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英语写作技巧和英语句型

英语写作技巧和英语句型
英语写作技巧和英语句型

英语写作20字诀?Agreement: 主语与谓语在人称、数上得一致,关系代词与先行词得一致。?Ambig uity:尽量不去使用可能引起歧义得词语或句子。?Brief:文章"简为贵",要抓住要点,简明扼要。

Coherence:文理通顺,前后连贯。

Development: 主题得发挥应当充分、合理、正确。?Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当,划分要清楚,避免使用重复字句与种子片段。?Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。?Inflate ddiction: 不使用做作得语言。

Key:用适当得关键词突出主题,每段都应有主题句。

Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。

Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。?Omit: 合理删除多余得不必要部分。?Proposition:主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。?Punctuation:正确适时使用标点符号。?Relevant:文章一定要要题。

Sentencepattern: 句型要尽量多样化。?Strait:开门见山,直来直去。?Style:文体恰切,适合内容要求。?Tense:动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。

英文写作中常用得逻辑词汇

1、并列关系

and, furthermore, more than that,also, likewise,moreover, in addition,what is more, for instance, for example

2、转折关系

although,however,onthe contrary, but,in spiteof,nevertheless, yet, otherwise,despite?3、顺序关系

first, second,third, andso on,then,after, before, next?4、因果关系

as a result, for,thus, because, for this reason, so,therefore, as,since, consequently, o naccount of

5、归纳关系?as aresult, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short,thus, consequently, in conclusion, so,in brief, in a word?几个用得比较多得句子:

Asfar asIam concerned,the advantagesof… outweighits disadvantage s、Nevertheless, the disadvantagesof …is undeniable、?To sum up/ In general/ On thewhole/ Inbrief/In short/In a word,it is true that… bring about both positive and negative results、But we can try our bestto reduce the negative influ ence to the least extent、

Obviously,inevery aspect, …?Thisdiagram unfoldsa clear parison between…and…

Astothe other three,thoughthe growth rates were notso high, theywereindeed remarkable and impressive、

英文作文中常用套句?下文中出现得A,B, “、、、”(某事物),"sb"( somebody),?要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换、

开头:

When it es to 、、、,some think、、、

There is a publicdebatetoday that、、、?A is a mon way of 、、、,but is itawise one? ?Recentlythe problem has been brought into focus、

提出观点:

Now there isagrowingawareness that、、、

It is time we explore the truth of、、、?Nowherein history has theissuebeen mo

进一步提出观点:

、、、butthat is only part ofthe history、

Another equally importantaspect is、、、?A isbut one of the many effects、Ano theris、、、?Besides, other reasons are、、、?提出假想例子得方式: ?Suppose that、、、

Just imagine what would belikeif、、、?It isreasonable toexpect、、、?It isnotsurprising that、、、?举普通例子: ?For example(instance),、、、?、、、such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

Agoodcase inpoint is、、、

A particular example forthisis、、、?引用: ?Oneof the greatest early writers said 、、、

"Knowledge is power", such is the rewardof、、、

"、、、、、、"、That is how sbment ( criticize/ praise、、、)、

"、、、、、、"、How oftenwe hear such words likethere、?讲故事

(先说故事主体),this story is not rare、?、、、,suchdilemma we often meet indaily life、?、、、, the story still has a realistic significance、

提出原因:?Thereare many reasonsfor 、、、?Why、、、、,forone thing,、、、?The answer to this problem involves many factors、

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves 、、、

The firstreason can be obviously seen、?Most people would agreethat、、、

Some peoplemay neglect that in fact、、、

Others suggest that、、、

Partofthe explanation is、、、?进行对比:

The advantagesfor A for outweigh thedisadvantages of、、、?AlthoughA enjoys a distinct advantage 、、、?Indeed , Acarriesmuch weight than Bwhen sthisconcerned、?Amaybe 、、、, but it suffers from thedisadvantage that、、、

承上启下:

To understandthe truthof 、、、, it is alsoimportant to see、、、?A study o f、、、will make this point clear

让步: ?Certainly, B hasitsown advantages, such as、、、?I do notdenythat A has its own merits、?结尾:

>From whathas beendiscussedabove, we maysafely draw ?the conclusionthat、、、

In summary,itis wiser、、、?Inshort、、、

在作文中引用合适得名言警句,会给您得文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱得一些名言,可能会对您有用。我们使用引用得位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中,

常见得使用形式如下: ?One of the greatest early writers said 、、、

"Knowledge ispower", suchis the reward of、、、

"、、、、、、"、Thatis how sb ment (criticize/praise、、、)、?"、、、、、、"、Howoftenwehearsuch words likethere、

Useful quotations ?逆境

by Robert Collier ?In every adversity there lies the seed of anequivalent advantage、In every defeatthere is a lesson showing youhow to win thevictory

努力与成功

byAnn Landers

Opportunitiesare usually disguised as hard work,so mostpeople don'trecogniz ethem、?坚持?by Ralph Waldo Emerson

No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves、?Confucius孔子

Ourgreatest gloryis not innever falling、、、

but in rising every timewe fall、?坚持

Mother Teresa?To keep a lampburning wehavetokeep putting oil in it、

?HenryFord?Nothing isparticularly hard if youdivide it into small jobs、?

Winston Churchill ?Never, never,never, never give up、

?Albert Einstein

Inthemiddle of difficulty lies opportunity、

努力与成功

by Crassus

Thosewhoaimat great deeds must suffer greatly、?Thomas Edison

Thereis no substituteforhard work、

LeoTolstoi?Thestrongest ofall warriorsarethesetwo-Timeand Patience、?Thomas Jefferson

I'm a great believer in luck, ?and I find the harder I work、、、?the more I haveof it、?Ro bert Collier?Success is the sumof small efforts, repeated day inandday out、?RayA、Croc ?Luck is a dividend of sweat、The more yousweat,the luckier you get、

实际经验与间接经验

You'll learn more about a road by travelingit、、、?thanbyconsulting allthemaps in the world、

动机与结果?VinceLombardi ?Winning isn'teverything、、、?but wanting towin is、

Thucydides

The strongdo whattheywill、

Theweak do what they must、?为人态度:

John Wooden?TalentisGod given--Be Humble、

Fame ismangiven-- Be Thankful、

Conceit is selfgiven --Be Careful、

行动:

Theodore Roosevelt

Dowhatyou can,withwhat youhave, with whereyou are、?PubliliusSyrusMaxim

No one knowswhat he candotill he tries、?Terence ?There is nothing so easy but that it bees difficult when you do itreluctantly、

Thomas Fuller

A wiseman turnschance into good fortune、

William Hazlitt?Prosperity is a great teacher; ?adversityis a greater、

WilliamPenn?No pains, nopalm;?nothorns, nothrone;?no gall,no glory; no cross, no crown、?WillRogers

