英译汉 连淑能 Chapter5 addition增补法

第10章Division（拆译法）10.1 复习笔记In division, we have to determine where to divide, how to divide, what the subject or the predicate of the new clause or sentence should be, and how to rearrange various parts of the original sentence. These may involve such techniques as Conversion, Addition and Inversion.拆分时要注意以下问题：在哪里拆分，怎样拆分，新的从句或句子的主语、谓语分别是什么，以及如何重新组织这些部分。

这里涉及到的技巧有转换法、增补法和倒置法。

一、Picking Out of Words（拆译单词）It is advisable to pick out those words which are hard to reproduce in the original structure and expand them into Chinese word groups, clauses or sentences. There are usually three steps to deal with such words:翻译过程中，如果一个单词的意义很难用汉语在原有句法框架下表达出来，就可以把该单词抽取出来，并将其扩展为汉语词组、从句或句子。

具体操作步骤如下：1. Determine which word(s) to pick out;确定需要抽取出来的单词；2. Apply Conversion or Addition, if necessary, to make the translated version smooth and well-connected;必要时运用转换法或增补法，使译文流畅、通顺；3. Rearrange the word order according to the Chinese mode of expression.根据汉语表达习惯，重新组织语序。

supplying words for plurals
• 14. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. • 群山 群山已经开始在山谷里投下蔚蓝色的长影。 • 15. Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the Tsars. • 大部分是在历代 历代沙皇统治下，通过殖民扩张而 历代 并入俄罗斯帝国的。
supplying words for tenses
• 16. The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. • 译：原来 原来是老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼， 原来 已 了 所以孩子很爱他。 • 17. I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.
Semantic addition—— supplying supplementary verbs
• 8. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.
• 3. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. • 4. We won’t retreat; we never have and never will. • 5. They covered the 19th century foreign intervention in China, and Mao’s Long March in the mid-1930s.

ENGLISH ON CAMPUS2023年10期总第658期增译法在机械英语翻译中的应用摘　要：随着“中国制造2025”的推进，机械制造业的发展越来越重要，而机械英语翻译的重要性同样不言而喻。

由于英汉两种语言之间的差异，译者必然面临翻译挑战。

本文通过研究机械英语汉译的具体实例，着力分析增译这一种翻译方法在机械英语翻译中的应用，力求为机械英语文本的翻译提供借鉴。

关键词：科技英语；增译；机械英语作者简介：文虹，熊叶，胡永珊，罗志良，江西工业工程职业技术学院；官小飞，汕头大学文学院。

一、引言在科技日新月异的时代 ，全球的科技信息交流也日趋频繁，因此科技英语的翻译越来越重要。

由于科技英语文本本身的特殊性“表达客观、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词正式、句式严谨”，科技英语（EST）的翻译与通用英语（GE）的翻译有所不同，须根据其特定的文本特征提供专业准确的译文。

因此，在翻译时，为了使译文更加流畅自然地道，译者应基于英汉两种语言的语言结构和表达方式之间的差异，使用适当的翻译方法。

虽然简洁是语言的一大“美德”，但是在汉语中，有时候适当增补却是非常有必要的。

译者在做英汉翻译的过程中，为实现译文表达完整、语义清晰明确、符合汉语表达习惯，往往会在译文中适当增补不影响信息的词汇或表达。

这种翻译方法就是增译法。

二、机械英语文本的特点及翻译标准（一）机械英语文本的词汇特点机械英语用词正式，主要词汇特点表现为：缩略语使用频率高，如EV（electric vehicle）—电动汽车、NC（numerical control）—数控、CAD（computer-aided design）—计算机辅助设计；专业术语多，如gear（齿轮）、cam（凸轮）， crank （曲轴）；复合词多，如pig iron（生铁）、machine tool（机床）、headstock（主轴箱）；普通名词含义术语化，如die（模具，通用英语作动词一般表示“死亡”）、finish（光洁度，通用英语作动词一般表示“完成”）、feed（进给，通用英语作动词一般表示“喂养”）。

