User Stories and Test Driven Development
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探索软件测试:技术与创新的融合In the fast-paced world of technology, software development stands as a pillar of innovation and progress. At the core of every successful software lies a meticulous testing process, ensuring its reliability and user-friendliness. I am writing to express my keen interest in joining the esteemed team of software testing assistants, dedicated to ensuring the quality of software products.My journey with software testing began as a curiosity-driven explorer, delving into the intricacies of software development. As I delved deeper, I realized the critical role testing plays in ensuring the smooth running of software. It's not just about finding bugs; it's about ensuring a seamless user experience. My passion for technology and problem-solving has grown exponentially, pushing me to pursue a career in software testing.As a testing assistant, I envision myself as a meticulous observer, meticulously documenting every detail and reporting any issues promptly. I am confident in my ability to workeffectively under pressure, ensuring deadlines are met without compromising on quality. My problem-solving skills, coupled with my attention to detail, make me a suitable candidate for this role.Moreover, I believe in continuous learning and self-improvement. The rapidly evolving field of software testing requires constant updating of knowledge and skills. I am committed to staying abreast of the latest testing techniques and tools, ensuring that the software we test is of the highest quality.In conclusion, my desire to contribute to the software testing industry and my passion for technology make me a perfect fit for this role. I am eager to join the team and bring my skills and enthusiasm to the forefront, contributing to the creation of exceptional software products.**探索软件测试:技术与创新的结合**在科技飞速发展的世界中,软件开发是创新与进步的支柱。
myhobby英语作文初中My hobby is a source of joy and relaxation for me. It is something that I can immerse myself in and forget about the stresses of daily life. One of my favorite hobbies is reading.I love to get lost in the pages of a good book, exploring new worlds and meeting interesting characters.Reading has always been a passion of mine. Ever since I was a child, I have been fascinated by the power of words to transport me to different places and times. I remember spending hours in the local library, browsing the shelves and picking out books that caught my eye.As I grew older, my love for reading only grew stronger. I began to appreciate the nuances of language and the way that authors use words to paint vivid pictures in the reader's mind. I started to read more challenging books, delving into the works of classic authors like Jane Austen and Charles Dickens.Now, as a teenager, my reading tastes have expanded even further. I enjoy everything from fantasy novels to science fiction, from historical fiction to contemporary literature.I love the way that books can broaden my horizons and help me to understand different perspectives.In addition to reading, I also enjoy writing. I find that writing is a great way to express myself and to process mythoughts and feelings. I keep a journal where I write about my day, my dreams, and my aspirations. I also like to write short stories and poems, experimenting with different styles and genres.Writing helps me to think more creatively and to develop my imagination. It also gives me a sense of accomplishment, as I watch my ideas take shape on the page. I find that writing is a great complement to reading, as it allows me to engage with the stories and characters that I love in a more active way.Overall, my hobbies of reading and writing bring me a great deal of happiness and fulfillment. They help me to relax and to escape from the pressures of school and other responsibilities. They also help me to grow as a person, by exposing me to new ideas and experiences. I am grateful to have these hobbies in my life, and I look forward to continuing to explore the world of books and writing for many years to come.。
As a high school student, Ive always been aware of the importance of prioritizing academics. Its a lesson that has been ingrained in me from the very beginning of my educational journey. The world around us is evolving at a rapid pace, and to keep up, we need to equip ourselves with knowledge and skills that can help us navigate through it. This essay is a reflection on why academics should be the cornerstone of a students life.Growing up, I was surrounded by a family that valued education above all else. My parents, both professionals in their respective fields, instilled in me the belief that education is the key to unlocking a brighter future. They would often share stories of their own struggles and triumphs in school, emphasizing the significance of hard work and dedication.My journey in academics has not been without its challenges. There were times when the pressure to excel felt overwhelming, and the temptation to slack off was strong. However, I always found my way back to the books, driven by a deepseated desire to learn and grow. I remember the countless nights spent poring over textbooks, the endless hours spent in the library, and the countless cups of coffee that fueled my latenight study sessions.But the rewards of prioritizing academics are manifold. It has not only helped me develop a strong foundation in various subjects but has also honed my critical thinking and problemsolving skills. Ive learned to approach problems with a logical and analytical mindset, skills that are invaluable in both my academic and personal life.Moreover, prioritizing academics has opened up a world of opportunitiesfor me. It has allowed me to participate in various academic competitions, where Ive had the chance to test my knowledge against my peers and learn from some of the brightest minds in my field. These experiences have been incredibly enriching and have instilled in me a sense of confidence and selfassuredness that I carry with me today.However, its important to note that prioritizing academics doesnt mean neglecting other aspects of life. Ive made it a point to maintain a healthy balance between my studies and my personal interests. Ive always found time to pursue my hobbies, spend time with my friends and family, and engage in physical activities that keep me healthy and active.In conclusion, prioritizing academics is crucial for a students overall development. It equips us with the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in an everchanging world. It instills in us a sense of discipline and perseverance that can be applied to all aspects of life. While its important to maintain a balance and not neglect other areas of life, theres no denying the importance of academics in shaping our future. As I continue my journey through high school and beyond, I remain committed to prioritizing my education and reaping the benefits that come with it.。
我终于说服了妈妈给我买漫画书作文英文回答:English Answer:Finally, I managed to convince my mom to buy me comic books. I had been begging her for a long time, and she finally gave in. I'm so excited!I love reading comics because they are not only entertaining but also a great way to improve my language skills. Comic books are filled with colorful illustrations and dialogues, which make it easier for me to understand and learn new words and phrases. Plus, they are a fun and enjoyable way to relax and escape into different worlds.I believe that reading comic books can also help me develop my imagination and creativity. The stories and characters in comics often inspire me to think outside the box and come up with new ideas. It's like a visual feastfor my mind!Moreover, comic books are a great way to learn about different cultures and perspectives. Many comics are set in different countries or feature characters from diverse backgrounds. By reading these comics, I can gain a better understanding of different cultures and broaden my horizons.In addition, comic books can be a great conversation starter. When I read comics, I often find myself discussing the stories and characters with my friends. It's a greatway to bond and share our thoughts and opinions.Overall, I believe that buying comic books is a worthwhile investment. It not only brings me joy and entertainment but also helps me improve my language skills, develop my imagination, and learn about different cultures. I'm grateful that my mom finally agreed to buy them for me.中文回答:中文回答:我终于说服了妈妈给我买漫画书。
As a high school student with a keen interest in technology and innovation, I have always been fascinated by the role of testers in the development process of new products and software. Testers play a crucial role in ensuring that the end product meets the desired quality standards and functions as intended. My journey into understanding the world of testing began with a school project that required us to create a simple application, and I volunteered to be the tester for our team.The Importance of TestingTesting is not just about finding bugs its about ensuring that the user experience is seamless and that the product is reliable. It was during this project that I realized the importance of thorough testing. As the tester, I had to think critically about the applications functionality, usability, and performance. I had to put myself in the shoes of the enduser and anticipate any potential issues they might face.My Testing ExperienceOur project involved creating a mobile application for managing daily tasks. My role as the tester involved several stages. Initially, I had to familiarize myself with the applications features and understand the user requirements. I then had to devise a testing plan that covered various scenarios and potential user interactions.The testing process was both challenging and rewarding. I had to identify and document any bugs or issues that arose during the testing phase. Thisrequired meticulous attention to detail and a methodical approach. I also had to communicate