Real Life, Real Users, and Real Needs A Study and Analysis
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关于以人为本英语作文的题目Human-Centered Design: The Imperative of User Empathy and Inclusivity.In the realm of product and service design, the concept of human-centered design has emerged as a transformative paradigm, prioritizing the needs, desires, and experiences of end-users throughout the development process. By embracing the principles of user empathy and inclusivity, human-centered design seeks to create products and services that resonate deeply with their intended audience,fostering meaningful connections and empowering them to achieve their goals.The Imperative of User Empathy.At the heart of human-centered design lies the fundamental principle of user empathy, the ability to step into the shoes of end-users and understand their perspectives, motivations, and challenges. This profoundunderstanding is achieved through a rigorous process of observation, research, and engagement, where designers immerse themselves in the lives of their target audience. By observing users in their natural environments, designers can gain invaluable insights into their behaviors, interactions, and pain points.Qualitative research methods, such as interviews and focus groups, provide a platform for users to share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences firsthand. Designers actively listen to these narratives, seeking to uncover the underlying needs and desires that drive user behavior. These insights not only inform the design process but also foster a deep connection between designers and users, ensuring that products and services are tailored to their specific requirements.Embracing Inclusivity for All.Human-centered design goes beyond understanding the average user; it encompasses a commitment to inclusivity, ensuring that products and services cater to the diverseneeds of all users, regardless of their abilities, backgrounds, or circumstances. Inclusivity is not an afterthought; it is an integral part of the design process, woven into every aspect of product development.Designers strive to create products that are accessible to users with disabilities, ensuring that they can navigate the interface with ease and enjoy the same user experience as non-disabled users. Accessibility features, such as screen readers and keyboard navigation, empower users with physical or cognitive challenges to fully engage with the product.Inclusivity also extends to considering the cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic diversity of users. Designers conduct user research across multiple demographics, ensuring that the product meets the needs of a broad range of users. By incorporating culturally sensitive elements and supporting multiple languages, products become truly global, transcending geographical and cultural boundaries.The Transformative Power of Human-Centered Design.The benefits of human-centered design are far-reaching and transformative. By prioritizing user empathy and inclusivity, businesses can develop products and services that:Meet the real needs of users, addressing their pain points and fulfilling their aspirations.Enhance user satisfaction, creating products that users find easy to use, enjoyable, and empowering.Foster loyalty and advocacy, building a strong connection between users and the brand.Drive innovation, inspiring designers to think outside the box and develop unique solutions that address unmet needs.Human-centered design is not merely a buzzword; it is a philosophy that has the power to transform industries and improve the lives of users worldwide. By embracing empathyand inclusivity, designers can create products and services that are not only functional but also deeply meaningful, empowering users to live fuller, more fulfilling lives.。
安徽省合肥市第一中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷一、阅读理解Impressive exhibitions in the US worth traveling for in 2024 Here are several museum exhibitions across the USA that are worth traveling for in 2024.1. Yayoi Kusama: Infinite LoveSFMOMA, San FranciscoOn view: now through September 7For six decades now, Japanese polymath Yayoi Kusama has been exploring the concept of the “infinity room.” These meditations on perception, the universe and existence itself combine bold colors, three-dimensional forms and mirror-generated visual illusions to transport viewers to an inclusive aesthetic world. In the exhibition Yayoi Kusama: Infinite Love, they have landed in Northern California for the first time. Featured works including the brand-new Dreaming of Earth’s Sphericity, I Would Offer My Love (2023) and the famous LOVE IS CALLING (2013) will be on display at SFMOMA through next fall. Be sure to reserve advance tickets the minute they go on sale.2. Matisse and the SeaSt Louis Art Museum, St LouisOn view: February 17-May 12,2024Henri Matisse lived for decades near the Mediterranean, and a number of blues carry through his entire oeuvre (全部作品), largely inspired by the reflection of light of the water. With the artist’s Bathers with Turtle (1907–8) as a museum highlight, the exhibition travels across both Matisse’s works and the world itself, with works by this 20th-century master in various media, depicting the sea as a subject and as a theme.3. Georgia O’ Keeffe: “My New Yorks”Art Institute of Chicago, ChicagoOn view: June 2-September 24,2024This show at the Art Institute of Chicago will explore how Georgia O’ Keeffe - an artist soclosely associated with the Southwest and nature - spent her formative years in the USA’s biggest city. Before she turned her eye to flowers and desert sunsets, Georgia O’ Keeffe captured the distinctive perspectives of New York City, looking up at skyscrapers from street level and down from her 30th-floor apartment.4. Whitney Biennial 2024: Even Better Than the Real ThingWhitney Museum of American Art, New Y ork CityOn view: starting March 20,2024Some leave angry. Others emerge inspired. Yet however you react, it’s hard to forget any Whitney Biennial. Multimedia pieces and political themes are never hard to detect. Organized by Chrissi e Iles and Meg Onli, the lineup at this year’s -Biennial has yet to be announced. But whoever the participants are, their work is sure to make a statement.1.What can we learn from the artist Yayoi Kusama and his works?A.His work Infinite Love has been on display for decades.B.His works feature incorporating varied colors boldly into the works.C.Dreaming of Earth’s Sphericity was inspired by the light of water.D.Four-dimensional forms will transport viewers to the universe.2.Who is most likely to be the target audience for the last exhibition?A.people concerned with current political affairs.B.people having a passion for economy.C.people fond of pursuing old fashion.D.people enthusiastic about different reactions. 3.What do the exhibition 2 and 3 have in common?A.Both artists prefer using city landscape in the works.B.Both exhibitions need to be reserved in advance.C.Both artists’ works focus on themes concerning surroundings.D.Both artists’ works embody political themes.My husband and I fell in love when we would sit and talk in the living room of my old apartment in front of the windows drinking cups of black coffee, sometimes until sunrise. I was so extremely fortunate to have finally found that one special person.However, it was soon after our honeymoon that my husband climbed into the tomb called “the office” and buried himself in piles of paperwork and clients, and I just kept silent for fear ofturning into a complaining wife. It seemed as if overnight an invisible wall had been put up between us. He just lay beside snoring like a hibernating bear unaware of my winter.When our daughter was born, my life was centred on her and I no longer seemed to care that my husband was getting busier and spending less time at home. Somewhere between his work timetable and our home and young daughter, we were losing contact with each other. That invisible wall was now being hardened by the mortar (砂浆) of indifference.Then tragedy struck our lives, when my husband’s younger brother was killed in 2001, together with thousands of other innocent people. He was identified only by the engraving (雕刻) on the inside of his wedding ring. Attending our brother’s memorial service was an eye-opening experience for both of us. For the first time, we saw our own marriage was almost like my in-laws. At the tragic death of the youngest son they could not reach out to comfort one another. It seemed as if somewhere between the oldest son’s first tooth and the youngest son’s graduation they had lost each other.Later one night, my husband told of his fear of dying and I spoke of trying to find myself in the writings of my journal. It seemed as if each of us had been hiding our soul-searching from the other.We are slowly working toward building a bridge - not a wall, so that when we reach out to each other, we do not find a barrier we cannot pass through or retreat from the stranger on the other side.4.what can we learn about the author’s husband From the second paragraph?A.He was fully involved in his work.B.He didn’t show any affection for her.C.He preferred his work to his family D.He got tired of his nagging wife5.What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 mean?A.The author’s husband’s brothers.B.The author’s husband’s brothers-in-law.C.The author’s husband’s parents.D.The author’s husband’s sisters-in-law. 6.Which of the following best describe the author?A.Dependent and critical.B.Sensitive and sensible.C.Sympathetic and emotional.D.Ambitious and understanding.7.What can we infer from the passage about the couple?A.Attending the memorial service worsened their relationship.B.Their brother’s death set off their reflection on marriage.C.Communication was a most effective means to break the barrier.D.The fear of dying prevented the husband from reaching out.Nobel science prizes are awarded in three areas: physics, chemistry and physiology or medicine. But occasionally some noteworthy discovery comes along that does not really fit into any of them. Similar flexibility, though in an area with far more profound consequences than ethology (行为学), has been demonstrated with regard to this year’s physics prize.Showing a sense of timeliness not always apparent in its deliberations, Sweden’s Royal Academy of Science has stretched the definition of physics to include computer science, and given its recognition to two of the pioneers of the artificial-intelligence (AI) revolution.John Hopfield of Princeton University and Geoffrey Hinton of the University of Toronto both did their crucial work in the early 1980s, at a time when computer hardware was unable to take full advantage of it. Dr Hopfield was responsible for what has become known as the Hopfield network - a type of artificial neural network that behaves like a physical structure called a spin glass, which gave the academy a fa int reason to call the field "physics". Dr Hinton’s contribution was to use an algorithm (算法) known to train neural networks.Artificial neural networks are computer programs based loosely on the way in which real; biological networks of nerve cells are believed to work. In particular, the strengths of the connections between "nodes" (结点) in such networks are plastic. Hopfield networks, in which each node is connected to every other except itself, are particularly good at learning to extract patterns from sparse (稀疏的) or noisy data.Dr Hinton’s algorithm enhances neural networks’ learning ability by letting them work, in effect, in three dimensions. Hopfield networks and their types are, in essence, two-dimensional. Though they actually exist only as simulations in software, they can be thought of as a structure of physical layers of nodes. Dr Hinton adjusted Dr Hopfield’s networks using a branch of maths called statistical mechanics to create what are known as Boltzmann machines. Boltzmann machines can be used to create systems that learn in an unsupervised manner, spotting patterns in data without having to be explicitly taught.It is, then, the activities of these two researchers which have made machine learning reallysing. AI models can now not only learn, but create. Such tools have thus gone from being able to perform highly specific tasks, such as recognizing cancerous cells in pictures of tissue samples or streamlining particle-physics data, to anything from writing essays for lazy undergraduates to running robots.8.Why does the writer mention the three areas of Nobel science prizes?A.To inform readers of the specific information.B.To introduce the flexibility of this years’ Nobel physics prize.C.To share with readers the importance of the Nobel prizes.D.To highlight the critical role physics plays in the world.9.What can be the evidence that the two researcher’s activities can be called “physics”?A.The Hopfield Networks are two-dimensional.B.The nodes in the Hopfield Network connect each other.C.The Hopfield Network functions in a similar way to a spin glass.D.The Hopfield Network can extract patterns using a little data.10.How did Dr Hinton strengthen neural networks’ learning ability?A.He used special physical principles.B.He changed the function of the networks.C.He thought of a structure suitable for the networks.D.He made use of maths to transform their ways of working11.What can be the main idea of the passage?A.AI neural networks can be widely used.B.Two researchers will be awarded the Nobel Physics Prize.C.AI researchers have received the Nobel Prize for Physics.D.Physiology and medicine researchers are common in the Nobel Prize winners.The term parasocial interaction (虚拟社交) was introduced in the 1950s by the social scientists Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl. It was the early days of home television, and they were seeing people form a close connection with actors who were appearing virtually in their home. Today, the definition is much broader. After all, actors, singers, comedians, athletes, and countless other celebrities are available to us in more ways than ever before. Forming parasocialbonds has never been easier.Psychologists document cases of parasocial relationships that can go much deeper, with severe consequences. Scholars note parasocial bonds range from casual talk about stars to intense emotions, to uncontrollable behavior and fantasies. At the deepest level, the parasocial relationship can be dangerous, such as when a fan loses touch with reality and secretly follows a star. It can also lead to confusion about one’s own identity, particularly in adolescents who are still forming their sense of self, as they may model themselves on the media figures with whom they have parasocial relationships.In 2021, two psychologists from York University, in Canada, found that forming parasocial bonds was strongly related to avoidant attachment. That is, people who tended to push others away in their day-to-day lives were more likely to relate to fictional characters. You can easily see how parasocial relationships could be a replacement when one finds real-life attachment difficult. This could start a feedback cycle, in which avoiding close relationships stimulates parasocial bonding, which in turn leads to reduced interactions with real-life family and friends as the fans spends their time and energy on someone who doesn’t know they exist.My purpose here is not to say that parasocial interactions are always bad for you, or even abnormal. Rather, it is to suggest that heavy parasocial bonding might be a signal that you are crowding out the real people who can give you the love you truly need. One way to address this is to get some more distance from your fictional friends, thus pausing the feedback cycle and giving yourself more space to pursue in-person connection.12.How has parasocial interaction changed according to Paragraph 1?A.It has become more accessible.B.It has affected more celebrities.C.It has lost much of its significance.D.It has turned into a two-way process. 13.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A.Reasons behind celebrity following.B.Origins of dangerous relationships.C.Different types of parasocial relationships.D.Potential harm of parasocialrelationships.14.Which of the following can lead to parasocial relationships?A.Socializing with strangers.B.Having strong family support.C.Participating in group activities.D.Struggling with relationships in reality.15.What might the author suggest for those with heavy parasocial relationships?A.Meeting fictional friends in real life.B.Seeking guidance from professionals.C.Hanging out more with real friends.D.Creating more space for being alone.We are overwhelmed by an unprecedented volume of information. 16 if we don’t actively engage with it.In order to stay focused and retain more information, it’s important to be highly engaged with the content. 17 It mostly relies on critical thinking. Active reading transforms passive absorption into an interactive, analytical process. There are many active reading strategies, but here are some of the most immediately useful.Understand the author’s purpose. 18 Take a few minutes to read the introduction or any other material available to become aware of the reason and intent of writing.Adjust your reading rate. Instead of using a constant rate, adapt yourself to the content you’re reading. 19 , and speeding up when it’s information you are already familiar with.Annotate the content. Taking notes is a great way to stay engaged with the content. Use the margins to write ideas that pop into your mind when reading something.Paraphrase. Whenever a new concept seems a bit more complex to grasp, stop reading and try to paraphrase it using your own words. This will force you to assess your level of understanding.Organize the information visually. Map the content into a graphic to better visualize it and make it your own. You can craft a simple mind map, or be creative with collages and other forms of visual thinking.Evaluate the content. Every so often, take a step back and think critically about what you’re reading. 20Consult a reference. Whenever you’ re in doubt, use a dictionary or another external reference to make sure you understand a new concept or an unfamiliar word’s meaning and have all the necessary background information.Summarize the ideas. Once you’ re done reading a book, sit down and write your own summary. Get bonus points if you publish it online to learn in public and get feedback and additional perspectives from other readers.Active reading will help you make the most of the time you spend reading books and blog posts by ensuring you retain more of the relevant content and can apply it in your day-to-day life and work.A.This means slowing down to comprehend better new or more complex information. B.Yet, research suggests that we forget up to 70% of new information within 24 hours.C.It matters for you to assess what you read.D.Active reading basically means reading something with the determination to understand, evaluate, and remember relevant aspects of what you read.E.Is it well structured, are there gaps in the argument, does the author sound biased?F.Is the goal of the author to inform, entertain, or advertise their product or services?G.Our life is packed with varied information.二、完形填空Michael Surrell and his wife had just parked the car when they got a call from their daughter, “The house next door is on fire!” He immediately went to 21 and saw an old woman cried. “The baby is inside!” “The baby” was 8-year-old Tiara Roberts, the woman’s 22 .Though the fire department had been called, Surrell 23 rushed into the burning house. The thick 24 caused him to stumble blindly around and made it impossible to 25 . After a few minutes in the smoke-filled house, he moved outside to 26 his breath.“Where is Tiara?” he asked 27 .“The second floor,” her grandma shouted back.Taking a deep breath, Surrell went in a second time. Because the house had a 28 layout to his, he found the stairs 29 and made it to the second floor.But the darkness was overwhelming. All he could feel was the crackling and popping of burning wood. Then a soft but 30 moan emerged. He crawled toward the sound, feeling around for any 31 of the little girl. Finally, he 32 something. He scooped Tiara into his arms, 33 through the smoke.Fortunately, Surrell managed to help Tiara out; she was 34 from the hospitalafter a few days. However, the fire worsened Surrell’s pulmonary (肺的) condition, which he suffered before, and he feels the effects even two years later. “It’s a small 35 to pay,” he says. “I would do it again without a second thought.”21.A.stimulate B.witness C.investigate D.innovate 22.A.niece B.granddaughter C.cousin D.daughter 23.A.consciously B.passionately C.instantly D.occasionally 24.A.mist B.smoke C.dust D.smog 25.A.escape B.distinguish C.see D.breathe 26.A.hold B.save C.waste D.catch 27.A.randomly B.cautiously C.nervously D.desperately 28.A.opposite B.similar C.different D.striking 29.A.mysteriously B.thrillingly C.threateningly D.effortlessly 30.A.distinct B.loud C.massive D.sharp 31.A.sense B.symbol C.sound D.sign 32.A.touched B.found C.explored D.got 33.A.running B.breaking C.struggling D.going 34.A.rescued B.composed C.suspended D.released 35.A.fee B.bill C.check D.price三、语法填空阅读下面短文,在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
real really reality 造句real造句:1.The painting looks real, but it's just a copy.这幅画看起来真,但只是复制品。
2.She's the real deal - she can really cook!她可是真材实料,她真的会做饭!3.The wedding was a real celebration of love.婚礼是对爱情的真正庆典。
4.The experience was real and honest.这次经历真实而诚恳。
5.This is the real thing, no false advertising.这是真货,绝无虚假广告。
really造句:1.I really enjoyed the film.我真的很喜欢这部电影。
2.I'm really sorry to hear that.听到这个消息我感到非常遗憾。
3.He's not really very good at expressing his feelings.他不太善于表达自己的感情。
4.She's not really my type, but she's very nice.她并不是我喜欢的类型,但她很好。
5.This is really important to me.这对我来说真的很重要。
reality造句: has a way of distorting reality.电视有一种扭曲现实的倾向。
2.He's a realist and believes in making practical decisions based on reality.他是现实主义者,相信基于现实做出实际可行的决定。
3.The news is a reflection of reality, not just a report of events.新闻是现实的反映,而不仅仅是事件的报道。
