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中美能源安全合作联合声明(中英文)

中美能源安全合作联合声明(中英文)
中美能源安全合作联合声明(中英文)

中美能源安全合作联合声明(中英文)

中国和美国作为世界上最大的能源生产和消费国,在保障能源安全上有着共同的利益和责任,也面临共同挑战。中美两国保证坚持互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的原则保障能源安全;认识到能源安全和清洁能源相辅相成;同意加强在稳定国际能源市场、保障能源多元供应、合理有效利用能源等领域的合作。

稳定国际能源市场

中美对维护世界能源市场的稳定具有共识。国际能源市场对满足能源需求,稳定能源供给具有重要作用。尽管过去几年国际能源价格大幅波动,但通过市场机制满足未来能源需求仍然是两国的首要和最佳选择。

中美重申五国能源部长达成的共识,建立公开、透明、高效和有竞争力的能源市场,包括透明、有效的法律和监管框架。双方决定提高能源市场透明度,避免石油价格剧烈波动,继续与国际能源署(IEA)等国际能源组织(机构)密切开展合作,确保国际能源市场的安全和稳定。两国期望就建立能源预警应急体系展开交流,加强能源市场监管,共同防范操纵石油期货市场。

中美重新确认在二十国集团峰会提出的提高市场透明度和稳定性的承诺。最好是每月完整、准确和及时地公布生产和消费数据,并在合适的

情况下,公布炼油和库存数据。

中美重新确认在二十国集团峰会提出的在中期内规范并逐步取消低效的、鼓励浪费的化石燃料补贴;以及刺激在清洁能源、可再生能源和能效领域投资,为发展中国家在这些领域中的项目提供资金和技术支持的承诺。

中美认识到在提高能源市场透明度和稳定性,促进在国际国内能源问题上的相互理解、加强双边合作等方面的共同利益,允诺建立一个工作组,为美国能源信息署和中国国家能源局的合作作出正式安排,包括信息共享、技术支持,能源生产(常规和非常规)数据搜集,通过调查获取终端消费数据,短中期预测方法,以及能源信息分析和传播策略等。

保障能源多元供应

中美两国充分理解全球能源生产,尤其是清洁能源发展的重要性。双方有意在坚持立足国内、多元发展、加强合作原则基础上共同致力于保障能源的稳定安全供应。探讨两国在能源供应发生重大危机时的快速沟通和协调机制,维护能源生产国的稳定,确保国际能源通道安全,鼓励两国企业在第三国共同开发油气资源增加油气供应。

中美两国共同承诺增加能源领域的投资。中美致力于通过开放市场和广泛的竞争发展国内能源供应。两国欢迎外部投资勘探和开发相关资源。

中美认识到充分开发利用本国非常规能源资源的重要性。根据《美国国务院和中国国家能源局关于在页岩气领域合作的备忘录》,双方制订并

签署了《美国国务院和中国国家能源局关于中美页岩气资源工作行动计划》,计划运用美方在开发非常规天然气方面的经验,在符合中国有关法律法规的前提下,就页岩气资源评价、勘探开发技术及相关政策等方面开展合作,以促进中国页岩气资源开发。两国借此机会认同美国能源部,美国贸易发展署和中国国家发展和改革委员会在页岩气领域的接触。两国宣布第5次中美能源政策对话和第10届中美油气工业论坛将于2010年9月在美国召开。此次油气论坛的议程将以开发页岩气为主,包括到美国页岩气田参观调研。

中美两国充分认识到清洁能源技术在实现能源供应多元化,保障能源安全方面的重要作用。重申双方在《关于加强气候变化、能源和环境合作的谅解备忘录》,《中美可再生能源伙伴关系的合作备忘录》,《关于建立中美清洁能源联合研究中心合作议定书》、《中美关于进一步加强西屋AP1000核反应堆核安全合作备忘录》中达成的共识,本着“共同研究,共担风险,共享成果”的原则,继续在清洁煤、核电(先进核能)安全和运营、可再生能源、智能电网、页岩气、先进生物燃料、电动汽车等技术研发方面开展联合投资、研发、生产、推广等深入务实合作。中国国家核安全局和美国核管制委员会愿意在妥善解决知识产权保护问题的基础上,并按两国核能技术转让的模式,为推动高温气冷堆核安全技术合作而努力。