my findings effectively to the development team so that they could address the issues promptly.Overcoming ChallengesOne of the challenges I faced was ensuring that I covered all possible scenarios during testing. It was important to think outside the box and consider edge cases that might not be immediately apparent. Another challenge was managing the time constraints of the project. Balancing thorough testing with the need to meet deadlines was a delicate act.The Impact of TestingThrough my experience as a tester, I learned that the role of a tester is not just about identifying problems but also about improving the overall quality of the product. By identifying and addressing issues early on, we were able to deliver a more polished and userfriendly application.The Role of Testers in the Tech IndustryIn the tech industry, testers are the unsung heroes. They work behind the scenes to ensure that the products we use every day are reliable and efficient. From software applications to hardware devices, the role of testers is indispensable.The Future of TestingAs technology continues to evolve, the role of testers will become even more critical. With the advent of new technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning, testers will need to adapt and develop new skills to keep up with the changing landscape.ConclusionMy experience as a tester has given me a deep appreciation for the role that testers play in the development process. It has taught me the importance of attention to detail, critical thinking, and effective communication. As I look towards the future, I am excited about the prospect of further exploring the world of testing and contributing to the creation of innovative and reliable products.In conclusion, testing is a vital component of the development process, and the role of testers is integral to ensuring that products meet the needs and expectations of users. My journey as a tester has been an enlightening one, and I look forward to the opportunities that lie ahead in this dynamic field.。
写一篇申请加入野外生存夏令营的英语作文Wilderness Survival Summer Camp Application EssayThe call of the wild has always beckoned to me, whispering promises of freedom, adventure, and a chance to test my mettle against the untamed forces of nature. As I ponder the opportunity to join your esteemed wilderness survival summer camp, I am filled with a sense of profound excitement and an unwavering determination to prove myself worthy of this challenge.From a young age, I have been captivated by the stories of explorers, survivalists, and adventurers who have ventured into the heart of the wilderness, armed with nothing but their wits, their skills, and an unbreakable spirit. Their tales of endurance, problem-solving, and the ability to thrive in the face of adversity have ignited a fire within me, a desire to push the boundaries of my own capabilities and to discover the limits of my resilience.I believe that participating in your wilderness survival summer camp would be the perfect opportunity for me to translate my passion forthe outdoors into tangible skills and real-world experience. The prospect of learning from seasoned instructors, mastering the art of fire-making, navigating through dense forests, and constructing reliable shelters fills me with a sense of eager anticipation. I am confident that I possess the physical stamina, mental fortitude, and adaptability required to excel in such an immersive and demanding environment.Moreover, I am drawn to the holistic approach of your program, which not only focuses on the technical aspects of wilderness survival but also emphasizes the importance of environmental stewardship, teamwork, and personal growth. I believe that these elements are crucial in cultivating a well-rounded individual who is not only capable of thriving in the wild but also possesses a deep respect and appreciation for the natural world.Throughout my life, I have sought out opportunities to challenge myself and push the boundaries of my comfort zone. Whether it was embarking on a solo hiking expedition, volunteering for a conservation project in a remote location, or tackling a physically demanding outdoor sport, I have always been driven by a desire to expand my horizons and to discover the depths of my own potential.This unwavering spirit of adventure and self-discovery is what I believe sets me apart as a candidate for your wilderness survivalsummer camp. I am not simply seeking a recreational experience; I am seeking a transformative journey that will forever shape the way I perceive the world and my place within it.During my time in the camp, I am confident that I will not only acquire the practical skills necessary for survival in the wilderness but also develop a deeper understanding of myself, my strengths, and my limitations. The challenges that I will face, both physical and mental, will undoubtedly push me to my limits, but I am eager to embrace this opportunity for personal growth and self-discovery.Beyond the immediate benefits of the camp, I believe that the lessons I learn and the experiences I gain will have a lasting impact on my future endeavors. The ability to think critically, adapt to changing circumstances, and work collaboratively in high-stress environments are all invaluable skills that will serve me well in my academic pursuits, my future career, and my overall personal development.Furthermore, I am eager to share the knowledge and insights I gain from the camp with my community. I envision myself becoming an ambassador for the importance of outdoor education and environmental stewardship, inspiring others to explore the natural world and to develop a deeper appreciation for its fragility and resilience.In conclusion, I am confident that my passion for the outdoors, my unwavering determination, and my commitment to personal growth make me an ideal candidate for your wilderness survival summer camp. I am excited by the prospect of immersing myself in the raw beauty of nature, pushing the boundaries of my own capabilities, and emerging from the experience as a more resilient, adaptable, and environmentally conscious individual. I humbly request the opportunity to be a part of your esteemed program, and I am eager to embark on this transformative journey that will undoubtedly leave an indelible mark on my life.。
七下u6英语作文Learning a new language can be a challenging yet rewarding experience. As a student in the seventh grade, I have been studying English, one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. The unit titled "U6" in our English curriculum has been particularly interesting and has helped me develop a deeper appreciation for the language.The first aspect of U6 that I found fascinating was the focus on vocabulary development. We explored a wide range of words related to various topics, from everyday conversation to academic and professional settings. The exercises and activities designed to help us understand the meanings, usage, and context of these words have been incredibly valuable. I have noticed a significant improvement in my ability to express myself more precisely and effectively in English.One of the highlights of U6 was the emphasis on reading comprehension. We were introduced to a variety of texts, ranging from short stories and articles to excerpts from novels and plays. The discussions and analyses of these texts not only helped me improvemy reading skills but also expanded my understanding of different literary genres, writing styles, and cultural perspectives. The ability to critically engage with written material is an essential skill that will serve me well in my academic and professional pursuits.In addition to vocabulary and reading, U6 also placed a strong emphasis on grammar. We delved into the intricacies of English grammar, covering topics such as verb tenses, sentence structure, and the use of prepositions and conjunctions. While grammar can sometimes be perceived as a daunting aspect of language learning, the way it was presented in U6 made it more accessible and engaging. The interactive exercises and practice opportunities allowed me to develop a deeper understanding of how the language works and how to apply grammatical principles effectively in my own writing and speaking.One of the most rewarding aspects of U6 was the opportunity to practice and improve my writing skills. We were given various writing assignments, ranging from personal narratives and persuasive essays to research-based reports and creative stories. The feedback and guidance provided by our teacher helped me refine my writing style, organization, and ability to communicate ideas clearly and coherently. The process of drafting, revising, and editing my work has been invaluable in enhancing my overall proficiency in English.Furthermore, U6 also placed a strong emphasis on developing our oral communication skills. We participated in group discussions, presentations, and role-playing activities that challenged us to express our thoughts, opinions, and ideas in a clear and confident manner. These experiences have helped me overcome my initial hesitation and become more comfortable speaking in English, both in formal and informal settings.Another aspect of U6 that I found particularly engaging was the integration of multimedia and technology. Our lessons often incorporated audio recordings, videos, and interactive online resources to supplement the textbook materials. This approach not only made the learning process more engaging but also exposed us to diverse forms of English usage, accents, and cultural references. The ability to access and utilize these digital resources has equipped me with valuable skills for navigating the increasingly technology-driven world.Throughout the U6 unit, I have also gained a deeper appreciation for the cultural aspects of the English language. We explored the rich history, traditions, and customs of English-speaking countries, which has broadened my understanding and respect for the diversity within the language. The exposure to