探讨儿童文学翻译技巧20世纪70年代，德国出现了功能派翻译理论(Nord，2001:9-13)，其中目的论是该翻译理论的核心部分。

目的论主要强调：为适应译文的功能、新的交际环境和目的读者的需求，译者在翻译过程中应从译文读者的立场出发，根据译文的预期功能来决定自己的翻译策略，从而使译文功能得以很好实现。

该翻译理论与传统的“等值观”不同，翻译目的论注重的不是译文与原文是否对等，而是强调译文既要尊重原文的故事情节又要符合译文的文化背景，以达到译文预期功能为目的，选择最佳处理方法。

本文结合《Little Lord Fauntleroy》的英汉翻译，以翻译目的论为理论依据，从译文的目标读者—儿童的特点出发，总结了翻译方法和策略。

1、拆译法与缩译法(1)拆译法英语和汉语两种语言有很大的差异，通常在英语句子中，有很多修饰成分，这些修饰成分在转换为汉语时不易处理，很难转换为通顺易懂的汉语。

这种情况下，可以采用拆译的方法，将原文中的某个单词、短语或从句，从主句中分离出来，形成一个单独的句子。

这样不但有利于原文意义转达，同时也增加了译文的灵活性。

在英译汉的过程中，比较常用到的拆译法是，把主句拆出，形成单独的分句：例一：He had known all about the old Earl's disappointmentin his elder sons and all about his fierce rage at Captain Cedric's American marriage, and he knew how he still hated the gentle little widow and would not speak of her except with bitter and cruel words.译文：他了解所有的老公爵的失望，这些失望有的来自于他的两个大儿子，有的来自于塞德锐克上尉在美国的婚姻给他带来的愤怒，他知道老伯爵是多么憎恨这个柔弱的小寡妇，他从不说她好话，除非使用痛苦和残酷的话语。

现代大学英语精读5课后练习翻译增加11.12课Lesson 1?1. A?white?lie?is?better?than?a?black?lie.?一个无关紧要的谎言总比一个恶意的谎言要好。

?To?upset?this?cultural?homicide,?the?Negro?must?rise?up?with?an?affirmation?of?hi s?own?2. Olympian?manhood.?为了挫败各种蓄意培植的低人一等的心态，黑人必须直起腰来宣布自己高贵的人格。

?…with?a?spirit?straining?toward?true?self‐esteem,?the?Negro?must?throw?off?the? manacles?of?3. self‐abnegation…?黑人必须一种竭尽全力自尊自重的精神，大胆抛弃自我克制的枷锁。

?What?is?needed?is?a?realization?that?power?without?love?is?reckless?and?abusive,? and?love?4. without?power?is?sentimental?and?anemic.?必须懂得没有爱的权利是毫无节制的、易被滥用的，而没有权利的爱则是多愁善感、脆弱无力的。

?It?is?precisely?this?collision?of?immoral?power?with?powerless?morality?which?con stitutes?the?5. major?crisis?of?our?times.?正是这种邪恶的权利和没有权势的道义的冲突构成了我们时代的主要危机。

?Now? early? in? this? century? this? proposal? would? have? been? greeted? with? ridicule? and?6. denunciation,?as?destructive?of?initiative?and?responsibility.?在本世纪之初，这种建议会受到嘲笑和谴责，认为它对主动性和责任感其负面作用。

Lesson 5 英汉语句子形式对比形合与意合单元导读：本单元主要讲解在英汉互译时，英语句子一般趋向于形合，而汉语的句子主要靠意合来组句。

前者不仅靠句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑意义，而且还有其形合手段、形式多样，主要有使用连接词语（关系词、连词和连接性副词）、介词和其他连接手段（实词的各种形态变化、it 的非人称用法、做形式主语或宾语及there be结构中there做替补词的现象）；后者靠语序和语义连贯来行文造句。

