【英国文学期末复习资料】之英国文学诗歌的鉴赏方法及基本概念

1、诗歌的类型2、Images意象Figures of Speech3、修辞Sound of Poetry4、诗的音律Forms of Poetry5、诗歌的形式简单来说，鉴赏诗就三步。

写什么（意象、意境）；怎么写的（艺术手法）；抒发诗人什么情感？TreesI think that I shall never see我认为我从来都没有见过A poem lovely as a tree.一首像树一样的诗歌A tree whose hungry mouth is prest 牧师Against the sweet earth's flowing breast;A tree that looks at God all day,And lifts her leafy(叶茂盛的,多叶的)arms to pray祈祷;A tree that may in summer wearA nest（鸟巢） of robins（知更鸟） in her hair;Upon whose bosom（胸怀） snow has lain;Who intimately（亲密的） lives with rain.Poems are made by fools like me,But only God can make a tree.明喻是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相类的关系，说甲（本体）像（喻词）乙（喻体）。

常用：像、好像、比如、仿佛、宛如、仿佛、好比、比方说、像……一样、如……一般、仿佛……似的、……一样、……似的等喻词来联系。

∙再次是拟人。

拟人就是把事物人格化，把本来不具备人的一些动作和感情的事物变成和人一样。

再谈谈拟人、移情与移就之间的区分方法。

移情和移就的区别是：移情是将人的主观的感情移到客观的事物上，反过来又用被感染了的客观事物衬托主观情绪，使物人一体，能够更集中地表达强烈感情；而移就是甲乙两项事物相关联，就把原属于形容甲事物（或人）的修辞语移来属于乙事物，是一种词语活用的修辞手法。