different cultural perspectives has also helped me develop a more global mindset and the ability to communicate effectively with individuals from diverse backgrounds.As I reflect on my experience with the U6 unit, I am struck by the multifaceted nature of English language learning. It is not simply a matter of memorizing vocabulary and grammar rules, but rather a dynamic and ever-evolving process of acquiring skills, knowledge, and cultural awareness. The lessons and activities within U6 have not only improved my proficiency in English but have also equipped me with critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills that will be invaluable in my future academic and professional endeavors.Looking ahead, I am excited to continue my journey of English language learning. The skills and knowledge I have gained through U6 will serve as a strong foundation as I delve deeper into more advanced topics and challenges. I am confident that with continued dedication and effort, I will be able to further develop my abilities in English and unlock a world of opportunities.In conclusion, the U6 unit has been a transformative experience in my English language learning journey. The comprehensive approach to vocabulary, reading, grammar, writing, and oral communication has provided me with a well-rounded set of skills and knowledge. I am grateful for the guidance and support of my teachers, as well as the engaging and challenging nature of the curriculum. As I move forward, I will continue to apply the lessons and insights gained fromU6 to become an ever-more proficient and confident user of the English language.。
英语作文读了一些关于航天书籍全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: My Journey into the World of Aerospace through BooksAs an avid reader and an aspiring astronaut, I have always been fascinated by space exploration and the mysteries of the universe. Recently, I have delved into a series of books on the topic of aerospace, which have further fueled my passion for this incredible field of study.One of the first books I read was "The Overview Effect" by Frank White. This book explores the profound impact that seeing the Earth from space has on astronauts and how it changes their perspective on life and humanity. It made me realize the fragility and beauty of our planet, and the importance of working together to protect it.Another book that has left a lasting impression on me is "Endurance: A Year in Space, A Lifetime of Discovery" by Scott Kelly. In this memoir, Kelly recounts his year-long mission aboard the International Space Station and the physical and emotionalchallenges he faced during his time in space. His story of perseverance and determination has inspired me to never give up on my dream of becoming an astronaut.I have also been fascinated by "The Martian" by Andy Weir, a gripping science fiction novel about an astronaut stranded on Mars and his fight for survival. The book is not only entertaining but also offers a glimpse into the real-life challenges of space travel and colonization.Furthermore, I have found "Packing for Mars" by Mary Roach to be a fascinating and humorous exploration of the bizarre, funny, and sometimes gross aspects of space travel that most people never think about. From what astronauts eat in space to how they go to the bathroom, this book provides a unique perspective on life in space.Overall, reading these books has deepened my understanding of aerospace and space exploration, and has inspired me to continue pursuing my passion for the stars. I am grateful for the knowledge and insights I have gained from these books, and I look forward to expanding my horizons even further in the future. Who knows, maybe one day I will be the one writing a book about my own experiences in space. Thepossibilities are endless, and the universe is waiting to be explored.篇2Title: My Exploration in Space Through ReadingAs an avid reader with a passion for space exploration, I have always been drawn to books about astronomy, the universe, and of course, space travel. Recently, I have delved into a variety of books that have expanded my knowledge and sparked my curiosity about the mysteries of the cosmos.One of the first books I read was "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" by Douglas Adams. This quirky and humorous novel takes readers on a wild ride through space as the protagonist, Arthur Dent, travels the galaxy after Earth is destroyed to make way for an interstellar highway. While the book is more science fiction than science fact, it ignited a fascination with the vastness of the universe and the possibility of alien life.Moving on to more factual works, I also delved into "Astrophysics for People in a Hurry" by Neil deGrasse Tyson. This book breaks down complex astrophysical concepts into digestible bites for the layperson, making it easy for anyone to understand the wonders of our universe. Tyson's passion for thesubject shines through on every page, and I found myself captivated by his explanations of black holes, dark matter, and the origins of the universe.Another book that left a deep impression on me was "The Right Stuff" by Tom Wolfe. This non-fiction account of the early days of the U.S. space program chronicles the lives of the first astronauts who risked their lives to explore the unknown. Wolfe's vivid storytelling and attention to detail drew me into the world of test pilots and space pioneers, giving me a newfound appreciation for the bravery and dedication of those who venture into the cosmos.But perhaps the most impactful book I read was "The Overview Effect" by Frank White. This book explores the transformative experience that astronauts often have when viewing the Earth from space, known as the Overview Effect. White delves into the psychological and spiritual impact of seeing our planet from a distance, highlighting the interconnectedness of all life on Earth and the fragility of our shared home. This book inspired me to think more deeply about our place in the universe and the importance of taking care of our planet for future generations.In conclusion, my journey through space via the books I have read has been eye-opening and enlightening. From science fiction escapades to real-life accounts of space exploration, each book has deepened my understanding of the cosmos and sparked a sense of wonder and awe within me. I look forward to continuing my exploration of space through the pages of more books and discovering new insights into the mysteries of the universe.篇3Title: My Journey Through Space: Experiencing the World of Aerospace Through BooksAs an avid reader and a space enthusiast, I have spent countless hours immersing myself in the fascinating world of aerospace through various books. From biographies of famous astronauts to in-depth analyses of rocket technology, each book that I have read has provided me with a deeper understanding and appreciation of the wonders of space exploration. In this essay, I will share my thoughts and reflections on some of the most impactful books that have shaped my understanding of space and inspired my love for all things aerospace.One of the first books that captivated my imagination was "The Right Stuff" by Tom Wolfe. This gripping account of the early days of the United States space program introduced me to the brave men and women who risked their lives to push the boundaries of human knowledge and exploration. The courage and determination of these astronauts inspired me to dream big and never give up on my own ambitions.Another book that left a lasting impression on me was "Packing for Mars" by Mary Roach. This witty and informative exploration of the challenges and quirks of space travel shed light on the many obstacles that astronauts face while living and working in space. From the mundane tasks of eating and sleeping to the more complex issues of hygiene and social dynamics, Roach's book highlighted the human side of space exploration and made me realize the immense sacrifices that astronauts make to further our understanding of the cosmos.In addition to these more narrative-driven books, I have also delved into the world of technical manuals and scientific papers to gain a better understanding of the intricacies of space travel. One book that stands out in this regard is "Rocket Propulsion Elements" by George P. Sutton and Oscar Biblarz. This comprehensive guide to rocket propulsion systems provided mewith a detailed overview of the principles and theories behind rocket science, from the basics of thermodynamics to the complexities of combustion processes. While some of the more technical details were challenging to grasp at first, I found that with patience and perseverance, I was able to expand my knowledge and develop a deeper appreciation for the engineering marvels that make space travel possible.As I continued to explore the world of aerospace literature, I also came across a number of biographies and memoirs that offered a more personal insight into the lives of astronauts and space pioneers. "An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth" by Chris Hadfield, for example, provided a fascinating glimpse into the daily routines and challenges faced by astronauts living on the International Space Station. Hadfield's candid and humorous account of his time in space not only entertained me but also reminded me of the importance of staying humble and grounded in the face of extraordinary experiences.Overall, my journey through space-themed books has been a deeply rewarding and enriching experience. Each book that I have read has broadened my horizons, sparked my curiosity, and inspired me to dream of the limitless possibilities that lie beyond our planet. Whether exploring the history of space exploration,learning about the technical intricacies of rocket science, or delving into the personal stories of astronauts, I have found that the world of aerospace literature offers a wealth of knowledge and inspiration for anyone with a passion for the stars.In conclusion, I am grateful for the opportunity to have embarked on this literary journey through the cosmos, and I look forward to continuing my exploration of the vast and wondrous world of space through the pages of many more books to come. As I continue to learn and grow as a reader and a space enthusiast, I am excited to see where my journey through the stars will take me next.。