总体说来，英语造句注重显性接应、注重句子的形式、注重结构完整、注重以形显义；而汉语句子注重意义的连贯、完整，句子之间靠内在的、隐性的逻辑关系来组句。

如：①我常见许多青年朋友, ②聪明用功, ③成绩优异, ④而语文程度不足以达意, ⑤甚至写一封信也难得通顺, ⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。

(粱实秋《学问与兴趣》)参考译文：①I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are weak in Chinese. ②They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. ③When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. （张培基译）将以上原句与其参考译文做一对比，我们就不难看出以下的差异：首先，一个含有六个小句的完整的汉语句子译成了三个完整的英语句子。

其次，原来的汉语句子之间看不出明显的连接词，似乎是一种平行关系，表达一个中心思想；而三个英文句子中有明显表示上下文之间关系的连接词，如关系代词who，并列连词but，和从属连词when等，强调句子之间的衔接和明显的逻辑关系。

英译汉教程连淑能配套练习题库|才聪学习网连淑能《英译汉教程》配套题库（含考研真题）目录Chapter 1 Lexical Translation（词法翻译）1.1 Diction（选词法）1.2 Conversion（转换法）1.3 Addition（增补法）1.4 Omission（省略法）1.5 Repetition（重复法）Chapter 2 Syntactical Translation（句法翻译）2.1 Inversion（倒置法）2.2 Negation（反译法）2.3 Division（拆译法）2.4 Condensation（缩译法）2.5 Translation of the Passive（被动句的译法）2.6 Translation of Long Sentences（长句译法）Chapter 3 Translation of cultural factors（文化因素的翻译）3.1 Translation of Culture-loaded Expressions（文化词语译法）3.2 Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms（专有名词和专门术语译法）Chapter 4 Style and Translation（文体与翻译）4.1 Political Writing（政治文体）4.2 Journalistic Writings（新闻报刊文体）4.3 Popular Science Writing（科普文体）4.4 Practical Writing（应用文体）4.5 Literary Style（文学文体）•试看部分内容Chapter 1Lexi cal Transla tion（词法翻译）1.1 Diction（选词法）Ⅰ. Choice of Affective Meanings1. In ou r Se con d Addre ss on the war, fi ve days af te rt h e a d v e n t o f th o s e m e n,w e to l d y o u w h a t th e y w e r e.【译文】在这伙人上台五天以后，我们在关于前次战争的第二篇宣言中已经向你们说明他们究竟是些什么货色了。

Illustrative examples in E-C translation
• Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因时间紧（工作）就马马虎虎。 • When the air moves it is called wind. 当空气流动就叫做风，…… 空气流动就产生风。 • Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking, of former plains seen heaved aloft, of fires flashing out amid the ruin. 如下事实被记载下来，……大山沉陷，平原隆起， 火焰喷射，周围是一片废墟，这些都有记载。
Illustrative Examples in C-E translation
• 这个工厂有男工200人，女工250人，干部职员 48人，共有员工约500人。 The factory has a staff of about 500 people, including 200 men-workers, 250 women-workers and 48 cadres and functionaries. • 我们要建立门类齐全、结构合理、能够满足社会 消费和国民经济发展需要的先进的工业。 We shall establish an advanced industrial system which is complete in ranges and rational in structure and which meets the needs of consumers and the expansion of the national economy.

带插头的毒品：电视和美国家庭（第一部分）在电视机这项发明进入美国人生活的25年后，它已经在人们的生活中根深蒂固，甚至美国至少有一个州的法律规定电视机是生活的必需品，而且如果负债，它可以和衣物、厨具等一样可免于作为财产抵押，并且看电视也成为人们生活中非常普遍甚至不可避免的活动。

