Introduction 203 -208页
In recent years there has been considerable interest in exploring the nature of expert performa nce across domains ( e.g.,Ericsson,Hoffman,Charness,&Feltovich.2006;Ericsson & Williams, 2007).For example,scientists with an interest in sports have analyzed the perceptual
cognitive skills underpinning anticipation in this domain and
identified how these processes are acquired through prolonged
engagement in practice (for reviews, see Hodges, Huys, &Starkes, 2O07: Williams Ford. 2008 : Wi lliams Ward, 2007 ).The scientific study of skill acquisition has a
long history in experimental psychology,dating back to the early studies of Bryan and Harter (1899) .In more recent times, Poulton (1957) was the first
to systematically discriminate between different types of anticipation judgements using experimetal methods common to this discipline. The scientific study of anticipation as a field of inquiry in its own right in sport psychologyhas a much shorter history, emerging primarily in 1970s ( far a hist orical overview, see Williams. Davids. & Williams, 1999).The majority of sport psychologists wor k in multi_disciplinary departments where research in traditional discipline areas,such as physiolog y. psychology. and biomechanics, often
develops somewhat independently of academic endeavour within the main disciplines themselves. The empirical findings that have been reported on anticipation in the field of
sport psychology could therefore contribute to the generation of new knowledge on this topic in th e parent discipline area, and particularly in applied cognitive psychology.
近年来，在探索专家性能的跨域的性质得到了相当大的兴趣（例如，爱立信，霍夫曼，& feltovich查尼斯，2006；爱立信&威廉姆斯，2007）。例如，对体育感兴趣的科学家分析了感性认知技能支撑预期在本域和确定这些过程是如何在实践中通过长期参与收购的（评论，见霍奇，huys，& Starkes，2o07：威廉姆斯福特，2008：威廉姆斯福特，2007）。技能习得科学研究实验心理学历史悠久，可以追溯到布莱恩和哈特的早期研究（1899）。在更近的时候，波尔顿（1957）第一次系统区分不同类型的预期判断的实验方法普遍对这门学科之间的影响。期待一场体育中自己的权利探究心理更短的科学史研究，主要出现在上世纪70年代（历史回顾，见威廉姆斯，戴维斯，&威廉姆斯，1999）。在研究传统多种学科范围的学科领域中的大多数运动心理学家的工作，如生理学，心理学，和生物力学，往往在发展主要的学科本身的独立的方面作出学术努力。已经报道了在运动心理学领域的实证研究结果的预期，可能因此有助于母体地区对这一课题的新知识的产生，特别是在应用认知心理学。
Sport offers a relatively unique environment where the limits of human achievement are ch allenged continually. This environment provides a fertile context to identify the
essential skills and attributes for performance as well as the underlying processes that discriminat e individuals with varying levels of performance.Such knowledge provides a basis
for determining what types of practice activities are likely to lead to the acquisition of skill across domains and, potentially， why some individuals improve at different rates to others or achieve much higher performance levels (Ericsson. 2006). This information may subsequently be used to e valuate the applicability of general theories of expertise and skill acquisition,to design appropriate interventions for performance enhancement, and to identify factors that contribute to enhancing the processes of talent search and talent development across different fields of human endeavor (Ericsson Ward. 2007: Williams Ericsson, 2005, Williams, Ericsson. Ward &Eccles. 2008).
运动提供了一个相对独特的环境的人类成就极限挑战不断。这个环境提供了一个丰富的上下文识别性能的基本技能和属性以及基本过程，区分个人不同程度的表现。这样的知识提
供了用于确定什么类型的实践活动的基础，都有可能潜在的导致技能领域的掌握，为什么有些人提高速度不同于别人或达到较高水平（爱立信，2006）。该信息随后可用于评价一般理论的专业知识和技能的获得，为增强性能，确定适当的干预措施的设计，有助于提高人才招聘和人才在不同领域的人类发展过程的因素（爱立信沃德，2007：威廉姆斯爱立信，2005，威廉姆斯，爱立信。沃德&埃克尔斯。2008）。
In this review paper, we synthesise recent research on
perceptual_cognitive expertise in sport and consider potential implications for those working withi n the field of applied cognitive psychology. We focus exclusively on research that
has attempted to identify the perceptual and cognitive processes underpinning anticipation.
The ability to anticipate is crucial to performance in sport as well as
in many other domains such as military combat,law enforcement,and everyday tasks such as drivi ng a car.These situations require performers to determine the intentions of others and to formulat e an appropriate response often under severe temporal constraint.In fast ball sports such as ten nis,the time taken for theball to travel from one opponent to the other is often shorter than the combined sum of an athlete's reaction time
and movement time, implying the need to initiate a response
ahead of the opponent actually striking the ball (Williams et al., 1999).