网络交友和现实交友的利与弊英语作文全文共5篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Ups and Downs of Online and Real FriendsHey guys! Today I want to talk about something super important - friends! We all have friends, whether they're the kids we see every day at school or the online buddies we chat with over games and apps. But have you ever stopped to think about the differences between these two types of friends?Online friends are the people we meet over the internet. Maybe it's someone you play Roblox or Fortnite with, or a friend you made on a video streaming app. With online friends, you can be whoever you want to be. You can make up a pretend persona and change your avatar however you like. You don't have to worry about what you look like in real life.That's one of the biggest pros of online friends - you can be anonymous and not judged for your appearance. It's easier to be yourself when you're just a cool avatar or username. Another great thing is that you can meet people from all over the world who like the same games, shows, or interests as you. Your bestonline buddy could live across the country or even on the other side of the planet!But there are also some downsides to just having online friends. For one, you never really know who they truly are behind the screen. They could be pretending to be someone totally different, like a grown-up trying to trick you. That's why you should NEVER share personal info or plan to meet up with an online friend unless your parents know and approve.Online relationships can also be harder to maintain over time. It's easy for people to drift apart when you're not seeing them in person regularly. And sometimes intense video gaming with online friends can become an unhealthy obsession if you're neglecting your schoolwork and real-world responsibilities.That brings me to real-life, in-person friends - the kind of buddies you've known for years from your neighborhood, school, after-school activities, and so on. With real friends, what you see is what you get. They know the real you - your personality, interests, family, struggles and all. You don't have to put on an act or pretend to be someone you're not.Real-life friendships also help you develop important social skills that you just can't get from being online. You learn how to read body language, take turns in conversation, and navigategroup situations. Skills like empathy, resolving conflicts, and emotional intelligence are all developed by spending time with friends in the real world.When you have real-life friends, you can actually do fun activities together beyond just screens and technology. You can go to the park, play sports, have sleepovers, and makelong-lasting memories. Pictures and videos of these experiences become meaningful keepsakes in a way that screenshots of a gaming session just aren't.Of course, the downside is that you can't escape real friends as easily if you get in an argument or have a falling out. Online, you can just block someone. In real life, you may have to face the person again at school or your neighborhood. Resolving conflicts and repairing hurt feelings is harder but also a good life lesson.Another potential negative of real-life friendships is that your circle of friends is much more limited by your location and the people you happen to go to school with. You can't just instantly click with someone new across the globe like you could through an app or game. It can be harder to find people with very specific niche interests depending on where you live.So what's the verdict - are online or real-life friends better? In my opinion, the healthiest is to have a mix of both! Online friends allow you to connect with people all over who have your niche interests, while real-life friends help you develop critical social skills. Real friends should always take priority, but a few good online friends can supplement that.Just be sure you're staying safe online, never giving out personal info, and getting your parents' permission before chatting with internet folk. And don't let gaming or social media get in the way of your real-world priorities like family, school, and activities.Having a balance of online and real-life friends gives you the best of both worlds. You get to indulge your interests through the internet while still building lasting bonds through in-person hangouts and quality time. Friendships, no matter what form they take, are one of the most important parts of our lives as kids and they help shape who we become as adults.So appreciate your real-life buddies by making an effort to see them in person as much as you can. But also keep putting yourself out there to connect with awesome new online friends who share your passions! If you keep an open mind and heart,you're bound to make meaningful friendships that enrich your life from both the virtual and real worlds.篇2Here's an essay on the pros and cons of online and real-life friendship, written in a language suitable for elementary school students, with a length of approximately 2,000 words:Making Friends Online or in Real LifeHi there, friends! Today, I'm going to talk about something that's really important for all of us – making friends. We can make friends in two ways: online or in real life. Both have their own good sides and not-so-good sides. Let me tell you all about them!Online FriendshipsThese days, lots of kids like me make friends online. We play games together, chat on social media, or even join special groups for our hobbies. Making friends online can be really cool! Here are some good things about it:You can meet people from all over the world! Imagine having a friend in Australia, Japan, or even Mars (just kidding, no one lives on Mars yet)! Isn't that amazing?It's easier to find people who share your interests. If you love dinosaurs, you can join a dinosaur club online and make friends with other dino-lovers!Shy kids might find it easier to talk to people online first, before meeting them in person.However, there are some not-so-good things about online friendships too:You can never be 100% sure if the person you're talking to is who they say they are. They could be lying about their age, where they live, or even pretending to be someone else entirely!It's harder to really get to know someone when you only talk to them online. You can't see their expressions, hear their tone of voice, or do fun activities together in real life.Spending too much time online and not enough time with real-life friends can make you feel lonely and disconnected from the world around you.Real-Life FriendshipsMost of us have friends that we've met in person, at school, in our neighborhood, or through family and friends. Thesereal-life friendships are just as important as online ones, and they have their own good and not-so-good sides too.The good things about real-life friendships are:You get to really know your friend and build a stronger bond by spending time together, sharing experiences, and making memories.It's easier to communicate and understand each other when you can see each other's facial expressions, body language, and hear each other's tone of voice.You can do lots of fun activities together, like playing sports, going on adventures, or just hanging out and having a good time.The not-so-good things about real-life friendships are:It can be harder to find people who share your specific interests, especially if you have a really unique hobby or interest.You might not get to spend as much time with your friends as you'd like, especially if they live far away or have busy schedules.Sometimes, real-life friendships can be complicated by things like jealousy, arguments, or peer pressure.So, what's the best way to make friends? Well, I think the answer is to have a balance of both online and real-lifefriendships! Online friends can introduce you to new people and interests from all over the world, while real-life friends help you build deeper connections and share amazing experiences together.Just remember, whether you're making friends online or in real life, it's important to be kind, respectful, and to always put your safety first. Never share personal information with strangers, and if someone makes you feel uncomfortable, tell a trusted adult right away.Making friends is one of the best parts of being a kid, and I hope you'll make lots of amazing friends, both online and in real life!篇3Making New Friends: Online or In Real Life?Hi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to talk to you about something that's really important for kids like me - making friends! There are two main ways to make friends nowadays: online through the internet, or in real life by meeting people in person. Both have some good points and some not-so-good points, so let me share my thoughts on each one.Online FriendshipsOne of the best things about making friends online is that it's really easy and convenient. All you need is a computer, tablet or phone with internet access. With a few clicks, you can join cool online games, chat rooms, message boards and social media to connect with kids from all over the world who like the same things you do! That's awesome because in my small town, there aren't that many kids who are into activities like coding, fantasy novels or collecting rocks like I am.Another cool thing is that when you're online, you can sort of put on a different persona if you want. Maybe in real lifeyou're shy, but online you can be more outgoing. Or if you're getting picked on at school, the internet can be an escape where you can reinvent yourself a bit. You don't have to spill every detail about your real life if you don't want to.However, there are some downsides to only having online friends too. First off, it can be hard to know if people are really who they say they are. They could be lying about their age, location, interests - even pretending to be a kid when they're actually an adult (which is very dangerous!). My parents have strict rules about only using kid-friendly sites and not giving out any private info.Another big problem is that online friends can't really be there for you in the same way as real-life friends. You'll never get to actually hang out, go to the park, have a sleepover or inside jokes together. And if there's a fight or misunderstanding, it's easy for online friends to simply stop responding or block you - poof, gone from your life without any resolution. That would be pretty sad if you got really close to them.Real-Life FriendshipsThis brings me to talking about friends you make in person, in the real world - at school, your neighborhood, extracurricular activities, places your family goes and so on. One awesome thing about these kinds of friendships is that they just feel more meaningful and permanent. These are the friends you can really depend on, who will be there for you through good times and bad. You get to make so many fun memories together - celebrating birthdays, having playdates, pulling silly pranks, going on adventures. It's all much more real.Another perk is that face-to-face interaction helps you build important life skills. You learn how to read people's body language and facial expressions. You practice communicating effectively, cooperating with others, and working through conflicts using dialogue and compromise. These are vital skillsfor pretty much any job or relationship you'll have when you're an adult.That said, making real-life friends isn't always easy either. Sometimes you have to work harder to find people who share your uncommon interests. And in my experience, friends can sometimes be mean to each other, have fights, or ditch you to hang out with other kids they think are cooler. That stuff really hurts. You also have to put yourself out there and be willing to be a little vulnerable, which can be scary.My ExperienceSo those are some of the major pros and cons I see for both online and real-life friendships. If you ask me, I do actually have a mix of both in my life and I value them equally. My closest friends are the ones I've known since kindergarten - Sarah, Jacob and Miguel. We've been through so much together and they just get me, you know? We have monthly sleepovers, they come to all my soccer games, and I can truly count on them.But I've also made some great friends through online coding camps and message boards about my favorite book series. It's awesome having people to geek out with over stuff that most kids in my town aren't into. Those online friends have really helped me embrace my identity as a proud nerd!At the end of the day, I'm grateful for all the different types of friends in my life. The online ones help me discover new interests and open my mind, while the real-life ones help me develop deeper bonds and critical social skills. My advice? Don't rule out making friends either way - both are valid and have plenty to offer. Just be smart, safe, and appreciate your friends for their friendship, not where you met them.Well, that's all from me! Let me know if you have any other questions. Making friends can be tricky sometimes, but it's worth it to find your people. Don't give up!