General_Knowledge_for_TEM8

英语专业八级知识题The English Major Level 8 (TEM-8) examination is a high-stakes test for English majors in China, designed to assessthe comprehensive language skills of students who are aboutto graduate. It covers a wide range of topics, including listening, reading, writing, translation, and vocabulary.Listening comprehension is a critical component of the TEM-8, where students are required to demonstrate theirability to understand spoken English in various contexts such as lectures, conversations, and news broadcasts. The abilityto pick up on nuances, idiomatic expressions, and the overall meaning of spoken passages is crucial for success in this section.Reading sections test the students' ability to comprehend complex texts, including literary works, essays, and articles. Students must be able to analyze the structure, style, and argumentation of the texts, as well as demonstrate a deep understanding of the content.Writing tasks in the TEM-8 are designed to evaluate a student's ability to express thoughts clearly and coherentlyin English. This includes writing essays, summaries, and compositions that demonstrate a strong command of grammar, vocabulary, and style.Translation is another significant part of the exam,where students are expected to translate texts from Englishto Chinese and vice versa. This requires not only linguistic proficiency but also an understanding of cultural nuances and the ability to convey the original meaning accurately.Vocabulary is tested throughout the exam, but there are also specific sections that focus on a student's knowledge of advanced English words and phrases. This includes both their meanings and their appropriate usage in various contexts.In conclusion, the English Major Level 8 examination is a comprehensive test that challenges students to demonstratetheir mastery of the English language across multiple domains. It is a testament to their academic achievements and astepping stone towards professional opportunities in thefield of English language and literature.。