Chapter one1.The origin of the English people, their language and literature1)The settlement of the Anglo-Saxons on the island: the mid 5th century2)Seven kingdoms united into one called England: 7th century.The three tribes(Angles,Saxons and Jutes) mixed into a whole people called English.3)Their language: Anglo-Saxon, which is also called old English.4) English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England: a few relics are stillpreserved—poems and songs about the heroic deeds of old time.Beowulf: a folk legend brought to England from their continental homes (Denmark), reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times2.Norman Conquest and its impact on the English language1066: the end of Anglo-Saxon period and the establishment of feudalism in England.The general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant.Two languages were spoken: French and English. By the end of the 14th century English was again the dominant speech—different from the old Anglo-Saxon:Structure: EnglishCommon words: EnglishMore than 10 thousand French words were introduced – English synonyms.3.Literature of feudal England1). The romance: describing the life and adventure of noble heroes ---the English versions were translated from French or Latin.2). English ballads:a). In various English and Scottish dialectsb). Composed collectively\’]c). A variety of themesd). Mainly the literature of the peasants: the outlook of the English common people in thefeudal societye). The Robin Hood ballads4. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340? ----1400): read the introduction in your bookFather of English poetry, one of most greatest poets of England.Romance of rose（玫瑰奇缘）/the house of fame（声誉之宫）/the parliament of fowls(百鸟议会)The Canterbury tales5.Chaucer’s contribution to English literature1). His poetry traces out a path to the literature of English Renaissance, it reflects the changesof the second half of the 14th century2). As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life3). Wide learning: a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. Studied philosophical worksof his time; an abundant knowledge of the world. No man could have been better equipped,socially and intellectually to be the founder of English poetry4). His language -----Middle English ----vivid and exact----good master of English ----makingthe dialect of London the foundation of modern English speech----establishing English as the literary language of the country.6.popular balladsBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.Ballads are divided into several kinds:i.Historicalii.Legendaryiii.Fantasticaliv.Lyricalv.HumorousCharacter:Chapter TwoRenaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.1. Historical background of the English Renaissance1) The founding of the Tudor Dynasty which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.2) A kind of religious movement called Reformation was started: Protestantism — The LatinBible was translated into English: a great influence on the English language and lit erature. 3) English economy developed at a slow but steady pace. As a result of the Enclosure Movement,a large number of peasants became the forefathers of the modern English proletariat.4) Commercial expansion abroad and the establishment of colonies2. Chief characteristics of the Renaissance1)The interest in God and in the life after death was transformed into the exaltation of manand an absorption in earthly life.2) Materialistic philosophy and scientific thought replaced the church dogmas.3) A total new culture rose out of the revival of the old culture of ancient Greece and Rome; a new kind of art and literature emerged through the exploration of the infinite capabilities of man.Or:1) A thirsting curiosity for classical literature2) A keen interest in life and human activities3. English literature of the Elizabethan Period (second half of the 16th century)1) Many classical and Italian and French works were translated into English — Don Quixote2) Books on history and about new discoveries were written.3) The sonnet, an exact form of poetry, was introduced to England from Italy.4. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)born in London of a merchant tailor's family;had a progressive scholar as his headmaster, who hold that "It is not a mind, not a b ody, that wehave to educate, but a man";entered Cambridge in 1569, graduated in 1573 with M.A. degree;started "The Faerie Queen" by 1580, dedicated it to the Queen in 1589;became private secretary of Lord Grey, the Queen's Lord Deputy in Ireland — stayed there for his remaining 19 years, carried out the tyrannical rule of the British government therewrote "The Shepherds' Calendar" in 1597;an Irish uprising broke out in 1599, his house was burnt down, he returned to London, died "for want of bread";his language: modern English — different from Chaucer's Middle English.8. Francis Bacon's life (1561-1626)born in London in 1561, father: Lord Keeper of the Seal; mother: well-educatedsent to Cambridge University at the age of 12;English ambassador in France after graduation;entered Gray's Inn to study law;member of parliament — more on the side of the bourgeoisie — offended Queen Elizabeth James I made him a Knight, gave one important office after another until he became Lord Chancellor;charged with bribery in 1621;The remaining years of his life were spent in literary, philosophical and scientific work.died of cold in 1626;9. Francis Bacon's works: three classes1) Philosophical works:"The Advancement of Learning" 1605, in English"Novum Organum" 1620, in Latin2) Literary works — 58 essays — the first English essayist dealing with a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, studies, youth and age, garden, death and many others — won popularity for their clearness, brevity and force of expression3) Professional works: "Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses"Marx called him "the real father of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general".12. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)family: born in Stratford-on-Avon in central England;father: a prosperous tradesman with 8 children;mother: daughter of a well-to-do farmer;education: the local grammar school 6 years, also learned Latin and a little Greekworked as a country schoolmaster at 14;married a farmer's daughter (8 years his senior);life as an actor and playwright;well acquainted with theatrical performances when still at Stratford;went to London in 1586-87, and worked at odd jobs in a theatre, became an acto r but was not successful;began to write for the stage — revising old plays and wrote new ones — a successful writer of both tragedies and comedies;His complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnetsdied on the 23rd of April, 1616.13. Shakespeare's career as a dramatist: 3 periods1s t period (1590-1600): 9 historical plays, 10 comedies, 1 tragedy — imbued with an optimisticatmosphere of humanism, describing the youth, love, and ideals of happiness of young peopleHenry Ⅵ, Richard Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Henry ⅣRomeo and Juliet, The Merchant of Venice, A Mid-Summer Night's Dream, As You Like It 2nd period (1601-1608): reflecting the social contradictions of the age — a transition from greenyouth to maturity;Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Mecbeth3rd period (1609-1612): a general tone of conciliation and a falling off from his previous height, but optimistic faith in the future of humanityThe Tempest, The Winter's Tale, Henry ⅦShakespeare’s comedies reflected an optimistic spirit of the humanists at that time. They praised sincere friendship and true love, advocated equality between man and man, and repudiated the feudal moral and feudal system.His tragedies have shown us insurmountable contradictions between human ideal and social reality, and raised a series of questions about the state, moral, wealth, family and philosophy.十四行诗(the sonnet)是一种形式完整、格律严谨、以歌咏爱情为主的小诗，十三、四世纪盛行于意大利，其最主要的代表者为Petrarch（比德拉克）（1304-1374），十六世纪中叶由Thomas Wyatt传入英国，至莎士比亚一代而臻完美。