中美一致认为汽车燃料多样化对今后几十年内两国能源安全至关重要。为此,中美致力于促进电动汽车,先进车辆节能技术和先进替代燃料技术的推广。双方重申“中美电动汽车倡议”合作的重要性。

合理高效利用能源

中美认识到节约能源、提高能效可以为双方解决能源安全、气候变化和环境保护方面的挑战作出重要贡献,是实现可持续发展的重要途径。

中美重新确认五国能源部长会关于通过促进节能和能效措施,以及开发和利用环境可持续的能源技术,加强全球能源安全的承诺。

中美双方计划在《中美能源环境十年合作能效行动计划》框架下开展节能和提高能效合作,并加强对话,举办能效论坛,努力提高工业领域、建筑领域、终端用能产品能效,推动双方在工业能效审计与对标、建筑规范和标识及评级体系、终端用能产品的测试和标识、人员培训、示范项目、以及促进贸易和投资等方面开展合作。

U.S.-China Joint Statement on Energy Security Cooperation

Office of the Spokesman

Washington, DC

May 25, 2010

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The United States and China, as the world's largest producers and consumers of energy, share common interests and responsibilities to ensure energy security and face common challenges. The United States and China pledge to uphold the principles of mutually beneficial cooperation, diversified development, and coordination to ensure energy security; recognize that energy security and clean energy go hand-in-hand; and agree to strengthen cooperation in the areas of stabilizing international energy markets, ensuring diversified energy supply, and a rational and efficient use of energy.

Stabilizing the International Energy Market

The United States and China share a common understanding on maintaining the stability of world energy markets. International energy markets play an important role in meeting energy demand and stabilizing energy supply. Although international energy prices have fluctuated greatly over the past several years, using market mechanisms to meet future energy needs is still the primary and best choice for our two countries.

The United States and China reaffirm the common understanding reached by the Five Party Energy Ministers to establish open, transparent, highly efficient

and competitive energy markets, including transparent and effective legal and regulatory frameworks. The two sides have decided to increase transparency of energy markets, work to avoid excessive oil price volatility, continue close cooperation with the IEA and other international organizations, and ensure the safety and stability of international energy markets. The two countries expect to open communication on establishing an energy emergency early-warning system, strengthen supervision of energy markets, and cooperate to prevent manipulation of oil futures markets.

The United States and China reaffirm our G-20 commitment to increase market transparency and market stability by publishing complete, accurate, and timely data on oil production, consumption, refining and stock levels, as appropriate, on a regular basis, ideally monthly.

The United States and China reaffirm our G-20 commitment to rationalize and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption; and stimulate investment in clean energy, renewables, and energy efficiency and provide financial and technical support for such projects in developing countries.

The United States and China recognize our common interests in improving energy market transparency and market stability, enhancing mutual

understanding of national and global energy issues and strengthening bilateral collaboration, seek to establish a working group to make formal arrangements for cooperation between the U.S. Energy Information Administration and China’s National Energy Administration, including information sharing and technical assistance, the collection of energy production data (conventional and unconventional) and end-use consumption data through surveys, short- or medium-term forecasting methods, and strategies for the dissemination and analysis of energy information.

Ensuring Diversified Energy Supply

The United States and China, fully understanding the importance of global energy production, especially the significance of clean energy development, intend to work to ensure safe and stable energy supplies by upholding the principles of relying on domestic energy supplies, encouraging d iversified development and strengthening cooperation. The two countries intend to discuss mechanisms that will allow quick communication and coordination in the event of a major energy supply emergency; maintain the stability of energy producing countries; ensure the safety of international energy transportation; and encourage enterprises from both countries to jointly develop oil and gas resources in third countries in order to increase oil and gas supply.

The United States and China have both committed to increasing investment in the energy sector. The United States and China are committed to developing their domestic energy supplies through open markets and broad based competition. Both countries welcome foreign investment to explore and develop these resources.