专业八级TEM-8考试PAPER ONE （TIME LIMIT: 95 MIN. ）PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [略]PART II PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION [15 MIN.]The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "/\" sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Classic Intention Movement In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is "the chair- grasp". Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. His urge (1) to go is held in check by his desire n ot be rude to his guest. If he (2) did not care of his guest’s feelings he would simply getup out of (3) his chair and toannounce his eparture. This is what his body (4) wants to do, therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair (5) and refuses to let him raise. It is at this pint that he performs (6) the chair as about to push himself upwards. This is the first act (7) he would make if he were rising. If he were not hesitating, it(8) would only last a fraction of the second. He would learn, push, (9) rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his "readiness-to-rise" post and keeps on holding it. It is as (10) if his body had frozen at the get-ready moment.PART III READING COMPREHENSION [40 MIN.]SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION [30 MIN.]In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then write your answers on the space given.TEXT AA magazine’s design is more than decoration, mo re than simple packaging. It expresses the magazine’s very character. The Atlantic Monthly has long attempted to provide a design environment in which two disparate traditions -- literary and journalistic -- can co-exist in pleasurable dignity. The redesign that we introduce with this issue -- the work of our art director, Judy Garlan -- represents, we think, a notable enhancement of that environment.Garlan explains some of what was in her mind as she began to create the new design:" I saw this as an opportunity to bring the look closer to matching the elegance and power of the writing which the magazine is known for. The overall design has to be able to encompass a great diversity of styles and subjects -- urgent pieces of reporting, serious essays, lighter pieces,lifestyle-oriented pieces, short stories, poetry. We don’t want lighter pieces to seem too heavy, and we don’t want heavier pieces to seem too pretty. We also use a broad range of art and photography, and the design has to work well with that, too. At the same time, the magazine needs to have a consistent feel,needs to underscore the sense that everything in it is part of one Atlantic world.The primary typefaces Garlan chose for this task are Times Roman, for a more readable body type, and Bauer Bodoni, for a more stylish and flexible display type (article titles, large initials, and so on). Other aspects of the new design are structural. The articles in the front of the magazine, which once flowed into one another, now stand on their own, to gain prominence. The Travel column, now featured in every issue, has been moved from the back to the front. As noted in this space last month, the word "Monthly" rejoins "The Atlantic" on the cover, after a decade-long absence.Judy Garlan came to the Atlantic in 1981 after having served as the art director of several other magazines. During her tenure here the Atlantic has won more than 300 awards for visual excellence. from the Society of illustrators, the American Institute of Graphic Arts, the Art Directors Club, Communication Arts, and elsewhere. Garlan was in various ways assisted in the redesign by the entire art-department staff: Robin Gilmore, Barnes, Betsy Urrico, Gillian Kahn, and Lisa Manning.The artist Nicholas Gaetano contributed as well: he redrew our colophon (the figure of Neptune that appears on the contents page) and created the symbols that will appear regularly on this page (a rendition of our building), on the Puzzler page, above the opening of letters, and on the masthead. Gaetano, whose work manages to combine stylish clarity and breezy strength, is the cover artist for this issue.11. Part of the new design is to be concerned with the following EXCEPT______A. variation in the typefaces.B. reorganization of articles in the front.C. creation of the travel column.D. reinstatement of its former name.12. According to the passage, the new design work involves ______A. other artists as well.B. other writers as well.C. only the cover artist.D. only the art director.13. This article aims to ______A. emphasize the importance of a magazine’s design.B. introduce the magazine’s art director.C. persuade the reader to subscribe to the magazine.D. inform the reader of its new design and features.TEXT BWHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1,068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 years’ time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50,000 lives, some 13,000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1,068 in Missing Persons in the shade.When Dr Nicholls wrote to the Spectator in 1989 asking for names of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100,000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to "other quality newspapers" too. ) As soon as her committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn’t file copy on time; some who did sent too many: 50,000 words instead of 500 is a record, according Dr Nicholls.There remains the dinner-party game of who’s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christie entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escaped by ship to America).It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.Of Hugo of Bury St. Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments:" Whether or not Hugo was a wall-painter, the records f his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility". Then there had to be more women, too (12 per cent, against the original DBN’s 3), such as Roy Strong’s subject, the Tudor painterLevina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks:" her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory". Doesn’t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though , as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, "except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke".14. The writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume______A. because it is not worth the price.B. because it has fewer entries than before.C. unless one has all the volumes in his collection.D. unless an expanded DNB will come out shortly.15. On the issue of who should be included in the DNB, the writer seems to suggest that ______A. the editors had clear rules to follow.B. there were too many criminals in the entries.C. the editors clearly favoured benefactors.D. the editors were irrational in their choices.16. Crippen was absent from the DNB ______A. because he escaped to the U.S.B. because death sentence had been abolished.C. for reasons not clarified.D. because of the editors’ mistake.17. The author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph to ______A. illustrate some features of the DNB.B. give emphasis to his argument.C. impress the reader with its content.D. highlight the people in the Middle Ages.18. Throughout the passage, the writer’s tone towards the DNB was ______A. complimentary.B. supportive.C. sarcastic.D. bitter.TEXT CMedical consumerism -- like all sorts of consumerism, only more menacingly -- is designed to be unsatisfying. The prolongation of life and the search for perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness) are inherently self-defeating. The law of diminishing returns necessarily applies. You can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. But as any geriatric ward shows, that is not the same as to confer enduring mobility, awareness and autonomy. Extending life grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of everything, and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources growover-stretched and politics turn mean.What an ignominious destiny for medicine if its future turned into one of bestowing meagre increments of unenjoyed life! It would mirror the fate of athletics, in which disproportionate energies and resources -- not least medical ones, like illegal steroids -- are now invested to shave records by milliseconds And, it goes without saying, the logical extension of longevism -- the "abolition" of death -- would not be a solution but only an exacerbation. To air thesepredicaments is not anti-medical spleen -- a churlish reprisal against medicine for its victories -- but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but with dissolving goals.Hence medicine’s finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas. For centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic. From the Greeks to the Great War, its job was simple: to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. It performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meagre success. Today, with mission accomplished, medicine’s triumphs are dissolving in disorientation. Medicine has led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. Yet as these expectations grow un-limited, they become unfulfillable. The task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extend its capacities.19. In the author’s opinion, the prolongation of life is equal to ______A. mobility.B. deprivation.C. autonomy.D. awareness.20. In the second paragraph a comparison is drawn between ______A. medicine and life.B. resources and energies.C. predicaments and solutions.D. athletics and longevism.TEXT DThe biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destinationto be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-day’s flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example.Chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travellers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East. Markets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. More than 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbour, Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher.Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroad. Relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners.More than 150,000 people are directly involved in Chile’s tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than US’950 million each year. The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a world-wide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to Chile.Chile’s great s trength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south, it is more than 5,000km long. With the Pacific on one side and theAndean mountains on the other, Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services.But the trump card is the Andes mountain range. There are a number of excellen t ski resorts within one hour’s drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in the region’s rivers.However, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. The ski resorts do not have as many lifts as their European counterparts and part poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travellers see the best of the national parks.Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. While Chile’s two largest airlines have extensive networks within South America, they operate only a small number of routes to the US and Europe while services to Asia are almost non-existent.Internal transport links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks. Nor is development being restricted to the Andes. Easter Island and Chile’s Antarctic Territory are also on the list of areas where the Government believes it can create tourist markets.But the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone. Indigenous and environmental groups, including Greenpeace, say that many parts of the Andes will suffer if they becomeover-developed. There is a genuine fear that areas of Chile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in Mexico and European resorts.The policy of opening up Antarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive. Chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many people see the decision to allow tourists there as a political move, enhancing Santiago’s territorial claim over part of Antarctica.The Chilean Government has promised to respect the environment as it seeks to bring tourism potential. The Government will have to monitor developments closely if it is genuinely concerned in creating a balanced, controlled industry and if the price of an increasingly lucrative tourist market is not going to mean the loss of many of Chile’s natural riches.21. Chile is disadvantaged in the promotion of its tourism by ______A. geographical location.B. guerrilla warfare.C. political instability.D. street crime.22. Many of Chile’s tourists used to come from EXCEPT ______A. U.S.A.B. the Far East.C. western Europe.D. her neighbours.23. According to the author, Chile’s greatest attraction is ______A. the unspoilt beaches.B. the dry and hot desert.C. the famous mountain range.D. the high standard of services.24. According to the passage, in WHICH area improvement is already under way?A. Facilities in the ski resorts.B. Domestic transport system.C. Air services to Asia.D. Road network in the south.25. The objection to the development of Chile’s tourism might be all EXCEPT that it ______A. is ambitious and unrealistic.B. is politically sensitive.C. will bring harm to culture.D. will cause pollution in the area.SECTION B SKIMMING & SCANNING [10 MIN.]In this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Coloured Answer Sheet.TEXT EFirst read the question.26. The main purpose of the passage is to ______A. illustrate the features of willpower.B. introduce ways to build up willpower.C. explain the advantages of willpower.D. define the essence of willpower.Now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.Willpower isn’t some immutable trait we’re either born with or not. It is a skillthat can be developed, strengthened and targeted to help us achieve our goals."Fundamental among man’s inner powers is the tremendous unrealized potency of man’s own will," wrote Italian psychologist Roberto Assagioli 25 years ago. " The trained will is a masterful weapon," added Alan Marlatt of the University of Washington, a psychologist who is studying how willpower helps people break habits and change their lives. "The dictionary defines willpower as control of one’s impulses and actions. The key words are power and control. The power is their , but you have to control it." Here, from Marlatt and other experts, is how to do that:Be positive. Don’t confuse w illpower with self-denial. Willpower is most dynamic when applied to positive, uplifting purposes.Positive willpower helps us overcome inertia and focus on the future. When the going gets tough, visualize yourself happily and busily engaged in your goal, and you’ll keep working toward it.Make up your mind. James Prochaska, professor of psychology at the University of Rhode Island, has identified four stages in making a change. He calls them precontemplation (resisting the change), contemplation (weighing the pros and cons of the change), action (exercising willpower to make the change), and maintenance (using willpower to sustain the change).Some people are "chronic contemplators," Prochaska says. They know they should reduce their drinking but will have one more cocktail while they consider the matter. They may never put contemplation into action.To focus and mobilize your efforts, set a deadline.Sharpen your will. In 1915, psychologist Boyd Barrett suggested a list of repetitive will-training activities-stepping up and down from a chair 30 times, spilling a box of matches and carefully replacing them one by one. These exercises, he maintained, strengthen the will so it can confront more consequential and difficult challenges.New Jersey Sen. Bill Bradley was a basketball with the champion New York Knicks. On top of regular practice, he always went to the gym early and practised foul shots alone. He was determined to be the best form of the foul line. True to his goal, he developed the highest percentage of successful free throws on his team.Expect trouble. The saying "Where there’s a will, there’s a way" is not the whole truth. Given the will, you still have to anticipate obstacles and plan how to deal with them.When professor of psychology Saul Shiffman of the University of Pittsburgh worked with reformed smokers who’s gone back to cigarettes, he found that many of them hadn’t considered how they’d cope with the urge to smoke. They had summoned the strength to quit, but couldn’t remain disciplin ed. The first time they were offered a cigarette, they went back to smoking.If you’v given up alcohol, rehearse your answer for when you’re offered a drink. If you’re expecting to jog but wake up to a storm, have an indoor workout program ready.Be realistic. The strongest will may falter when the goal is to lose 50 pounds in three months or to exercise three hours a day. Add failure undercuts your desire to try again.Sometimes it’s best to set a series of small goals instead of a single big one. As in the Alcoholics Anonymous slogan "One day at a time," divide your objective into one-day segments, then renew your resolve the next day. At the end of a week, you’ll have a series of triumphs to look back on.Be patient. A strong will doesn’t develop over night. It takes shape in increments, and there can be setbacks. Figure out what caused you to backslide, and redouble your efforts.When a friend of ours tried to give up cigarettes the first time, she failed. Analyzing her relapse, she realized she needed to do something with her hands. On her second try, she took up knitting and brought out needles and yarn every time she was tempted to light up. Within months she had knitted a sweater for her husband -- and seemed to be off cigarettes for good.Keep it up. A strong will becomes stronger each time it succeeds. If you’ve successfully mustered the willpower to kick a bad habit or leave a dead-end job, you gain confidence to confront other challenges.A record of success fosters an inner voice of confidence that, in the words of Assagioli, gives you "a firm foot on the edge of the precipice." You may face more difficult tasks, but you’ve conquered before, and you can conquer again.TEXT FFirst read the question.27. The message of the passage is that shares can now be sold ______A. through the computer.B. in the shop.C. at the bank.D. through the mail.Now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.Investors seeking a cheap, no-frills way to sell privatisation shares need look no further than the post box.Most stockbrokers offer bargain-basement deals on postal trades. They are ideal for selling a small holding for the lowest possible commission.But the arrangements leave investors at the mercy of the Royal Mail and a seller will not know in advance how much a sale will produce.Data processing engineer Mark Stanistreet of Bradford sold by post after buying a few National Power and PowerGen shares when they were privatised.He says: "I didn’t really know where to go to for help. An information slip with the shares gave details of Yorkshire Building Society’s share shop service, which offered to sell for a flat fee of £5."It was an ideal first step that showed me how easy and cheap it is to sell shares. I have been investing in a small way since then."I use Yorkshire’s telephone service, which has a £9 minimum fee."Many stock brokers offer postal deals as part of their usual dealing services, but clients may normally sell only big company or privatisation shares this way. Shar eLink’s minimum postal commission is ’7.50, Skipton Building Society’s is ’9 and Nat West’s is ’9.95.TEXT GFirst read the question.28. In the passage the author’s attitude towards the subject under discussionis ______A. factual.B. critical.C. favourable.D. ambiguous.Now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.With increasing prosperity, Western European youth is having a fling that is creating distinctive consumer and cultural patterns.The result has been the increasing emergence in Europe of that phenomenon well known in America as the "youth market." This is a market in which enterprising businesses cater to the demands of teenagers and older youths in all their rock mania and pop-art forms.In Western Europe, the youth market ma y appropriately be said to be in its infancy. In some countries such as Britain, West Germany and France, it is more advanced than in others. Some manifestations of the subject of organized consumer research and promotion.Characteristics of the evolving European youth market indicate dissimilarities as well as similarities to the American youth market.The similarities:The market’s basis is essentially the same -- more spending power and freedom to use it in the hands of teenagers and older youth. Young consumers also make up an increasingly high proportion of the population.As in the United States, youthful tastes in Europe extend over a similar range of products -- records and record players, transistor radios, leather jackets and"way out." extravagantly styled clothing, cosmetics and soft drinks. Generally it now is difficult to tell in which direction trans-Atlantic teenage influences are flowing.Also, a pattern of conformity dominates European youth as in this country, though in Britain the object is to wear clothes that "make the wearer stand out." but also make him "in," such as tight trousers and precisely tailored jackets.Worship and emulation of "idols" in the entertainment field, especially the "pop" singers and other performers is pervasive. There is also the same exuberance and unpredictability in sudden fad switches. In Paris, buyers of stores catering to the youth market carefully watch what dress is being worn by a popular television teenage singer to be ready for a sudden demand for copies. In Stockholm other followers of teenage fads call the youth market "attractive but irrational."The most obvious differences between the youth market in Europe and that in the United States is in size. in terms of volume and variety of sales, the market in Europe is only a shadow of its American counterpart, but it is a growing shadow.But there are also these important dissimilarities generally with American youth market:In the European youth market, unlike that of that United States, it is the working youth who provides the bulk of purchasing power.On the average, the school-finishing age still tends to be 14 years. This is the maximum age to which compulsory education extends, and with Europe’s industrial manpower shortage, thousands of teenage youths may soon attain incomes equal in many cases to that of their fathers.Although, because of general prosperity, European youths are beginning to continue school studies beyond the compulsory maximum age, they do not receive anything like the pocket money or "allowances" of American teenagers. The European average is about ’5 to ’10 a month.Working youth, consequently, are the big spenders in the European youth market, but they also have less leisure than those staying on at school. who in turn have less buying power.TEXT HFirst read the question.29. The passage mainly ______A. discusses patterns in company car use.B. advertises famous British company cars.C. recommends inexpensive company cars.D. introduces different models of cars.Now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.Motorists would rather pay more tax than lose the place in the corporate pecking order conferred on them by their company cars.And is is the company car -- which accounts for half of all new motor sales each year -- which continues to be the key method of measuring your progress up the greasy pole.Although a Roll-Royce or Bentley is the ultimate success symbol, a Jaguar is still desired by most top directors, according to the survey by top people’s pay and perks experts at the Monks Partnership.。

