areas, different schools, in the cancel key schools and non-key schools, major work class and the key work in the class.

翻译理论概述

翻译理论知识 一、翻译的定义 学习一门新的学科,首先必须有一个科学的定义。翻译是一个包罗万象、博大精深的技艺,至今也没有一个统一规范、举世公认的定义。我们只能综合各种不同的定义来掌握翻译的本质。 1. The Definition of The Oxford English Dictionary To turn from one language into another. 2. The Definition of Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language To turn into one’s own or another language. 3. A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒,1790) 4. Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言。 (奈达,1974) 5. 翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,1980) 6. 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知、促进社会文 明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。(孙致礼:2003) 7. 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 (王克非,1997) 二、翻译的分类 翻译分不同的类型。就文本而言,随着世界发展的全球化趋势,翻译的范围越来越广,涵盖各个领域,如文学、政治、文化、贸易、科技、传媒等。在这个意义上,翻译可分为文学翻译、科技翻译和实用文体翻译。 1.按语言分类:本族语译成外语、外语译成本族语/ 语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation) 2.按活动形式分类:笔译(translation)、口译(oral interpretation) 3按翻译材料的文体分类:应用文体翻译、科技文体翻译、文学作品翻译、政论作品翻译 4按处理方式分类:全译、节译、摘译、编译、译述 三、翻译的标准 翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则,也是翻译批评家批评译文时必须遵循的原则。翻译是一种社会活动,翻译标准则是从中产生的。由于社会活动受制于社会条件及译者个人等等因素,因此翻译标准也就打上了深深的社会和译者的烙印。 在我国持这一翻译原则的有玄奘、严复和鲁迅等人。玄奘是唐代著名的佛经翻译家,主张翻译"既须求真又须喻俗"(A good translation should be both faithful to the original and intelligible to the public.),意即译文要"忠实通顺"。严复是我国清末时期的名学者。他在《天演论》(译例言)(1898)中提出了"信达雅"三字标准(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)。"信"是"意义不背本文","达"是不拘原文形式,尽译文语音的能事以求原意明显。"信"、"达"互为照应,不可分割开来。"雅"在今天看来是不可取的,因为这个"雅"是用汉以前字法句法,即所谓的上等文言文。鲁迅先生认为:"凡是翻译,必须兼顾两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿。"这就是说,译文既要信又要顺(both faithful to the SL and smooth in expression)。我国当代翻译理论家张培基等人在其《英汉翻译教程》中所提出的"忠实"、"通顺"标准也属此类型。从

西方翻译理论

一.The North American Translation Workshop(早期北美翻译学派) Development: ①The North American Translation Workshop began to study the human’s brain function in the translation . ②It also put forward the nature and the definition of the translation ③It purposed many questions about epistemology which made a difference in the translation study and practice. ④It also doubt the standard of translation evaluation. ⑤The scholars in NATW subverted many traditional translation school and expressive form. ⑥It believed that translation is a kind of literary criticism. While opening up new perspectives, the general approach as practiced in the North American Translation Workshop might be characterized by a theoretical naive and subjective methodologies that tend to reinforce whatever theoretical values individual translators hold. 1.I. A. Richards Richards is a critic, linguist, poet, founder of New Criticism. He is often labeled as the father of the New Criticism, largely because of the influence of his first two books of critical theory, The Principles of Literary Criticism and Practical Criticism. Richards’s initial premises remain intact: he still believed that the field consists of texts containing a primary body of experience that readers could discern; with the proper training, a consensus could be reached regarding what that experience might be. Richards’s aims were threefold: (1) to introduce a new kind of documentation into contemporary American culture; (2) to provide a new technique for individuals to discover for themselves what they think about poetry; (3) to discover new educational methods. 2. Ezra Pound Ezra Pound’s theory of translation focused upon the precise rendering of details, of individual words and of single or even fragmented images; Pound’s theoretical writing fall into two periods: an early imagist phase that, while departing from traditional forms of logic, still occasionally contained abstract concepts and impressions; and a second late imagist or vorticist phase that was based on words in action and luminous details; Pound's emphasis was less on the "meaning" of the translated text or even on the meaning of specific words. Instead, he emphasized the rhythm, diction, and movement of words; Pound supposes that we can have a creative translation besides literal translation and free translation.