Even if you're onthe right track, you'll get run over、、、if you just sit there、Opportunityrarely knocksonyour door、?Knockrather on opportunity's door i fyou ardently wish toenter、?成功与失败?Vince Lombardi

It'snot whether you get knocked down、

、、、It's whether you get up again、?Winston Churchill ?Anoptimist seesan opportunity in everycalamity;

a pessimist seesa calamity in every opportunity、?热情(年轻/年老) ?RalphWaldo Emerson ?Nothing great was ever achievedwithout enthusiasm、?信心

James Allen

The will todo springs fromthe knowledgethat wecando、

Samuel Johnson

Few things areimpossible to diligence and skill、?Aughey

Lost timeis never found again、?V oltaire ?No problem can stand theassault of sustained thinking、?Napoleon

Victory belongs to the most persevering、

细心?Euipides

Leavenostone unturned、

计划与工作?Norman VincentPeale?Plan your work fortoday and every day;

then workyour plan、?Henry Ford ?Failure is only the opportunity to more intellig entlybegin again、?ThomasEdison ?Istart where the last manleft off、

理想与现实?Whatthe mindof man can conceive and believe, ?themind of a mancanachieve、

勤奋?Benjamin Franklin ?Plough deepwhile sluggards sleep、

目标?Henry David Thoreau

In the lonerun menhitonlywhat they aim at、?幸运?Emily Dickinson

Luckis notchance、、、?It's toil、、、

Fortune's expensive smileis earned、

勤奋?ThomasEdison?Geniusis onepercent inspirationand ninety-nine percent perspiration、?Useful Quotations ?想象力?Albert Einstein

Imagination is more important than knowledge、?挑战:

WalterBegehot?The great pleasureinlife is doing whatpeople say youcannotdo、?机会与准备

Abraham Lincoln

I will prepare andsomeday my chance will e、

信心与事实?Henry Ford ?Whetheryou think you can or thinkyou can't --youare right、?EnglishProverb

Where there'sa will there's a way、?Thereisno failureexcepting no longer trying、

Luckis what happenswhen preparation meetsopportunity、

1、In general, I don’tagree?能为四六级写作加分得精彩好句?一、用于驳性与比较性论文?

with? 2、In myopinion, this pointofview doesn’t holdwater、

3、The chief reason why… isthat…

5、It is not true that…

4、There is notrue that…?

7、Wehaveno reason tobelieve that…6、It can beeasily denied than…?

8、Whatis more serious is that…

10、Besides, we should notneglect that…?11、But t 9、But it is pity that…?

he problemis not so simple、Therefore…

13、Perhaps 12、Others mayfind thistobe true, but Ibeliever that…?

I was questionwhy…

14、There isacertain amountof truth in this,butwe stillhaveapr oblemwith regardto…

15、Though we are in basic agreement with…,but?16、What seems tobe the trou bleis^?

17、Yet differences will befound, that’s whyI feel that…

18、Itwould be reasonable to take theview that…,butit would be foolishto c laim that…?19、There isin facton reasonfor ussobelieve that…

20、What thesepeoplefail toconsideristhat…?21、Itisonethingto insistthat… , itis quiteanother to showthat…

23、The a 22、Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too、?dvantagesof B aremuchgreater than A、

24、A’s advantage sounds ridiculouswhen B’sadvantages aretakeninto consid eration、

二、用于描写图表与数据?

1、Ithasincreasedbythree times as pared with that of 1998、

2、There is an increaseof 20% in total this year、

4、It would be exp3、Ithas beenincreased byafactorof4since 199

5、?

5、Thetable shows a three times increase over th ected to increase 5times、?

at of lastyear、

6、It was decreasedtwice than thatofthe year 1996、

7、Thetotal number waslowered by 10%、

8、Itrose from 10-15 percent of the total thisyear、?9、pared with 1997, itfell from15to 10percent、

10、Thenumberis5times asmuchasthatof 1995、

11、It has decreased almosttwo and half times, pared with…?

2、Itcanbe easily proved

三、用于解释性与阐述性论说文?1、Everybodyknows that…?

that…?3、Itis true that…?4、No one candeny that

6、 5、Onething which is equally important totheabovementionedis…?

Thechief reason is that…

8、There isondoubt that…?

9、Iam of the opin 7、We mustrecognize that…?

ionthat…

10、This can be expressedasfollows;

12、We have reason tobelieve that

11、To take …for anexample…?

14、Among the mostconvincingreasons given, 13、Now thatweknow that…?

one should bementioned…

15、The changein…largely results from the fact that

16、Thereare several causes for this significantgrowth in…,first …,secon

d…,finally…

17、A number of factors could account for the development in…

19、It ischiefly responsibleof…

18、Perhaps the primaryreason is…?

20、The reasonsfor…are plicated, And probably they are found in the fact…

21、Hereare severalpossible reasons, excerpt that…

22、Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinksthat…

23、It is not simpleto givethereason for this plicated phenomenon…?24、Different peopleobserves it indifferent ways、

四、用于文章得开头

3、Generally s

2、Itgoes withoutsayingtan…?

1、As theproverb says…?

4、Itisquiteclearthan because…

peaking…?

7、M5、Itis often said that…?6、Many people often asksuch questio n:“…?”?

oreand more peoplehave e torealize…

8、Thereis no doubt that…

10、Thesedays we are often oldthat,buti9、Some people believe that…?

s this reallythecase?

11、One great man said that…

13、In the 12、Recentlytheissue of…has been brought topublic attention、?

pastseveral yearsthere has been…

14、Now it ismonly heldthat… but Idoubtwhether…

16、Nowpeopleingrowing 15、Currently there is a widespread concern that…?

number areingtorealizethat…

18、Faced with…, 17、There isa generaldiscussiontodayabout the issue of …?

quite a few people argue that…, butother people conceive differently、?五、用于文章得结尾

3、in conclusion…

1、from this point of view…?

2、in a word…?

4、on account ofthis we canfind that…

5、the result isdependent on…

6、therefore, these findings reveal the followinginformation:

8、to sum up…

7、thus, this is thereason why we must…?

10、It isobvious that…

9、asfaras…beconcerned, I believe that…?

12、There is no immediate solution to theproble 11、There is littledoubt that…?

13、None of the solutions is quite satisfactory、mof …, but…might be helpful?

14、It is high time that we pTheproblemshould beexaminedin a new way、?

ut considerableemphasis on… ?15、Taking into accountall these factors, w

e may safely reachthe conclusion that…?六、用于论证与说明

3、It provides a

1、As it is described that…?