只有在电视机进入人们生活的最初几年，作家和评论家们才有充分的洞察力可以将看电视这种活动本身和电视给我们提供的内容分开。

在哪些早期的日子里，作家们经常讨论电视对家庭生活的影响。

不过，奇怪的是，缺乏远见困扰着那些早期的观察家们：他们几乎无一例外地认为电视给家庭生活带来了非常正面的，有益的影响，而且这种影响简直非常奇妙。

早在1947年就有作家预言：“电视机将成为有孩子的每一个家庭的意向真正的财产。

”另一位评论家也声称：“电视将改变你的生活方式和你孩子的生活习惯，但是这种改变肯定是一种非常奇妙的进步。

”1949年，《纽约时报》电视评论家做出这样的评论：“无需调查我们就可以得出这样的结论：电视使家庭成员聚集到了一个房间。

”早期这些关于电视的文章每一篇都会刊登这样的照片或者插图：一家人舒适地围坐在电视机前，女儿坐在妈妈的腿上，男孩靠在爸爸的椅子扶手上，爸爸的手臂环绕着妈妈的肩。

谁会想到大约二十年后会是这样的结果：妈妈在厨房看电视剧，孩子们在自己的房间看动画片，而爸爸却在客厅里看球赛。

当然，在早期的时候，电视机的价格十分昂贵，到1975年百分之六十以上的美国家庭会拥有两台以上的电视机的想法在当时看来简直太荒谬了。

拥有多台电视机所导致的家庭分裂状况是早期的作家所没有预见的。

也没有人能够想象出孩子们最终花费在看电视上的时间会是多少，家长们会经常将看电视作为安抚孩子的手段，电视对于孩子的抚养方式又有多大的影响，孩子的家庭生活越来越多被看电视所主宰——总而言之，没有人能想象得到这一新的媒介支配家庭生活的强大力量。

后来，随着孩子看电视的时间的增加，家长们对于过多地看电视到底会给孩子带来怎样的影响表现出越来越多的忧虑。

Unit5A mother and her son learn more from a moment of defeat than they ever could from a victory. Her example of never giving up gives him courage for the rest of his life.从失败的一刻中，母亲和儿子收获了他们从成功中不曾收获到的。

母亲永不放弃的精神给他此后的人生以很大的勇气。

The Day Mother CriedGerald MooreComing home from school that dark winter's day so long ago, I was filled with anticipation. I had a new issue of my favorite sports magazine tucked under my arm, and the house to myself. Dad was at work, my sister was away, and Mother wouldn't be home from her new job for an hour. I bounded up the steps, burst into the living room and flipped on a light.妈哭的那天在很久以前一个昏暗的冬天，我放学回家，心中充满了期待。

我腋下夹着一期新的我最爱看的体育杂志，再者，家里没有别人打扰我。

爸爸在上班，妹妹不在家。

妈妈刚找到新工作，还得过一个小时才下班。

我跳上台阶，冲进起居室，啪嗒一声打开电灯。

I was shocked into stillness by what I saw.Mother, pulled into a tight ball with her face in her hands, sat at the far end of the couch.She was crying. I had never seen her cry.我被眼前的景象惊呆了。

中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！ 2) It will make a man of him in the college. 在那所大学里，一定能把他造就成堂堂的男子
汉。
3) What a girl she is! See, she is speaking loudly while eating.
2) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.
物质可以转换成能量，能量可以转化为物质。
3) We won’t retreat; we never have and never will.
我们不后退，我们从来就没有后退过，我们将来也 绝不后退。
Exercises: 1)Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it. 知道时间的真正价值。才能争取每一刻，抓住每一刻，享受每一刻。
2)His speech was Irish throughout，versatile，witty and occasionally
pointed. 他的演说自始至终都带有爱尔兰人的风格：洋洋洒洒，妙语横生，有时 则犀利尖刻。
3)The business of her (Mrs Bernnet’s) life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. 她（班纳特夫人）生平的大事就是嫁女儿；她生平的安慰就是拜客访友 和打听新闻。
美日双方在完全保密的情况下交换了情报。
2) Sino-British links have multiplied – political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.