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011)-GRADE EIGHT-TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2011)-GRADE EIGHT-2011年英语专业八级参考答案Part I Listening Comprehension—Section A Mini-lecture1. and significance2. the context\ what is doing3. closeness to people4. body language5. polychronic6. in itself7. personal space8. monochrome9. lateness10. multicultural situationSECTION B INTERVIEW 1-5 BDACB SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST 6-10 ACBAD PART II Reading Comprehension11-15 ABCAB 16-20 ABACA 21-25 DDCCA 26-30 DBACBPART III General Knowledge 31-35BDABD 36-40 CACACPART VI Proofreading & Error Correction1. grew 后加up2. conscience 改成consciousness3. soon 改成sooner4. the 去掉5. disagreeing 改成disagreeable6. imaginative 改成imaginary7. literal 改成literary8. in 去掉9. which 前加in 10. Therefore, 改成NeverthelessPart V Translation—Section A Chinese To EnglishBeing hasty and at leisure are two quite distinct lifestyles. But in the real world, people have to frequently shuttle between these two lifestyles, sometimes not sure whether they are“at ease”or“in a rush”.For example, we’re enjoying our holidays in the resort while suenly we receive phone calls from the boss who tells us there are some troubles with our customers and work—so at this moment the modern, convenient and advanced device shows its vicious and gloomy features—and we lose all our interest. The subsequent leisure is the mere showy for we are in a restless and anxious state of mind.Section B English to Chinese飞机飞越尼泊尔上空时。