创新的个人例子英语作文Innovation is a vital component of personal and professional growth. It enables us to adapt to changing circumstances, solve complex problems, and create new opportunities. One personal example of innovation that has had a profound impact on my life is the development of a mobile application that I created to help manage my daily tasks and improve my productivity.In today's fast-paced world, the ability to effectively manage our time and prioritize our responsibilities is crucial. As a busy student juggling coursework, extracurricular activities, and part-time employment, I often found myself feeling overwhelmed and struggling to keep track of my various commitments. Traditional to-do lists and paper-based planners were not providing the level of organization and flexibility I needed to stay on top of my tasks.Determined to find a solution, I began exploring the world of mobile applications. I was intrigued by the potential of these digital tools to streamline task management and improve productivity. After researching various task management apps, I realized that whilemany of them offered useful features, they did not fully address my specific needs and preferences.This realization sparked an idea within me. Why not create my own mobile application tailored to my personal requirements? With a background in computer science and a keen interest in software development, I decided to embark on this innovative project.The first step in my journey was to carefully analyze my daily routine and identify the pain points I was experiencing in task management.I made a list of the features and functionalities I wanted my app to have, such as the ability to set recurring tasks, organize tasks by category, and receive customizable reminders.Armed with this information, I began the process of designing and developing my own task management application. I utilized a range of programming languages and development tools to bring my vision to life, meticulously crafting each feature to ensure it aligned with my specific needs.One of the key innovations I incorporated into my app was the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms. By analyzing my task history and patterns, the app was able to provide personalized recommendations and suggestions to help me optimize my time management. For example, the app wouldidentify recurring tasks and propose the most efficient way to schedule them, or it would suggest grouping related tasks together to streamline my workflow.Another innovative aspect of my app was the incorporation of gamification elements. I recognized that maintaining motivation and engagement with task management can be a challenge, so I designed a system of rewards and achievements to make the process more enjoyable and rewarding. Users could earn virtual badges or points for completing tasks on time, which provided a sense of accomplishment and encouraged continued use of the app.As I continued to refine and improve my application, I also focused on enhancing the user interface and overall user experience. I conducted extensive user testing, soliciting feedback from friends and family, and made iterative adjustments to ensure the app was intuitive, visually appealing, and easy to navigate.One of the most rewarding aspects of this innovative project was the positive impact it had on my own productivity and well-being. By using my custom-built task management app, I was able to streamline my daily routine, prioritize my responsibilities, and reduce the feelings of stress and overwhelm that had previously plagued me. The app's personalized features and AI-driven recommendations helped me optimize my time and focus on the tasks that trulymattered, leading to increased productivity and a greater sense of accomplishment.But the benefits of my innovative app did not stop there. As I continued to refine and improve the application, I realized that it could also be valuable to others who were facing similar challenges in task management. I decided to make the app available to the public, initially through a private beta testing phase and then as a downloadable application on various app stores.The response from users was overwhelmingly positive. Individuals from diverse backgrounds, ranging from busy professionals to students like myself, praised the app's innovative features and the positive impact it had on their productivity and overall well-being. Many users shared stories of how the app had helped them regain control of their schedules, reduce stress, and achieve a better work-life balance.The success of my task management app has not only been a personal triumph but also a testament to the power of innovation. By identifying a problem, leveraging my skills and knowledge, and taking the initiative to create a customized solution, I was able to develop an innovative tool that has had a tangible impact on the lives of others.This experience has taught me several valuable lessons about the nature of innovation. Firstly, it has shown me that innovation is not solely about creating groundbreaking new technologies or products. Sometimes, the most impactful innovations are those that address specific, personal needs and challenges. By focusing on my own struggles with task management, I was able to develop a solution that resonated with a wider audience.Secondly, this project has reinforced the importance of user-centric design and the incorporation of feedback into the innovation process. By actively engaging with users, soliciting their input, and making iterative improvements to my app, I was able to ensure that it truly met the needs and expectations of the people who would be using it.Finally, this experience has highlighted the role of perseverance and a willingness to take risks in the pursuit of innovation. Developing a mobile application from scratch was a daunting and challenging undertaking, but I remained committed to the project and was willing to overcome the obstacles and setbacks that arose along the way. This resilience and determination were essential in turning my innovative idea into a tangible and successful reality.In conclusion, the development of my task management mobile application is a personal example of innovation that has had aprofound impact on my life and the lives of others. By identifying a problem, leveraging my skills and knowledge, and taking the initiative to create a customized solution, I was able to develop an innovative tool that has helped me and many others improve their productivity, reduce stress, and achieve a better work-life balance. This experience has taught me valuable lessons about the nature of innovation and the importance of user-centric design, perseverance, and a willingness to take risks in the pursuit of creating something truly impactful.。
申请参加志愿者活动英语作文初中全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1My Dream to Become a VolunteerEver since I was a young child, I have felt a calling to help those in need. I remember watching television and feeling my heart ache at the images of people suffering from poverty, hunger, and lack of access to basic resources. Even at that young age, I knew I wanted to make a difference in this world.That desire has only grown stronger as I've gotten older and become more aware of the harsh realities faced by so many people, both in our local community and around the globe. The more I learn about issues like homelessness, lack of education, and environmental degradation, the more I feel compelled to take action.That's why I am writing this essay to apply for the volunteer program at the local community center. I firmly believe that volunteering is one of the most powerful ways an individual can create positive change. By donating our time and effort toworthy causes, we can directly improve lives and tackle some of society's greatest challenges.One issue that is particularly close to my heart is food insecurity. It is absolutely heartbreaking to me that in a world of such abundance, there are millions of children and families who don't have enough to eat. That's why I have regularly volunteered at our local food bank over the past two years, helping to sort and distribute donated food items to those in need.The sense of fulfillment I get from this work is impossible to put into words. Knowing that I am playing a small role in ensuring no child goes to bed hungry gives me a profound sense of purpose. I vividly remember the grateful smiles on people's faces as they received bags of nutritious food, and those images will stay with me forever.However, I know that food banks alone cannot solve the systemic issues that lead to hunger and poverty. That's why I'm eager to expand my volunteer efforts to include other important areas through this program. From tutoring underprivileged students to participating in environmental clean-ups, I want to impact as many lives as possible in a positive way.One area I am particularly excited about is the opportunity to work with refugee families. As someone whose own grandparents were refugees fleeing war and persecution, I have a deep appreciation for the incredible strength and resilience it takes to build a new life in an unfamiliar land. I can't imagine having to leave behind everything you know and love out of fear for your safety.If given the chance, I would love to help refugee families get settled, learn the local language and customs, and access crucial resources like education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Having the perspectives of volunteers who can relate to their experiences could make a world of difference in easing this difficult transition.In addition to the practical support I could