连淑能 2006 英译汉教程《以连淑能2006英译汉教程》第一章：介绍在这个教程中，我们将学习如何将以连淑能2006这本英文书籍翻译成汉语。

该书以教授英译汉技巧为主题，旨在帮助读者提高翻译能力。

本教程将以人类视角展开叙述，为读者提供一种仿佛真人辅导的感觉。

第二章：理解原文在开始翻译之前，我们需要对原文进行深入理解。

通过仔细阅读以连淑能2006这本书籍，我们可以了解其中的主要观点和论述。

为了避免误导和歧义，我们必须确保对原文的理解准确无误。

第三章：翻译技巧在翻译过程中，我们将运用一些翻译技巧来保持原文的意思和风格。

这些技巧包括准确表达、适当运用词汇和语法结构等。

我们将避免使用数学公式或计算公式，以确保文章的易读性。

第四章：结构和流畅度为了使翻译后的文章流畅易读，我们需要合理安排文章的结构和段落。

使用适当的标题可以帮助读者更好地理解文章的内容。

此外，我们还会使用丰富多样的词汇来表达，以增加文章的表现力。

第五章：注意事项在翻译过程中，我们需要注意一些细节，以确保文章的准确性和质量。

避免在文章中插入任何网络地址，以防止读者分心。

同时，我们也要避免使用依赖图像的语句，以免给读者造成困惑。

第六章：总结通过本教程的学习，我们将能够提高英译汉的技巧，更好地理解和翻译以连淑能2006这本书籍。

我们将以人类的视角进行写作，使文章富有情感，并使读者感到仿佛是真人在叙述。

同时，我们也会注重文章的自然度和流畅度，避免给人机器生成的感觉。

希望通过这个教程，读者们能够在英译汉的道路上更进一步，取得更好的成果。

祝愿大家在翻译的旅程中，越走越远，越来越好！。

普通高等教育“十一五”国家级规划教材英译汉教程练习参考答案连淑能厦门大学教授、博导Chapter 1 General PrinciplesDrills 1.3.1(1) 1. 这对克服困难很有帮助。

（go a long way towards something/doing something = helpgreatly in [achieving] something, OALD 2002: 525;《新英汉词典》2000: 1577）2. 趁你还年轻的时候，加油吧！/青春不再，趁早努力。

（go it = act in a manner that is quicker,more lively, impatient, etc., than is usual. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms1979: 130;《英汉大词典》1993: 740）3. 我需要更多空闲的时间。

（could do with something = need or want something, LDCE1998: 435）4. 这次失败促使他成功。

（[the making of] = a means of gaining great improvement orsuccess, LDCE 1998: 918）5. 我盼望在最后一刻可以挽救和平。

（the eleventh hour = the very last moment, LDCE 1998:478）6.她对此事很了解。

（know a thing or two [about somebody/something] = know a lot [aboutsomebody/something], OALD 2002: 825）7. 她真是爱说话。

/她太喜欢说话了。

（ready = willing to do, LDCE 1998: 1249, 参见“学生用书”243页）8.无线电传来了该地区发现大油田的消息。

?4. translation materials ? general translation ? specialized-subject translation ? literary translation, etc.
?“文、质”之争
?the conflict between “ornament” and “substance”
? Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
? Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
? The Book of Changessays that the purpose of rhetoric is to ensure truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in writing. He also says that writings without elegance do not last. These three principles point to good writing and should be observed as the codes of practice of translation. So, apart from faithfulness and expressiveness, elegance is also to be aimed at.

• Therefore, in translation practice, the square must prolonged to be a rectangle for the passing and the area of the rectangle remains the same as that of the square.
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• 4. Addition is always to add what is implied but not explicitly expressed in the form.
• 5. Addition is also in conflict with conciseness which is one the principles in language use.
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• 2. Translation is a kind of explanation to some extent, without which the TL version may be difficult to understand. E. Nida uses a figure to suggest the necessity of explaining a text in translation
004 Addition in Translation Practice
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I. Introduction
• 1. Addition is a skill commonly used in translation practice. It has actually been employed in the skill of extension to preserve the meaning of an image or a metaphor and to reproduce the artistic effect.