英国文学诗歌赏析格式可以遵循以下步骤：
1.了解背景：首先了解诗歌的创作背景，包括诗人的生平和时代背景，以及诗歌的创作时间和背景。

这些信息有助于理解诗歌的主题和情感。

2.细读诗歌：仔细阅读诗歌，注意诗歌的韵律、节奏和语言特点。

分析诗歌中的意象、象征和修辞手法，这些都是诗人表达情感和主题的重要手段。

3.确定主题和情感：概括诗歌的主题和情感，分析诗人如何通过意象、象征和修辞手法来表达这些主题和情感。

4.比较分析：将这首诗歌与其他诗人或诗派的诗歌进行比较，分析它们在主题、风格和技巧方面的异同。

5.总结评价：对诗歌进行总结评价，包括对诗人的技巧和风格的评价，以及对诗歌主题和情感的评价。

同时也可以提出自己的见解和感受。

在撰写英国文学诗歌赏析时，需要注意行文流畅、逻辑清晰，避免出现语法和拼写错误。

同时，也需要引用可靠的资料来源，避免出现学术不端行为。

英国文学期末复习提纲英国文学提纲一、5个术语上册3个1.Alliteration 头韵Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of tow or more words that are next to or close to each other.Of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Allegory 寓言体An allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning and serve to spread moral teaching.Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.3.Heroic Couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentameter五步抑扬格. The second line is usually end-stopped. It was common practice to string long sequences长序列of heroic couplets together in a pattern of aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, ff (and so on).Example:But when to mischief mortals bend their will ,How soon they find fit instruments of ill !(Pope: The Rape of the Lock, III,125-126)4.Humanism 人文主义Humanism is a movement of philosophy and ethics that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought andevidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism).Humanism was the keynote of the Renaissance. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. They began to admire human beauty and human achievement. Man is no longer the slave of the external world. He can mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks.5.Sonnet 十四行诗A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.There are three types：(1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave.(2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter.(3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. Therhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.6.Ballads 民谣Ballads are stories told in sound and usually in four-line stanzas with even number lines rhymes. They were created collectly by the people and constantly revised through the process of being handed down with mouth.A. The beginning is often abrupt.B. There are strong dramatic elements.C. The stories are often told through dialogue and action.D. The ballad meter is used.7.Spenserian Stanza 斯宾塞诗节A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene.8.Blank verse 无韵诗V erse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.9.Romance 传奇故事Romance generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures. Romance embody the life and adventures of knights and is characteristic of theearly feudal age, as it reflects the spirits of chivalry. The content of romance is usually about love, chivalry, and religion.10.Epic 史诗Epic is an extended narrative叙事体poem in elevated严肃的or dignified庄严的language, It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary传奇的or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence宏伟. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic. like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey.Features①The hero is a figure of imposing sta ture②The setting is vast in scope③The action consists of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage④A style of sustained elevation and grand simplicity is used下册2个1.Romanticism 浪漫主义In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage束缚of neoclassicism, which emphasized强调reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.2.Modernism 现代主义Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets,novelist,painters,and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the world warⅡ.The term includes various trends or schools,such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism.Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism.The characteristics of modernist writings can be summed up as /doc/e36199962.html,plexity and obscurity, the use of symbols,allusion,irony.3.Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白诗A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts and feelings of the speaker. One famous examples is Browning’s “My Last Duchess”.4.Stream-of-consciousness 意识流Stream of consciousness, which presents the thoughts of a character in the random, seemingly unorganized fashion in whichthe thinking process occurs, has the following characteristics. First, it reveals the action or plot through the mental processes of the characters rather than through the commentary of an omniscient author. Second, character development is achieved through revelation of extremely personal andoften typical thought processes rather than through the creation of typical characters in typical circumstances. Third, the action of the plot seldom corresponds to real, chronological time, but moves back and forth through present time to memories of past events and drams of the future. Fourth, it replaces narration, description, and commentary with dramatic interior monologue and free association.二、作家作品匹配（看笔记）三、诗歌赏析1. Shakespeare - Hamlet 上册P128 Note 1&2To be or not to be:that is the question,2. Bacon - Of Studies 上册P145Bacon’s 58 essays were published in 1625. They are the author;s reflections and comments, mostly on rather abstract subjects, such as “Of Truth”, “Of Friendship”, and “O f riches”. They are known for their conciseness, brevity, simplicity and forcefulness.◆第一部分：It is about the purpose of studiesA. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.B. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.◆第二部分：It is about the way to study.Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and takefor granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.◆第三部分：It is about the relationship between studies and characteristic.A. Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.B. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.With these two rhetorical devices, the sentences have become more simple and the important points are highlighted. In such sentences, parallelism and ellipsis bring great help to express Bacon’s strong emotions.3. Shelley - Ode to the west wind 下册P52-55第一段If winter comes, can spring be far behind?Death & Rebirthdrive his dead thoughts (like the dead leaves) across the universe in order to prepare the way for new birth in the spring 西风已经成了一种象征，它是一种无处不在的宇宙精神，一种打破旧世界，追求新世界的西风精神。