中西方翻译史对比

中西方翻译史对比 Western translation history 翻译在西方已有两千多年的历史,出现过5次高潮。 第一个高潮是在公元前3世纪中叶。当时最著名的译作为《希腊文旧约圣经》(Septuagint). 据说该译作由72名学者在72天内从希伯来语译为希腊语,以满足讲希腊语的犹太人学习《圣经》的需要。与此同时,由于希腊丰富的文化遗产吸引着发展中的罗马,罗马文学家将荷马史诗《奥德赛》(Odyssey)和大批希腊戏剧作品译为拉丁语或用拉丁语改编希腊戏剧,打 开了欧洲翻译的局面,使古希腊文学得以传播和继承。 第二个高潮发生于公元4世纪至6世纪之间。它与基督教的发展密切相关。由于《圣经》 是基督教的经典,要传播基督教必须将希伯来语和希腊语写成的《圣经》译为拉丁语才能为罗马人所接受,于是各种译本相序问世,其中杰洛姆(Jerome)翻译的《圣经通用本》(the Vulgate)最具权威性。出于对宗教的狂热和对上帝的敬畏,当时许多译者认为忠实地传达 原文意思必须采用直译的方式,所以他们的译文难懂,而杰洛姆(Jerome)的思想比较开明,他坚持“在不损害意思的前提下,应当使译文符合译语的韵律和各种特征”,因此他的译文流畅自然,易于读者接受。 第三个高潮是11世纪至12世纪之间。由于基督教与穆斯林对彼此的文化深感兴趣,大 批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语,希腊语译成古叙利亚语,西班牙的托莱多因翻译活动的繁荣 成为欧洲的学术中心,这一高潮持续了近一百年。 14-16时机的欧洲文艺复兴运动,是一场深刻的社会变革。思想、文学和艺术的革新,引 起了翻译的第四次高潮,翻译活动的高潮,又推动了思想、文学和艺术等众多领域的发展。 德国宗教改革领袖马丁"路德将《圣经》译为民众喜闻乐见的德语,为现代德语的发展奠定 了基础。路德翻译《圣经》的原则之一是:“译者必须同家庭主妇、街上的儿童和市场上的 普通人谈话,了解他们怎么说话,在此基础上进行翻译,使民众明白并意识到有人在用德语 同他们谈话。”路德的这一原则体现了文艺复兴时期的人文主义精神,是圣经翻译摆脱宗教 思想的禁锢,顺应民意的重大突破。他的人文主义观点,无疑影响了《圣经钦定本》(King James Version)的译者。1611年英王詹姆士一世钦定的这一《圣经》译本,以通俗、优美、