provide, I also feel that interacting with refugees would be an incredibly enriching experience that would broaden my own worldview. Learning about their cultures, traditions, and stories would give me a deeper appreciation for the diversity of human experience.Ultimately, my goal in seeking out these volunteer opportunities is to become a more compassionate, empathetic, and socially conscious person. I don't just want to check a box or add a line to my resume; I want these experiences tofundamentally shape who I am and how I move through the world.Volunteering teaches skills like leadership, problem-solving, and working as a team that will be invaluable in all areas of my life. But more importantly, it will instill in me a true spirit of service, generosity, and genuine concern for the welfare of others. In a world that often feels jaded and self-interested, I want to be a force for kindness and giving back.I recognize that as a middle school student, I may not have the same skills, experiences, or qualifications as an adult volunteer. However, what I may lack in those areas, I make up for in energy, idealism, and a passionate desire to learn and grow. I promise to approach every volunteer opportunity with enthusiasm, respect, and a willingness to take direction from experienced leaders.At the end of the day, I don't need recognition, accolades, or a fancy title. I just want the chance to get my hands dirty and actually make a tangible difference, no matter how small. Whether it's planting trees, tutoring children, or serving food at a shelter, I will joyfully embrace any task and pour my whole heart into it. Because that's what volunteering is all about – taking action instead of just talking about problems.Looking beyond the boundaries of my own life and cultivating a sense of empathy and compassion for others is something that is critically important to me. It's what gives me hope for the future that people truly can come together, embrace our common humanity, and work to create a better world for all. And it all starts on the individual level, with people simply caring about their neighbors and their communities.In many ways, my motivation to volunteer stems from a desire to be a leader for positive change. By walking the walk instead of just talking the talk, I hope to inspire those around me to also get involved and use their unique talents to make an impact. If just one other person sees my volunteer work and is motivated to lend a hand, then it will have been more than worth it.I know that in pursuing these kinds of experiences, I will encounter challenging situations that will test my resolve. Addressing issues like poverty, lack of education, and human suffering requires rolling up your sleeves and confronting harsh realities head-on. There may be times when I'm exposed to difficult circumstances that will be eye-opening or even heartbreaking.But I welcome those challenges, because each one will help me become stronger, wiser, and more resilient. They will strip away any tendencies toward naivety or entitlement that could distort my perspective. And they will give me a profound appreciation for the incredible people working tirelessly to lift up their communities against all odds.It's easy to feel hopeless or powerless in the face of such massive, systemic issues affecting millions across the globe. But I refuse to give in to that sense of despair or nihilism. Instead, I want to be a part of the solution, a force for positivity in an often-dark world. Even if I can only impact a few lives, it's worth it to me.I've realized that making a difference isn't about planning glamorous initiatives or coming up with revolutionary ideas (though those certainly help). It's about actually showing up, being present, and giving a part of yourself to others through simple acts of service. And it's a mindset, a way of living, that I hope to cultivate every single day of my life going forward.So in summary, my dream to become a volunteer is driven by a deep desire to help those in need, to give back to my community, and to play a role in tackling complex social issues.It's rooted in empathy, compassion, and a recognition of my own privilege and ability to lend support.More than anything, volunteering will help me become a better, kinder, and more engaged citizen and human being. And that personal growth is ultimately what I value most about these experiences – the chance to evolve into my best self, someone who leads with generosity, service, and caring for others.I can't wait to embark on this journey of volunteering, to have my eyes and heart opened in new ways, and to start making a real, tangible difference in this world. If accepted into this program, you can rest assured that I will give it my all and uphold the highest standards of integrity, work ethic, and commitment to the causes at hand.For me, this isn't just about checking off requirements or building a resume. It's about discovering my purpose, living my values, and striving to leave this world a little bit better than how I found it. I'm ready to get started on that path, and I cannot think of a more worthwhile use of my time, energy, and passion. Thank you for your consideration.篇2Volunteer Application EssayEver since I was a little kid, my parents have instilled in me the importance of giving back to the community. They always encouraged me to lend a helping hand whenever possible, whether it was assisting an elderly neighbor with yard work or donating clothes and toys I'd outgrown to local charities. So when the opportunity arose to apply for the community volunteer program, I was immediately excited at the prospect.To me, volunteering isn't just about checking off some hours for school credit or padding a college application. It's a way of life, an integral part of being a compassionate and engaged citizen of the world. We're all interconnected, and I believe we each have an obligation to support those around us however we can. Some are blessed with abundant resources, while others face challenges and hardships through no fault of their own. By volunteering our time, energy and talents, we can help bridge those gaps and make our community a little bit stronger, kinder and more equitable.I don't just want to volunteerbecause it's the right thing to do, though. I'm also keen to step out of my comfortable middle-class suburban bubble and gain some real-world experience. My parents have done their best to keep me grounded and grateful for the privileges I enjoy, but there's nosubstitute for being out in the field and working alongside those facing poverty, hunger, homelessness and other difficult circumstances. I hope to develop a deeper appreciation for the struggles many in our community endure just to survive and keep a roof over their heads.In addition, volunteering allows me to explore different fields and types of service that could help shape my future career path. I'm particularly drawn to anything involving kids, as I love working with younger children and have seriously considered becoming a teacher one day. Being able to volunteer atafter-school programs, daycares, summer camps and the like would let me get a taste of that environment and determine if it's truly the right fit for me. At the same time, I'm open to trying different volunteering roles - serving meals at a soup kitchen, spending time with the elderly, caring for animals at a shelter, maintaining parks and green spaces. I think it's important to expose myself to as many perspectives and experiences as possible.Wherever I end up volunteering, you can count on me to bring my endless enthusiasm, strong work ethic and deep commitment to the role. I'm not afraid of hard work or getting my hands dirty. In fact, I relish the opportunity to be篇3Volunteering: A Rewarding Experience for Middle SchoolersAs a middle school student, I've come to realize that extracurricular activities are an integral part of our overall development. While academics are undoubtedly crucial, engaging in volunteering opportunities can shape us intowell-rounded individuals, fostering valuable life skills and a sense of social responsibility. This essay explores the benefits of volunteering for middle schoolers and provides insights into how we can make a positive impact on our communities.One of the primary advantages of volunteering is the opportunity to develop essential interpersonal skills. Working alongside individuals from diverse backgrounds and age groups challenges us to communicate effectively, practice active listening, and cultivate empathy. These skills are invaluable not only for our future careers but also for building meaningful relationships throughout our lives.Furthermore, volunteering allows us to step out of our comfort zones and explore new interests. Whether it's assisting at an animal shelter, serving meals at a local soup kitchen, or organizing environmental clean-up drives, we can discoverpassions and talents we never knew existed. This exploration can be particularly valuable during our formative years, as it aids in shaping our identities and future aspirations.Engaging in volunteer work also instills a sense of social responsibility and civic engagement. As middle schoolers, we often feel powerless to effect change in the world around us. However, by dedicating our time and energy to worthwhile causes, we realize that even small acts can make a significant difference. This realization can inspire us to become active members of our communities and advocates for positive change, even beyond our middle school years.Moreover, volunteering can be a source of personal growth and self-confidence. When we contribute our skills and efforts to a meaningful cause, we experience a sense of accomplishment and pride. This boost in self-esteem can translate into improved academic performance and a more positive outlook on life, as we recognize our ability to make a tangible impact.One of the most compelling reasons for middle schoolers to volunteer is the opportunity to gain valuable life