篇4The Internet and Making Friends - The Good and the BadHey there! Today I want to talk to you guys about something that's a big part of my life and probably yours too - making friends! These days, we can make friends in two main ways - online through the internet, or in real life by meeting people in person. Both ways of making friends have some good points and some not-so-good points, and I'm going to tell you all about them.Let's start with online friends! One of the coolest things about making friends over the internet is that you can meetpeople from literally anywhere in the world. I have online friends who live in far away places like Australia, Brazil, and Japan. We chat together, play online games, and share pics and videos even though we're on totally different continents! How awesome is that? With online friends, you can make buddies who have different backgrounds, cultures, and interests than the kids you know locally. It really opens up your world.Another great thing about online friendships is that it's way easier to be yourself compared to in-person situations. When you're just chatting by text or voice chat, you don't have to worry as much about things like how you look or sound. You can avoid awkward silences and just be your natural self. For shy kids like me, that makes it a lot more comfortable to open up to people online versus face-to-face.However, there are some downsides to only having online friends too. The biggest one is that your friendships can feel less real and connected since you've never actually met the person in physical reality. You miss out on doing fun activities together besides just playing video games or watching movies remotely. You can't give them a high five or a hug when something awesome happens. And if you have a fight or argument with anonline friend, it can be easier for one person to just stop talking to the other with no resolution.There are also safety risks to being friends with people online that you don't truly know. They could really be much older or younger than they claim, or maybe not even who they say they are at all. That's why it's so important to be careful about what personal information you share with online friends, and never agree to meet up with them in person without your parents' permission and supervision.Now let's talk about making friends the old-fashioned way - in real life! One of the biggest advantages of real-life friends is that you can actually spend quality time together. You can go to the park, play sports, have sleepovers, and just goof around in a way that's not possible through a screen. There's nothing better than laughing hysterically with your bestie over an inside joke that you'd have to explain endlessly to your online friends.With in-person friends, you also get to experience feeling truly understood and accepted for who you are. Your best buds know your quirks, body language, and real personality in a way that online friends can't. You can be silly, loud, quiet, cranky, or whatever and your real-life friends will get you and love you anyway.However, making real-life friends definitely has its challenges too. Sometimes it's hard to find people who share your specific interests and just click with your vibe. You're also more limited by things like distance, transportation issues, and scheduling conflicts when it comes to hanging out. And let's be honest - at school or around the neighborhood, there's more pressure to fit in, look or act a certain way, and avoid being too weird or different compared to hanging online.Bullying and meanness between kids can also be a bigger problem with real-life friendships. When someone is being a jerk over text or online, you can at least walk away from the screen. But when the bullying happens face-to-face, it can feel much more intense, scary, and unavoidable.So those are some of the major pros and cons of making friends online versus in the real world. But you know what? In my opinion, the very best way to have a strong friend group is to find a balance between the two!I think every kid should have a core group of good, trustworthy friends that they know in person and can do fun activities with in real life. But I also believe it's incredibly valuable to have online friendships that expose you to people and perspectives you might never get to experience otherwise.As long as you're smart about protecting your privacy and safety with your online relationships, having a few really good e-buddies can help you become a kinder, more open-minded person who appreciates diversity. And your real-life friends help you stay grounded and develop important social skills like reading body language and having deeper, more dimensional conversations.At the end of the day, making friends is one of the most important things in life no matter how you do it. Real or virtual, local or worldwide, your friends help shape who you are and how you experience the world. So appreciate all the awesome friends you have, online and off, while continuing to make new ones wherever life takes you!篇5Making Friends Online and in Real LifeHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to talk to you about something that's really important for kids my age - making friends! There are two main ways to make friends these days - online through games, social media, and chat rooms, or in real life at school, clubs, sports teams and justhanging out. Both ways of making friends have good points and not-so-good points, so let me tell you about them!Online FriendshipsOne big plus of making friends online is that it's really easy and convenient. You can chat with people all over the world without even leaving your house! All you need is a computer, tablet or phone with internet. I've made lots of online friends through games like Roblox and Minecraft. We team up, help each other out, and chat using text or voice while we play. It's awesome to meet kids from different countries and cultures.Another good thing about online friendships is that it's easier to be yourself without worrying about what you look like or sound like. If you're shy in person, you can open up more easily behind a screen. You can share your real thoughts and feelings more comfortably. And if you have a hard time making friends because of something like a disability, those things often don't matter as much online.However, there are some downsides to just having online friends too. First of all, you can never really know if people are who they say they are online. They could be pretending to be a kid when they're actually an adult, which can be dangerous. Myparents have strict rules about what info I can share and who I can talk to to keep me safe.Another issue is that online relationships can sometimes feel more shallow since you can't really get to know the whole person behind the screen. You miss out on things like body language, facial expressions and just being able to spend quality time together in person. Those deeper connections can be harder online.Plus, spending too much time online making friends can sometimes replace making effort to have real-life friends. It's important to have a balance and not lose social skills!Real-Life FriendshipsThen there are the good old-fashioned friendships you make by actually being around someone in person. One of the biggest pluses is that you get to do fun activities together and make amazing memories. Things like going to the park, having sleepovers, going to birthday parties or going skating are so much better with a friend by your side. You just can't get that same feeling through a screen.When you're with your friends in person, you can really get to know them deeply too. You understand their personalitybetter - their humor, their kindness (or grumpiness!), their interests, and their values. You can read their facial expressions and body language. You might learn about their family or culture. Those types of deep connections are harder to make online.There's also a feeling of loyalty and trust that comes from being real-life friends that isn't always there online. You look out for each other, have inside jokes, and can depend on one another. My best friend Zack and I have been friends since kindergarten and I know he's always got my back.Of course, making friends in person can be harder too. If you're shy, awkward or have something about you that's different, it can be scary to put yourself out there in front of people. You can get self-conscious about how you look or worry about being judged. And sometimes friends drift apart if their interests change or they move away.The Best of Both WorldsSo those are some of the major pros and cons of both online and real-life friendships! In my opinion, the ideal is to have a mix of both. Use the internet as a tool to meet new people with similar interests from all over, while still putting effort into making and keeping close friendships at school or your neighborhood too. That way you get the best of both worlds!My advice? Don't be afraid to make online friends through games, messaging or social media - just be smart and safe about it. And definitely don't neglect making friends in person too. Those deep, ride-or-die type friendships you can only really get by being with people in the real world. You need a balance of both for a rich social life!Well, that's my 10-year-old take on friends from both worlds. Let me know if you agree or have your own thoughts to share! Making friends is one of the most important and rewarding parts of being a kid. Embrace all the different ways to get out there and connect with people. Thanks for reading, friends!。