★当代西方翻译理论流派评述及代表人物

翻译学必读 1语文和诠释学派 二十世纪之前的翻译理论被纽马克(1981)称为翻译研究的‘前语言学时期’,人们围绕‘word-for-word’和‘sense-for-sense’ 展开激烈的讨论,核心是‘忠实’,‘神似’和‘真理’。典型的代表有John Dryden, Tytler等,而Barnard, Steiner等人则是在他们的基础上进一步发展。 2语言学派 Jacobson(1959)提出意义对等的问题,随后的二十多当年,学界围绕这个问题进行了研究。奈达(1969)采取了转换语法模式,运用“科学(奈达语)”的方法来分析他翻译《圣经》过程中的意义处理问题。奈达提出的形式对等说、动态对等说和等效原则都是将注意力集中在受众一方。纽马克信奉的是语义翻译和交际翻译,即重视翻译中的语义和交际方面。 3话语分析Discourse Analysis(critical discourse analysis批评话语分析functional discourse analysis功能语篇分析Discourse analysis theory话语分析理论 Discourse Analysis for Interpreters翻译专业演说分析 Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis语用学positive discourse analysis积极话语分析rhetorical or discourse analysis语篇分析Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis语用学Mediated discourse analysis中介话语分析 二十世纪七十年代到九十年代,作为应用语言学领域的一个分支,话语分析经历了产生和发展壮大的过程,其理论背景来自(韩礼德)的系统功能语法。今天,话语分析的方法已经逐步运用到翻译研究中。House(1997)提出的翻译质量模型就是基于韩礼德的理论,他吸收了其中的语域分析方法;Baker(1992) 则为培养译员提供了话语分析和语用分析的范本;Hatim 和 Mason(1997)将语域研究拓展到语用和符号学角度 4目的学派 目的学派于二十世纪七、八十年代在德国兴起,是从静态的语言学、语言类型学中剥离出来的。其中的代表人物有,Reiss,Vermmer,Nord 等。Reiss(1971,1988,2000)强调的是文本层面的对等,主张文本的类型和翻译策略结合起来; Holz-Manttari(1984)则认为在翻译过程是一个交际、互动的过程,涉及各种各样的角色。Vermmer(2000)继承并发展了Reiss的观点。 5文化学派the Culture School Even-Zohar 在二十世纪七十年代提出将文学翻译视为文化的,文学的和历史的过程或系统。翻译研究的“文化转向”指的是更加注重从文化研究的角度进行翻译研究。其中,Lefevere (1992)逐渐从系统理论转向文化学研究,将翻译看作‘重写’的过程,审视围绕着翻译文本的意识形态冲突等课题。Simon(1996) 和一些女权主义者则重点研究文化学研究中的女性意识。后殖民主义文化学方向的代表人物是Bassnett和Trivedi (1999),他们认为,无论在殖民化的过程中还是在被殖民的社会,翻译都十分活跃。文化学派的研究有着各自的研究任务和各自的侧重点,丰富了翻译研究的内容。 6解构学派 本雅明本人不属于解构学派,但他的著作《译者的任务》通常被看作解构学派对翻译研究的缘起和根据。本雅明率先指出,翻译不可能与原作相等,因为翻译过程已经改变了原作,况且,没有蜕变,也就不会产生‘后起的生命’。本雅明认为,译者的任务不是在目标语中复制原文,而是颠覆原语的体系,把潜藏于原文的精神内容表达出来。德里达则更进一步,在他的著作《巴别通天塔》中,翻译被看作一个不断解构和建构的过程。学界认为德里达将翻译研究对‘忠实’的盲目追求中解放出来(陈德鸿,2000)。 7口译研究

第1 课绪论--翻译概述(1)

第1 课绪论--翻译概述(1) 一、学科特点 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动,是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另 一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠:"漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》 中国对外翻译出版公司,1985,p.80), 是"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而 又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息"(谭载喜:《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版 公司,1984,p.10)。翻译虽为个体所承作,却是一种社会活动,一门综合性很 强的学科。它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。就前者而言,翻译经过千 百年来各国翻译家的共同努力,已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、 哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系,并在具体实践中总结出 了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。随着科学的日益进步,这种体系和模 式正处在不断地完善之中。就后者而言,翻译是人类社会活动的产物,具有很强

的实践性。翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的;翻译理论产生于翻译实践,反过来 又指导实践,实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。可以说,没有社会实践就不会有翻译 理论的产生;没有翻译理论作为指导,翻译实践就会难免走弯路。因此,学好翻 译既要重视翻译理论的学习,又要加强翻译实践;理论联系实际,这是我们学好 翻译的必由之路。 二、为什么可能有翻译 翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要,因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同 文化的民族之间进行沟通,而这一全过程都离不开翻译。正如Steiner 和张培基 所说的那样:Translating it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) 翻译是沟通各族人民的思 想,促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手段,也是进行国际斗争的 必要武器。翻译是学习好外语的重要手段之一,也是探讨两种语言对应关系的一 门学科。(张培基等)

翻译理论概述

第一章翻译理论概述一、Definition of Translation二、中国翻译简史三、中国翻译理论四、翻译的基本原则五、翻译工作者的基本素质一、Definition of TranslationDefinitions given by Chinese scholars:● 翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。(现代汉语词典)●翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格和神韵。(吴献书,1949)●翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,1980)●翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。(刘宓庆,1990)●翻译的定义应该是:“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。” (蔡毅,1995)●翻译是将一种语言所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。(王克非,1997)翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交流。(沈苏儒,1998)● 翻译应当把原文的本意,完全正确地介绍给中国读者,使中国读者所得到的概念等于英俄日德法┅┅读者从原文得来的概念。(瞿秋白)Definitions given by Western scholars:● 翻译是翻成本族语言或另一种语言(to turn into one’s own language or another language)美国韦氏新大学词典●好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地遗注到另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受一样。(泰特勒,1790)●翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不