在本文，我们将最近的感性认知运动专长研究和考虑这些应用认知心理学领域内工作的潜在影响。我们专注于研究，试图找出支撑预期的感知和认知过程。预测的能力是体育运动中的关键性能以及在许多其他领域，如军事，执法，和日常任务，如驾驶一辆车。这些都要求演员去了解其他人的意图和制定相应的反应常常是严重的时序约束下。快速球运动如网球，采取球从一个对手，其他的时间通常短于组合和一个运动员的反应时间和运动时间，这意味着需要启动响应的对手其实击球（威廉姆斯等人，1999）。
Since most sports, and in particular racket sports and team ball games,
require athletes to process information in a time_constrained
environment,it is necessarry for performers to adapt to the unique constraints of the task by acquiri ng knowledge structures and cognitive processes that allow them to
anticipate.The ability to anticipate allows athletes additionaltime to formulate and execute an appr opriate response We document attempts to ascertain how anticipation and the processes underlying it are acquired in sport. Moreover
we outline efforts to facilitate the acquisition of such processes using simulation_based training.O ur aim is to illustrate using specific examples how research on perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport can help identify some of the general mechanisms and adaptations that
facilitate anticipation in other domains，thereby contributing
more broadly to the field of applied cognitive psychology.
由于大多数的体育运动，特别是球类运动和团队球类运动，要求运动员在时间约束的环境中的信息，它是必要的演员获得的知识结构和认知过程，让他们提前适应任务的唯一约束。预测的能力让运动员更多的时间来制定和执行适当的响应我们文档试图确定如何期待和它背后的过程中获得的运动。此外，我们努力规划使用仿真训练过程进行采集。我们的目的是要说明使用具体的例子，如何在感性认知运动专长研究可以帮助确定一些的一般机制和适应，促进其他领域的预期结果，从而有助于更广泛的应用认知心理学领域。
1 The conceptual theory of metaphor and specialized languages （隐喻的概念理论和专业化语
言。）
From the publication of Lakoff and Johnson's book Metaphors we live by
(1980),the study of conceptual metaphor has undoubtedly been one of the major topics in the cogn itive linguistics research program Since its inception ,the
conceptual theory of metaphor has provided us with hundreds of examples which have demonstrat ed at length the power of a cognitive construct which pervades every aspect of
experience.More recently,Lakoff (2004) has taken the value of
metaphors as a matter of thought and action a step further
by demonstrating they can be used as a type of ideological weapon serving to frame political or ec onomic issues. The theory of conceptual metaphor has certainly stirred up the world of linguistic s,and its applications have been extended to numerous areas such as discourse analysis,pragmatics , and contrastive analysis.
从莱考夫和约翰逊的隐喻，我们生活的书出版（1980），自成立以来，概念隐喻的研究无疑是一个在认知语言学的研究计划的主要内容，隐喻的概念整合理论为我们提供了具有长度的认知建构，遍及各个方面的经验证明的例子数以百计。最近，Lakoff（2004）采取了隐喻的价值作为一种思想和行动的一步，展示他们可以使用作为一种思想武器为框架的政治或经济问题。概念隐喻理论无疑激起了语言学的世界，其应用已经延伸到许多领域，如话语分析，语用学，对比分析。
第六段
One field where the theory of metaphor has felt at
ease has been that of English for Specific Purposes.
Specialized languages have,indeed,proven particularly fruitful for the application of the conceptu al theory of metaphor. Even if our first intuition about the jargon of experts is
that of a plain,unexciting language,most analyzes of professionaljargon have revealed a rich lang uage that abounds in metaphors.But specialized languages have not only been alluring for advocates of the conceptual theory of metaphor as a prolificsource of examples.They have also hel ped cognitive linguists to verify their hypotheses by providing them with a testing
field completely different from that of literary language. In this way,the number of studies which have dem onstrated the ubiquity of metaphor and its usefulness as a cognitivetool to understand ab stract concepts by way of more concreteones has proliferated in specialized fields, such as those
of economics and finance (CharterisBlack Musolff.2003,White.
2003),medicine( Tercedor Siuchez, 1999.2000),or computing and internet (Maglio Matiock, 1998).
一个领域的隐喻理论关于英语的特定用途，已经感觉很简单了。专业化的语言，事实上，证明是特别富有成果的概念隐喻理论的应用。即使我们对专家的术语的第一直觉是一个朴实无华的，最乏味的语言，分析了专业术语揭示了一个丰富的语言，丰富的隐喻。但是专业化语言不仅为隐喻概念的理论主张被吸引作为一个多产的例子源。认知语言学家还提供了一个从文学语言完全不同领域的测试来验证他们的假设。在这种方式中，有多项研究表明无处不在的隐喻和它的实用性，在作为一种认知工具来理解抽象概念的更具体的专业领域有所增长。如经济学、金融学（查特里斯黑musolff 2003，白色。2003），医药（tercedor桑切斯，1999.2000），或计算和互联网（马利奥马特洛克，1998）。
In this paper, we focus on conceptual metaphor(概念隐喻) in one of the most influencing specialized fields nowadays,namely, that of financial language. In the age of globalization, business growth and economic fluctuations, financial issues are a burning topic of international interest. But economists are not the only ones under the sway of the financial world. Linguists have also succumbed to the magnetism of language, filled with a unique imagery and flexibility. As a result, in recent years we have witnessed a proliferation of studies on the language of economy and finance. with a special focus on the use of metaphor in economic texts .The aim of the most of the current studies on metaphor from a cognitive linguistics perspective is not to achieve a characterization of the language of finance per se, but rather to profile the underlying contextual and ideological motivations that give rise to its linguistic features.