以生活为镜照出现实中真实的自己英语作文Title: Reflecting on Reality: Discovering the Authentic Self through the Mirror of LifeLife, often regarded as a tapestry of diverse experiences, is indeed a mirror that reflects our innermost selves. It's a canvas where we paint our joys, sorrows, successes, and failures, creating a unique portrait of our existence. In this essay, I delve into the profound journey of self-discovery through the lens of life's mirror, exploring how it shapes our understanding of the real and authentic self.At the dawn of every journey, we are innocent, naive beings, unaware of the complexities that await us. Life's mirror initially reflects a blurry image, a silhouette of potential and possibility. As we grow and encounter new challenges, this mirror gradually sharpens, revealing layers of our personality that were once hidden.The mirror of life is not always flattering. It can be brutally honest, reflecting our flaws and weaknesses withstark clarity. These reflections can be painful, but they are also essential for growth. They force us to confront our imperfections and, in doing so, we learn to accept and embrace them as part of our unique identity.Moreover, life's mirror also reflects our strengths and virtues. It shines a light on our passions, talents, and the qualities that make us unique. These reflections are often the most rewarding, as they remind us of our inherent worth and the value we bring to the world.The process of self-discovery through the mirror oflife is both dynamic and ongoing. As we navigate through the twists and turns of life, our reflections continue to evolve and change. We learn from our mistakes, grow from our experiences, and become wiser with each passing day.One crucial aspect of this journey is the recognition that the authentic self is not static. It is a work in progress, constantly shaped by our interactions with the world and our internal dialogue. We are not just passive observers of our reflections; we are active participants in the creation of our identity.In conclusion, the mirror of life is a powerful toolfor self-discovery. It allows us to see ourselves clearly, warts and all, and in doing so, we gain a deeper understanding of our strengths, weaknesses, passions, and purpose. This understanding is crucial for living afulfilling and authentic life.As we continue to gaze into the mirror of life, we must remember to be gentle with ourselves. The journey of self-discovery can be fraught with challenges and setbacks, butit is also filled with moments of joy, growth, and transformation. By embracing our reflections with love and compassion, we can navigate this journey with confidenceand grace, ultimately arriving at a deeper understanding of the authentic self that lies within.In the end, the mirror of life is not just a reflection of our past and present; it is also a preview of our future. It shows us the potential that lies ahead, theopportunities that await, and the dreams that are still within our grasp. As we continue to gaze into its depths,we are reminded that the journey of self-discovery isnever-ending, and that the true beauty lies in the process itself.。
English Version:Title: The Rich Tapestry of Real LifeReal life, a canvas woven with threads of diverse hues and textures, is a grand narrative that unfolds before each of us with unparalleled intricacy and beauty. It is a journey filled with triumphs and tribulations, laughter and tears, love and loss, all intertwining to create a unique story that is ours to cherish and learn from.At its core, real life is about experiences. Every encounter, every conversation, every challenge faced, and every obstacle overcome shapes us into who we are. It teaches us valuable lessons, some hard-won, others gracefully imparted by those who have walked the path before us.One of the most profound aspects of real life is its unpredictability. No two days are alike, and this uncertainty adds spice to our existence. It forces us to adapt, to be flexible, and to find resilience within ourselves. As we navigate through this maze of possibilities, we discover strengths we never knew we had and uncover talents that may have lain dormant.Moreover, real life is a testament to the power of human connections. The bonds we forge with family, friends, and loved ones are the bedrock of our existence. They provide us with comfort in times of sorrow, joy in moments of celebration, and support when we need it most. These relationships enrich our lives and make the journey worthwhile.Yet, real life is not without its challenges. Adversity comes in many forms, testing our resolve and pushing us to our limits. But it is in these trying times that we truly discover the depth of our character and the extent of our capabilities. We learn to persevere, to forgive, and to find meaning even in the midst of darkness.In conclusion, real life is a vibrant and complex tapestry, woven by the threads of our experiences, relationships, and challenges. It is a journey that demands our full attention and commitment, but one that rewards us with growth, understanding, and a sense of purpose. As we continue to navigate this ever-changing landscape, let us embrace the richness of real life and cherish every moment that comes our way.中文翻译:题目:现实生活的丰富织锦现实生活,是一幅由各种色彩和纹理交织而成的织锦,是我们每个人面前展开的一幅无与伦比的复杂而美丽的画卷。
Learning is a lifelong journey that is essential for personal growth and development. Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay on the importance of hard work and study:1.Introduction to the Topic:Begin by introducing the concept of hard work and its significance in the context of learning.You could start with a quote or a general statement about the value of education.2.The Role of Hard Work:Explain how hard work is a fundamental aspect of learning. Discuss how it helps in acquiring knowledge,developing skills,and achieving academic success.3.Overcoming Challenges:Address the challenges that students often face while studying and how hard work helps in overcoming these obstacles.This could include time management,dealing with stress,and maintaining motivation.4.Building Character:Discuss how hard work not only aids in academic success but also in building character traits such as discipline,perseverance,and resilience.5.LongTerm Benefits:Highlight the longterm benefits of hard work in education,such as better career prospects,personal satisfaction,and the ability to contribute meaningfully to society.6.Balancing Effort with Rest:Its important to mention the need for a balanced approach to studying.While hard work is crucial,its also necessary to include adequate rest and leisure time to prevent burnout.7.Strategies for Effective Studying:Offer some practical tips on how to study effectively. This could include setting goals,creating a study schedule,using active learning techniques,and seeking help when needed.8.RealLife Examples:Use reallife examples of individuals who have achieved success through hard work and dedication.This could be famous scholars,scientists,or even personal anecdotes.9.Conclusion:Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points and reiterating the importance of hard work in learning.Encourage readers to embrace the value of diligent study.10.Call to Action:End with a call to action,urging students to commit to their studieswith dedication and to appreciate the rewards that come from hard work. Remember to use a formal tone and provide clear,logical arguments to support your points.Including evidence,such as research findings or expert opinions,can also strengthen your essay.。
When writing an essay in English to introduce two items,its essential to provide a clear and detailed description of each item,highlighting their features,uses,and any other relevant information.Heres a sample essay structure to follow:Title:A Comparative Introduction to a Smartphone and a LaptopIntroductionIn todays digital age,technology has become an integral part of our daily lives.Two such technological marvels that have transformed the way we communicate,work,and entertain ourselves are smartphones and laptops.This essay aims to introduce and compare these two indispensable gadgets,exploring their unique features and applications.SmartphoneThe smartphone,a compact and portable device,has revolutionized personal communication.It combines the functionalities of a mobile phone with those of a computer,allowing users to stay connected and informed at all times.Design and Portability:Smartphones are designed for portability,featuring sleek and lightweight bodies that fit comfortably in ones pocket or handbag. Functionality:They offer a wide range of applications,from communication apps like email and social media to productivity tools and entertainment options such as games and streaming services.Camera:Modern smartphones are equipped with highresolution cameras,enabling users to capture highquality photos and videos on the go.Accessibility:With touchscreen interfaces,smartphones are userfriendly and accessible to a wide range of users,regardless of their technical expertise.LaptopLaptops,on the other hand,are larger and more powerful devices designed for more intensive tasks and longer periods of use.Design and Mobility:Laptops are designed for mobility,with a clamshell form factor that includes a builtin keyboard and touchpad for ease of use.Performance:They are equipped with more powerful processors and larger storagecapacities,making them suitable for tasks such as video editing,graphic design,and gaming.Display:Laptops typically have larger screens,providing a more immersive experience for watching movies,browsing the web,or working with multiple documents. Connectivity:They offer a variety of ports and slots for connecting peripherals and accessories,enhancing their versatility.ComparisonWhile both smartphones and laptops serve as conduits for digital interaction,they cater to different needs and preferences.Portability:Smartphones offer greater portability,making them ideal for quick tasks and onthego use.Versatility:Laptops,with their larger screens and more powerful hardware,are better suited for tasks that require extended focus and high performance.Cost:Generally,smartphones are more affordable than laptops,making them accessible to a broader audience.ConclusionIn conclusion,both smartphones and laptops are essential tools in the modern world,each with its own set of advantages and ideal applications.While smartphones provide the convenience of portability and instant access,laptops offer the power and screen real estate necessary for more complex tasks.The choice between the two often depends on the users specific needs and lifestyle.This essay provides a structured overview of two items,highlighting their key features and comparing them in a balanced manner.Adjust the content as needed to fit the specific items you wish to introduce.。