2、It hasbeen illustrated that…?

good example of…

4、We may cite another instance of…

5、History man provides us withtheexamples of…

6、A number of further facts may be added…

8、

7、The situation isnot unique,it is typical ofdozens Ihaveheard、?

A recentinvestigation indicate that…

10、Accordingto a latest study, 9、Accordingto thestatistics provided …?

it can bepredicted…

12、Allavailable evidence 11、There is no sufficient evidence toshow that…?

pointsto the fact that…

13、Examples givenleadsmeto conclude that…?14、Itreveals the unquest

15、The idea may be proved by facts…

ionablefactthat…?

16、All thefacts suggest that…

18、Wemay facetheundeniable fact 17、No onecan deny the fact that…?

that…

●表示比较与对照关系得句型:

2)Just as、、、, so、、、?3)

1) A is to B what/ asC is toD(A之于B犹如C之于D)、?

A and

B have sthin mon、

4)Ais similar to B、

5) The same is trueof,Thesame can besaidof(……也就是如此)、

6)The advantagesof A aremuch greater thanB、?7) pared with B,A has many advantages、?8) Theadvantages outweighthe disadvantages(利大于弊)、?9)WonderfulasA is,however,it has its owndisadvantagestoo、?10)Although A enjoys considerable advantageover、、、,itcan not pete with Bin、、、

12) What people f ?11) Contrary to widelyacceptedviews, I believe that、、、?

ail to consider is that、、、?13) It is onethingto insist that、、、, it is quite anotherto show that、、、

15) …has drawbacksaswell as 14)Nothing canrival…(……就是无与伦比得)?

merits、

16)A issuperior(inferior)toB、?17)、、、varies fromperson to person(……

19)Adiffersfrom B i就是因人而异得)?18)Ais just the opposite(to B) ?

nthat…(A不同于B在于……)?20) …is not the same(as)?●过渡性句型:

1) this istrue that、、、

2) This is true,no doubt, but、、、

3)、、、also、、、

4)It isonethingto、、、;itis another to、、、?●描写图表与数据得句型?1)、、、

2)、、、inproportion to、、、

rank first (both) in、、、?

4) As manyas、、、、?

5)The number is 、、、ti 3) A is by farthelargest、、、?

6) Thefigure has nearly doubled/tripled,as ag mesasmuch asthat of 、、、?

ainst thatof lastyear、

7) Itaccounts for 35% of、、、?8)By parisonwith 、、、, it decreased/increased/fellfrom、、、to、、、?9) 、、、rise rapidly(slowly)?

10) 、、、remain level、、、

12) there is a steady/slow/rapidrise or increase

? 11)、、、reach、、、?

demand、/ine、/population、/prices、/production、/decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in?13)be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断得增加,减少,上升,下降)?●图表作文中得过渡、概括句型:

3) As

2)As we couldfind out later, 、、、?

1) As can be indicated in the table,、、、?

is revealedin the table,、、、

4)As thesurvey results show,、、、

5) This tableprovides several important pointsofparison

between,、、、

6) The two graphs depict the same thing in、、、

7)The keyfindingstakenfromthe surveysareasfollows:

9) Thischart shows th 8) Accordingto thefigures given in thetable, 、、、?

10) As is shown bythe graph,、、、?11) It canbe seenfrom thestat、、、?

12) It is generally believed/accepted/thought/held 、、、

atistics that 、、、?

1) There are some/two/many good reasons for、、、/to do、、、

●说明原因得句型:?

4) Among 2)We have two goodreasons for、、、?3) The reasonfor、、、is that+ 从句?

the mostconvincingreasonsgiven by people for、、、,oneshould be mentio

5)One may think of the trend as a result of、、、

ned、、、?

6)Thechange in、、、largely results from the factthat、、、?7) There are sev

8) A number offactors could eral causes forthis significant growthin、、、irst、、、?

9) It is no simpletask togive thereasonfor、、、

accountforthe 、、、、?

11) 10) Thecause of/reason for higher prices was anincrease in demand、?

Because/As/Nowthat/Since the demandhas increased,the prices arehigher、12)An increase in demand causes/results in/leadsto/produces higher prices、

14)Therefore,/As a result,/Forthis rea 13) Thedemand has increased、?

son,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are higher、

15) If there isan increase in demand,thenprices rise、/go up、/boost、/arehigher、 16) Differentpeople look at、、、in differentways、、、?●表示不同瞧法得句型:? 1)Different peoplehave/holddifferentopinions/views on thequestion/problem/matter、Some believethat、、、; Othersarguethat、、、:Still others maintainthat

2)They are quitedifferent from each other in their opinions、

3) Somepeople holdthe opinion that it isgood to 、、、、

4)They think quitedifferentlyon thisquestion、

5)Opinions varyfrom individualto individual,from cultureto culture、●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事得句型:?1) Itis important(necessary,urgent, difficult, easy, convenient,fortable,expensive,desirable,advisable) for sb、to do sth、?2)、、、have trouble/difficulty/ahardtime/a difficulttime(in)doing st h、(有困难做某事)

Theme: 选题得当,主题突出。?

1、开门见山,揭示主题

文章一开头,,就交待清楚文章得主题就是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)得开头就是:

I Spent mylast vacation happily、?下面就是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中得开头:

Honestyis one ofthe best virtues、An honest man is always trusted and respected、On the contrary, onewho tells lies is regardedas a "liar",and islookeduponby honestpeople、

2、交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头?在文章得开头,先把人物、事件与环境交待清楚。例如"A Tripto Jinshan"(去金山旅游)得开头:

Thedaybeforeyesterdaymy class went on a bus tripto Jinshan、The busride theretook three hours、The long trip made usverytired, but thesight ofthebeautifulsea refreshedus、?3、回忆性得开头

用回忆得方法来开头。例如"ATrip to theTaishan Mountain"(泰山游)得开头就是:

I remember myfirst trip totheTaishanMountain as if it were yesterday、?4、概括性得开头?即对要在文章中叙述得人或事先作一个概括性得介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书得快乐)得开头:

Peopleoften say that gold and silverare themost valuablethingsin theworld、But I saythat to read booksis morevaluablethan anything else, becausebooksgiveusknowledgeandknowledgegives uspower、?5、介绍环境式得开头?即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍得事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)得开头就是:??It was a rainy andwindy morning、The sky wasgloomy, the temperature was low,andthestreet was nearly empty、Iwason my way backto schoo l、Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner、

6、交待写作目得得开头。

在文章得一开头就交待写作目得,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。如"Pollution Control" (控制污染)得开头:?In this article I shall drawyour attentionto the subjectofpollutioncontrol、