I. General Knowledge (20%)There are ten multiple choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your colored answer sheet.1. The National Day of the United States falls on _________.A. July 4B. July 14C. June 14D. Match 42. The two leading parties of America are _________.A. The Republican and the LiberalB. The Democratic and the RepublicanC. The Democratic and the ConservativeD. The Democratic and the Labor3. The capital city of Canada is _________.A. V ancouverB. OttawaC. MontrealD. Y ork4. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of ______.A. the Shadow CabinetB. the ParliamentC. the OppositionD. the Cabinet5. Ralph Emerson was a representative of _________.A. romanticismB. realismC. transcendentalismD. surrealism6. Don Juan was written by _________.A. George ByronB. Percy ShelleyC. William WordsworthD. John Keats7. W hich of the following writers was NOT characterized by employing the ―stream of consciousness‖ technique?A. James JoyceB. William FaulknerC. John SteinbeckD. Sherwood Anderson8. Syntax is the study of _________.A. language functionsB. sentence structureC. textual organizationD. word formation9. What essentially distinguishes semantics from pragmatics is the notion of ________.A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context10. Systemic functional grammar (SFG) is of ________’s great contribution to linguistics development.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. M. A. K. HallidayD. Noam Chomsky11.The speech ―I have a dream‖ was delivered by________ .A. Abraham LincolnB. John F. KennedyC. George WashingtonD. Martin Luther King, Jr.12.Higher education in the U.S. began with the founding of ________ in 1636.A. Harvard UniversityB. Harvard CollegeC. William and Mary CollegeD. Stanford University13.The history of Australia began with the arrival of ________ .A. the BritishB. the IndiansC. the AboriginesD. the Eskimos14.The most populous city in New Zealand is _________.A. WellingtonB. AucklandC. ChristchurchD. Dunedin15. _______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Anthropological linguistics16.The most elemental grammatical units in a language are________ .A. phonesB. wordsC. morphemesD. phrases17.Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. Cultural transmissionD. Finiteness18. English Renaissance Period was an age of ________ .A. prose and novelB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalsD. ballads and songs19. _______ is Thackeray’s masterpiece.A. The VirginiansB. Vanity FairC. The Books of SnobsD. The Newcomer20.The first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature was a sharp social critic, whose name was_______ .A. Sinclair LewisB. T. S. EliotC. Ernest HemingwayD. William FaulknerII. Reading Comprehension (20%)In this section there are several reading passages followed by twenty questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Mark your answers on your answer sheet.TEXT ANational parties in the United States have generally been weak in structure and wary of ideology. Many writers have said that American parties are the least centralized in the world. However, the argument that parties have not represented significant differences in policy can be pushed too far. For example, it the last century, at least the Republicans have been more committed than the Democrats to a market-oriented economy, while the democrats have been more prepared to use government to address economic problems. Within both parties there had been wide variance on issues, but in general the Republican have been the more conservative and the Democrats the more liberal.Both parties, however, have resisted reducing these tendencies in their social, economic, and moral belief systems to a right ideology. And neither, until recently, gave much authority in its national party structure.At state and local levels, on the other hand, party organizations often achieved impressive levels of solidarity and internal discipline. Both democrats and Republicans maintained powerful local political organizations in many cities and states.Whatever their merits or demerits, the traditional organizations went into steep decline during the 1950s and 1960s. the old organizations lost the ability to maintain discipline. The share of voters regarding themselves as political independence, that is, people not affiliated with either of the major parties, rose.There were several reasons for the loss of effectiveness of the major party organizations. Development of a welfare state administered by the federal government established some of the services that had formerly been distributed by the organizations as political favors. As recentimmigrants became more educated, they were less dependent on party workers. The inclusion of more state employees under civil service protection dried up some of the old wells of patronage. Growing unionization of public employees after 1960 struck an even more serious blow at the patronage system. Television brought candidates into voters’ living rooms, thereby antiquating some of the communication and education functions of party workers. Most of all, perhaps, the old tribal differences associated with the parties began to seem irrelevant to members of generations that sought fresh identities.21. What does the passage mainly discuss?A.American political parties in the twentieth century.B.The role of ideology in American politicsC.The future direction of united states politics.D.Difference between republicans and Democrats.22. According to the passage, what is true of the major political parties in the United States?A.they are both generally conservative.B.Party organizations have been stronger at the state than at the national level.C.Party organizations have increased their influence in 1950s.D.Democrats have been stronger than Republicans at the national level.23. The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of political organizations inthe United States except _______ .A. increased numbers of immigrantsB. development of the welfare stateC. improved conditions for state workersD. the influence of television24. It can be inferred from the passage that _______ .A.Democrats are more committed than republicans to a market-oriented economyB.Republicans are more liberal than democratsC.Republicans and democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questionsD.only democrats have traditional political organizationsTEXT BIf you go down to the woods today, you may meet high-tech trees ---- genetically modified to speed their growth or improve the quality of their wood. Genetically –engineered food crops such as soya have become increasingly common, albeit controversial, over the past ten years. But genetic engineering of trees has lagged behind.Part of the reason is technical. Understanding, and then altering, the genes of a big pine tree are more complex than creating a better tomato. While tomatoes sprout happily, and rapidly, in the laboratory, growing a whole tree from a single, genetically altered cell in a test tube is tricky process that takes years, not months. Moreover, little is known about tree genes. Some trees, such as pine trees, have a lot of DNA—roughly ten times as much as humans. And, whereas the Human Genome Project is more than half-way through its task of isolating and sequencing the estimated 100,000 genes in human cells, similar efforts to analyze tree genes are still just saplings.Given the large number of tree genes and the little that is known about them, tree engineers are starting where other gene wizards have started before them; with a search for genetic ―markers‖. The first step is to isolate DNA from trees with desirable properties such as insect resistance. The next step is to find stretches of DNA that show the presence of a particular gene.Then, when you mate two trees with different desirable properties, it is simple to check which offspring contain them all by looking for the genetic markers. Hennery Amerson, at North Carolina State University, is using genetic markers to breed fungal resistance into southern pines. Billions of these are grown across America for pulp and paper, and outbreaks of disease are expensive. But not all individual trees are susceptible. Dr. Amerson’s group has found markers that distinguish fungus-resistant stock from disease-prone trees. Using traditional breeding techniques, they are introducing the resistance genes into pines on test sites in America.The main advantage of using genetic markers is that it speeds up old-fashioned breeding methods, because you, no longer have to wait for the tree to grow up to see if it has the desired traits. But it is not really genetic engineering; it is more a sophisticated form of selective breeding. Now, however, interest in genetic tinkering is also gaining ground. To this end, Dr. Amerson and his colleagues are taking part kin the Pine Gene Discovery Project, an initiative to identify and sequence the 50,000-genes in the pine tree’s genome.(Trees generally have fewer genes, but more DNA than humans. ) Knowing which gene does what should make it easier to know what to alter.25. The word ―saplings‖(Para. 2) most probably means _____ .A. in small numbersB. difficult to understandC. very interestingD. at the beginning stage26. Which of the following best describes ―genetic makers‖ as used in the passage?A.The genome of a tree.B.Tree genes which have yet to be isolated and sequenced.C.Genes inherited from a parent tree.D.Stretches of DNA that contain a gene associated with a desirable property.27. The new method of breeding trees saves time because ______ .A.trees bred using this method grow faster, so its properties can be seen soonerB.properties of a tree can be identified at an early stageC.improved lab techniques make the task easierD.It employs genetic engineeringTEXT CDuring the past decades the fishery scientist of the West have studied the dynamics of fish populations with the objective of determining the relation between the amount of fishing and the sustainable catch. They have developed a substantial body of theory that has been applied successfully to a large number of animal populations and has led to a major improvement in the management of some of the major marine fisheries.The theory has been developed for single-species populations with man as a predator. Much of it is based on the Darwinian concept of a constant overpopulation of young that is reduced by density –dependent mortality resulting from intraspecific competition. The unfished population tends toward a maximum equilibrium size with a relatively high proportion of large , old individuals .As fishing increased and natural mortality is reduced, death from fishing eventually takes the place of most natural mortality . If the amount of fishing is increased too much, the individuals will tend to be taken before realizing their potential growth, and total yield will be reduced. The maximum sustainable yields can be taken at an intermediate population size that in some populations is about one-third the unfished population size.G.V. Nikolshii, of Moscow State University, develops his theory from a different approach.He is non-Darwinian and is (he says) a nonmathematician ; rather he considers himself as ecologist and morphologist. He argues that Darwin’s concept of constant overpopulation has led to the ne glect of the problem of protecting spawns and young fish . He argues also that Darwin’s concept of a variety as an incipient species have led to extensive mathematical analysis of racial characters. Nikolskii considers the main laws of population dynamics to be concerned with the succession of generations, their birth, growth, and death. The details are governed by the relative rates of adaptation and environmental change. The mass and age structure of a population are the result of adaptation to the food supply. The rate of growth of individuals, the time of sexual maturity, and the accumulation of reserves vary according to the food supply. These factors in turn influence the success of reproduction in ways that tend to bring the size of the population into balance with its food supply.28.The author indicates the main difference between the theories of Darwin and Nikolskii is the____.A.effect of food supply on the size of the fishB.the amount of fish that can be harvestedC.methods used to catch fish.D.cause of population variation in fish.29. The theories based on the concepts of Darwin assume the fish population is controlled mainly by the _____ .A. size of the fish caught within a speciesB.amount of fishing pressure of the species.C.Racial characteristics of the species.D.life expectancy within the species.30. What influences the birth, growth and death of a species, according to Nikolskii?A. The relative rates of adaptation and environmental change.B. The physical condition of its immediate older generation.C. The time of sexual maturity and the accumulation of reserves.D. Its size and relative status among all species.31. The researchers discussed in the passage were mainly concerned with _____ .A.species of fish faced with extinction.B.the ecology of fishingC.the effects of pollution on fishing.mercial fishing.TEXT DWar has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the earth’s surface. It no longer involves only the milita ry profession, but also entire civilian populations. Nuclear weapons have made major war unthinkable. We are forced, however , to think about the unthinkable because a nuclear war could come by accident or miscalculation. We must accept the paradox of maintaining a capacity to fight such a war so that we will never have to do so.War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health,education, and other social services; such obligations far outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethnically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the cost of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of modern governments. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays.Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 8 centuries since men and women settled in cities and became thereby ―civilized ―, but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In pre-modernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor—control over people as slaves –and the productive capacity of agricultural lands and mines.Warfare was also the most complex, broad-scale and demanding activity of pre-modernized people. The challenges of leading men into battle, organizing, moving and supporting armies, attracted the talents of the most vigorous, enterprising, intelligent and imaginat ive men in the society. ―Warrior ― and ―statesman‖ were usually synonymous, and the military was one of the few professions in which an able, ambitious boy of humble origin could rise to the top. In the broader cultural context, war was accepted in the pre-modernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war make it a vital part of literature and legends.32. According to the passage, leaders of pre-modernized society considered war to be ______ .A. a valid tool of national policy.B.an immortal act of aggression.C.economically wasteful and socially unacceptable.D.necessary to spur development of unoccupied lands.33. The author most likely places the world ―civilized ― in quotation marks (Para. 3) in order to____.A.show dissatisfaction at not having found a better word.B.acknowledge that the word was borrowed from another source.C.express irony that war should be a part of civilization.D.raise a question about the value of war in modernized society34. The author is primarily concerned with discussing how_____ .A.political decisions are reached.B.economic and social conditions have changed.C.technology for making ware has improved.D.war lost its value as a policy tool.35.The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going to war in a pre-modernized society EXCEPT____ .A.possibly of material gain.B.Promoting deserving young men to higher positions.C.Potential for increasing the security of the nationD.Desire to capture productive farming lands.36. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?A.Outraged and indignant.B.Scientific and detached.C.Fearful and alarmed.D.Concerned and optimistic.TEXT EThe Civil War destroyed not only thousands of miles of fences but consumed range cattle and hogs. In a subregion, seventeen counties in southeastern V irginia and adjacent northeastern North Carolina, there were nearly 360,000 hogs in 1860. According to the next federal census, in 1970, after five years of peace, there were still less than half the number . By 1880 the swine population had grown only about 60,000, but during the depressed 80s fell again. It rose substantially during the 90s, held steady during the first decade of the twentieth century, rose precipitously during World War I, then fell again and dramatically so, during the depressed 1920s.Other scholars have demonstrated the Civil War’s impact more generally. The open range was fatally crippled during 1861—1865, and the South was transformed from a self-sufficient surplus-shipping region into a region that imported fat Midwestern pork.. Dependency in pork was persisting a persisting burden of defeat in war, and there is more. Arguably southerner’s nutrition deteriorated after the war, to o. Range animals’ meat is lean. Southern consumers, suffering already from steadily declining cotton prices, became the Americans most likely to suffer heart diseases and strokes.At least as important is black southerner’s disadvantage at the dawn of thei r freedom. Neither federal nor state governments offered much material support to a people who began to negotiate free life and labor without property or education. There was no ―Forty Acres and a Mule‖---- black folks’ modest dream of reward during the wa r. Nor were there to be sufficient feral cattle and hogs in the woods and swamps, which might have provided the most basic sustenance and independence. Had the free range actually functioned as it had before the warm many black peasants might have taken up the economies poor white men had enjoyed already for two centuries; i.e. , they might have claimed, bought, or inherited some pigs, ranged them in the woods, fed themselves their own meat, traded for other food and necessities, and ultimately, perhaps, with expanded holdings sufficient to market surpluses for cash, purchased land. Instead, most ex-slaves fell into a dependency of an especially onerous sort, sharecropping, taking rations from landlords and merchants who bought Ohio meat by the barrel, falling into near-perpetual debt, and into the dubious celebrity, ultimately, of medical pathology. In the twentieth century, the South was known not only as the ―Bible Belt‖ but the ―Hypertensions Belt‖. The postwar landscape, meanwhile, relentlessly reorganized, deforested, and cotton-spread, gradually closed out remnants of the open range and opportunity for poor people of any color. Fire, too, the ordinary farmers’ means of creating crop fields, was finally criminalized in the early twentieth century. This reform, too, was as much a consequence of the Civil War, it seems to me, as the work of the brilliant new profession of forestry.37. In the first paragraph the expression ―swine population” refers to ______ .A.the number of hogs.B.the number of cattle.C.the size of poor population.D.the number of new settlers.38. Before the civil war, the South_____ .A.lived mainly on pork.B.exported many goods to elsewhere.C.was prosperous in shipbuilding.D.could barely make a living by cotton production.39. It can be inferred from the passage that before the War poor white families _____ .A.were in greater poverty than the blacks after the War.ed to make a living by raising pigs.C.Subsisted by hunting wild cattle and hogs in the woods.D.was able to remain independent by purchasing their own land.40. The name ―Hypertension belt‖ best illustrates the ______ .A.strong resistance to any reform in the South after the War.B.difficultly in implementing new laws in the South after the War.C.discrimination held against the blacks after the war.D.worsening living conditions of the blacks after the War.IV. Error Correction (10%)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. Y ou should proofread the passage and correct it in this way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong and write the correct one in the blank.For a missing word mark the position of the missing word and write the word in the blank For an unnecessary word cross the word with a slash ―/ ‖ and write the word in the blankAir quality in Britain has improved considerablyin the last 30 years. Total emissions of smokein the air have risen by over 85 per cent 41__________since 1950. The domestic smoking control program 42__________has been particularly important in achievingthis result. London and other major cities are no 43__________longer have the dense smoke-laden ―smogs‖ of the1950s, but in central London winter sunshine has 44__________increased about 70 per cent since 1958. 45__________Since 1990, daily air pollution data from theBritish monitoring network has been made available 46__________to the public by the Department of the Environ-ment’s Air Quality Bulletins. These give the concern-trations of three main pollutants-ozone, nitrogendioxide and sulfur dioxide--- and grade air qualityon a scale between ―very weak‖ and ―very 47__________good‖. The information features in television andradio weather reports, appears in many national and 48__________local newspapers. Therefore, the data are available 49__________on a special free telephone number and on videotextsystems.A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanair quality was published in January 1992.Threeindependent committees of which experts have been 50_________established to advise on different aspects of the problem,and will set guidelines and targets for air quality.the network is also being extended and upgradedat a cost of￡ 10 million.V. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese: ( 15%)As we returned to the house every object which I touched seemed to quiver with life. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together. Then my eyes filled with tears; for I realized what I had done, and for the first time I felt repentance and sorrow.VI. Translate the following paragraph into English:(15%)和平的环境，是一个国家、一个地区以至全球发展的重要前提。