人教版英语九年级阅读理解专题训练21篇第1篇There have been many great inventions,things that changed the way we live. The first great invention was one that isstill very important today—the wheel. This made it easier to carry heavy thingsand to travel long distances.For hundreds of years after that there werefew inventions that had as much effect as the wheel. Then in the early 1800s, theworld started to change. There was little unknown land left in the world.People didn’t have to explore (探测) much any more. They began to work instead to make life better.In the second half of the 19th century manygreat inventions were made. Among them werethe camera, the light and theradio. These all became a big part of our life today.The first part of the 20th century saw moregreat inventions. The helicopter in 1909. Movies with sound in 1926. Thecomputer in 1928. And jet planes in 1930. This was also a time when a newmaterial was first made. Nylon came in 1935. It changed the kind of clothespeople wear.By this time most people had a very goodlife. Man has a desire to explore again. The world was known to man but thestars were not. Man began looking for ways to go into space. Russia made thefirst step. Then the United States took a step. Since then other countries,including China and Japan, have made their steps into space.In 1969 man took his biggest step from theearth. Americans first walked on the moon. Thisis certainly just beginning thought.New inventions will someday allow us to do things we have never yet dreamed of.( ) 1. This passage talks mainly about________________.A. why cars were very importantB. when light was inventedC. which country made the first step intospaceD. how inventions effect peoples life( ) 2. Nylon came out nearly at the same time as____________________.A. radioB.cameraC. jet planesD.movies( ) 3. Which of the statements is not true?A. The wheel was the first great invention that is still veryimportant today. For hundreds ofyears after that there were many otherinventions having as much effect as the wheel.B. America, Russia, Japan and China began toexplore the stars before1969.C. In the early 1800s people began to work instead of exploring moreunknown land to make lifebetter.D. New invention will change our lifegreatly in the future.( ) 4. What does “a desire” mean in the sentence“Man had a desire to explore more.”A. a good wayB.a new inventionC. a strong wishD. a wonderful idea( ) 5. Man didn’t have a desire to explore alot_____A. at the beginning of the 1800sB.in the 1960sC. since the 1900sD.from the 1800s to the 1960s答案:DCACASadness and happiness are often talked about by people in their spare time. Most people want themselves to be happy for ever, but few know how to find happiness. Others say if you own lots of money and success, you will be happy. However, money and success alone do not bring lasting happiness. A famous a Greek thinker, Aristotle, said, “Happiness depends upon ourselves.” That’s to say, we make our own happiness. Here are a few suggestions to help you be happier.The first secret of happiness is to enjoy the simple things in life. Too often, we spend so much time thinking about the future. For example, getting into college or getting a good job, which we fail to enjoy the present. You should enjoy life’s simple pleasures, such as reading a good book, listening to your favorite music, or spending time with close friends. People who have several close friends often live happier and healthier lives.Another secret to living a happy life is to be active. Many people go dancing or play sports. People can forget about their problems and only think about the activities. Finally, many people find happiness in helping others.Studies show that people feel good when they spend their time helping others. If you want to feel happier, do good things for someone. You can help a friend with his or her studies, go shopping or help out with some things around the house for an elderly person.If you do above, you will be happy.1. How many suggestions of happiness are mentioned in this passage?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.2. If you want to enjoy the simple things in life, you can ________.A. listen to your favorite musicB. remember some problemsC. think about getting into collegeD. read a bad book3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Money and success alone do not bring you lasting happiness.B. If you want to feel happier, you can go shopping for an elderly person.C. Spending so much time thinking about the future can enjoy the present.D. Active person may live a happier life than inactive person.4. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?A. Reading a good bookB. Travelling to a foreign countryC. Playing a sport.D. Spending lime with close friends5. What’s the main idea of this passage?A. How to live a happy life.B. How to depend on ourselves.C. How to help the old people.D. How to get a good job.答案:CACBAHundreds of years ago,a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots,a brave people,loved their country very much. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland,but there were too many Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win.One night,the leader of Scots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight,my men,”he said. “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle. We must win or we will die.”They were all very tired,so they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty,but they,too,were very tired,and one by one,also fell asleep.The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they climbed up the hillside,taking care not to make a sound. Closer and closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more,the war would be over. Suddenly,one of them put his foot on a thistle(蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a moment,they were on their feet and ready for battle. The fighting was hard but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved their country.The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needles all over it. Few people like it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their national flower.根据短文内容,选择正确答案。
真正的生活英文作文高中英文:Growing up, I always had this idealized image of what real life would be like. I thought it would be full of excitement, adventure, and endless possibilities. However, as I got older and started to experience the ups and downs of life, I realized that real life is not always as glamorous as I once thought.I remember when I was in high school, I had this dream of becoming a successful writer. I imagined myselftraveling the world, meeting interesting people, andwriting best-selling novels. However, as I entered the real world, I quickly realized that being a writer is not as easy as it seems. I faced rejection after rejection from publishers, and I struggled to make ends meet. It was a harsh wake-up call to the realities of pursuing my dreams.As I navigated through the challenges of adulthood, Ialso experienced the joys of building meaningful relationships and finding my purpose. I met my best friendin college, and we have been inseparable ever since. Shehas been my rock through the tough times, and we haveshared countless memories and laughter together. It's moments like these that make me appreciate the true essence of real life – the connections we make with others and the love we share.Real life is also about facing adversity and overcoming obstacles. I remember when I lost my job a few years ago.It was a devastating blow to my confidence and self-worth. However, I refused to let it define me, and I pushedthrough the tough times. I eventually found a new job thatI love, and it taught me the valuable lesson of resilience and perseverance.中文:成长过程中,我总是对真正的生活有着理想化的想象。
Real life,real users,and real needs:a study and analysisof user queries on the webBernard J.Jansen a ,Amanda Spink b,*,Tefko Saracevic caDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,United States Military Academy,West Point,NY 10996,USAbSchool of Information Sciences and Technology,The Pennsylvania State University,State College,PA 16801,USA cSchool of Communication,Information and Library Studies,Rutgers University,4Huntington Street,New Brunswick,NJ 08903,USAAbstractWe analyzed transaction logs containing 51,473queries posed by 18,113users of Excite ,a major Internet search service.We provide data on:(i)sessions Ðchanges in queries during a session,number of pages viewed,and use of relevance feedback;(ii)queries Ðthe number of search terms,and the use of logic and modi®ers;and (iii)terms Ðtheir rank/frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms.We then shift the focus of analysis from the query to the user to gain insight to the characteristics of the Web user.With these characteristics as a basis,we then conducted a failure analysis,identifying trends among user mistakes.We conclude with a summary of ®ndings and a discussion of the implications of these ®ndings.#2000Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionA panel session at the 1997ACM Special Interest Group on Research Issues In Information Retrieval conference entitled ``Real Life Information Retrieval:Commercial Search Engines''included representatives from several Internet search services.Doug Cutting represented Excite ,one of the major services.Graciously,he o ered to make available a set of user queries as submitted to his service for research.The analysis we present here on the nature of sessions,queries,and terms resulted from this o er.Interestingly,the ®rst two authors expressed theirInformation Processing and Management 36(2000)207±2270306-4573/00/$-see front matter #2000Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S0306-4573(99)00056-4/locate/infoproman*Corresponding author.interest independently of each other,then met via email,exchanged messages and data,and conducted collaborative research exclusively through the Internet,before ever meeting in person at a Rutgers conference in February 1998,when the results were ®rst presented.In itself,this is an example of how the Internet changed and is changing the conduct of research.We will argue in the conclusions that real life Internet searching is changing information retrieval (IR)as well.While Internet search engines are based on IR principles,Internet searching is very di erent from IR searching as traditionally practised and researched in online databases,CD-ROMs and online public access catalogs (OPACS).Internet IR is a di erent IR,with a number of implications that could portend changes in other areas of IR as well.With the phenomenal increase in usage of the Web,there has been a growing interest in the study of a variety of topics and issues related to use of the Web.For instance,on the hardware side,Crovella and Bestavros (1996)studied client-side tra c;and Abdulla,Fox and Abrams,(1997)analyzed server usage.On the software side,there have been many descriptive evaluations of Web search engines (e.g.Lynch,1997).Statistics of Web use appear regularly (e.g.Kehoe,Pitkow &Morton,1997;FIND/SVP,1997),but as soon as they appear,they are out of date.The coverage of various Web search engine services was analyzed in several works.A recent article on this topic by Lawrence and Giles (1998)attracted a lot of attention.The pattern of Web sur®ng by users was analyzed as well (Huberman,Pirolli,Pitkow &Lukose,1998).However,to date there has been no large-scale,quantitative or qualitative study of Web searching.How do they search the Web ?What do they search for on the Web ?These questions are addressed in a large scale and academic manner in this study.Given the recent yearly exponential increase in the estimated number of Web users,this lack of scholarly research is surprising and disappointing.In contrast,there have been an abundance of user studies of on-line public access categories (OPAC)users.Many of these studies are reviewed in Peters (1993).Similarly,there are numerous studies of users of traditional IR systems.The combined proceedings of the International Conference on Research Issues in Information Retrieval (ACM SIGIR)present many of these studies.In the area of Web users,however,there were only two narrow studies that we could ®nd.One focused on the THOMAS system (Croft,Cook &Wilder,1995)and contained some general information about users at that site.However,this study focused exclusively on the THOMAS Web site,did not attempt to characterize Web searching in a systematic way,and is devoted primarily to a description of the THOMAS system.The second paper was by Jones,Cunningham and McNab (1998)and focused again on a single Web site,the New Zealand Digital Library,which contains computer science technical reports.Given the technical nature of this site,it is questionable whether these users represent Web users in general.There is a small but growing body of Web user studies compared to the numerous studies of OPAC and IR system use.In this paper,we report results from a major and ongoing study of users'searching behavior on the Web.We examined a set of transaction logs of users'searches from Excite ().This study involved real users,using real queries,with real information needs,using a real search engine.The strength of this study is that it involved a real slice of life on the Web.The weakness is that it involved only a slice Ðan observable artifact of what the users actually did,without any information about the users themselves or about the resultsB.