英语作文得文章得正文?文章得正文就是由若干段落组成得,段落通常由几个或者更多得句子组成,有时候一个句子也能成段。

?文章得正文应以文章得开头为线索,具体地叙述、说明或论证文章得主题。文章不论长短,每个段落都必须为主题服务。像说明文与议论文这一类得文章,一个主题还常分成几个小主题,每个小主题要用一个段落处理,另起一段时,应就是一层新得意思。每一段得开头,要放一个表示段落小主题得主题句,这样可使文章条理化,易于阅读,便于读者抓住主题。段内得所有句子应围绕主题句得意义加以阐述或论证,为中心思想服务。句子之间应衔结自然,有条不紊,而且还要合乎逻辑,段落中不能出现任何与主题无关得句子;英语写作比较重视主题句得作用,缺少它段落意义就会含糊不清。主题句也可放在段落得中间与末尾等部位,但对初学者来说,以放在段首为好。见下列这篇题为"How toBe aGood S tudent"(怎样做个好学生)得文章:?Westudents arethe builders and masters ofthe c ountry、It is important for us to knowhow to bea good student、

A goodstudent,I think,should bediligent in his studies、Themorehe s tudies,the more he willincreasehis knowledge、Without enough knowledge, we cannot make greatcontributions to themodernization of our country、?To take care ofone's own body isanother important thing for good student to do、Anyone, whohasn'tgot a strongbody, can do nothingforhis country, even ifhe has much knowledge、There was a man, who,whenhe wasstudent, studied hardbut neglectedhishealth、No sooner did he eto serve the country than hedied ofpoor health、From this wemay see that to have a strong body is reallyvery important for a student、?Lastly, tocultivate one'sown virtue is most important、Virtueis the essence

of a noble and good character、It willgreatlyhelp one tobe useful and hiscoun try heart andsoul、When learnedpeoplegoastray, theydo more harmthan good to society、We shoulddraw lessons from this、?这篇文章得第一段引出了文章得主题,第二、第三与第四段则就是文章得正文,每—段得第一句即就是段落得主题句,它们既支持了文章中心得观点与思想,同时又概括了全段得意思。在同一段落中,其余得句子都围绕主题句所表示得中心展开,同时句子间得衔结也很自然;各层得意思都很连贯。?分段就是文章组织上重要得一步,但如果写得题目范围很小,那就无须再将题目分成小得主题,并分入各个段落去阐述了。像一篇简短得评论;某一事情得简短记载,某一个想法得说明,对一个人物或一件事情得简要叙述或说明等,就可以只用一个

段落来表现主题。

在记叙文中,段得结构有时可以很简单,不需要有主题句,叙事一气呵成,中途没有停顿。段与段之所以分开,只就是为了起修辞作用,以便把某一细节置于显著得地位。?某些测试用得表达题,在题目中就已经说明只需要根据。所给得提示写一个段落,而不就是一篇文章。对于这一类得写作试题,就可以予以简洁得处理,并不就是非要扩充成一篇有头有尾得完整文章。

下面这篇题为“Weekend Homework”(谈周末作业)得短文,就就是用一个段落来论述问题与表达观点得。

UsuallySaturdaynight is the time for students to getback totheir desks and dotheirweekend homework、Sixschool daysare enough for the studentswho have many other interests、I thinkweekend homework shouldnot be given、With homeworkarranged for Saturdaynight and the whole of Sunda y, whencan hefind time to help around the house,play a game of football or se ea good film, or justrelax?In factweekend homework isusually put off until Sunday night、As a result our homeworkis done very poorly andweachiv enoresults、If therewerenohomework onweekends,students would gotoschool on Monday well rested,willing towork、Teachers,don't you agree?

英语作文得文章得结尾?文章结尾得作用就是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章得中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。

文章结尾得形式也就是多种多样得,常见得有以下几种:?1、首尾呼应,画龙点睛

在文章得结尾,把含义较深得话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛得效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her"(我忘不了她)得结尾:?After her death,I felt as ifsomething were missing in my life、I wassad over her passing away, but I knew she wouldnothave had anyregrets at having given herlife for thebenefit of the people、?2、重复主题句

结尾回到文章开头阐明得中心思想或主题句上,达到强调得效果。如“I Love My HomeTown”(我爱家乡)得结尾:

I love myhometown, andI love its people、Theytoohave changed、They are going all outtodo more forthe goodof our motherland、

3、自然结尾

随着文章得结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)得结尾:?I caught as many as twenty fish in twohours, but mybrother caught many more、Tiredfrom fishing,we lay downon theriverbank,bathing in thesun、We returnedhome very late、?4、含蓄性得结尾

用比喻或含蓄得手法不直接点明作者得瞧法,而就是让读者自己去领会与思考。如“A Day of Harvest ing”(收割得日子)得结尾:Evening came before we realizedit、We put down our sickle sand looked at each other、Our clothes were wetwithsweat,buton every facetherewas a smile、

5、用反问结尾?虽然形式就是问句,但意义却就是肯定得,并具有特别得强调作用,引起读者深思。如"S hould We Learn toDoHousework?" (我们要不要学做家务?) 得结尾。?Everyone should learn to do housework、Don't you agree,boys andgirls??6、指明方向,激励读者

结尾表示对将来得展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Let's Go in forSports”(让我们参加体育运动)得结尾:

Aswe have said above,sports can be ofgreat value、They not only make people

livehappily butalso helppeople tolearn virtues and do their workbettter、Asound mindis in a sound body、Let's go in forsports、

怎样写好英语句子?下面我们以考生得实际作文来进行一下分析。

1)Some one consider that freshwaterwill not touch it's end、(96年1月,2分)

2) Oneman's life lack of money,he will impossible toliveon、(95年1月,5

3) As is know, thatthereare muchfake moditiesin today's society、(97分)?

年12月,6分)

这里引述得例句与考生通篇作文得写作水平就是一致得,其中5、6分得例句具有典型性,代表了近乎中等水平考生得写作水平。从这些例句中不难瞧出,中等水平得考生,事实上也包括中上等水平得考生,在写作上存在得主要问题就是表达思想不清楚。

表达思想不清楚得主要原因就是考生作文中严重汉化得英语,即中式英语,比如: "man can live happiness","Man is iron, and food is steel、","Women arehalf side sky、"。此外,语言错误得普遍性与严重性十分惊人,比如,主谓不一致,名词单复数不分,动词时态语态滥用,常用词拼写错误比比皆就是。这些严重地影响了思想得表达。考试实践表明,多数考生在写作上得主要欠缺不就是系统得写作理论与方法,而就是最基本得单句写作能力。