2021年第1期外语测试与教学Foreign Language Testing and Teaching Jan 2021[中图分类号]H319 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2095-1167(2021)01-0008-07落实立德树人根本目标,对接新时代人才培养要求*论英语专业四㊁八级考试的 变”与 不变”潘鸣威提要:教育的根本目标是立德树人㊂在新时代背景下的 新文科㊁大外语”学科建设浪潮中,我国高等学校英语专业四㊁八级考试不仅要在符合语言测试基本原则的前提下继续发挥测量工具的功能,更要为培养适应我国社会经济发展需要的高素质英语专业人才提供积极的育人导向㊂本文从新时代英语专业人才培养的要求出发,通过说明英语专业四㊁八级考试近年来的 变”与 不变”,详细阐释该考试在新时代如何就对接学科发展导向㊁响应国家人才培养战略㊁最终落实立德树人的根本目标而开展的一系列举措㊂关键词:英语专业四㊁八级考试;新文科;人才培养Abstract :The fundamental goal of education is to foster virtue and morality.In the context of the New Era,the reform of New Liberal Arts and New Foreign Languages”calls for the Test for English Majors (TEM)to not onlycontinue tofunction asa measurement tool,but also provide orientation for high⁃quality English major talent cultivation as China’s social and economic development required.With the requirements of English majors in the NewEra as a point of departure,this article explains in detail how TEM has changed and yet remained unchanged inrecent years,expounds on how it is aligned with the development of liberal arts in the New Era,and responds to thenational strategies of talent cultivation.Specifically,a series of measures have been taken to reach the fundamental goal of fostering mortality.Key words :Test for English Majors (TEM);new liberal arts;talent cultivation1.引言习近平总书记在2018年召开的全国教育大会上指出,我国要大力培养具有全球视野㊁通晓国际规则㊁熟练运用外语㊁精通中外谈判和沟通的国际化人才㊂外语教学,包括外语专业改革,要主动服务于国家战略发展,用具体举措来推动其落实㊂在这一背景下,吴岩(2019)提出,我国要加快推进 新文科㊁大外语”建设,培养高素质外语人才,并着力落实‘普通高等学校本科专业类教学质量国家标准“(教育部2018a,以下简称‘标准“)提出的有关专业建设要求,推进‘普通高等学校本科外国语言文学类专业教学指南“(教育部高等学校外国语言文学类专业教学指导委员会英语专业教学指导分委员会2020,以下简称‘指南“)的出台与实施㊂作为检测英语专业人才在本科阶段学习成效的系列考试,高等学校英语专业四㊁八级考试①(Test for English Majors,以下简称TEM)在新的历史时期识变㊁应变㊁求变,不仅持续有效*①* 本文为上海外国语大学科研创新团队人工智能发展中语言习得与语言测试前沿研究”以及上海外国语大学专项课题 我国教育类考试应对突发公共卫生事件的应急保障机制研究”的部分成果㊂本文所指的英语专业四㊁八级考试一般不包含口试部分,特别需说明的情况除外㊂落实立德树人根本目标,对接新时代人才培养要求 论英语专业四㊁八级考试的 变”与 不变”地发挥着考试测量工具的作用,也主动对接‘标准“‘指南“以及‘中国英语能力等级量表“(教育部,国家语言文字工作委员会2018,以下简称‘量表“)的相关要求,并通过优化考试结构㊁改进部分题型㊁凸显内容导向㊁改革测评及阅卷模式㊁加大效度验证等手段,进一步提高考试的效度和公平性,继续发挥检测新时代英语专业人才培养质量的重要作用㊂2.新时代的英语专业人才培养2.1英语专业人才培养的背景新时代给文科的发展提出了更新更高的要求㊂对高校人才培养而言,新文科突破了传统文科的思维模式,以继承与创新㊁交叉与融合㊁协同与共享为主要途径,促进多学科交叉与深度融合,推动传统文科的更新升级(王铭玉,张涛2019)㊂因此,新文科背景下的外语专业人才培养也应积极尝试打破传统文科思维模式,彰显学科融合㊂在人才培养内容层面,新文科建设中的英语专业人才培养应更加注重内涵式的发展(蒋洪新2019),不仅能熟练掌握英语这门语言和一般的专业知识(查明建2018),还需要在大文科中融会贯通(曾艳钰2019a),并着力向跨学科的方向发展(戴炜栋等2020)㊂因此,在人才输出口径方面,对英语专业人才的要求也更宽更高,不仅要能胜任一般的涉外工作,更应在全球事务治理(孙吉胜2016)和我国社会经济发展各行业中发挥高端外语人才的突出作用(冯光武2017;孙有中2020)㊂2.2英语专业人才培养要求的特色教育部于2018年颁布了针对外国语言文学类专业的‘标准“,提出外语类专业旨在 培养具有良好的综合素质㊁扎实的外语基本功和专业知识与能力,掌握相关专业知识,适合我国对外交流㊁国家与地方经济社会发展㊁各类涉外行业㊁外语教育与学术研究需要的各外语语种专业人才和复合型外语人才”㊂‘指南“对英语专业人才培养的要求也有类似的表述㊂两者都强调学科交叉㊁复合融通㊂与以往传统意义的复合型外语人才不同,‘标准“和‘指南“特指的是学科之间的交叉和知识融通的复合(曾艳钰2019b),这也是在新文科背景下英语专业人才培养的必然㊂具体而言,新时代英语专业人才的培养要求有三个方面的特色㊂首先,‘标准“和‘指南“明确了外国语言文学学科应包括语言学㊁文学㊁翻译㊁国别与区域研究㊁比较文学与跨文化研究五大范畴㊂这不仅进一步明确了英语专业本科阶段人才培养的重点发展方向,使之与我国外国语言文学一级学科下设二级学科的五大范畴保持一致,也充分凸显了英语专业人才培养在完善人文知识结构㊁向跨学科方向发展中的亮点㊂因此,如何将这五大范畴有机地融入TEM之中,将是新时代考试设计者亟需解决的问题之一㊂此外,中国元素和中华优秀传统文化 走出去”也是新时代英语专业人才培养的重要导向,贯穿‘标准“与‘指南“的始终㊂习近平(2018)曾指出要推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化㊁创新性发展,传承革命文化㊁发展先进文化㊂这一导向启示TEM设计者,虽然在传统意义上TEM旨在检测英语专业本科生的英语能力水平,但就内容范畴而言,TEM也应在中国元素渗透方面发挥应有的育人功能㊂第三,‘标准“和‘指南“均提出人才培养的能力要求,即具备英语语言运用能力㊁英语文学赏析能力㊁跨文化交际能力㊁思辨能力㊁终身学习能力和实践能力等六个方面的能力㊂现有文献虽未对上述能力之间的关系加以阐释,但就属性而言,前三项能力是英语专业所特有的,是人才培养的核心素养,也是英语专业作为人文学科所独有的人文素养㊂后三项能力是在新文科发展背景下㊁学科交融过程中,大学生所应具备的能力(如图1所示)㊂对TEM设计者而言,前三项能力与考试构念紧密相关,而后三项则可有机地融入试题解答的过程,特别是思辨能力㊂图1　英语专业人才培养的能力要求及关系3.TEM 的 变”与 不变”任何考试都有其特定社会环境下的价值取向(McNamara &Roever 2006)㊂为更好地发挥检测并监控英语专业教学质量的作用,TEM 在语言测试理论前沿发展指导下,曾在‘英语专业教学大纲“(高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组2000,以下简称‘教学大纲“)的颁布前后做过诸多调整,也在近年来先后出台的‘标准“‘量表“以及‘指南“的指导下进行过一些调整㊂这些坚守与变革不仅是为对接国家对英语专业人才培养的时代需求,也是在解决新时代TEM 所面临的挑战(邹申,陈炜2010;潘鸣威,邹申2020),其最终目的是让考试产生更多的正面反拨效应,提高英语专业人才培养和专业教学的质量(邹申,徐倩2014)㊂以下分别从考试宗旨与理念㊁考试内容㊁考试形式㊁施考方式和考试效度研究等五个方面阐述TEM 的 变”与不变”㊂3.1考试宗旨与理念就考试功能和属性而言,TEM 作为检查英语专业基础阶段和提高阶段(四级和八级)教学质量的重要抓手,应属于标准参照性教学检查类考试(邹申2006)㊂这一属性说明TEM 既与教学要求有关,也与一般的语言能力测量相关㊂换言之,虽然TEM 不直接考察学生对具体教学内容的掌握程度,却是一项有效检测教学要求范围内语言运用能力的工具㊂因此,TEM 一定程度上兼具学业水平考试(achievement test)和语言能力考试(proficiency test)的元素㊂基于此,TEM 在30年的发展过程中,其宗旨始终未变,即对标不同历史时期的英语专业教学指导性文件,如‘教学大纲“‘标准“和‘指南“对语言能力的要求,科学有效地测量学生的语言能力㊂TEM 对语言能力的构念与现行的‘标准“和‘指南“中所提及的 英语语言运用能力”高度一致,这一做法也是TEM 从宏观上保证考试效度㊁提升公平性的重要举措㊂考试理念与考试宗旨密不可分㊂TEM 包含检测一般意义上英语语言运用的能力构念,考试检测的重要环节之一就是考生的语言功底㊂在多年实践中,TEM 对语言基本功的考察始终未有丝毫松懈㊂以TEM4为例, 听写”(Dictation)一直以来是阅卷环节极为耗时耗力的项目,但该题型却自TEM 开考以来始终存在,主要原因有二:一是该题型直接检测英语语言基本功,不仅与语言能力的相关度极高,也是外语教学中较易操作的项目;二是出于对近年考生语言基本功滑坡的担忧,考试设计者认为,该题型对防止英语专业学生语言能力进一步滑坡会起到正外语测试与教学　2021年第1期落实立德树人根本目标,对接新时代人才培养要求 论英语专业四㊁八级考试的 变”与 不变”面的反拨效应㊂近年来,考试设计者在坚守这一题型的同时也进行了一些微调,即给出听写语篇的首句,让考生预判语篇的大致内容,尽快进入语篇情景,这样做能更好地通过 支架”方式体现该题型新的生命力㊂3.2考试内容‘教学大纲“于21世纪初颁布,当时一小部分开设英语专业的高等院校由于师资条件无法赶上当时英语专业学生扩招的步伐,连 普通语言学” 英语国家概况”和 英美文学”等反映英语专业人文素养的基础课程都无法开设,与‘教学大纲“的要求差距甚远㊂彼时,TEM设计者秉承对接‘教学大纲“的基本原则,通过增加考试内容 人文知识”(General Knowledge)项目 来考查学生在语言学㊁国别知识和英美文学方面的掌握情况㊂该题型已在2016年的题型调整中删去,原因是几乎所有开设英语专业的高校均已有条件开设人文学科素养的基础课程,因此 人文知识”预设的正面反拨效应已基本实现,项目也完成了其应尽的历史使命㊂按照‘标准“和‘指南“对新时代英语专业人才的有关能力要求,英语专业学生还应具备 英语文学赏析能力”和 跨文化交际能力”,这为TEM设计提出了新的要求㊂为弥补英语文学知识的缺位,TEM的阅读理解项目中至少有一篇源于英美文学作品原著的阅读材料㊂如TEM8在2016年和2018年分别节选了The Great Gatsby(F.Scott Fitzgerald)和Sister Carrie (Theodore Dreiser),以选择题的方式考查学生对作品细节的理解,以简答题的形式考查其对局部文字的赏析能力,从而体现了对 英语文学赏析能力”的考查㊂因此,取消 人文知识”项目之后,TEM并未削弱对人文素养的考查,而是从 显性”的知识识记转变为 隐形”的能力考查㊂恰巧以上两部经典文学作品出现在2020年颁布的‘指南“必读书目之中,很大程度上说明TEM的这一改变符合‘标准“和‘指南“的有关要求㊂跨文化交际能力”是较难检测和评价的一种能力,对其进行考查在高利害考试中较为鲜见㊂TEM在这一方面的主要抓手是依靠 中译英翻译”(Chinese to English Translation)项目来考查考生运用英语准确传达中文思想的能力㊂此外,由于‘指南“强调了中国元素在人才培养过程中的重要性,TEM在选择原文时特别注重中华优秀文化的传承和发扬㊂比如,2017年至2019年的TEM8中译英翻译原文分别选取自‘我怀念那时候的过年“(莫言)㊁‘读书有三感“(肖复兴)和‘白洋淀之忧“(冯骥才)等优秀文学作品,引导学生在翻译过程中提升文化自信㊂3.3考试形式TEM设计者在考试形式上进行了许多有意义的探索,尝试进一步从思辨的角度入手考查学生的有关能力㊂这些变化不仅是为回应社会和学界对英语专业的一些质疑,也是基于语言测试的前沿研究采取的具体举措㊂2018年我国外语教育界掀起了 英语专业是否是良心专业”的大讨论,当时有学者质疑当今英语专业的定位㊂面对质疑,专家学者们从英语专业的属性(郭英剑2019)㊁英语专业的定位(查明建2018)等纷纷发表意见,为英语专业正名㊂为此,TEM也结合‘标准“和‘指南“的要求加强对学生思辨能力的考查㊂这一变化具体落实在写作试题的调整上㊂以往的TEM写作基本是1篇命题作文,而现行TEM则给出1 2篇围绕同一话题展开的阅读材料,要求考生在阅读后先概括材料内容,再对其观点和态度进行批判性思考㊂特别是TEM8写作题,要求考生从不同视角㊁多种维度来思考问题,目的是考查学生的思辨能力㊂此外,基于语言测试的前沿研究,TEM在近年的题型调整中愈发注重测试任务的真实性外语测试与教学　2021年第1期和学术性,这主要体现在听力理解和写作项目上㊂在听力理解中,考生需要根据讲座内容完成笔记㊂由于讲座内容往往与语言学㊁国别知识等信息有关,因此该试题是学术环境中的仿真任务,是学生在实际学术活动中所应能胜任的,也是上文所提及的 人文知识”项目取消后的重要举措㊂近年来,读写结合的测试任务得到了重用,我国基础教育阶段的英语考试中已开始使用类似 概要写作” 读后续写”等任务㊂基于此,TEM写作任务要求考生基于阅读文本的理解和归纳,完成进一步的思考与评论㊂这种先读后写的模式不仅符合当今语言测试实践的一般做法,也与 多元认知”(multi⁃literacy)能力培养相契合,更是与真实学术环境下的写作任务(如根据文献撰写综述等)高度一致㊂因此,可以说TEM对人文素养的考查渗透在全卷之中,以上方面的 变”不仅从人才能力评估的角度回应了社会和学界对英语专业人才培养的质疑,也体现了TEM从语言测试研究发展的角度迈上一个新台阶㊂3.4施考方式教育部(2018b)颁布 教育信息化2.0行动计划”,明确要求加速从工具型思维类型观向人工智能思维的转变㊂同样,‘指南“也指出,英语的教育教学必须跟上科技创新步伐,深度融合现代信息技术,提升信息化水平㊂因此,TEM设计者开始深入思考如何利用大数据和人工智能等技术推进TEM计算机化考试(以下简称机考)及计算机评阅模式㊂李绍山,陈晓扣(2012)就曾建议TEM采取机考模式,认为机考不仅可提升考试效度,还可提高考试分数的解释性㊂应该指出,机考对TEM的效度㊁信度和评卷具有重要意义(潘鸣威,邹申2020)㊂TEM设计者于2019年先后两次在全国范围内进行了规模由小及大的机考试测工作,并收集了参与考生的问卷与访谈数据㊂近80%的考生对机考模式有较高的认同度,并能适应机考的考试界面和有关操作㊂以下摘自华北㊁西北和东北高校部分考生的访谈记录㊂•比起纸质阅读画线,机考阅读中可以自行做荧光标记,更容易提示自己将注意力放在标记的部分,便于做题㊂(华北#3)•专四考试的一部分一段时间对于我这种慢速度答题的人来说,还是相对较好的㊂大家同一时间,做完只能检查不能跳跃到下一题,可以保持进度不落下其他人太多㊂而且每部分的倒计时有利于精准安排时间,不至于顾此失彼㊂(华北#7)•整体节奏紧张而又紧迫,需要强大的心理素质和知识储备能力㊂就我个人而言,觉得机考是大数据时代一个必然的趋势,比较实用方便㊂(西北#2)•总体来说,体验感不错,程序实用㊂阅读批注㊁时间计时等功能人性化㊂(东北#3)从以上访谈可以发现,考生总体对机考模式还是认同的,并会利用各自优势完成作答㊂但也有考生指出,熟悉考试界面和提高自身输入速度仍是需要努力的方向,如以下两位试测考生的访谈显示㊂•因此,在准备专四的训练过程中,要学会控制时间以及熟练掌握英文电脑打字㊂机考总体不错,只是我们作为学生还需要适应和提高!(东北#11)•作文部分是可以复制粘贴的,可以提高速度,也可以改字体,看起来更方便㊂总体注意时间!练打字速度很重要!(华北#8)可以看出,TEM实行机考的技术条件与考生的信息素养均已基本成熟,在新时代推进机考的必要性也可见一斑㊂在后疫情时期,考试设计者通过反思突发公共卫生事件对考试的影落实立德树人根本目标,对接新时代人才培养要求 论英语专业四㊁八级考试的 变”与 不变”响之后认为,在一定条件下推出机考不失为一种有效的探索㊂3.5考试效度研究TEM设计者也将结合‘标准“‘指南“和‘量表“开展新一轮的TEM效度研究,筹备并推进有关研究工作㊂随着新时代我国英语专业人才培养要求的变化,TEM新一轮的考试效度研究也即将开始㊂TEM设计者将围绕社会 认知框架(Weir2005)对TEM的效度进行系统性举证,特别是围绕‘量表“开展TEM的校标效度研究,一旦将TEM成绩与‘量表“级别形成关联, TEM成绩的解释力将获得提升,同时也能进一步发挥‘量表“的功效㊂4.结语与思考进入新时代,TEM的各种 变”与 不变”是坚守和变革的写照㊂这些举措不仅旨在落实立德树人这一教育的根本目标,也是考试设计者对接国家人才培养战略,顺应 新文科㊁大外语”建设,践行‘标准“‘指南“‘量表“等规范性文件,回应社会对英语专业定位和人才培养质疑的种种尝试和努力㊂识变㊁应变和求变是TEM在新时代发挥英语专业教学质量检测作用㊁渗透育人功能的基本思路,也是进一步增强考试生命力㊁提升考试国际知名度和认可度的实施途径㊂参考文献[1]McNamara T&Roever nguage Testing押The Social Dimension[M].Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2006.[2]Weir C nguage Testing and Validation押An Evidence⁃based Approach[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2005.[3]戴炜栋,胡壮麟,王初明,李宇明,文秋芳,黄国文,王文斌.新文科背景下的语言学跨学科发展[J].外语界,2020,(4):2-9.[4]冯光武.把握国标精神㊁找准学校定位㊁突出专业特色 ‘高等学校英语专业本科教学质量国家标准“的实施建议[J].外语界,2017,(1):2-6.[5]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[Z].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.[6]郭英剑.对当下英语专业建设的几点思考[J].外国语言文学,2019,(1):241-249.[7]蒋洪新.推动构建中国特色英语类本科专业人才培养体系 英语类专业‘教学指南“的研制与思考[J].外语界,2019,(5):2-7.[8]教育部.普通高等学校本科专业类教学质量国家标准[S].北京:高等教育出版社,2018a.[9]教育部.教育信息化2.0行动计划[EB/OL]./srcsite/A16/s3342/201804/t20180425_334188.html,2018b.[10]教育部,国家语言文字工作委员会.中国英语能力等级量表[S].北京:高等教育出版社/上海:上海外语教育出版社,2018.[11]教育部高等学校外国语言文学类专业教学指导委员会英语专业教学指导分委员会.普通高等学校本科外国语言文学类专业教学指南(上) 英语类专业教学指南[Z].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2020.[12]李绍山,陈晓扣.从语言测试理论角度看TEM的现状和未来[J].外语界,2012,(3):15-20.[13]潘鸣威,邹申.新时代我国英语专业四㊁八级考试的挑战㊁对策与展望[J].外语电化教学,2020,(1):62-68.[14]孙吉胜.国家外语能力建设与 一带一路”的民心相通[J].公共外交季刊,2016,(4):53-59,124-125.(下转第20页)their Use [M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010.[3]East ing to terms with innovative high⁃stakes assessment practice:Teachers’viewpoints on assessmentreform [J].Language Testing ,2015,32:101-120.[4]Fan J.A survey of English language testing practices in China:Students’and teachers’perspectives [A].InXerri D &Briffa P V(ed.).Teacher Involvement in High⁃stakes Language Testing [C].Cham:Springer,2018.283-300.[5]Gessler M.Area of learning:The shift towards work and competence orientation within the school⁃basedvocational education in the German dual apprenticeship system [A].In Mulder M(ed.).Competence⁃based Vocational and Professional Education [C].Cham:Springer,2017.695-717.[6]Messick S.Validity [A].In Linn R (ed.).Educational Measurement [C].New York:ACE /Macmillan,1989.13-103.[7]Shohamy E.Democraticassessmentasan alternative[J].LanguageTesting ,2001,18(4):373-391.[8]Trim J L M.The place of testing assessment and evaluation in communicative language learning systemsdevelopment [A].In van Eck J A &Trim J L M.Across the Threshold [C].Pergamon,Oxford 1984.[9]Winke P.Evaluating the validity of a high⁃stakes ESL test:Why teachers’perceptions matter [J].TESOL Quarterly ,2011,45(4):628-660.[10]教育部高等教育司.高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求(试行)[Z].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.[11]教育部高等教育司.高等学校英语应用能力考试大纲和样题(第二版)[Z].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.[12]李盛曦.PRETCO 反拨作用研究[J].外语测试与教学,2013,(1):47-63.[13]刘鸿章,孔庆炎,陈永捷.高等学校英语能力考试十年 回顾与展望[J].中国外语,2010,(4):12-15.[14]曾用强.职业英语能力构念的实证研究[J].外语界,2020,(2):12-19.作者联系方式:上海理工大学外语学院,上海 200093(上接第13页)[15]孙有中.贯彻落实‘国标“和‘指南“,推进一流专业和一流课程建设[J].外语界,2020,(3):2-4.[16]王铭玉,张涛.高校 新文科”建设:概念与行动[N].中国社会科学报,2019-03-21.[17]吴岩.新使命,大格局,新文科,大外语[J].外语教育研究前沿,2019,(2):3-7.[18]习近平.习近平在庆祝改革开放40周年大会上的讲话[M].北京:人民出版社,2018.[19]曾艳钰.论新时代外国语言文学学科的跨学科发展路径[J].外语界,2019a,(1):31-37.[20]曾艳钰.‘英语专业本科教学指南“解读[J].外语界,2019b,(6):1-8.[21]查明建.英语专业的困境与出路[J].当代外语研究,2018,(6):14-19.[22]邹申.关于考试科学属性的思考 兼谈高校英语专业四㊁八级考试大纲(2004年新版)的修订[J].中国外语,2006,(2):14-18.[23]邹申,陈炜.回顾与展望 写在英语专业四㊁八级考试开考20周年之际[J].外语界,2010,(6):9-18.[24]邹申,徐倩.标准参照考试及其反拨效应 以TEM 考试为例[J].外语教学理论与实践,2014,(1):42-48.作者联系方式:上海外国语大学上海市英语教育教学研究基地,上海200083外语测试与教学　2021年第1期。