The United States and China have realized the importance of full development and utilization of domestic unconventional energy resources. As outlined in “The Memorandum of Cooperation on Shale Gas between the U.S. Department of State and China’s National Energy Administration,” the two sides formulated and signed the “U.S.-China Shale Gas Resource Task Force Work Plan between the U.S. Department of State and China’s National Energy Administration.” In order to promote China’s development of shale gas resources, the two sides intend to utilize U.S. experience in developing unconventional gas to cooperate in shale gas resource assessment, technologies of exploration and development and related policies, in accordance with China’s related laws and re gulations. Both countries take this opportunity to note engagement in the area of shale gas between the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Trade and Development Agency and China’s National Development and Reform Commission. The two countries announced the 5th U.S.-China Energy Policy Dialogue and the 10th

U.S.-China Oil and Gas Industry Forum will be held in September in the United States. The agenda for the Oil and Gas Industry Forum will focus on shale gas development and include a field study visit to U.S. shale gas producing fields.

The United States and China fully understand the importance of clean energy technology in achieving diversified energy supply and ensuring energy security. The two sides reaffirm the common understanding reached in the “Memoran dum of Understanding to Enhance Cooperation on Climate Change, Energy and Environment,” “The Memorandum of Understanding on the U.S.-China Renewable Energy Partnership,” “The Protocol on the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center,” and “The Memorandum of Further Cooperation on Nuclear Safety for the Westinghouse AP1000 Nuclear Reactor.” The two sides, based on the principle of “joint research, risk sharing, and enjoying achievements together,” will continue to conduct deep and pragmatic cooperation in joint investment, research and development, production, and promotion in the areas of clean coal, safety and operation of nuclear power (advanced nuclear energy), renewable energy, smart grid, shale gas, advanced bio fuels, and electric vehicles. The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission and China’s National Nuclear Safety Administration, after properly addressing the intellectual property rights protection issue and following the U.S.-China nuclear technology transfer practice, are willing to

make concerted efforts to promote technical cooperation on the safety of High Temperature Gas Cooled nuclear reactors.

The United States and China share the view that diversifying the fuel mix in our vehicle fleets is fundamental to both countries' energy security in the decades ahead. Toward that end, the United States and China are committed to the promotion of electric vehicles, advanced vehicle energy saving technologies, and advanced alternative fuel technologies. The two sides reaffirm the importance of their cooperation on the

U.S.-China Electric V ehicles Initiative.

Rational and Highly Efficient Use of Energy

The United States and China recognize that energy conservation and increasing energy efficiency are essential to achieve sustainable development and can greatly contribute to solving the challenges of energy security, climate change and environmental protection.

The United States and China reaffirm the commitment of the Five Party Energy Ministers to enhance global energy security through the promotion of energy conservation and energy efficiency measures as well as development

and deployment of environmentally sustainable energy technologies.

The United States and China plan to conduct cooperation on energy conservation and improving energy efficiency under the framework of the “Energy Efficiency Action Plan of the U.S.-China Ten-Y ear Framework on Energy and Environment Cooperation” and enhance dialogue, hold energy efficiency forums, strive to improve energy efficiency in areas of industry, construction and end-use products; and to promote cooperation in areas of auditing and benchmarking of industrial energy efficiency, construction specifications, signs and evaluation system, test and signs of end-use energy products, personnel training, demo projects, and promotion of trade and investment.