文章无论长短,都就是由句子组成得,句子就是表达思想得最基本得单位。因此,句子就是否能写得正确、达意与清楚,将直接影响整篇文章得写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试与研究生入学英语考试得实践都表明,考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高得主要原因就是欠缺写好单句得能力。?为改变这种状况,我们将从剖析考生作文中得典型病句入手,对写作测试中得基本句子结构与写法进行评议与分析,来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。?否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词,be与have后面加not 之外,还有许多不含not得否定结构。若能正确使用她们,文章会显得生动活泼,增加写作得闪光点。下面我们就来瞧瞧:?1、含有否定意义得词汇与短语

以下列举得词与词组本身就具有否定得含义,因此无需用否定词。

介词against, beyond, but, except,without,、、、

形容词与动词absent, deny,differ, different, fail,free,ignore, miss, refuse, the l ast,usedto,

reluctant, lack,want,、、、

短语keep、、、from, protect、、、from,prevent、、、from,let alone,at a loss,i nvain, insteadof, out

of the question, rather than, too、、、to, by no means,anything but,、、、

我们瞧以下例句:

1) Women fail toget the equal rights insome countries、

在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等得权利。

2) This is by no meansthe best way to solve the problemof energy crisis、

3) We should protecttrees from being de

这不就是解决能源危机得最好得办法。?

stroyed、

我们应保护树木,不让它们受破坏。?4) In old Chinawecould not make anail, let alone(make)machines、

在旧中国,我们连一个钉子都造不了,更不用说制造机器了。

2、含有半否定意义得词语

barely,hardly, few,little,rarely, scarcely, seldom,not all, not everyone,not everything,、、、具

有半否定得意义。例句:

1)We could hardly seeanyfreshvegetablesinwinter onmarket several ye ars ago、

几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。

2)These young people knowlittle about howto choose goodbookstoread、?这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀得书籍来读。

3、不含否定意义得否定结构?有些词与词组形式上就是否定结构,但其含义就是肯定得,比如:cannot but, can'thelp,

no sooner、、、than, not、、、until, in no time,noneother than, nothing but,等等。例句:

2) These old buildin1)We can't butfacethe reality、?我们只有面对现实。?

gswillbe replaced by modernapartment buildings in no time、这些旧建筑将很快为现代化得公寓所代替。

4、否定结构得倒装语序?我们有时为了强调而把否定词与词组放在句首,这时句子结构应倒装。例

2)No where 如:?

1)On no accountshould wefollowblindly、我们决不应当盲从。?

has the world everseensuch greatenthusiasm for learning as in our?country、没有任何其她地方有我国这样高得学习热情。

1、As isknown toallof us that science and

五、含有it得结构?考生病句:?

technology play an important role inthe? developmentofsociety、?2、It isknown tous,practice makesperfect、?正确表达:

1、It is knownto all ofusthatscience and technology play animportant r ole in the? developmentof society、(或:As is known to allof us,sci

2、Itis known tous thatpracticemakes perfect、(或:As is known to ence、、、)?

us, practice、、、)

评议与分析:?例句1就是93年12月六级考试11分作文得评分样卷句子,例句2选自97年1月四级考试作文。很显然,两个考生混淆了it与as得用法。如果用it作形式主语,后面得主语从句必须由that引起;如果用as,则后面不能用that,因为as就是关系代词,代表practicemakes pe rfect。? It 在英语中就是个相当活跃得代词,在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握,并能灵活运用。

1、作形式主语

It isnecessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully、It makes difference whether?wecould purifytheair ornot、

2、作形式宾语

We find it rather difficult to prevent people fromdoing that、Modern science has made it? possible for babies to grow healthilyand for people to livelonger、?3、引导强调句

It is only bythisway that we canachieve success、It wasthenthatpeople b eganto realize?the importance of controlling population、

、"There be"结构

考生病句:

1、There aremanypeople like togoto the movies、

2、There are differentkindsof vegetables canbe bought on the market bypeople、

正确表达:?

1、Thereare many people who liketo goto the movies、

2、There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on themarket、

这两个例句得错误比较有普遍性,因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用得句式。在这种结构中,there就是引导词,没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语,有时态与数得变化。?例如:

1、There was noschoolinthe village atthat time、(=therewasnota school、、、)?注意:在否定句中,否定词用no,也可用not a或notany。not a后接单数名词,no t a 后接复数名词,no后面得名词单复数都可以。

3、There are manypeople rushing 2、Thereis not a moment tobe lost、?

into thecitiesevery year、

4、Thereare many things we can do to preventtrafficaccidents、

5、There is no useholdingback the wheel ofhistory、

从以上例句还可瞧出,句中得主语后面可接多种修饰语,如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力,使句子表达内容更加丰富。在运用这一结构时,考生最容易犯得错误就是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语,使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举得考生得典型错误均属这种情况,对此我们在写作中要格外注意。??二、比较结构?考生病句:

2、The climatein Walton isc 1、paring with thebike, the carruns much faster、?

older than other cities、

1、paredwith thebike,the carruns muchfaster、

正确表达:?

2、The climate inWalton is colderthanthatof other cities、?评议与分析:许多考生在作文中用pare或than表示比较,但相当多得表达有误。

在例1中,对两个事物进行比较得句式为pared with A, B、、、,只能用pare得过去分词,不能用现在分词,因为B就是分词得逻辑主语,只能被比较。在例2中,考生误将"天气"与"城市"进行比较,而二者没有可比性,只有将后者改为"其她城市得天气"才符合逻辑,很显然,考生得错误就是受了汉语表达习惯得影响。?比较结构就是常用结构,正确地使用这一结构可以使文章得句式增加变化,有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来,考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构,其写作成绩应在5分以上。

下面就是比较结构得一些常用得表达方法。

1、同级比较

1)In 1998 we produced as many carsas we didin theprevious five years、2) We have acplishedas muchin the pastthreeyears as would have taken tenyears

in the past、?2、比较级

1)Childrennow enjoy better medical treatment than before、?2) Wecan live longer withoutfood than we can (live)without water、??3、最高级

1) This isthe mostinteresting book I've everread、

2) Ofall hisnovelsIlike thisone best、

1) The harder youw**r progressyouwill make、

4、themore…the more…结构?

5、选择比较

2)The more a manknows, the more he discovershis ignorance、?

1) I preferstaying at home togoingout、

3) He prefers to workalone、?注 2)They prefer to workrather than (to) sit idly、?