在本文中，我们专注于概念隐喻的研究，这是当今最具影响力的专业领域之一，即，金融语言。在全球化时代，企业的发展和经济波动，使得金融问题成为国际关注的热门话题。但经济学家们并不是唯一的金融世界的支配者。语言学家也屈服于金融语言的魅力，它充满着一种独特的意象和灵活性。因此，近年来我们见证了对经济和金融语言研究的扩散，并聚焦于经济类的文章中。从认知语言学的角度来看对隐喻的研究目的不在于实现金融本身的语言特征，而是剖析其潜在背景和意识形态动机，挖掘其语言特点。
From this point of view, the comparison of the same conceptual metaphor in different languages proves to be a useful methodology to uncover similarities and differences in the conceptualization of economic and financial issues in different societies. So far, the comparison of English with languages such as French and Dutch ( see Boers & Demecheleer, 1997 ) , German ( see Charteris-Black Musolff, 2003) or Spanish ( see Gomez Parra et al. , 1999; Charteris-Black & Ennis, 2001) has mainly revealed a high similarity between the conceptual metaphors found in the languages under comparison, while differences have been mostly reported in the frequency of use of some specific metaphors. For example
Charteris-Black and Ennis (2001) contrasted a corpus of financial reports in English and Spanish during the Stock Exchange crisis of October 1997, and they found that while Spanish favours me taphors based on psychological states, English prefers sailing metaphors . The authors explain such differences in terms of the influence of religion on Spanish and of sailing on English.
从这一点来看，在不同社会下，比较相同的概念隐喻用不同的语言表达，是发现经济与金融问题相同与异同的有效办法。到目前为止，如法国和荷兰英文语言的比较（见Boers & Demecheleer，1997），德国（见Charteris-Black& Musolff,，2003）和西班牙（见Gomez Parra et a等人。，1999；Charteris-Black & Ennis, 2001）主要表现在比较下发现概念隐喻的语言之间的相似性较高，而差异性则在特定隐喻的研究中做了说明。例如，
Charteris-Black and Ennis对1997年十月英国、西班牙证券交易危机时期的财务报表作了比较，他们发现基于心理状态西班牙倾向于隐喻，而英国倾向于隐喻的自由发展。作者解释这种差异性是就在宗教在西班牙和英国的影响而言的。
The present work is in keeping with this contrastive approach, but differs from the papers p reviously mentioned in adopting a corpus linguistics methodology. As in some of the literature r eviewed here, our aim is to compare the conceptual
metaphors found in a corpus of financial articles in English and Spanish in order to discover poss ible similarities and differences in the construal or conceptualization of the financial events desc
ribed. However we also attempt to demonstrate that corpus linguistics can be a powerful tool to r esearch the conceptual theory of metaphor.
目前的工作是继续采用与对比这方法，但又不同于先前论文中提到的采用语料库语言学一方法。回顾这些文献，我们的目标是比较概念隐喻，发现英国和西班牙的金融文章，为此来发现、解释或概念化的的金融描述事件的异同点。然而我们也尝试证明，对语料库语言学可以是一个强大工具对研究的理论概念的隐喻。
2. Corpus linguistics and conceptual metaphor
From the emergence of the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor, the introspective approach was t he one traditionally applied to reveal the conceptual mappings of a given domain. Authors, relyin g mainly on their own intuitions and knowledge of the language, routinely listed a series of expres sions typical of the domain under study, and classified them according to the conceptual mappings they instantiated. However, the main shortcoming of this method was that such an eclectic collect ion of metaphorical expressions was still far from representing real usage and providing empirical validation of the postulated theoretical claims. In order to overcome these limitations, this pape r focuses specifically on corpus-based research on conceptual metaphorical mappings ( cf Cha rteris-Black , 2004 ; Deignan , 2006 ; Stefanowitsch Gries. 2006 ) . Stefanowitsch ( 2 006 : 2 - 5 ) mentions three specific strategies which have been used to extract linguistic expressio ns instantiating conceptual mappings from non-annotated corpora: (i) searching manually for metaphors. usually by reading through the corpus and extracting all the metaphorical expressions one comes across; (ii) searching for metaphorical expressions which contain words from their source domains; (iii) searching far metaphorical expressions which contain words from their target domains . In Stefanowitsch's view (2006) , the latter strategy of searching for target domain vocabulary allows researchers to overcome the main shortcomings of the other two, namely,the limitation of the size of the corpus imposed by a manual search, and the need of having the a priori knowledge of the source domains which is required in a search for source domain vocabulary.