中美文化差异,英语作文

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世界各国治理腐败的主要措施

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Food Culture Generally speaking, we Chinese think food is very important to man. People often associate food with important holidays and the chance to meet distinguished guests. The Chinese food not only is very delicious and tasty but also very pleasing to your senses and many of dishes have very beautiful and fancy names. The Chinese have the food culture of our own which are quite different from westerners. In the west, people pay more attention to the nutrition of food rather than the looks of it. The cuisine and table manners are quite different from ours in a great extent. Greeting by Asking Your Meal in China It is a very common practice we Chinese people say "Have you had your meal?" when they meet each other around the time before or after meals. Sometimes they even ask this question everywhere even in toilets. In fact, it is a kind of greeting to communicate with each other. But foreigners cannot understand that because they think why you ask me this. They tend to think you want to invite me to dinner or I am not rich enough to feed myself regularly but that is my business not yours. Chinese think food is very important and essential to people so it shows some care and concern about you. Everything is eatable in China It seems that we eat everything and everything can be eatable in Chinese food, whether it comes from land or from the sky or from the sea or whether it is wild or domestic or whether it is inside or outside. Foreigners cannot imagine we eat the food like snakes, dogs and even frogs. When we sell the meat from the animal and poultry, we normally sell it as a whole or cut it from the whole body. I know a woman American teacher didn't want to buy and eat pork when she first came to China because she saw the meat cut from a certain part of the pig. In English, we know the animals and their meat are used different words because the words of the meat from animals originally come from French and they are used by upper class while the words of animals are Anglo Saxon, which are used by the farmer of lower class. So there are pig and pork, sheep and mutton and cattle and beef in English but it is not the case in Chinese. Name of Dishes is Implicit in Chinese Food Very often it puzzles foreigners a lot that we ask and talk so much when we order our food in the restaurant. One reason is we ask what the food or the dish is and try to clarify it because you sometimes never know what the food is just according the name of the food until it is put on your table in the restaurant just. Sometimes the food is very simple but the name is very obscure. For example one of the dishes is called "Ants Climbing the Trees." But the food is simple potato noodles and bits of meat in it, while most of western food has a simple and clear name and you know what it is when you hear the name. For instance, there is a traditional food call "fish and chips" in the UK. You see it is very obvious it is fried fish and potato chips. The reason for this in China is on the one hand to try to tell you the way it cooks such as cook, fry, grill and broil in the name and on the other it has beautiful good names so that you have a good imagination and association to let you have a good appetite. Too Much Food to Eat at meals We Chinese think it very disgraceful if we don't cook the food enough for the guests so we normally cook more food than guests eat. If you finish your food at meal, the host and hostess usually add more and more food in your dish or bowl without asking you whether you want it or not so as to show they are polite to the guests. They will keep saying, "eat more" and in English

中美大学教育的差异英文

A part of western education emphasizes the teaching of students' independent thinking and the way of expressing themselves. Many factual information is found in the book, so the teacher focuses on how to help the students interpret the content in a more meaningful way. As the Greek philosopher Socrates, American teachers and students will continue to ask questions to force you to state your view, and others openly share. Based on these differences, Chinese students to the United States at the beginning of the school will have a great impact, see the American students to ask questions or answer, and even to the challenge of the professor, will feel uncomfortable, think these students how to be so arrogant and disrespect, students should absolutely comply with the authority of the professor is. Moreover, my English is so poor, why should I make a fool? With the Americans and other countries' friends. Participate in the school club, sports organizations, students will, and so can promote social life. In the local community, you can join a number of service organizations and volunteer organizations, the reception family, etc.. Although there are academic pressures, but a lot of benefits to participate in extra-curricular activities, but also the way to lift the pressure. The creative thinking in the process of American school more attention to practice and practice. This is an important distinction between domestic education and Western education. Domestic students tend to have amazing memory capability and good mathematical foundation, which is Chinese students to achieve success in the exam oriented education, but higher education in the United States more require students to participation, practice and creation, many courses are arranged a case study and the discussion of time and students of case analysis and statements with students as the center of teaching activities. The teacher to the students face a very short time, about students with learning time is about 30%. The rest of the time depends on the students themselves, the library access to information, the students to discuss each other, to learn to understand the relevant knowledge. In the process of participation and practice, students self-learning and their ability to solve the problem has been improved. Because they change from passive learning to active learning attitude, learning effect is different, there are different. American education is the combination of the universal and the elite education, you can let the students choose to be when civilians or do the elite". Own choose "elite" road and need to work hard and struggle, to choice of civilian road walk, accepts the popularization education, flat faint, madding crowd to accept society needed to survive the basic knowledge education. This is why a lot of knowledge teaching. Only to a point. Such education is the education of the mass of the populace. Chinese students have no choice in this form of society, the United States is different, choose the "elite" of the road, a few people, as long as the hard work, serious study, and strive to "essence" "deep", also can realize their "elite" education. 西方教育的一部份强调的是教导学生独立思考及各种自我表达的方式。很多事实资讯在书中就找得到,因此老师着重的是如何帮助学生以更有意义的方式来诠释课程内容。一如希腊哲人苏格拉底,美国的老师和同学会不断发问逼你陈

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