意:这里得1)句用得就是PreferAto B结构,to为介词,后接名词或动名词;2)句就是以不定式作 prefer得宾语;3)句用法同2),只就是不把ratherthan部分表达出来。

1) Motion is absolute while stagnation isrelative、?2) He is tiredout, 6、对比?

whereas she is full ofvigor、

注意:while 与whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立得分句,相当于汉语得"而"字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句式,尤其在图表作文中。

三、表达原因得结构?考生病句:

2、The reason for thisi 1、Thereal reason to our failure is not farto seek、?

sbecause some people want to earnplentyof moneywithout? working hard、?正确表达:?1、The real reasonfor our failure isnotfar to seek、

2、Thereasonfor this isthatsome people want to earn plenty of moneywit hout working

hard、?评议与分析:?以上两个病句分别引自92年1月与97年12月四级考试得考生作文。从遣词造句上瞧,这两位考生具有一定得写作能力,not far to seek, plentyof money以及withoutworkinghard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾得就是,第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for,第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯得错误,就就是用because引起表语从句,because这个词不能引起表语从句,在本句中只能改用that才正确。

掌握好表达原因得结构就是十分重要得,几乎所有得写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试以及TOEFL考试中,写作得文体基本上就是议论文,而议论文得基本模式就是摆事实、讲道理,讲道理就就是说明原因。写作测试得文体决定了表达原因结构得重要性。

英语中用来表达原因这一概念得结构有多种。我们可用as , because,since, seeingthat,

1、Now that we h considering that, now that, not that、、、等词组引出表示原因得从句。例如:?

aveseen these great achievements with our own eyes, wefeel more proudthanever of ourcountry、

2、Professor Liu is strictwith us because hewants us to make rapidprogress、

4、Pollution is st 3、Since we live near the sea,we enjoy ahealthyclimate、?

ill a seriousproblem, not thatwe don't have the ability to solve it, but that some people havenot realizedtheconsequencesof theproblem、?我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如:

1、Thereason for this change is quite obvious、?2、Diligence is thekey factoro

3、Idlenessisthe rootof all evils、

f success、?

4、He was ashamed to have madethe mistake、(=He wasashamed thathe hadmade the

mistake、=Hewasashamed because he had made the mistake、)?除了上述得例句外,英语中还有很多或易或难得表达原因得结构。我们在进行写作训练得时候,不能满足于一知半解,要讲究书面语言得正确性与准确性。比如,because就是最常用得引导原因从句得连词,语气最强,表示直接得原因,若because置于句首,后面得主句不能再用so。用as引导得原因从句语气较弱,所说明得原因就是附带得,而since表示得原因暗示着就是稍加分析之后才能推断出来得原因。?四、否定结构

考生病句

1、Somepeoplethinkweneedn't toworry aboutfreshwater、

2、Nowadays many people don't liketo go tothe movies, too、

正确表达:

1、Some people think weneedn't worry(或don't need to worry) aboutfresh wa

2、Nowadays manypeople don't liketogo tothemovies,either、ter、?

?评议与分析:?例句1选自96年1月四级考生作文,例句2选自92年1月六级考生作文。例句1 得错误在于该考生混淆了need作为情态动词与作为普通动词得用法。need作为情态动词时,主要用于否定句,后面得动词不带to,needn'tworry,作we得谓语。need作为实意动词时,可用于肯定句、

否定句与疑问句,don't needtoworry中得to worry作don'tneed得宾语。例句2得错误在于该考生混淆了too与either得区别,这两个词都表示"也"得意思,但就是在英语中too, also只能用于肯定句,而either只能用于否定句。

怎样写好英语段落

段落(paragraph )就是由表达单一中心思想(controllingidea or central idea)得一组句子(包括主题句topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence)构成,就是文章结构得基本独立单位。本讲我们将就主题句与中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。??主题句与推展句

?1、主题句

主题句(topicsentence)就是表达段落主题得句子。它用以概括段落大意,要求全段其她文字都围绕它展开。请瞧下例:

My motherhas passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others、Don't arguewith parents; they will thinkyou don't love them、Don't argue with children; they will think themselvesvictimized、Don't argue withspouses; they willthink you are atiresomemate、Don'targue withstrangers;they will thinkyou a re not friendly、My mother'srules, infact, can be summed up intwo words: Don't argue、?主题句中提出得"certainrules"指得就是什么?展开句中通过四个"Don't argue--" 逐一加以交代。从结构来瞧,这就是一个比较典型得段落,它包括了主题句,推展句与结论句(即本段中得末句)。

1、1 主题句得位置

主题句通常放在段落得开端,其特点就是开门见山地摆出问题,然后加以详细说明。其作用就是使文章得结构更清晰,更具说服力,便于读者迅速地把握主题与想象全段得内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下得作用,或放在段尾起概括全段得作用。但初学者比较难于掌握,因而在四级考试中,考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头得写作手法。

?例1: Our lifetoday depends very much onenergy、In towns and in villages,on farms and in factories, machineshavemade lifeeasier than it used to be、The machines useenergy,andenergyis needed for heating,lighting, munications, carrying goods -- everything、Factories and industrial plants use a greatdeal of energy tomakethe things that we useand buyandsell、

?这段文字所讲得主要就是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前得生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现得三句都就是具体事例,对第一句进行说明与论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段得主题句(斜体部分)。?

例2:(主题句)No one canavoid being influencedby advertisements、(推展句1)Much as wemay prideourselves on our good taste, we arenolonger free tochoose the things wewant, foradvertising exerts a subtle influence onus、(推展句2)Intheir effortsto persuade us to buy this orthat product, adver tisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our li ttle weakness、?以上这段由三句话组成。第一句就是主题句,直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题,接着列举两个推展句对其补充与支持,指出我们已无法自由选择所需得商品,理由就是广告商已仔细研究了我们得心理,并完全掌握了我们得弱点。句子衔接自然,步步紧扣主题。

1、2如何写好主题句中得关键词

段落得主题句对主题得限定主要就是通过句中得关键词来表现得。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”得要求包括两个方面:一就是要具体到能控制与限制段落得发展;二就是要具体到能说明段落发展得方法。准确地把握关键词就是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句得重要前提之一。在上面得例

1,例2中,主题句得关键词分别为:depends verymuch onenergy;no onecan avoid beinginfluenced、我们再瞧下列例句:?原句1:He canfix abicycle himself、

斜体部分应为主题句中得关键词。但它只就是限制了段落发展得部分内容,并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开,就是用因果关系法还就是用分类法?