英国文学简史英美文学史名词翻译Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴）Metaphysical poetry （玄学派诗歌）Classism （古典主义)Enlightenment （启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄）Aestheticism(美学主义）Stream of consciousness （意识流）the Age of Realism (现实主义时期) Naturalism （自然主义）Local Colorist （乡土文学)Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）Surrealism （超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代）Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批评主义)Feminism（女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero （海明威式英雄）Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity （后现代主义）Realism （现实主义）Allegory （寓言)Romance （传奇）epic(史诗）Blank Verse （无韵诗）Essay （随笔)Masques or Masks （假面剧）Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Three Unities （三一。

原则）Meter （格律)Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)Elegy （挽歌）. Action/plot (情节）Atmosphere （基调) Epigram (警句）The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句）Sentimentalism （感伤主义文学)Aside （旁白）Denouement （戏剧结局）parable (寓言）Genre （流派)Irony （反讽）Satire （讽刺)Lyric (抒情诗）Ode （颂歌)Pastoral （田园诗) Canto (诗章）Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image （意象）Dramatic monologue(戏剧独白）Psychological novel （心理小说)Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism （象征主义) Existentialism （存在主义）Anti—hero (反面人物）Rhyme (押韵）Round Character （丰满的人物）Flat character （平淡的人物)Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步）Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend （传说)Myth (神话) Pessimism （悲观主义）Tragicomedy (悲喜剧）Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography （传记）Foot （脚注）Protagonist （正面人物）Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复)repeated initial(开头的)一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer）―英国诗歌之父(Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser）《仙后》(The Faerie Queene）•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》(Essays)•克里斯托弗·马洛(Christopher Marlowe）《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine)《浮士德博士的悲剧》(The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr。