从隐喻的认知理论的出现，内省的做法是一个适用于传统的显示给定域的概念映射。作家，主要依靠自己的直觉和语言知识，定期列出了一系列典型的在所研究的领域中表达，并根据他们实例化的概念映射分类它们。但是，这种方法的主要缺点是，隐喻表达这样一个折衷的集合是从代表实际使用情况，并提供了理论上的假设索赔经验的验证还远。为了克服这些局限性，本文特别侧重基于语料库对概念隐喻映射的研究。Stefanowitsch提到的三个具体的策略已被用于提取语言表达的语料库实例概念映射：（ⅰ）手动搜索隐喻。通常通过读语料和提取所有的隐喻表达; （二）在搜索隐喻的表达，包括词义的来源; （三）搜索包含词源在内的隐喻表达，Stefanowitsch的观点这是一种从他们的目标域的隐喻表达，寻找目标域词汇的策略，使研究人员能够克服其他两个，即大小限制的主要缺点通过手动搜索施加的语料库，并且具有所需要的搜索源域的词汇源域的先验知识的需要。
Stefanowitsch (2006:65) proposes a method which not only helps to remedy these limitations, but also deals with the main methodological problem corpus linguistics must face when studying metaphorical mappings. While corpora are accessed using word forms, metaphorical mappings are not easily related to linguistic forms and are, thus, not easy to be retrieved automatically. To deal with this difficulty, Stefanowitsch (2006) puts forward what he calls "metaphorical pattern analys is" ( MPA). As he acknowledges, the idea behind the method is simple: one or more lexical items are selected from the target domain under study and a sample of their hits or occurrences are extra
cted from the corpus. Then, the metaphorical expressions the lexical items belong to are identified as metaphorical patterns, and groups of conceptual mappings are established on the basis of the m etaphors they instantiate. For example, in our study, the term " crisis was selected as an instanc e of lexical item from the target domain under scrutiny. A search for its hits in the corpus yielded the metaphorical expression " the roots of the crisis". This expression was then identified as the m etaphorical pattern " the roots of the NP ". Following Stefanowitsch ( 2004:138 - 139 ) , the id entification of a metaphorical pattern was, therefore, based on the syntactic/semantic frame the term occurs in. Furthermore. it was also supported by the existence of similar patterns in the source domain. This allowed us to relate the item from the target domain to those items from the source domain that could be expected to occur in the same pattern: e. g. , "the roots of the tree/plant". The pattern " the roots of the crisis" was then considered to instantiate the metaphor THE CRISIS IS A PLANT.
Stefanowitsch（2006：65）提出了一种方法，它不仅有助于弥补这些限制，而且还涉及的主要方法问题，这是语料库语言学研究隐喻映射时必须面对的问题。语料库都使用文字的形式访问，隐喻映射不容易涉及到语言形式，因此，不容易被自动检索。为了解决这一难题，Stefanowitsch（2006）提出了他所谓的“隐喻模型分析”（MPA）。他承认，该方法背后的想法很简单：一个或多个词项是从所研究的目标域和他们的命中或事件的样本从语料库中选择提取。然后，将隐喻表达的词项属于被识别为隐喻图案，并在它们的实例隐喻的基础上建立的概念映射组。例如，在我们的研究中，术语“危机”被选定为从目标域词项的一个实例。搜查其在语料库中产生的隐喻表达”危机的根源“，这样的表达在当时被认定为隐喻模式“NP 的根源”。因此，继Stefanowitsch隐喻模式是基于句法或语义框架而形成的。此外它也支持类似源域模式的存在。这使我们能够从目标域到可能发生的同一模式的源域：比如，“树或植物的根”“危机”的根源模型，被认为是一种植物比喻。
In the present paper,we attempt to apply MPA to the study of metaphors in four financial corpora. two in English and two in Spanish, from two different periods: before the Spanish 2008 presidential elections, when the crisis was being announced in the USA but denied in Spain, and after these elections, when Spain had finally acknowledged the crisis. Financial metaphors have already been researched via traditional methods of manual search in corpora. However, we believe that MPA is more powerful than these traditional methods, and can allow us to represent a more complete inventory of the metaphorical mappings which take place in the t arget domain of finance. Moreover, we also argue that, by providing a more exhaustive account of metaphorical mappings, MPA can help to demonstrate that metaphors can be used to frame certa in political interests.