TEM8考试指导-8Model Test 8Part I Listening comprehension:Section A Gap-fill and note-taking1. Deficiency2. vulnerable/ susceptible3. fluid4. feeding5. Casual6. share7. contact8. weakness9. Acute10. therapySECTION B INTERVIEW1. A2. C3. C4. B5. CSECTION C NEWS BROADCAST6. A7. B8. B9. C 10. DPART II READING COMPREHENSIONTEXT A11. C 12. C 13. B 14. BTEXT BI5. D 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. BTEXT C21. D 22. D 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. BTEXT D27. D 28. A 29. B 30. APART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE31. A 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. D36. A 37. C 38. D 39. C 40. APART IV PROOF READING & ERROR CORRECTIONl. still -- even2. this -- it3. ^ or not-- 加入whether4. Because -- While5. include -- including6. more -- most7. so -- accordingly8. analyzes -- analyzed9. stocks -- Stock10. ^ the -- 加入ofPART V TRANSLATIONSECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH参考译文：I would advise you to read with a pen in your hand, and enter in a little book shorthints of what you find curious or useful ; for this will be the best method of imprinting such particulars in your memory, where they will be ready, either for practice on some future occasion, if they are matters of utility, or at least to adorn and improve your conversation,if they are rather points of curiosity. And, as many of the terms of science are such as youcannot have met with in your common reading and may therefore be unacquainted with, Ithink it would be good for you to have a good dictionary at hand, to consult it immediatelywhen you meet with a word you do not comprehend the precise meaning of.(选自《识途篇：专家、学者、教授谈英语学习》) SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE爹考译文：从美国中西部金色的田野，到巴勒斯坦嫩绿色的古老疆土，那些留心观察的人共享着同一个快乐真理。