考点一：The Canterbury Tales参考A: 1~3: spring rain 4: spring flower 5: spring wind 6~7: spring grass 8~9: spring sun 10~~18: the celebration of spring (10~13: birds’ singing; 14~18: people’s pilgrimages)参考B: Structure beauty: The 18 lines form a coherent whole which is a sentence that composes of two adverbial clauses of time (line 1~11) and a main clause (12~18), expressing the essential idea of the whole work.考点二：Why is spring compared to a king? (4’)1.As the first season of a year, spring is as powerful as the king because it gives life toeverything.2.The use of the “king” can rime with “spring” and “sing”.考点三：What’s the effect of repeating “come live with me and be my love”?1.For the speaker’s part, he can strengthen his passion to his love, he sounds moreconfident than ever and the plea becomes more persuasive with each repetition.2.For the listener’s part, we can understand speaker’intention much more clearly. Thelistener will feel that shepherd’s love is strong and sincerely.3.It makes the ending match up with the beginning so as to make the poem a completewhole.考点四：What’s the effect of repeating the calls of the birds in each stanza?1. A good poem is usually like a beautiful song, the calls of the birds are pleasing to the ear.The repeated songs can give people pleasure and make this poem have a beautifulrhyme.2.The repetition of this line make three stanzas from a united whole.3.The sweat songs of the birds describe their happiness in spring and express their love ofspring. Their songs can also create a happy and peaceful atmosphere for people to enjoyspring.4.To emphasize the coming of spring.考点五：Compare these two poem: （讲义第7和第8面）1.On one hand, they share the same structure, meter, rhyme pattern and subject matters. Theywere written in iambic pentameter with six quatrains, each rhyming aabb. Both poems are about love and nature.2.On the other hand, they have obvious differences. Marlowe was young, he idealized natureand love. So his poem was romantic and imaginative. But Raleigh was old, and his attitude was jaded. He shows the reality of life and presents and opposite and negative view towards love and nature described in Marlowe’s poem.考点六：（可能会考选择题）Script(剧本): the written work from which a drama is produced; contains stage directions and dialogue.Stage directions（舞台说明）: notes provided by the playwright to describe how something should be performed on stage. Stage directions often describe elements of the spectacle: lighting, music, sound effects, costumes, properties, and set designs.Soliloquy（独白）: a long speech given by a character while alone on stage to reveal his or her private thoughts or intentions.Aside（旁白）: a statement intended to be heard by the audience or by a single other character butnot by all the other characters on stage.Act(幕): a major division of a drama.Scene(场景)：a division of an act; it begins with the entrance of one or more characters and ends with the exit of one or more characters.考点七：Why Juliet is a sun not a beautiful flower?1.There is only one sun in the world and Juliet is the only woman Romeo loves.2.Juliet is more beautiful and warm than the moon and the stars, so Juliet is the sun.考点八：What we can learn from Romeo and Juliet?1.We should believe true love.2.be brave to pursuer true love and happiness.3.be firm to your love.4.the more I give to you, the more I have.考点九：Problems troubling Hamlet:Hamlet’s endurance has reached the breaking point.1.His father has been murdered by his uncle.2.His mother, who he loves dearly, is married to his uncle right after his father’s death.3.Then his former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dispatched by claudius to spy onhim.4.Moreover, his sweetheart, Ophelia, is sent as a tool to find out whether or not he is really mad.This is some thing he can no longer endure.5.One incident after another seems to reveal to him that the time is “out of joint”, and man is notso good as he had imagined.6.Now, he’s all alone. The world that he knew is shattered. His black mood of despair isdeepened by his inability to act ---to do something to change the situation. Now he ponders whether to continue living or to take his own life.考点十：对to be, or not to be: that is the question的理解。