在本文中，我们试图用隐喻模型分析的方法研究在四家金融公司。英国、西班牙各两个，从两个不同的时期：2008年西班牙大选前，当时美国宣布危机，但西班牙否认，而在这次选举后，西班牙终于承认了危机。金融隐喻已经通过传统的语料库手动搜索。但是，我们认为，MPA比这些传统方法更强大，我们可以使隐喻映射发展得更加完善。此外，我们还认为，通过提供更详尽的账户隐喻映射，MPA可以证明隐喻可用于一定的政治利益。
考研英语写作20个高级表达方式 2015考研英语写作20个高级表达方式。考研英语作文写作中，出彩的表达，总是会让阅卷老师眼前一亮，瞬间赢得老师的好感，下面小编就为大家整理了20个闪光的表达方法，供大家参考，预祝大家考试顺利! challenging and demanding experience人生中最幸福的就是身体健康 充满挑战和要求极高的经历 of fulfillment 满足感 不言自明 compliance with 遵守 5.…have the potential to boost …有潜能提升… and downsides 利弊 and refreshed 精力充沛，神清气爽 慎重 havoc on 对…造成损失 from …除开 support 坚定不移的支持 12. be conducive and instrumental to …对…有好处 合理 desirable trait 优点 15. adversity and hardship 逆境和苦难 16. strive for 为了…努力 17. Aspire to do sth 努力做… 18. attainment 成就
19. perseverance and persistence 坚持 20. Action enables us to transform our aspirations froma state of latent potentiality into one of manifest reality. 行动能让我们潜在的愿望变成现实; 凯程教育张老师整理了几个节约时间的准则：一是要早做决定，趁早备考;二是要有计划，按计划前进;三是要跟时间赛跑，争分夺秒。总之，考研是一场“时间战”，谁懂得抓紧时间，利用好时间，谁就是最后的胜利者。 1.制定详细周密的学习计划。 这里所说的计划，不仅仅包括总的复习计划，还应该包括月计划、周计划，甚至是日计划。努力做到这一点是十分困难的，但却是非常必要的。我们要把学习计划精确到每一天，这样才能利用好每一天的时间。当然，总复习计划是从备考的第一天就应该指定的;月计划可以在每一轮复习开始之前，制定未来三个月的学习计划。以此类推，具体到周计划就是要在每个月的月初安排一月四周的学习进程。那么，具体到每一天，可以在每周的星期一安排好周一到周五的学习内容，或者是在每一天晚上做好第二天的学习计划。并且，要在每一天睡觉之前检查一下是否完成当日的学习任务，时时刻刻督促自己按时完成计划。 方法一：规划进度。分别制定总计划、月计划、周计划、日计划学习时间表，并把它们贴在最显眼的地方，时刻提醒自己按计划进行。 方法二：互相监督。和身边的同学一起安排计划复习，互相监督，共同进步。 方法三：定期考核。定期对自己复习情况进行考察，灵活运用笔试、背诵等多种形式。 2.分配好各门课程的复习时间。 一天的时间是有限的，同学们应该按照一定的规律安排每天的学习，使时间得到最佳利用。一般来说上午的头脑清醒、状态良好，有利于背诵记忆。除去午休时间，下午的时间相对会少一些，并且下午人的精神状态会相对低落。晚上相对安静的外部环境和较好的大脑记忆状态，将更有利于知识的理解和记忆。据科学证明，晚上特别是九点左右是一个人记忆力最好的时刻，演员们往往利用这段时间来记忆台词。因此，只要掌握了一天当中每个时段的自然规律，再结合个人的生活学习习惯分配好时间，就能让每一分每一秒都得到最佳利用。 方法一：按习惯分配。根据个人生活学习习惯，把专业课和公共课分别安排在一天的不同时段。比如：把英语复习安排在上午，练习听力、培养语感，做英语试题;把政治安排在下午，政治的掌握相对来说利用的时间较少;把专业课安排在晚上，利用最佳时间来理解和记忆。 方法二：按学习进度分配。考生可以根据个人成绩安排学习，把复习时间向比较欠缺的科目上倾斜，有计划地重点复习某一课程。 方法三：交叉分配。在各门课程学习之间可以相互穿插别的科目的学习，因为长时间接受一种知识信息，容易使大脑产生疲劳。另外，也可以把一周每一天的同一时段安排不同的学习内容。 凯程教育： 凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
2019年中考英语作文题目（热门话题）汇总 学术文化篇 ①沉迷网络游戏 题目：李华沉迷于电脑游戏中，影响了学习。作为他的好朋友，你打算怎么帮他呢?请用下面所给的提示词写一篇不少于80字的短文。字迹工整，语言流畅。 提示词：give up concentrate on be (become)interested in ★范文 Li Hua spent too much time playing computer games and he fell behind others. As a good friend of his, I must do something to help him. Firstly, I think it’s very important for him to learn lessons well. He should spend most of his time on his study instead of computer games. Secondly, I must tell him that playing computer games too much is bad for his health, especially for his eyes. So he must give it up. I can play more sports with him after school. Maybe he will become more interested in sports than computer games. And then I'll ask him to concentrate more on his study. Of course, I will try my best to help him with all his subjects. I think I can do it in many fun ways and let him find much fun in studying. At the same time, I'll ask both his parents and our teachers to help him, too. If I try these, I'm sure he will make great progress soon. ②怎样学好英语
江苏大学XXXX级研究生期末考试卷样卷 课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX 1. What are the general linguistic features of English academic writing?(10%） A1: There are eight main features that are often discussed to represent the style of academic writing: complex, formal, objective, explicit, accurate, hedged, responsible and making reference to other writers’ work. 2. Compare the stylistic features of the following two passages . (15%) (1) With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along the gravel path until she was under their window. The table was there, washed bright green in the rain, but the cat was gone. She was suddenly disappointed. The maid looked up at her. “Ha perduto qualque cosa, Signora? [Have you lost something, Madam?]” “There was a cat,” said the? American girl. “A cat?” “Si, il gatto. [Yes, a cat.]” “A cat?” the maid laughed. “A cat in the rain?” “Yes,” she said, “under the table.” Then: “Oh. I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.” When she spoke English the maid’s face tightened. “Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get back inside. You will be wet.” “I suppose so,” said the American girl. They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. The maid stayed outside to close the umbrella. As the American girl passed the office, the padrone bowed from his desk. Something felt very small and tight inside the girl. The padrone made her feel very small and at the same time