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management 36(2000)207±227208B.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management36(2000)207±227209 and ers are anonymous,but we can identify one or a sequence of queries originating with a speci®c user.We know when they searched and what they searched for,but we do not know anything beyond that.We report on artifactual behavior,but without a context. However,the observation and analysis of such behavior provide for a fascinating and surprising insight into the interaction between users and the search engines on the Web.More importantly,this study provides detailed statistics currently lacking on Web user behavior.It also provides a basis for comparison with similar studies of user searching of more traditional IR and OPAC systems.The Web has a number of search engines.The approaches to searching,including algorithms,displays,modes of interaction and so on,vary from one search engine to another. Still,all Web search engines are IR tools for searching highly diverse and distributed information resources as found on the Web.But by the nature of the Web resources,they are faced with di erent issues requiring di erent solutions than the search engines found in well organized systems,such as in DIALOG,or in lab experiments,such as in the Text Retrieval Conference(TREC)(Sparck Jones,1995).Moreover,from all that we know,Web users span a vastly broader and thus probably di erent population of users(Spink,Bateman&Jansen, 1999)and information needs,which may greatly a ect the queries,searches,and interactions. Thus,it is of considerable interest to examine the similarities and/or di erences in Web searching compared to traditional IR systems.In either case,it is potentially a very di erent IR.The signi®cance of this study is the same as all other related studies of IR interaction, queries and searching.By axiom and from lessons learned from experience and numerous studies:``The success or failure of any interactive system and technology is contingent on the extent to which user issues,the human factors,are addressed right from the beginning to the very end,right from theory,conceptualization,and design process to development,evaluation,and to provision of services''(Saracevic,1997).2.Related IR studiesIn this paper,we concentrate on users'sessions,queries,and terms as key variables in IR interaction on the Web.While there are many papers that discuss many aspects of Web searching,most of those are descriptive,prescriptive,or commentary.Other than the two mentioned previously,we could not®nd any similar studies of Web searching.However,there were several studies that included data on searching of existing,mostly commercial,IR systems,and we culled data from those to provide a basis for comparison between searches as done on the Web and those as done on IR systems outside the Web.A representative sample of such studies is reviewed.The studies cited below concentrated on di erent aspects and variables related to searching, using di erent methodologies and are di cult to compare.Still,each of them had data on the mean number of search terms in queries constructed by the searchers under study as follows:.Fenichel(1981):Novice searchers:7.9.Moderately experienced:9.6.Experienced:14.4.Hsieh-yee (1993):Familiar topics:Novices:8.77.Experienced:7.28.Non-familiar topics:Novices:9.67.Experienced:9.00.Bates,Wilde and Siegfried (1993):Humanities scholars:14.95.Spink and Saracevic (1997):Experienced searchers:14.8.The studies indicated that searches by various populations contain a range of some 7±15terms.As will be discussed below,this is a considerably higher range than the mean number of terms found in this study that concentrated on Web searches from the Excite search engine.3.Background on Excite and dataFounded in 1994,Excite Inc.is a major Internet media public company which o ers free Web searching and a variety of other services.The company and its services are described at its Web site (),thus not repeated here.Only the search capabilities relevant to out results are summarized.Excite searches are based on the exact terms that a user enters in the query,however,capitalization is disregarded,with the exception of logical commands AND,OR,and AND NOT.Stemming is not available.An online thesaurus and concept linking method called Intelligent Concept Extraction (ICE)is used,to ®nd related terms in addition to terms entered.Search results are provided in ranked relevance order.A number of advanced search features are available.Those that pertain to our results are described here:.As to search logic,Boolean operators AND,OR,AND NOT,and parentheses can be used,but these operators must appear in ALL CAPS and with a space on each side.When using Boolean operator ICE (concept-based search mechanism)is turned o ..A set of terms enclosed in quotation marks (no space between quotation marks and terms)returns web sites with the terms as a phrase in the exact order they were entered..A +(plus)sign before a term (no space)requires that the term must be in an answer..A À(minus)sign before a term (no space)requires that the term must NOT be in an answer.We denote plus and minus signs,and quotation marks,as modi®ers..A page of search results contains ten answers at a time ranked as to relevance.For each site provided is the title,URL (Web site address),and a summary of its contents.Results can also be displayed by site and titles only.A user can click on the title to go to the Web site.A user can also click for the next page of ten answers.In addition,there is a clickable option More Like This ,which is a relevance feedback mechanism to ®nd similar sites..When More Like This is clicked,Excite enters and counts this as a query with zero terms.Each transaction record contained three ®elds.With these three ®elds,we were able to locate a user's initial query and recreate the chronological series of actions by each user in a session:1.Time of Day :measured in hours,minutes,and seconds from midnight of 9March er Identi®cation :an anonymous user code assigned by the Excite server.3.Query Terms :exactly as entered by the given user.Focusing on our three levels of analysis Ðsessions,queries,and terms Ðwe de®ned our variables in the following way.B.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management 36(2000)207±227210B.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management36(2000)207±2272111.Session:A session is the entire series of queries by a user over a number of minutes or hours.A session could be as short as one query or contain many queries.2.Query:A query consists of one or more search terms,and possibly includes logical operators and modi®ers.3.Term:A term is any unbroken string of characters(i.e.a series of characters with no space between any of the characters).The characters in terms included everythingÐletters, numbers,and symbols.Terms were words,abbreviations,numbers,symbols,URLs,and any combination thereof.We counted logical operators in capitals as terms.However,in a separate analysis we isolated them as commands,not terms.The raw data collected are very ers entered terms,commands and modi®ers in all kinds of ways,including many misspellings and mistakes.In many cases,Excite conventions were not followed.We count these deviations as mistakes and report them in the failure analysis portion of the paper.For the most part,we took the data`as is,'i.e.,we did not `clean'the data in any wayÐthese queries represent real searches by real users.The only normalization we undertook in one of the counts(unique termsÐnot case sensitive)was to disregard capitalization,because Excite disregards it as well.(i.e.TOPIC,topic and Topic retrieve the same answers).Excite does not o er automatic stemming,thus topic and topics count as two unique terms,and`?'or`Ã'as stemming commands at the end of terms are mistakes,but when used counted as separate terms.We also analyzed a cleaned set of terms, that is we removed term modi®ers such as the+orÀsigns.We took great care in the derivation of counts due to the`messiness'of data.This paper extends®ndings from(Jansen, Spink,Bateman&Saracevic,1998a,b;Jansen,Spink&Saracevic,1998c).4.ResultsFirst,what is the pattern of user queries?We looked at the number of queries by each speci®c user and how successive queries di ered from other queries by the same user.We classi®ed the51,474queries as to unique,modi®ed,or identical as shown in Table1.A unique query was the®rst query by a user(this represents the number of users).A modi®ed query is a subsequent query in succession(second,third F F F)by the same user with terms added to,removed from,or both added to and removed from the unique query.Unique and modi®ed queries together represent those queries where the user did something with terms. Identical queries are queries by the same user that are identical to the query preceding it.TheyTable1Unique,modi®ed,and identical queriesQuery type Number Percent of all queriesUnique18,09835%Modi®ed11,24922%Identical22,12743%Total100%can come about in two ways.The ®rst possibility is that the user retyped the query.Studies have shown that users often do this (Peters,1993).The second possibility is that the query was generated by Excite .When a user views the second and further pages (i.e.,a page is a group of 10results)of results from the same query,Excite provides another query,but a query that is identical to the preceding one.Our analysis did not allow disambiguation of these two causes of identical queries.The unique plus modi®ed queries (where users actively entered or modi®ed terms)amounted to 29,437queries or 57%of all queries.If we assume that all identical queries were generated as a request to view subsequent pages,then 43%of queries come as a result of a desire to view more pages after the ®rst one.Modi®cations and viewing are further elaborated in the next two tables.4.1.Modi®cationsSome users used only one query in their session,others used a number of successive queries.The average session,including all three query types,was 2.84queries per session.This means that a number of users went on to either modify their query,view subsequent results,or both.The average session length,ignoring identical queries,was 1.6queries per user.Table 2lists the number of queries per user.This analysis includes only the 29,337unique and modi®ed queries.We ignored the identical queries because as stated above,it was impossible to interpret them meaningfully in this context,in order to concentrate only on those queries where users themselves did something to the queries.A substantial majority of users (67%)did not go beyond their ®rst and only query.Table 2Number of queries per user Queries per user Number of users Percent of users 112,068672350119313217458335287 1.661440.807790.448320.189360.2010170.091170.041280.0413150.081420.011520.011710.012510.01B.