英文诗歌鉴赏方法与技巧英文诗歌是一种具有高度艺术性和表现力的文学形式，鉴赏英文诗歌需要读者具备一定的文学素养和语言能力。

以下是一些英文诗歌鉴赏的方法和技巧:1. 了解诗人和历史背景：了解诗人的生活背景和时代背景可以帮助读者更好地理解诗歌的内涵和情感。

此外，了解诗歌的历史发展和演变也可以加强对诗歌的理解和欣赏。

2. 关注诗歌的结构和形式：英文诗歌的结构通常比较严谨，例如押韵、格律、词距等。

读者需要关注诗歌的形式，理解诗歌的韵律、节奏和意境。

3. 分析诗歌的语言和修辞：英文诗歌的语言通常富有隐喻和象征意义。

读者需要分析诗歌的语言运用，理解其中的修辞手法和表达技巧，例如比喻、对比、排比等。

4. 感受诗歌的情感和意境：英文诗歌通常表现出深刻的情感和人生哲理。

读者需要通过阅读和感受诗歌，理解其中的意境和情感，进而深入欣赏诗歌的艺术价值。

5. 借鉴和学习诗歌鉴赏技巧：读者可以通过阅读其他诗人的诗歌和文学经典，学习到不同的诗歌鉴赏技巧和分析方法。

此外，还可以通过阅读和分析诗歌作品，提高自己的诗歌鉴赏能力。

拓展:1. 了解英文诗歌的发展历程和主要流派：英文诗歌的发展历程可以追溯到古代希腊和罗马的诗歌传统，后来发展到巴洛克、浪漫主义和现代诗歌等主要流派。

了解这些历史背景和流派可以帮助读者更好地理解英文诗歌的文化背景和艺术特色。

2. 关注英文诗歌的文学价值和意义：英文诗歌是一种具有高度文学价值和艺术价值的诗歌形式。

读者可以通过阅读和研究英文诗歌，了解和感受诗歌在人类文化史上的重要性和影响力。

3. 欣赏英文诗歌的韵律和美感：英文诗歌的韵律和美感是其独特的艺术特色之一。

读者可以通过练习朗诵和欣赏英文诗歌，感受到英文诗歌的韵律和美感，进而更好地理解和欣赏英文诗歌。

英国⽂学复习提纲加诗歌赏析⽅法I. PART ONE. EARLY&MEDIEV AL1. Beowulf: the national epic史诗of the Anglo-SaxonsBeowulf against: monster Grendel, she-monster and a fire dragonArtistic features: Using alliteration（头韵）Using metaphor（⽐喻）and understatement（陈述）2. The Class Nature of the Romance: They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.3. Geoffery Chaucer: The father of English poetry/ the founder of English poetry The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集：英国⽂史上现实主义第⼀部杰作fir st time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle EnglishII. The Renaissance Period1. The Renaissance & Humanism: R: 2 features: a curiosity for classical literature (Greek & Latin)→dissatisfaction at Catholic & feudal ideas/ activities of humanit y→new feeling of admiration for human beauty & achievementH: the key-note of R, new outlook of the rising bourgeois class2. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯?培根: Essays随笔(famous quotas: Of studies)3.Drama: the miracle P奇迹剧(Bible story); the morality P道德剧(abstract characters/conflict of good&evil with allegorical personages); the interlude幕间喜剧(short/interesting); the classical drama(+Greek&Latin/rules&structure&style/5 acts);4. Shakespeare:Four Comedies: As You Like It皆⼤欢喜; Twelfth Night; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Merchant Of Venice威尼斯商⼈Four Tragedies: Hamlet; Othello奥赛罗; King Lear李尔王; Macbeth麦克⽩154 Sonnet: Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic抑扬格pentameter 五步格诗restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. III. REVOLUTION1. John Milton约翰?弥尔顿①Epic: Paradise Lost 失乐园: it is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan & his fellow-angels; their defeat & expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth & of Adam & Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; & the departure of Adam & Eve from Eden.②Paradise Regained 复乐园2. John Bunyan约翰?班扬The P ilgrim’s Progress天路历程: religious allegory宗教寓⾔; the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies from the City of Destruction, meets the perils and temptation of the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, and Doubting Castle, faces and overcomes the demon Appollyon, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the Celestial City.3. John Donne: (the founder) the Metaphysical poet(⽞学派诗⼈).（⽤语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features: conceits or imagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段论The Flea 虱⼦IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment1. The Enlightenment: clear away the feudal ideas with bourgeois ideology资阶思Classicism: 重理性rationality/follow principles in drama, poetry & prose/tidy up capitalist social order2. Jonathan Swift乔纳森?斯威夫特: Gulliver’s Travel格列佛游记(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput ⼩⼈国、Brobdingnag ⼤⼈国Flying Island 飞岛、Houyhnhnm 智马岛A Tale of a Tub⽊桶的故事3. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔?笛福The father of novel.Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记It praises the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.4.Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁“Father of English realistic novel” He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散⽂体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.