experiences. Through volunteering, we learn the importance of time management, teamwork, and problem-solving. These skills are not only valuable in academic settings but also in our futureprofessional endeavors. Additionally, volunteering exposes us to diverse perspectives and challenges, fostering personal growth and resilience.It's important to note that volunteering opportunities are abundant, catering to a wide range of interests and schedules. For instance, environmental organizations often organize weekend clean-up events or tree-planting initiatives, while local community centers may require assistance with tutoring programs or recreational activities. By exploring various options, we can find opportunities that align with our passions and availability.To illustrate the profound impact of volunteering, I'd like to share a personal experience. Last year, I joined a group of volunteers at a local animal shelter. Initially, I was apprehensive about working with animals, but the experience proved to be incredibly rewarding. Witnessing the joy on the faces of the animals as we played and cared for them was truly heartwarming. Moreover, I learned valuable lessons about responsibility, compassion, and the importance of advocating for those who cannot speak for themselves.In conclusion, volunteering is an invaluable experience for middle schoolers. It not only enriches our communities but alsocontributes to our personal growth and development. By stepping out of our comfort zones, embracing new challenges, and dedicating our time and efforts to meaningful causes, we can cultivate essential life skills, discover hidden talents, and gain a sense of purpose. As we navigate the transformative years of middle school, volunteering can serve as a guiding compass, shaping us into responsible, compassionate, and engaged citizens of the world.。
A Story about User Stories and Test-Driven DevelopmentGertrud Bjørnvig, Gertrud & Co., Espergærde, DenmarkJames O. Coplien, Nordija A/S, Kongens Lyngby, DenmarkNeil Harrison, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah, USAWelcome to TDDTest-Driven Development, or TDD, is a term used for a popular collection ofdevelopment techniques in wide use in the Agile community. While testing ispart of its name, and though it includes tests, and though it fits in that part of the life cycle usually ascribed to unit testing activity, TDD pundits universally insist that it is not a testing technique, but rather a technique that helps one focus one’s design thinking. The idea is that you write your tests first, and your code second.In this article, we explore some subtle pitfalls of TDD that have come out of our experience, our consultancy on real projects (all of the conjectured problems are things we have actually seen in practice), and a bit of that rare commodity called common sense.A Conjectural and Metaphorical History of TDDWe want to start this story with a conjecture. It is not intended to represent truth but, in a popular Agile tradition, is a foundation for metaphor and allegory tohelp make some of the TDD problems more memorable. If elements of the story happen to be true, so much the better.Once upon a time, software development was doing more or less O.K. when itemployed Use Cases to help bridge the connection between developers and end users. Healthy organizations developed Use Cases for their intendedaudiences—including the coders and testers—all the while keeping themreadable by the client. Use Cases were intended to avoid over-constraining thesolution: they were written in terms of pre- and post-conditions, rather thanattempting to convey the intent in a code-centric IF-THEN-ELSE style. AlistairCockburn created an informal instrument to vividly present a single example of a Use Case enactment called User Stories, which had a true element of story tothem. They were never intended to survive into the project.1However, some organizations used Use Cases in the worst possible way,specifying details of program task sequencing instead of sticking to1 Alistair Cockburn, Writing Effective Use Cases, Addison-Wesley, 2001, page 17.requirements. For example, there might be a business rule stating that one cannot go into a normal Danish train ticket office and place an order for train travel to Sweden, and another rule stating that such tickets can still be printed at main Danish ticket offices. The organization would create Use Cases for purchasing a Danish ticket and printing it at a Danish ticket kiosk, as well as exotic extensions whereby one calls the Swedish train company and books a ticket by phone and has it printed at a main Danish ticket office. The developers would turn this into a nested if-then-else hell, rather than writing the normal sequence, delineating special cases with extensions and business rules.On the other hand, the Extreme Programming (XP) people, wanting to take things to the opposite extreme, turned the knob up to 10 on simplicity. Use Cases gave way to Alistair’s User Stories—about 5 on the knob—which were further pared down to feature lists—all the way up to 10. Wanting to capture the market interest of those who formerly had employed Use Cases, the XP people took Alistair’s name for his Agile articulation of a user interaction with the system. The XP feature lists came to be named User Stories and Alistair went in search of another name for his concept. An XP User Story was nothing more than “a mnemonic token of an ongoing conversation about a requirement.”2 Meanwhile, Alistair’s concept—renamed to Usage Narrative—provided a good starting point for exploring the business space, a good stepping stone to more detailed Use Cases with enough information to support actual development. This concept would thrive in successful organizations as an application of the pattern Narrative and Generic.3At about the same time, the Smalltalk community found that it was weak on testing. Part of this problem owed to the fact that most Smalltalk projects were too small to justify hiring a tester, so the only staff left to do testing were developers—who usually lacked professional testing skills. This gave birth to a testing methodology using a testing framework.4 As the XP world moved away from Smalltalk and towards Java, the approach spawned a tool called JUnit. However, as time went on, the community found that unit testing didn’t find many bugs—many still leaked through to the customer. System testing never was a big part of the culture, and in general it became difficult to sell testing to the XP constituency—testing was usually left to second-class citizens or was outsourced and, as such, was never a revenue-generating business. It didn’t help that testing wasn’t “fun,” and that “fun” is a core value of XP. The TDD2 Agile Principles, Patterns and Practices in C#, Robert C. Martin and Micah Martin, Prentice Hall, 2007, page 14.3Gertrud Bjørnvig, Proceedings of EuroPLoP ’03, “Patterns for the Role of Use Cases,” page 886.4See the original paper by Kent Beck at /testfram.htm, as published in the Smalltalk Report, October 1994.advocates motivate its value by telling us that TDD is fun—not so much for its value, but for novelty for its own sake.5 The testing framework and JUnit weren’t garnering consulting gigs any more.Further turning the knob up to 10, the XP people chose to simplify the complexity of up-front design. Ron Jeffries tells us:Get a few people together and spend a few minutes sketching out thedesign. Ten minutes is ideal—half an hour should be the most time youspend to do this. After that, the best thing to do is to let the codeparticipate in the design session—move to the machine and start typing in code.6Architecture was replaced in concept by the smaller and more abstract notion of metaphor, and even metaphor was limited to a bit of up-front work and the occasional reference during development as needed.The approach left much to be desired. Programmers found that they needed a written record of some of the finer details of scenarios—much finer than what a User Story conveyed. They needed these in part just to help them understand requirements, but also needed them to write their tests. At the same time, while XP criticized heavyweight up-front design, it offered no real alternative except to “let the code do the talking.”One brilliant idea would address all of these problems: to re-cast the JUnit test scripting as a design activity rather than as a testing activity. This made the central concepts of XP more appealing to programmers than any testing regimen would, because design is fun. Development would necessarily start with JUnit: you had to write a test before writing any code. At the same time it appeased the collective conscience of the community by having a testing technique (now to publicly be called a design technique) in its vocabulary, addressing the weakness uncovered in 1994. XP could now point to TDD as its design methodology—something close to the programmer and far from the heavyweight architects as well as the second-class-citizen testers. It made sure that TDD would be portrayed that way through repeated insistence that TDD is not a testing method, but a design method. And in fact, it was touted even as an analysis method whereby we “put the analysis efforts into the tests.”7 Yet it was still offered as the safety net that allows programmers to move boldly forward by ensuring they don’t step outside the boundaries of stipulated behavior—which means to employ the scripts as tests.5Jimmy Nilsson, “Why is TDD so Boring?” www.jnsk.se/weblog/posts/tddisfun.htm, weblog of 22 March 2007, accessed 10 July 2007.6Ron Jeffries et al., XP Installed, Addison-Wesley, 2000, page 70.7Steve Freeman, “Test Driven Development: How do we know when we’re done?” QCon, QE-II Conference Center, London, 15 March 2007.A Journey with some Metaphorical DevelopersThe XP approach as it converged over the years appears to balance all of theforces: the need to engage the development community as well as the usercommunity, the need to capture low-level scenario