修正:Hecan fix a bicyclehimself in several simplesteps、

修正:There are several reasons whyhecan fix a bicyclehimself、

原句2:She tries toimprove her looks、

斜体部分应为主题句中得关键词。她试着改变她面容得理由就是什么?或者她采取什么方法来改善呢?我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。?修正:Shetriesmany ways to improve her looks、?修正:Therearesome reasonswhy she tries to improve herlooks。?1、3 如何写好主题句得中心思想

主题句由两部分组成,即主题(topic)与中心思想(controlling idea)。中心思想得作用就是导向(control)与制约(limit)。我们前面谈到得关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就就是规定段落得发展脉络,所谓制约就就是限制主题得覆盖范围,两者不可分割。没有导向,内容就会离题或偏题;没有制约,内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳得范围。

对于初学写作得人来说,“导向”得重要性容易理解,但如果由她们自己来构思一个主题句,就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如:? There aretwowaysin which one can owna book、The fir st is the propertyright youestablishbypaying for it,just as youhave madeit apartof yourself andthebest wayto makeyourself a partof itis by writing in it、

本段得主题句如果没有in which 引出得定语从句,那么twoways不仅不能起制约作用,而且也不能起导向作用,句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。

Exercise is beneficial to your heart、A 22-year study wasconducted by doctors in California、They found thatpeople who work at physicaljobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people、Theseactive people work allthe timeat moderate speeds, theirdailyroutine gives them anadequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape、

"Exercise is beneficial"这就是毫无疑义得。但主题句中如不加上"toyour heart"来加以control与limit,那就流于空泛。?因此,紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea得导向与制约作用,就是短文写作成功关键之一。?2、推展句

2、1主要推展句?主要推展句(major supporting statement)得主要特点就是:围绕段落主题句展开得每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步得说明或证明,句与句之间得关系就是相互独立又就是互相连接得。?例1主题句) There are severalfactors affecting climate、(推展句1)One factor isthe mount of sunlight received、(推展句2)Altitude,or the height above sea level,also determinesclimate、(推展句3)The oceanshave an effect on the climate of adjacentland、(推展句4)Inaddition, climate is influenced b ythegeneral circulation of theatmosphere、

主题句指出影响气候得几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种就是太阳光得接收量,第二种就是海拔高度,第三句与第四句分别就是海洋与大气环流因素。?2、2 次要推展句?次要推展句(mi nor supporting statement)就是指对主要推展句作进一步得事实分析与举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。?例2:(主题句)I don't teach because teaching iseasy forme、(主要推展句1)Teaching isthe most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic,carpenter, writer、(主要推展句2)For me, teaching is ared-eye, sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach profession、(次要推展句1)Red-eye,becauseI ne

verfeel ready toteach no matterhow lateIstay up preparing、(次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm,because I'malways nervous before I enter the classroom, sure thatIwillbe foundoutfor the fool that I am、(次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leavethe classroomanhour later convinced that I wasevenmore boring than usual、?从属于主要推展句2得三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用,分别解释red-eye, sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach得含义,这就更加形象生动地证明了"teaching i snoteasy" 这个主题。?2、3主要推展句与次要推展句得关系

1〕主要推展句与次要推展句得关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面得“三部分”(three-part)规则。?

每个主要推展句都应该就是对主题句中表示主要思想得关键词得直接、明确得说明。?2〕每个次要推展句都应该说明它得主要推展句。?3〕含有讨论说明或分析得问题通常既要有主要推展素材,又要有次要推展素材。

2、4写好推展句得方法

主题句及关键词确定后,开始选择与主题有关得信息与素材。实质上,针对关键词测试每一个所选择得素材就就是一个分类得过程。有一种常用得方法就就是句子展开前加以设问,然后解答,即设问-解答(why-because)得方法。下面我们通过举例来瞧一瞧这种分类过程就是如何完成得。例3:

假设(suppose) Topicsentence: English is aninternational language?

设问(why)Why can we say English isan international language??解答(because)? Because:English is spokenby pilots and airport control operators on all t he airwaysof the world、?Because:Over 70 percent oftheworld's mailiswritteninEnglish、

Because:More than 60percent of the world'sradio programs are inEnglish、 Because: Pakistan was onceone oftheBritishcolonies、? Because:Many m embersof the International LanguageSociety are selectedfrom English-spoken countries、

从上面可以瞧出,最初得三个推展句就是与关键词an international language一致得。第四句与主题句不统一,尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(ManyPakistanis speak English)很好得推展句。第五句说服力不强。

当然,在写成段落时,没有必要在每个句子开头写上"because",但就是,在动笔展开句子时,头脑里要想着这个词,这种检验方法能帮助您把注意力集中在某个重心,围绕主题思想层层展开。

?1、列举法(details)?作者运用列举法,就是通过列举一系列得论据对topic sentence中摆出得论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释,列举得顺序可以按照所列各点内容得相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。?? Yesterday was oneof those awful days for mewhen everythingIdid wentwrong、First, Ididn't hearmy alarm clock and arrived latefor work、Then,I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to getto an importantmeeti ng with my boss、During the coffee break,I droppedmycoffee cupand spoiltmynew skirt、At lunch time, Ileftmy purse on a bus and lost allthe moneythat was init、Afterlunch,my boss was angrybecause I hadn'tgone to themeeting、Then I didn't notice a sign ona door thatsaid"Wet Paint" andso I spoilt myjacket too、WhenIgot home I couldn't get intomy flatbecause I hadleft my key in my office、So I broke awindow to get inandcutmy hand、

根据本段主题句中得关键词组everything I did went wrong,作者列举了8点内容,分别由first, then, during the coffee break, afterlunchtime等连接词语引出,使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。?常用于列举法得过渡连接词有:for one thing,for another, finally, besi

des, moreover, one another , stillanother, first,second, also等。??2、举例法(example)?作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句得内容,严格地讲,举例法也就是列举法得一种,它们得区别在于:列举法侧重罗列事实,所列事实力求全面;而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点,且事例可多可少。

我们来瞧下面这个用举例法展开得段落。

? There aremanydifferent forms of exercisesto suit different tastes、For example,those who enjoypetitive sports maytakeup ball games、For an otherexample, if they prefer toexercise alone, they canhave a run or take a walk in the morningor inthe evening、Besides,peoplecan goswimming in the summer and go skating inthe winter、In short, no matter what their interests are, peoplecan always findmorethan one sports that are suitable to them、

?本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中得关键词组different forms ofexercises,这三个例子分别由连接词for example, foranother example 与besides引出,最后由引导得结尾句总结全段内容。?举例法中常用得连接词有:forexample(instance),one example is, besi des,furthermore,moreover,in addition等。

?3、叙述法(narration)?叙述法发展段落主要就是按照事物本身得时间或空间得排列顺序,通过对一些特有过渡连接词得使用,有层次分步骤地表达主题句得一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落,作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物得本末,从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章得含义,例如:?? Inthe flat opposite, a womanheardthe noiseoutside、Whenshe looked out through thewindow, she discovered thatherneighbor wasthreatened bysomeone、She immediately called the policestation、Inanswer to the call, a patrolpolicecar arrived at the scene of the crime quickly、Three policemen went insid etheflat atonce,and othersguardedoutsidethe building to prevent anyonefrom escaping、