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management 36(2000)207±227212B.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management36(2000)207±227213 Query modi®cation was not a typical occurrence.This®nding is contrary to experiences in searching regular IR systems,where modi®cation of queries is much more common.Having said this,however,33%of the users did go beyond their®rst query.Approximately14%of users had entered three or more queries.These percentages of33%and14%are not insigni®cant proportions of system users.It suggests that a substantial percentage of Web users do not®t the stereotypical naõve Web user.These sub-populations of users should receive further study.They could represent sub-populations of Web users with more experience or higher motivation who perform query modi®cation on the Web.We also examined how user modi®ed their queries.These results are display in Table3. Here we concentrate on the11,247queries that were modi®ed by either an increase or a decrease in the number of terms from one user's query to that user's next query(i.e.,successive queries by the same user at time T and T+1).Zero change means that the user modi®ed one or more terms in a query,but did not change the number of terms in the successive query. Increase or decrease of one means that one term was added to or subtracted from the preceding query.Percent is based on the number of queries in relation to all modi®ed(11,247) queries.We can see that users typically do not add or delete much in respect to the number of termsTable3Changes in number of terms in successive queriesIncrease in terms Number Percent0390934.76 1214019.03 210689.50 3367 3.26 4155 1.38 5700.62 6220.20 760.05 8100.09 910.01 1040.04 Decrease in terms Number Percent À1183716.33À29378.33À3388 3.45À4181 1.61À5760.68À6460.41À7140.12À880.07À920.02À1060.05in their successive queries.Modi®cations to queries are done in small increments,if at all.The most common modi®cation is to change a term.This number is re¯ected in the queries with zero (0)increase or decrease in terms.About one in every three queries that is modi®ed still had the same number of terms as the preceding one .In the remaining 7338successive queries where terms were either added or subtracted about equal number had terms added as subtracted (52±48%)Ðthus users go both ways in increasing and decreasing number of terms in queries.About one in ®ve queries that is modi®ed has one more term than the preceding one,and about one in six has one less term .4.2.Viewing of resultsExcite displays query results in groups of ten.Each time that a user accesses another group of 10,which we term another page,an identical query is generated.We analyzed the number of pages each user viewed and the percentage that this represented based on the total number of users.The results are shown in Table 4.The mean number of pages examined per user was 2.35.Most users,58%of them,did not access any results past the ®rst page.Were they so satis®ed with the results that they did not need to view more?Were a few answers good enough?Is the precision that high?Are the users after precision?Or did they just give up and get tired of viewing results?Using only transaction logs,we cannot provide answers to these questions.But in any case,this result combined with the small number of queries per session has interesting implications for recall and may illustrate a need for high precision in Web IR algorithms.For example,using a classical measurement of precision,any search result beyond the tenth position in the list would be meaningless for 58%of Web users.Another possible interpretation is that people use partially relevant items in the ®rst page to avoid further searching through subsequent pages.Given the hypertext nature of the Web,partially relevant items (Spink,Greisdorf &Bateman,1998)in the top ten maybe used as a jumping o point to ®nd relevant items.For example,a user looking for a faculty member's homepage at a university does not retrieve the faculty's homepage in the top ten but gets the university homepage.Rather than continue searching,the user starts browsing,beginning with the university page.4.3.QueriesFrom the session level of analysis,we then moved to the query level.The basic statistics related to queries and search terms are given in Table 5.We analyzed the queries based on length (i.e.number of terms),structure (use of Boolean operators and modi®ers),and failure analysis (deviations from published rules of query construction).We also identi®ed the number of users of Boolean logic and modi®ers.4.3.1.LengthOn the average,a query contained 2.21terms.Table 6shows the ranking of all queries by number of terms.Percent is the percentage of queries containing that number of terms relative to the total number of queries.Web queries are short.About 62%of all queries contained one or twoB.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management 36(2000)207±227214Table4Number of pages viewed per userPages viewed Number of users Percent of all users110,4745823363193156394896555303635427252181530.8591090.6010850.4711750.4112470.2613310.1714290.1615250.1416280.1517130.071840.0219140.082090.052130.022240.022350.032470.042540.022670.042720.012830.022910.013240.023310.014010.014310.014910.015020.015510.01Table5Numbers of users,queries,and termsNo.of users Total no.of queriesNon-uniquetermsMean no.ofterms per query(range)Unique terms withcase sensitiveUnique terms withoutcase sensitive18,11351,473113,793 2.21(0±10)27,45921,862B.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management36(2000)207±227215terms.Fewer than 4%of the queries had more than 6terms.As mentioned,we could not ®nd any other data on Web searches from a major Web search engine,thus,the only comparisons are with the two smaller studies by Croft et al.(1995)and Jones et al.(1998).The query length observed in our research is similar to results from these two studies.This deviates signi®cantly from traditional IR searching.As shown above,the mean number of search terms used in searching of regular IR systems ranged from about 7to 15.This is about three to seven times higher than the mean number of times found in this study,and our count is on the high side,because we counted operators as well.Admittedly,the circumstances and context between searches done by users of IR systems such as DIALOG,and searches of the Web,done by the general Internet population,may be vastly di erent.Thus this comparison may have little meaning.4.3.2.Relevance feedbackA note should be made on queries with zero terms (last row of Table 6).As mentioned,when a user enters a command for relevance feedback (More Like This ),the Excite transaction log counts that as a query,but a query with zero terms.Thus,the last row represents the largest possible number of queries that used relevance feedback,or a combination of those and queries where users made some mistake that triggered this result.Assuming they were all relevance feedback,only 5%of queries used that feature Ða small use of relevance feedback capability.In comparison,a study involving IR searches conducted by professional searchers as they interact with users found that some 11%of search terms came from relevance feedback (Spink &Saracevic,1997),albeit this study looked at human initiated relevance feedback.Thus,in these two studies,relevance feedback on the Web is used half as much as in traditional IR searches.This in itself warrants further study,particularly given the low use of this potentially highly useful and certainly highly vaunted feature.4.3.3.StructureNext,we examined the structure of queries,focusing ®rst on how many of the 51,473queries explicitly utilized Boolean operators or modi®ers (see Table 7).Table 6Number of terms in queries (N queries=51,473)Terms in query Number of queries Percent of all queries 101850.3691250.2482240.4474840.94661715215844378973924218216,19131115,87431025845B.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management 36(2000)207±227216The Number column lists the number of queries that contained that particular Boolean operator or modi®er.The next column is the percentage that number represents of all queries.Incorrect means the number of queries containing a speci®c operator or modi®er that was constructed not following Excite rules Ðthey could be considered as mistakes.The last column is the percentage of queries containing a given operator or modi®er that were incorrectly constructed.We discuss the failures in a later section.From Table 7,at least one thing is obvious ÐBoolean operators were not used much,with AND receiving the greatest use.These numbers were signi®cantly lower than those reported by Jones et al.(1998),and signi®cantly lower than studies of searches from IR systems and OPAC systems [Croft et al.(1995)did not report this information].Modi®ers were used a little more often,with the `+'and ``''(i.e.,phrase searching)being used the most.For example,based on what we reviewed so far in this paper,we have a large set of queries that are extremely short,seldom modi®ed,and very simple in structure.Yet,the vast majority of users never viewed anything beyond the ®rst 10results.Is the recall and precision rate of Excite that good?Is something else at work here?One interpretation may be that users only glance at the ®rst page to see how poorly they performed their search.Rather than taking time to learn the detailed procedures of Excite ,they try anything (trial and error)and then try to judge from the hits what they did wrong.Table 7Use of Boolean operators and modi®ers in queries (N queries=51,473)Operator or modi®er Number of queries Percent of all queries Incorrect Percent incorrect AND 40948130932OR1770.344626AND NOT 1050.203937()2730.5300+(plus)30106118239À(minus)176********``''328261795Table 8Use of logic and modi®ers by users (N users=18,113)Operator or modi®er Number of users using it Percent of all users Incorrect Percent incorrect AND 832541850OR3901128AND NOT 470919()120100+(plus)826530330À(minus)508336238``''1019632B.J.Jansen et al./Information Processing and Management 36(2000)207±227217。