information, a sustainedmarket for JUnit and the need to avoid heavyweight techniques such as up-front architecture. But in solving what were supposedly serious problems, is itpossible that these changes actually made trouble? You’ve heard the tutorials;you’ve read the books. The three of us, in our work together with many clients,have seen where the rubber meets the road, and have had the opportunity tofollow TDD projects over the course of several months (or, sometimes, years) to assess the long-term damage. Let’s follow our metaphorical project around for a while to elucidate possible TDD pitfalls.So the XP programmer came to work one morning, found a list of User Stories,and paired up with a colleague who had been working in the same area, and the two decided to code a certain User Story that day. They discussed between them how the feature should work and discovered they had to write two test cases to cover the User Story. They wrote the tests and, true to the TDD methodology,executed them before writing any code to ensure that they would fail. They did.It was simple — it took about ten minutes, well within a single Ron Jeffriesdesign sprint.The same pair then coded up the class. This, as it turns out, took a bit morework—about an hour of iterating the code to pass the tests. Along the way thepair created two more tests. Predictably, when they were finished, all four testspassed.Here we find our first risk:1I f the same people write both the tests and the code from thesame base understanding or formalism, the chances of creating aself-fulfilling prophecy are high.Here’s the problem: Most software bugs reflect assumptions of the coder ratherthan an incorrect conveyance of those assumptions in code. A single programmer has a single set of assumptions, and any traps within such assumptions will not be caught if the same programmer writes the code and the test. This can happen even in simple cases, such as creating a linked list. Our programmers didn’tknow that their train reservation library would be used in a multi-threadedsystem, with the potential for one thread to be traversing a list of schedulingoptions while another application might be updating routing information in realtime. Eventually, this error would cause a member of the National Assembly to miss getting a train into the city for an important vote on a conflict with Sweden which would turn the political tide and ultimately lead to World War III.Even two programmers who are pairing can mislead each other into assumptions that would be broken by at least one of a separated pair. To put it differently, pair design and pair programming lead to pair assumptions—a variation on groupthink. To remedy this pitfall, use the following techniques:9Develop the test from a different set of formalisms than are used for the design. For example, derive the design from a good Use Casedescription, while deriving the test from business rules or invariants.9Have a different person develop the tests than the one who develops the code.You can use either or both of these techniques together.The team develops a bit further and is considering another set of User Stories. The pair can see that these User Stories have detailed cases that interfere with assumptions made in a previous test case. In particular, they have found that a previous test case presumed that a given reservation could be found in the database using a ticket kiosk ID or main office ID as a primary key. The primary key captures the site making the original reservation of any ticket issued in Denmark. However, the new User Story offers that the end user can reserve a ticket to Sweden by calling the Swedish train company on the phone, and then issue the ticket at a main Danish train company location—even though it is impossible to directly make a booking to Sweden at a main Danish train office. This leads to our second risk:1U ser Stories (promises for a future discussion between a developer anda customer), processed and elaborated in isolation during coding, fail tocapture the interesting extensions that come about from featurecombinations or exceptional conditions. There is nothing to encouragethe coder to think about these at TDD time: indeed, because many ofthese extensions involve multiple objects, such considerations are likely never to arise at the class level.To fix this, we again go back to the future:9Develop and iterate Use Cases up front, giving good coverage to all of the cases relevant to your next customer deliverable, and capturingother pre- and post-conditions that you know. Give particular attention to Use Case extensions and exceptions so you understand boundarycases. While the code may ultimately be the design, it is totallyinappropriate as a tool to support the social activities of design. UseCases, on the other hand, support a culture of dialogue with the client.As you write the Use Cases you will discover conflicts — conflicts even at the business level. A classic example from telephony is that you develop the call waiting feature, and then the call forwarding feature. If you develop either one independently, you miss facing the decision of what to do when a client is on a call, has call forwarding enabled but also subscribes to call waiting—and someone attempts to place a call to that client. If you capture this scenario information in JUnit or Cactus, one User Story at a time, you risk major rework at some point along the way—not only of code, but of the tests as well. It is a design issue that affects the most fundamental structures of the code—structures you can’t refactor into the code if you miss them the first time around. Even worse, and perhaps more likely, is that your end user won’t discover requirements bugs until deployment—bugs that could have been caught by clarifying scenarios before a single line of code is written. You can improve the stability of both your code and of your tests by using Use Cases as a kind of “fixed point” of development.The developers hear our suggestion and they go back and re-do the original reservation User Story—including re-writing the test (and then it fails) and updating the code (the test still fails) and going into several iterations with test and code until both fit each other (that is, the test passes) and they seem to fit the modified understanding of the functionality (which was never captured in a test before the decisions were reduced to code.) The code ends being a mess because of these missed assumptions. No problem: they’ll re-factor their way out of it. However, the refactoring browser isn’t much help because most of the re-structuring at this point is taking place across class hierarchies. Well, we still tell the boss it’s re-factoring and after a small one-week delay (on a two-week sprint), we’re in good shape. In the mean time, our competitor has shipped another release.This leads us to the third risk:1L ack of good architectural delineation from up-front design and Use Cases can lead to major re-structuring events as the team learns, a bit ata time, what the system structure is supposed to look like. Re-factoringoften isn’t an option, sometimes because the changes go beyond whatgood re-factoring can achieve and take us into the arbitrarily generalworld of hacking and re-design.The solution:9Do just enough up-front lightweight architecture to support the structuring of the development organization, to map on to the physical system architecture, and to do a good job of supporting usability. Oneimportant consideration is that the structure of the code fit the structure of the human/computer interface, so the development team should take cues from usability people when formulating the system objectstructure.The team checks out recent empirical findings by Maria Siniaalto and Pekka Abrahamsson and is relieved to find that they have done exactly the right thing.8 Our developers found the same thing that Maria and Pekka did: that the use of TDD makes key architectural indicators worse. That runs counter to common claims that TDD leads to more cohesive systems. Though local complexity metrics are a bit better with TDD than without, the dependency management metrics were clearly worse. TDD is an architectural nightmare. But, architecture in hand, our adventuresome developers are again back on track.It’s finally time to demo the system to the customer, and the customer sits down and enters an unforeseen illegal sequence of keys. The customer turned out to be a good tester, because the program crashed. The sequence entered by the customer-as-user put the system into a state that had been unforeseen by the developers in fleshing out the user stories. It was certainly not a scenario the customer would have thought up beforehand; exhaustively enumerating error cases is, well, exhausting. The problem was in the interaction between two objects rather than in any single object.Now we come to the fourth risk:1T esting individual classes leads to no guarantees about the soundness of the objects of that class interacting with the objects of another,8Siniaalto and Abrahamsson, Comparative Case Study on the Effect of Test-Driven Development on Program Design and Test Coverage, ESEM 2007.independently tested class—or even between cooperating objects of thatsingle class.This problem, too, can be resolved:9Write tests at the level of some meaningful business concept. The test should be something traceable to customer desiderata and possiblesystem-user interactions, not to something inside the system.9Tests should be written directly from customer input rather than from something created by the developer in isolation. Too many tests arecreated from the programmer’s internal understanding of the program,rather than from an understanding of business needs—which are oftenemergent properties resulting from the interaction of several classes.There is rarely a direct mapping from the systems thinking of solvinguser/business problems to the structure of a simple, individual class.Only in those systems where such mapping is straightforward dosimple