新编英语教程5（第三版）汉译英练习册答案第一篇：新编英语教程5(第三版)汉译英练习册答案1.His peculiar behavior runs counter to the popular concept of good conduct.2.What is certain is that few people in history have created a greater impact than Newton on the development of both science and mathematics.3.You are not supposed to deride children for their failures;you should encourage them to try again.4.On her graduation day, Judy was treated to a sumptuous dinner by her uncle and aunt.5.With respect to his past record in the firm, no one has anything to complain about.6.Their freedom is inextricably bound to ours, so we cannot act alone.7.My aged great-aunt is not used to the disposable goods which flood the market today.8.His name was immediately eliminated from the list of candidates after he was caught cheating in the exam1.His attempt at insinuating that John was the culprit turned out to be futile.2.He is very clever at improvising excuses each time he fail to do what is expected of him.3.His trip to Tibet will gratify his desire to see the Potala Palace4.This corporation commands distinguished human resources, rich enough to meet challenges from other big corporations.5.I don't think that could be an acceptable alternative for both of us.Can't we come up with a better one for this problem?6.It is harmful to indulge in daydreaming and caprice7.Try not to lay your hands on anything that you are not entitled to8.He did not come to the competition.It may well be that he had forgotten all about it1.The result of the game depends not just on the skills of individual player but also by the timing of all the players of team2.The next question I want to ask is how we can sustain a constant self-identity?3.He felt ashamed of himself for the foolish things he had done when his infatuation was over.4.Skin doctors warn people to be careful with direct sun exposure because of the risk of skin cancer.5.Her head was seriously injured, but she eventually managed to climb out of the window.6.How can we make our exhibit booth stand out from the others?7.He tried to pass for a gentleman, but everyone knows he is a parvenu.8.He emphasizes that both politicians and commentators in the media need to be calm in their rhetoric1.Conventions differs from tradition in that the former is a recognized code of conduct of the society, while the latter indicates the customary ways of thinking and behaving which are passed down from the past to the present.2.The doctrines of Confucius and Mencius held sway over the society of China in a long period.3.His illegible handwriting is unintelligible to anyone but himself.4.We have to take action based on the premise that the worst situation can happen.5.Before children learn how to speak and understand the oral language, they master the ability to differentiate things by comparing the difference of the visual appearance.6.A predominant feature of botanic garden is its extensive area.7.Do you believe that human beings evolved from the simian?8.Teachers are incumbent not only to pass impart knowledge but also to teach students the moral rule.1.Don't expect to be remunerated for doing every small thing.In the long run, all the efforts that you have made will be rewarded.2.Afforestation plays an important role in beautifying the environment, replenishing nature and developing the national economy.3.That day was Arbor Day.All the volunteers pitched in the work and planted thousands of willows.4.Unlike hismild sister, he is hot tempered and fulminates at others easily.5.In the fight against anti-corruption, it is effective to diminish corruption than to eliminate it.6.Before you take part in a debate, you must ascertain that all your arguments are correct and well-grounded.7.They should learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, enlighten inspiration and think critically.8.His constant urge disinclines me towards going to the party of next weekend.1.A contract once signed by two parties must be hnoured no matter what happen.2.A strong storm engulfed the small villages along the coast.3.But, out of the prosperous cities , millions of people still languish in poverty.4.The creed that we should serve the people whole-heartedly is still abided by most of people.5.Mismanagement and inefficient work style crippled this company.6.In fact, there is no whip in there hand I, but their nagging and sense of urgency make people feel that they are waving their whips.7.The successful performance of orchestra was evidenced by warm appliance from audiences.8.Biochemists are on the threshold of a better understanding of genetics.可出2 你试3 在她4 我品7 每脱10他尝了11这战12我题13总的14 从耻19皮险20我呢22习式25孔会26我动28早力29植广30你吗31 植用34那树35在效37在据38一守41一村42我循44管了45事子46观功47生解48b比机17不人36不报33 d对满5对想25但熬43 j接呢18教范32 t他范1他动6他去8他的9他忘了16她口21他户23他静24他懂27 他法39他会了40第二篇：练习册翻译答案新编英语教程5 第三版Unit One1.在举出许多事实并列出一些统计数字后，他终于把他的论点说清楚了。