Unit 2 Initiating Research Objectives - Understand what a research is - Become aware of two language features of academic writing - Initiate your research Contents - Reading and discussion: What is a research? - Language focus: personal pronoun and nominalization - Writing practice: topic selection; focus formulating; a working title; outlining - Research practice: start the research 1.Reading Activity This unit aims to describe what a research is, bring you an awareness of two language features of academic writing, and finally help you initiate a research of your own. 1.1 Pre-reading Task Before you learn the detailed steps to initiate a research, please discuss the following questions: What is the purpose of initiating a research? How do you select the topic? What kind of topic can be studied?
英语作文热点话题及写作范文 英语话题作文，是英语考试最常见的一种题目类型。备考是一种经历，也是一种体验。每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。今天小编在这给大家整理了英语话题作文，接下来随着小编一起来看看吧! 英语话题作文(一) 人们常说：“没有规矩，不成方圆”，合理的校规对于学生的健康成长至关重要。请你根据以下所给内容要点，以“Our school rules”为题写一篇英文短文，谈谈你们的校规。 内容要点：1.你们学校有哪些校规; 2.谈谈你对这些校规的看法; 3.请说说你的好建议; 4.…… 要求：1.文中必须包括所给提示中1-3项内容，可展开思路，适当发挥; 2.文中不能出现真实的校名、人名和其他真实信息; 3.不少于80词。 【参考范文】 Our School Rules There are many rules in our school. From Monday to Friday，we have to get to school before 7：00 in the morning. We must wear school uniforms，and I think it is good for us because uniforms can make us look smart. We must listen to our teachers carefully in class and finish our homework after school. We are not allowed to use mobile phones in class. I think the rules are very strict but useful，and we should follow them. However，we have so much homework that we have little free time to do what we love to do. In my opinion，we should have more free time to take part in all kinds of activities and improve our abilities. 英语话题作文(二) 共享单车无疑是今年的火爆热点之一，它为我们的生活带来了极大的便利。 【预测题目】
Unit 1 Understanding Academic English Objectives: - Learn the purpose of this course - Get to understand different voices that people often use in their communication - Understand features of academic English - Build your learning ability via the Internet - Meet your teacher and new classmates Contents - Teacher’s introduction - Reading and discussion: How’s your voice? - Language focus: word choice, and structural complexity - Writing practice: understanding different styles - Rewriting practice: consolidating academic English writing skills - Classroom extension: Internet survey on features of academic English
1.Reading Activity 1.1 Pre-reading Task Do you know how to write a paper with an academic voice? Most Chinese students use only the casual voice for their daily life purposes, which does not fit the academic writing style. When you can learn to use an academic voice and a formal writing style, you will gain authority and respect for yourself as a researcher as well as a research writer. Read the following three texts with different kinds of voice and tell what they differ in. 1.2 Reading Passage HOW’S YOUR VOICE? Casual Voice Hey, dude, no way you can sit here! Huzzah! We won! We beat ‘em! Ha! Blue Vampires. They think they’re so great. We showed ‘em. Go Aardvarks! Yuck! I hate broccoli with those nasty, stinkin’ mush-rooms. Why do we gotta have these things again, man?! www, we gotta cancel the Consultative Voice You’re not allowed to sit in this area, because it’s a safety concern. I’m so glad for our team, the great Fighting Aardvarks, and now together we celebrate this victory. I’d prefer not to have this particular vegetable again, if it’s possible. Does anyone really enjoy this combination of mushrooms and broccoli? It’s possible that our party might have to be postponed or canceled because of the Academic Voice This area must be kept clear for foot traffic. The Fighting Aardvarks claimed victory over the Blue Vampires in the final round tonight. Both teams competed well and the fans are enthusiastic. Very few people enjoy this broccoli and mushroom dish. Therefore, it will not be served again within this calendar year, or the servers will be killed. Due to the inclement weather, the Annual Tattoo Party will not