弃婴汤姆?琼斯约瑟夫?安德鲁5. Sentimentalism & Pre-Romanticism in Poetry：anti-rationalism/anti-classicism6. William Blake威廉?布莱克(Pre-R)Songs of Innocence天真之歌A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.< the chimney sweeper> 扫烟囱的孩⼦Songs of Experience经验之歌7. Robert Burns罗伯特?彭斯(Pre-R)The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th C Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要⽤苏格兰⽅⾔写的诗A Red, Red Rose⼀朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart’s in the Highlands我的⼼在那⾼原上, The Tree of LibertyV The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集2. George Gordon Byron乔治?⼽登?拜伦Don Juan唐?璜She Walks In Beauty3. 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?⽐希?雪莱A Defence of Poetry诗辩Ode to the West Wind西风颂Theme: The author expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seeds which still come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: it is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas诗节, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三⾏诗aba bcb cdc de d efe …)4. John Keats约翰?济慈Four great odes: Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂Ode to Psyche⼼灵颂Ode On Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Autumn秋颂Theme: The theme is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.VI CRITICAL REALISM1. Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯（批判现实主义⼩说家）critical realist writer Oliver Twist雾都孤⼉;David Copperfield⼤卫?科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世Great Expectations远⼤前程2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷Vanity Fair名利场3. Jane Austen简?奥斯丁Sense and Sensibility理智与感情；Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见；Emma爱玛4. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特Jane Eyre简?爱Emily Bronte艾⽶莉?勃朗特Wuthering Heights呼啸⼭庄5. George Eliot乔治?艾略特（批判现实）The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊Middlemarch⽶德尔马契ⅦMid and Late 19th Century1. Robert Browning罗伯特?⽩朗宁My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫⼈Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Sonnet from the Portuguese葡萄⽛⼗四⾏诗2. Christina. G. Rossetti: Seek and Find; Song3. Literary Trends at the end of the century: naturalism: environmental force & internal impulse/pessimism & determinism;aestheticism: art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself: Oscar Wilde王尔德Salomo Ⅷ20th Century1. Henry James(stream of consciousness): a portrait of a woman贵妇画像2. Thomas Hardy托马斯?哈代Tess Of The D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝; Jude The Obscure⽆名的裘德3.George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧critical realistic dramatistMrs. Warren’s Pro fession华伦夫⼈的职业; Widowers’ Houses鳏夫的房产Man And Superman⼈与超⼈; The Apple Cart苹果车; Saint Joan圣⼥贞德4. Imagism: free verse/conventional/ common speech/ new rhythms/ clear images5. 1.William Butler Yeats威廉?勃特勒?叶茨,Ireland when you are old celebrated & accomplished symbolist poet/ use an elaborate system of symbols6. Thomas Sterns Eliot: The Waste Land; Four Quartets7. David Herbert Lawrence戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯Sons And Lovers⼉⼦与情⼈;The Rainbow虹；Women In Love恋爱中的⼥⼈8. James Joyce詹姆斯?乔伊斯stream-of-consciousness：Ulysses尤利西斯9. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙stream-of-consciousnessMrs. Dalloway达洛维夫⼈；To The Lighthouse到灯塔去；The Waves浪；the mark on the wall墙上的斑点ⅨSecond War1. E. M. FosterA Passage To India印度之⾏Hawards End霍华兹别墅 a room with a view看得见风景的房间2. George Orwell: 19843. William Golding: Lord of the Flies蝇王4. Doris Lessing多丽丝?莱⾟The Golden Notebook⾦⾊笔记5. Samuel Beckett: waiting for godat6. Harold Pinter: the room诗歌评论抑扬格（iamb, iambic）扬抑格（trochee, trochaic）抑抑扬格（Anapaest, anapaestic）扬抑抑格（dactyl, dactylic）. Meter步律英⽂诗⾏的长度范围⼀般是⼀⾳步⾄五⾳步。

Ode to the west 雪莱西风颂查良铮译1哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫，有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨，呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你以车驾把有翼的种子催送到黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱，直等到春天，你碧空的姊妹吹起她的喇叭，在沉睡的大地上响遍，（唤出嫩芽，像羊群一样，觅食空中）将色和香充满了山峰和平原。