英语专业八级历年写作真题（TEM-8）哈尔滨李海斌1 / 7英语专业八级历年写作真题(TEM-8)2017年The following are two excerpts about job hopping. Read the two excerpts carefully and write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should:1 summarize the main arguments in the two excerpts, and then2 express your opinion towards job hopping, especially on whether job hopping would benefit your career development You can support yourself with information the excerpts.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Excerpt 1The Pros of Job HoppingUntil recently, job hopping was considered career suicide. But things has changed. As job longevity becomes a thing of the past, employers and recruiters are beginning to have a different outlook on job hopping.According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average number of years that U.S. workers have been with their current employer is 4.6. Tenure of young employees (ages 20 to 34) is only half that (2.3 years).As it turns out, job hopping can be extremely advantageous for certain types of people—if they do it for the right reasons, says Laurie Lopez, a partner and senior general manager in the IT contracts division at Winter Wyman. “For those in technology,for example, it allows them the opportunity to gain valuable technical knowledge in different environments and cultures. This can be more common for those specializing in IT. In order to keep their skills fresh, it is necessary for technologists to remain current in a highly competitive market. Job hopping is more common with employees that are less tenured, and feel confident in their skills to be able to move on and can add value immediately in a new opportunity. With employers being mo re open to hiring job hoppers, we expect the trend to continue.”Excerpt 2Job hopping becomes more difficult as employers seek solid credentials Amid a slow down in the country’s economic growth, the good times for job hoppers might be coming to an end, said Angel Lam, associate director of commerce and finance, human resources, supply chain and operation businesses of Robert Walters.Job hoppers are those who frequently change jobs in a two-year span, according to global recruitment consultancy Robert Walters.Employers started to shun the job hoppers in 2012, and the trend became more apparent in 2013 and this year.“About 90 percent of our clients will simpl y reject the candidate if they find traces indicating job hopping in the resumes. They wouldn’t even give an interview,” she said.The usual time span for candidates to change a job should be between four to six years, especially for middle to senior management candidates, as they have to demonstrate progress to their employers over this period of time, according Lam.Usually, the candidate will adapt to all the changes in the job in the first year, make some fine tuning in the second year, speedup his or her progress in the third year and start to seek more stable development in the ensuing years. Only in this way can the employee improve adaptability, gain persistence and grasp basic skills required for the job, Lam said.2016年The following two excerpts are about Ice Bucket Challenge, an activity initiated to raise money and awareness for the disease ALS(渐冻症). From the excerpts, you can find that the activity seems to have achieved much success, but there has also been doubt and criticism.Write your response in about 300 words, in which you should:1 summarize the development of the ice bucket challenge activity, and then2 express your opinion towards the activity, especially whether the problems found with this kind of activity will finally undermine its original purpose.。