考研英语写作精彩高频词句 钱希 这些都是从今年3月到现在微博更新的考研写作素材（从后往前整理的），全部粘贴下来居然有这么多，先放上来，供各位同学参考，不止适用于考研，最后会归类整理到自己正在编写的书中。其实，积少成多，如果你今年三月就跟着Shirley老师来准备作文，是不是到现在应该是得心应手，驾轻就熟了呢？ ＜考研英语大作文--创新＞It is universally acknowledged that innovation plays an irreplaceable role in boosting growth of individuals as well as enterprises. Without this quality, one can do nothing but imitate and duplicate others. By no means will they acquire originality and become successful. The trend of copycat product is a case in point. The spirit of innovation should be massively advocated by various media and responsible educators especially among the youngsters. ＜考研英语写作一大作文--诚信＞主要包括商业，人际交往和学术，有些素材都是前期讲过的。不法商人lawbreaking merchants 唯利是图profit-oriented 不择手段by hook or crook 政策性缺陷policy bug 损害消费者利益spoil consumers' interest 阻碍经济发展hinder/impede economic development Only when the authorities concerned issue counter laws and regulations, can the vicious trend of incredibility be curbed and can the citizens feel sense of security, which is regarded as an essential need for human beings. Some businessmen resort to every trick to make profits, which contributes to the emergence of fake and inferior products. Therefore, the interest of consumers has been undermined. Lack of credibility may lead to failure in every aspect and level. As to an individual, he may lose friends and partners. As to a company, it may lose customers and employees. As to a nation, it may lose attraction and respect. Credibility precedes a lot of virtues in the sphere of business. Reaping profits at the expense of others is unacceptable, which is bound to cause failure. ＜考研英语大作文--道德＞见义勇为never hesitate to do what is right 予人玫瑰，手有余香rose to others, scent left in hand. 传统美德time-honored virtue 帮助弱势群体offer aid to the underprivileged 慈善事业cause of charity 义工voluntary work见死不救stand aside when
2016高考英语作文热点话题作文 1、低碳生活现在全世界都在倡导“低碳生活”(low-carbon life)，即：降低二氧化碳的排放，采取低能量、低消耗、低开支的生活方式。低碳生活对我们大家都有好处，请你写一篇短文向一家英文报社投稿。内容包括：你的具体做法、你的感受以及建议。 提示词语：be good for, everyone, ride a bike, think, make a difference, environment, suggest, reuse ★范文 Low-carbon life is good for everyone. To help with the environment, I always walk or ride a bike to school instead of taking a car. Besides, I will try to use things that can be recycled and I never forget to turn off the lights when I leave the classroom. I think it’s my duty to live a low-carbon life. And even the simplest activities can make a real difference to the environment. So I suggest we should reuse books as long as possible. And we’d better not spend much money on expensive clothes. If everyone does something for the environment, I believe the earth will be a better place。 2. 假如你是Li Lin，你的英国笔友Eric来信询问你家乡是否有雾霾(thick haze)，情况如何。请按提示写一封不少于60词的电子邮件回复他。要求卷面整洁书写工整;内容可在包含要点的基础上适当发挥。 提示：1. 感谢他的关心; 2. 介绍:(1)去年冬天有多次雾霾; (2)空气被严重污，危害：车祸，生病等; 3. 正采取各种举措减少其发生。 Dear Erik, I’m glad to receive your letter. You asked if there is thick haze in my hometown. Thank you for your caring for the weather and my health. There was heavy haze last winter. The air is badly polluted. Many traffic accidents happened and more and more people have to go to see the doctor because of the smog. People have realized the great harm caused by the smog and the importance of protecting the environment. The government suggests people to go to work or school with the public traffic, such as the bus and the underground. Also we should plant more trees. According to me, I will go to school by bike or on foot, and I won’t throw the waste anywhere. Would you like to tell me some good ideas? I’m looking forward to your reply.