这段就是按照事物发展得先后顺序,叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场得过程。全文脉络清晰,叙述得层次感强,结构紧凑。

常用于叙述法中得过渡连接词有:first, anthebeginning, to start with, after that, later, then,afterwards,inthe end,finally等。

4、对比法或比较法(parison&contrast)?将同类得事物按照某种特定得规则进行比较分析就是一种常用得思维方法。通过对比,更容易阐述所述对象之间得异同与优缺点,例如:

Theheart ofanelectronic puter lies in itsvacuum tubes,or transistors、Its electroniccircuits work a thousand times fasterthanthe nicercellsin thehuman b rain、A problemthatmight take a human being a long timeto solvecan besolved by a puterin one minute、

在这段文字上, 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快,首先将它与人脑进行了比较, "-- a thousand times fasterthan --" ;而后,又将这一概念具体到了"a problem"上,通过对比使读者从"-- a longtime-- in one minute"上有更加直观得认识。?常用于对本法或比较法上得过渡连接词有:than,paredwith等。

?5、分类法(classification)

在阐述某一概念得段落中,常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括得事物进行分门别类,分别加以叙述,使读者有更为清晰得认识,如: ? Eversince humans havelivedontheearth,they have made use of various formsof munication、Generally,this expression of

thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech、When there is a language barrier, munication is acplished through sign language in whichmotions stand fo rletters,words and ideas、Touristsand the peopleunableto hear or speakhavehad to resort tothis form ofexpression、Many of thesesymbols of wholewords arevery vivid and exactand can be usedinternationally;spelling, however, cannot、Body language transmitsideas orthoughts bycertain actions, either intentionallyor unintentionally、 A nodsignifies approval,while shaking the head indicatesanegative reaction、Otherforms ofnonlinguisticlanguage can befoundin signal flags,Morse code, andpicture signs、

在该段中为了说明topic sentence中得"various forms of munication",作者将其分为oralsp eech, sign language,body language及other formsof nonlinguistic language,并逐加阐述。

采用这种方法得段落并没有标志突出得连接词,所述各项均为平行并列关系,所以没有明显得主次之分。

?6、因果分析法(cause and effect)

在阐述某一现象得段落中,常采用因果分析法。例如:

The role ofwomen in today's society ischanging、One reason is thatwomen have begunto assertthemselves as independent peoplethrough the women's movement、Also, women are aware ofthe alternativesto staying at home、Anotherreason is that increasing numbers of women whoenternew fields and interests serve asrole models for other women、Moreover,menare being moreconscious of the abilitiesof womenand havebegun toviewtheirindependence positively、?本段中,主题句提出了一种社会现象,推展句则对产生这种现象得原因作出各种解释。常用于因果分析法得连接词有:because, so, as a result等。?

7、定义法(definition)

在科普文章得写作中,定义法就是必不可少得。通过下定义,可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接得认识。? Automationrefers to the introduction of electroniccontrolandautomati on operation of productive machinery、It reduces the human factors, mental and physical,in production,and is designed to makepossible the manufacture of moregoods with fewerworkers、The development ofautomation in American industry has been ca lled the"Second Industrial Revolution"、

这一段文字使我们了解了"automation" 与"Second IndustrialRevolution" 两个概念,分别由"refers to"与"been called"引出。?常出现在定义法中得词语有:refer to, mean,call等。??8、重复法(repetition)?句子得一部分反复出现在段落中,这就就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼得气氛,使文章结构紧凑,有感染力。比如: ? Since that time,whichis f arenough awayfrom now, I have oftenthought that few people knowwhatsecr ecy there is inthe young,under terror、I was in mortalterror of theyoungman who wanted my heart andliver;Iwas in mortal terror of my interlocutor withtheiron leg; Iwas in mortalterrorof myself, from whom an awful pr omisehadbeen extracted; --

该段中反复应用了I wasinmortalterror of…我经常处于恐怖之中。?以上, 我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落得几种方法。在实际写作中,我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法,而就是将若干方法穿插在一起,使文章有声有色。

?结尾段

我们知道文章得开头很重要,因为好得开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者得注意力。同样,文章得结尾也很重要,好得结尾会使读者对全文得中心思想留下深刻得印象,可以增添文章得效果与说服力,让人深思,回味无穷。确切地说,结尾得作用就就是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章得中心思想,使读者加深印象;有时也用于展望未来,提出今后方向或令人深思得问题给读者留下回味与思考得余地。?但就是,如何才能写好英文短文得结尾呢?下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用得方法:?

1、重复中心思想:回到文章开头阐明得中心思想或主题句上,达到再次肯定与强调得效果。

(例1)A sense of humoris really oneofthe keys to happiness、Itgiveszest to life tomakeit worth living、

(例2)Withall thesebenefits, itis no wonder that sportsand gameshave nowbee more popularwithpeople than ever、

2、作出结论: 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容,并进一步肯定文章得中心思想或作者得观点。

(例1)In conclusion, a goodteacher-studentrelationship can be mutual beneficial、The students gain knowledge eagerlyandenjoyably, and the teacher gainssatisfactionfrom his job、? (例2)Onthe wholethereare moreadvantages thandisadvantagesin the useofTV、Yetdifferent people may have differentattitude towardTV、But wemust realize thattelevision in itself is neither goodnorbad、Its value topeopleand society depends on howwe look atit、?

3、应用引语: 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文,既言简意赅又有更强得说服力。? (例1)If you haveanything to do, try to doit yourself,for that is the safest way to?permanent success、Remember the famous saying、"God helps thosewhohelp themselves、"

(例2)If westicktostudiesdayafterday, there is nothing that can't be achieved、Asanoldsaying goes: "Constant droppingof water wears awayast one、"?

4、用反问结尾: 虽然形式就是问句,但意义却就是肯定得,具有明显得强调作用,引起读者思考。? (例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved、Sinceit is such an important meansof learning and munication, why should wenot developthis ability asfaras possible?

5、提(例2)So,what canwebenefitfrom wealth if we do nothave health???

出展望或期望:表示对将来得展望或期待读者投入行动。

(例1)I am sure that Chinese will beeoneof the mostimportant languages in the world inthe next century、AsChina will open further to the outside worldthe languageissure tobespread world widely、? (例2) Ifeveryone hasd evelopedgood manners, people willform a more harmonious relation、I feveryone behavesconsiderately towardsothers and socialethics people will live in a betterworld、With the general mood of society improved,there will be a progressof civilization、?以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用得方法,但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定。平铺直叙得记叙文,往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了,而说理性与逻辑性较强得说明文与议论**应有一个正式得结尾。希望以上介绍得几种方法能对大家写好结尾有所帮助。?

首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别就是其中得题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就就是段落得统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必

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