techniques work. Few systems of interesting commercial valueare so simple.The project takes our advice and in fact re-does everything so that the tests now reflect concerns of business value. The team has built a collection of individually robust objects that all pass their tests. A few of them have mocks, but the teamhas been smart to build higher-level constructs on lower level ones. True to TDD, they do this one test at a time, each one driving some functionality of someobject, which in turn may depend on other objects below it.So the team has struggled to get the first iteration to market. The industry knows that first iterations are easy: almost anything works on a greenfield projectundertaken by a single small team. But Agile talks about change, and changeshappen. Agile doesn’t talk about bugs, and bugs happen. What are therepercussions of change and bugs on a TDD system? How about the propagation of change through the test code? How about the architecture’s ability toencapsulate change when the structure rests on the execution paths of the firstrelease? Will our team succeed, or will they continue to learn their way out ofthese problems? Things have only yet begun to be interesting.Reflecting on Where We Are So FarSo far, we have introduced a small team using Test-Driven Development as their design method. Our metaphorical project struggled to deliver a product, and thatmany of the struggles owed to TDD itself. These are not small bugs and are not limited to testing, or even to design. A TDD-driven approach traditionally builds on user stories instead of Use Cases, which leads to poorly specified systems and inordinate rework. It leads to very spotty coverage of the design space, ignoring the most important aspect of design: the interactions between the parts. It causes developers to become blindsided, developing code and tests guaranteed tovalidate each other.Some of these problems owe to common practice which TDD founders maydiscount as misguided. However, that makes these practices no less common,whether because the development world can’t understand the subtleties beneath TDD or because all the consultants and lecturers get it wrong. We have attended many tutorials on TDD within the past year, and our story reflects practices that they advise.9 But some of the problems telegraph a short-sightedness in TDDitself: the need for short-term gratification—er, feedback—that too often ignores serious long-term consequences.Our team struggled to get their software to the field. We congratulate them.Let’s pick up the story where we left off.Change HappensAnother customer comes along with a killer bug. The development team goes in and tries to find it, yet the system is doing exactly what it is supposed to bedoing: all the tests pass, yet the system doesn’t work right. After three days ofhead-scratching the team finds that, in fact, one of the tests is wrong: just acoding error in the Java code for the test. Woops. Once the test is fixed, it fails. It turns out that this is a fairly common case, and that the word on the street had in fact been that at many TDD companies the motto was: “We don’t fix bugs, we fix tests.”Here come the fifth and sixth risk:1I n a typical TDD setting, half the code mass comprises unit tests. Those tests are code. Where there is code, there are bugs.10 Programmers arepsychologically programmed to trust their tests over their code—eventhough it takes only five minutes to write the test and an order of9For example: Steve Freeman, “Test Driven Development: How do we know when we’re done?” QCon, QE-II Conference Center, London, 15 March 2007; Jimmy Nilsson, “TDD, That’s the way,” Øredev 2006, Malmö, Sweden, 15 November 2006; and, Mary Poppendieck, “Stop-the-Line Quality,” Øresund Agile, Copenhagen, 13 June, 2007.10See, for example, Matt Stephens and Doug Rosenberg, Extreme Programming Refactored.magnitude longer to write the code. They sometime will make arbitrary changes to the code to make the test pass, even without understanding.(Sorry, it happens.)1H aving a high density of testing code relative to the delivered code can actually increase the number of bugs in the delivered code!To fix these problems:9Test at a coarser level of granularity—perhaps at some level of integration that makes business sense. That reduces the testing codemass relative to the delivered code mass.9Make sure that tests and code are independently developed.9Don’t neglect system testing.In fact, we tell them the story of Ada compiler development in the 1980s. It was a test-driven project driven by an acceptance suite. Most suppliers used the test suite to validate their compilers. Not Nokia: they verified it against the Ada language definition. The Nokia compiler was the only Ada compiler not to exhibit the rendezvous bug that had been institutionalized in the test suite. There is currently a similar problem in the g++ test suite, in which a colleague of ours recently found more than 40 bugs.The software world is starting to learn this. As of 2005 an Agile advocate and software notable would finally reverse his earlier position and say, “Having the system-level tests before you begin implementation simplifies design, reduces stress, and improves feedback.”11Over time, the system evolves and the team eventually works out the bugs. The system goes to its first customer. Things go pretty well for the first two releases, though the competition has been making good inroads into the market. But the feature velocity is slowing because it’s difficult to turn around change quickly. To check in code, the unit tests have to pass. It now takes 25 minutes to run the tests. Projecting into the next release we see that the time will soon grow to an hour. In general, the ceiling is unbounded.11See Kent Beck, Extreme Programming Explained, 2nd Edition, Pearson, 2005, page 28.This brings us to the seventh risk:1W riting tests at the granularity of classes and member functions will create a large code mass whose maintenance will reduce your featurevelocity, and for which the test times can grow without bound. In some companies we have seen these test suites grow to 8 hours.The solutions?9Test at a coarser level of granularity. Professionally developed tests can give good coverage of business functionality, and can adequatelyexercise code, even from a small test mass applied at fairly high-levelinterfaces.9If a given piece of code cannot be exercised from such a high-level interface, then remove it: it has no bearing on anything visible to anyexternal constituencies.As a follow-on to long check-in times the team decides to review current tests. They find that many of them are in fact now obsolete—in fact, dozens of them. Some of the test failures should be ignored, and some developers set some maven flags to ignore those test results. The good news is that the team actually removes a few of the bad tests. The bad news is that they don’t create any new tests to cover the same code. The even worse news is that some of the test failures that were flagged as innocuous in fact mask real bugs that the team would find later.After the system goes to the third customer, customers start complaining about degrading usability. The complaints seem to fall into two categories.The first complaint was straightforward: There was a new field on one of the forms, and that when users tab rapidly from field to field, the habits they developed for a common case now cause the cursor to fall one field short of where it should be. The team couldn’t even understand the problem when they were faced with it. First, in the spirit of Smalltalk testing, they found changes in the interface to be only annoying details: in the spirit of Agile, it is “working code” that matters. Second, they had in fact tested this interface: they clicked on individual fields with the mouse and entered the relevant data, finding that the system presented the right answer when they pressed “enter”. The business logic was further validated by tests at a lower level.We now see the eighth risk:1T DD can give a false sense of confidence that the system is tested.Furthermore, it pre-ordains a certain ordering of events; doing thecombinatorics is difficult and is rarely tackled by developers.The solution?9Do system testing—or at least test at the level of meaningful business functionality—and usability testing. Treat TDD as if it has novalidation or verification value—which is approximately true.9To do this, you need to tell system testers what they need to test. System testers have long used well-structured Use Cases to their benefit—UseCases that don’t constrain testers with overly detailed descriptionsdesigned to “help” the programmer. Use Cases are a stronger alternative than User Stories.9Use systematic testing techniques to reduce redundancy among test cases, to get the greatest testing benefit for the fewest number of tests.The second complaint is a bit more problematic. The user interface proves to be not as productive as the competition’s—all of this in spite of the fact that in the last release, a good usability person worked with development to improve the interface as best as possible. A study shows that the productivity lapse comes from a long pause in operator input when faced with non-repetitive operations, and that there is a lot of rework that owes to user errors. What is going on is that the entities known to the interface are a bad match for the entities in the unconscious (and sometimes the consciousness) of the end user.We approach the developers and they insist that they have taken our advice from last time and that they have developed the system from tests that derive directly from user desiderata. We have a look at the architecture. We see the layered structure that came out of their bottom-up approach. The main organizing principle, true to the tests, is around procedures. The business objects didn’t factor into the design, because design—true to TDD—is driven by tests. Combine this perspective with YAGNI (“you ain’t gonna need it”, another famous Agile。