不羁的精灵呵，你无处不远行；破坏者兼保护者：听吧，你且聆听！2没入你的急流，当高空一片混乱，流云象大地的枯叶一样被撕扯脱离天空和海洋的纠缠的枝干。

成为雨和电的使者：它们飘落在你的磅礴之气的蔚蓝的波面，有如狂女的飘扬的头发在闪烁，从天穹的最遥远而模糊的边沿直抵九霄的中天，到处都在摇曳欲来雷雨的卷发，对濒死的一年你唱出了葬歌，而这密集的黑夜将成为它广大墓陵的一座圆顶，里面正有你的万钧之力的凝结；那是你的浑然之气，从它会迸涌黑色的雨，冰雹和火焰：哦，你听！3是你，你将蓝色的地中海唤醒，而它曾经昏睡了一整个夏天，被澄澈水流的回旋催眠入梦，就在巴亚海湾的一个浮石岛边，它梦见了古老的宫殿和楼阁在水天辉映的波影里抖颤，而且都生满青苔、开满花朵，那芬芳真迷人欲醉！呵，为了给你让一条路，大西洋的汹涌的浪波把自己向两边劈开，而深在渊底那海洋中的花草和泥污的森林虽然枝叶扶疏，却没有精力；听到你的声音，它们已吓得发青：一边颤栗，一边自动萎缩：哦，你听！4哎，假如我是一片枯叶被你浮起，假如我是能和你飞跑的云雾，是一个波浪，和你的威力同喘息，假如我分有你的脉搏，仅仅不如你那么自由，哦，无法约束的生命！假如我能像在少年时，凌风而舞便成了你的伴侣，悠游天空（因为呵，那时候，要想追你上云霄，似乎并非梦幻），我就不致像如今这样焦躁地要和你争相祈祷。

哦，举起我吧，当我是水波、树叶、浮云！我跌在生活底荆棘上，我流血了！这被岁月的重轭所制服的生命原是和你一样：骄傲、轻捷而不驯。

英国诗歌赏析导言英国文学在世界文学史上占有重要地位，其诗歌作品更是为人所推崇。

从中世纪的古老诗歌传统到维多利亚时代的浪漫时期，英国诗人通过他们的作品传达了各种情感和思想。

本文将从几个重要的英国诗人入手，进行一些具体的赏析和分析。

一、威廉·莎士比亚威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）被公认为英国最伟大的文学家之一，同时也是最伟大的戏剧家之一。

在他较短的生命中，他写下了许多著名的戏剧作品，其中有许多包含着令人难忘的诗歌。

莎士比亚的诗歌展现了他独特的才华和创造力。

在他的诗歌中，我们可以看到对爱情、人性和权力等主题的深入剖析。

例如，在他的著名爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中，他运用了美妙的诗句表达了两位年轻恋人之间的激情和悲伤。

其中一句“但愿这种荣耀是夏季最少的鸟儿，飞得最高的鸟儿”深深触动了无数读者的心弦。

莎士比亚的诗歌才华使他的作品经久不衰，并成为世界各地戏剧演员和诗歌爱好者的珍藏。

二、约翰·基茨约翰·基茨（John Keats）是浪漫主义时期的杰出诗人之一。

他的诗歌以其优美的形象、深情和富有感知力的文字而闻名。

基茨的诗歌表达了对自然、艺术和爱情的热情。

他的一首著名诗歌《秋夜长诗》描述了一个富有画面感的秋天夜晚。

他通过细腻的描写和富有感情的语言，让读者真切地感受到了秋天的美丽与温暖。

基茨的诗歌作品也探讨了许多深刻的主题，例如生死、时间和美的本质。

他的作品常常将寻找内心世界与对外部世界的观察和体验相结合，给人留下深刻的印象。

三、威廉·华兹华斯威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）是著名的浪漫主义诗人，也被誉为英国浪漫主义诗歌运动的领袖之一。

他的诗歌作品被誉为具有启发性和敏感性的杰作。

华兹华斯的诗歌作品主要表达了对自然和人类内心的关注。

他强调人与自然之间的亲密关系，并倡导人们回归大自然和内心的平静与安宁。

他的著名诗歌《世界太多吵闹》以诗人的视角观察现实世界，描述了城市生活的嘈杂和丛林中的宁静。