可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。(费道罗夫,1953)● According to Catford transl ation is “ the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL”. (翻译的定义也许可以这样说:把一种语言(SL)中的篇章材料用另一种语言(TL)中的篇章材料来加以代替。)(卡特福德,1965)● ●翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面(也就是意义)不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。(巴尔胡达罗夫,1985中文版)● According to Newmark translation is “ a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”2001a:7.美国现代翻译家、语言学会主席尤金奈达(EugeneA Nida)1969年所下的定义:Nida in sists “… translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” Nida1969: 53。(翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言)Translation Translation in fact has three distinguishable meanings for this word. It can refer to: 1 translating: the process to translate the activity rather than the tangible object 2 a translation: the

浅析中国翻译理论发展状况

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英语专业翻译类论文参考文献

参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津:南开大学出版社,2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京:外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本). 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海:上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京:世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海:上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林:吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京:商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京:对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津:天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等,《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1894-1948)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津:南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京:旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津:天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京:北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京:东方出版社, 1993.

★西方翻译理论史解析

1.1古代翻译 西方翻译史是在公元前三世纪揭开它的第一页的。古罗马时期的翻译活动室西方翻译史上第一次大的翻译高潮,带有明显的文学活动性质。及至进入罗马帝国后期,宗教翻译逐渐成为西方翻译界的主流。 从广义上说,西方最早的译作是公元前三至二世纪之间,七十二名犹太学者在埃及亚历山大城翻译的《圣经.旧约》,即《七十子希腊文本》;从严格的意义上说,西方的第一部译作是在约公元前三世纪中叶安德罗尼柯在罗马用拉丁语翻译的希腊荷马史诗《奥德塞》。 1.2罗马帝国的后期至中世纪初期的宗教翻译 公元四世纪出现了《圣经》的多种拉丁文译本,其中以哲罗姆于382至405年翻译的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》为钦定本,标志着《圣经》翻译取得了与世俗文学翻译分庭抗礼的重要地位。 1.3中世纪西方翻译 公元十一至十二世纪之间,西方翻译家门云集西班牙的托莱多,把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语,这是西方翻译史上的第三个高潮。于是,托莱多成为欧洲的学术中心(类似与巴格达的“翻译院”),翻译及学术活动延续达百余年之久,影响是非常深远的。 1.4文艺复兴时期的西方翻译 十四至十六世纪欧洲发生的文艺复兴运动,是一场思想和文学革新的大运动,也是西方

翻译史上的一次大发展。特别是文艺复兴运动在西欧各国普遍展开的十六世纪及尔后一个时期,翻译活动达到了前所未见的高峰。翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、文学、宗教等各个领域,涉及大古代和当代的主要作品,产生了一大批杰出的翻译家和一系列优秀的翻译作品。 在德国,宗教改革家马丁.路德于1522至1534年翻译刊行第一部“民众的圣经”,开创了现代德语发展的新纪元。在法国,文学阿米欧先后用了十七年(1542-1559年)时间,译出了普鲁塔克的《希腊罗马名人比较列传》(简称《名人传》),查普曼1598至1616年译的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》,弗罗里欧1603年所译蒙田的《散文集》,乃是英语文学译著中一群灿烂的明星。而1611年《钦定圣经译本》的翻译出版社则标志着英国翻译史上又一次大发展。它以其英语风格的地道、通俗和优美赢得了"英语中最伟大的译著"的盛誉,对现代英语的发展产生了深远的影响。 1.5西方翻译史的第五次高潮 文艺复兴后,从十七世纪下半叶至十二世纪上半叶,西方各国的翻译继续向前发展。虽然就其规模和影响而言,这一时期的翻译比不上文艺复兴时期,但仍然涌现出大量的优秀译著。其最大特点是,翻译家们不仅继续翻译古典著作,而且对近代的和当代的作品也发生了很大的兴趣。塞万提斯、莎士比亚、巴尔扎克、歌德等大文豪的作品都被一再译成各国文字,东方文学的译品也陆续问世。 1.6西方翻译史的第六次高潮 第二次大战后,西方进入相对稳定的时期,生产得到发展,经济逐渐恢复,科学技术

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