Evaluation of the Effect of AIDS Health Education on College Students in Nanjing Fang Kun 152899;Wang Chongxu 152895; Song Yue 152894; Deng Lin 152898; Chen Chen 152922; LvRongrong 152921 ; Cheng Xiaoqing 152903
Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this research is to know college students’ knowledge, attitude and behavior about AIDS in Jiangsu province, so we can evaluate the effect of AIDS intervention to provide evidence for AIDS public education more effectively in the future. Methods: We educated college students of six pilot universities by playing the videos and sending health education prescription as the main way of risk warning education. We selected students from each college randomly as evaluation object, the questionnaire mainly included students’ basic information, AIDS related knowledge and sexual health.Descriptive analysiswas conducted to analysis s tudents’ basic situation and the sexual health conditions,chi-square test was used to analysis the difference of the education on HIV/AIDS related knowledge, awareness and attitude. Results: After education, the awareness level of the basic knowledge of AIDS in all students increased from 69.05% to 82.15%(Χ2=147.335,P<0.001), but the level of awareness of the students varied from school to school, and there is a big space for improvement in each school; Introduction of the programme witnessed a dramatic change in the students’ attitudes towards AIDS. For instance, the answers of“students’attitudes towards the importance of teaching AIDS related education in schools,someone suspected of being infected with the AIDS/HIV virus will immediately do the antibody detection test or not and the willingness to use condom during the sexual encounter” ha ve proportionally increased in the positive direction. Conclusion: The evaluation results show that the pilot educational activities have made significant effect. Although promotion of AIDS education in the colleges has proven to be fruitful, beneficial and worthy enough but some part of the education still needs to be improved and strengthened. Key words: College students; AIDS; Intervention; Effects
Unit 5 Reporting Results Objectives: -Understand the function and the major elements of the results section; -Learn the major steps to deal with the results section; -Use the tips for describing graphic information; -Grasp the tips for making comparison and contrast; -Learn the skills for choosing appropriate graphs and making graphs. Contents: - Teacher’s introduction; - Reading and discussion: Types of Language for Thinking and Lexical Collocational Errors; - Language focus: graphic description; comparison and contrast; -Writing practice: using graphs and describing graphs (tables and charts); - Rewriting practice: grasping the major moves for outlining the results section; - Classroom extension: descriptions of data and graphs when reporting results. 1.Reading Activity 1.1 Pre-reading Task Do you know how to report the results of your research? The standard approach to the results section of a research paper is to present the results with the statistical
创新_考研英语作文 With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, invention or innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Our government, with no exception, regard it as “ the soul of our nation.” What, however, can we benefit from it? First of all, invention or innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in invention, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be avaible through invention. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on invention today. Recognizing its importance is only the fist step to advocate invetion or innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. For one thing, our authority should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, can “the soul of our nation” be fully embodied and our nation have a brighter future. 三大类考研英语作文模板 第一类：图表作文 第一段: （３句话） 曲线图、柱形图、表格图： 1. 图表内容：What is illustrated above shows usclearly that dramatic changes have taken place with regard to主题性名词. 2. 总体变化：According to the figures given inthe diagram(图)/table(表), the past xx years have witnessed thissteady rise/decrease. 3. 具体数据：In the year of xxxx, there was/were（描述首年的数量，比如there were 7,000people using cell phones）.However, by the year of xxxx, the number has attained/dropped to xxxx. 若有饼图，加（一般不会单独考，以附加形式出现）： As shown in the pie, the number of (主题性名词(阴影部分)，如：seniorcitizens) has reached xxx, which accounts for xx% of 主题性名词（大饼），如：Chinesepopulation). 第二段：可以写影响或者原因，二者选一： 影响： So far as I’m concerned, I believe thatsuch phenomenon will give rise to a series of consequences. First and foremost,it will exert a far-reaching / negative impact on 名词, 如：livingenvironment ; A casein point is that 简单句型（如：we have only one earth. 这点是例子，(英语作文)可写可不写）; Besides, it may bring about aconsiderable change/damage to_名词,如: environmentdegradation .One more point that can’t be ignored is that简单句型. 原因：
1环境保护篇 01新冠病毒 2020年，一种新型冠状病毒(novel coronavirus)在全球蔓延。据传，这种病毒是从野生动物传染给人类。假定你是李华，你校英文报“人与动物”栏目拟刊登主题为“保护野生动物”的短文，邀你投稿。要求如下： 1.介绍野生动物的现状； 2.猎杀野生动物的后果； 3.提出自己的建议。 注意： 1.词数100左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇： 生态系统ecosystem 新型冠状病毒novel coronavirus 传染性的infectious ★范文 Protection of Wild Animals At present,as a consequence of human activities,many wild animals are endangered.Worse still,some of them may disappear forever. There is no doubt that hunting wild animals has a bad influence.For one thing,it causes the imbalance of our ecosystem.For another,it leads to the spread of infectious diseases from animals to us human beings,such as SARS and novel coronavirus. As far as I am concerned,something must be done to stop this illegal act.Nature reserves ought to be built so as to offer more living space to wildlife.What's more,we should never have wild animals for food,as they are part of environment. 02拯救地球 地球是我们人类共同的家园，人类只有一个地球。“低碳、环保”已成为当今时代主题。目前，我市英语学会准备在全市中学生中开展以“Save(拯救)our earth”为主题的英文征文活动。现请你根据以下三个方面的提示，写一篇80词左右的短文参评。 1.重要性：只有一个地球 2.主要问题：污染、疾病、灾难 3.措施：停止污染、保护大自然 参考词汇： disaster n.灾难 protect v.保护 注意： (1)文中不能出现真实姓名、校名; (2)文章标题已给出，但不计入总词数; (3)可适当发挥，以使行文连贯。 ★范文 Let's Do Something to Save Our Environment