英语专业八级英语专业八级考试（TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8），全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。

自1991年起由中国大陆教育部实行，考察全国综合性大学英语专业学生。

考试内容涵盖英语听、读、写、译各方面，2005年又加入人文常识。

时间通常为每年3月的第一个周六，对象是英语及相关专业大四学生。

非英语及相关专业与非在校生一般不能参加该考试。

现行专八考试题型：Part 1 Listening Comprehension（听力理解，35分钟）Section A Mini-Lecture （讲座，无题听力，结束后完成10道填空题）Section B Interview （会话及采访，5道选择题）Section C News Broadcast （新闻报导，5道选择题）Part 2 Reading Comprehension（阅读理解，30分钟，共4篇，每篇5道选择题）Part 3 General Knowledge（人文知识，10分钟，10道选择题）Part 4 Proofreading & Error Correction（改错，15分钟，共10空）Part 5 Translation（翻译，60分钟）Section A Chinese to English （汉译英，翻译划线部分）Section B English to Chinese （英译汉，翻译整段）Part 6Writing（写作，45分钟，要求400词）考试及格者由高等院校外语专业教学指导委员会颁发成绩单。

成绩分三级：60-69分是合格；70-79分是良好；80分以上是优秀。

考试合格后颁发的证书终身有效。

从2003年起，考试不合格能够补考一次。

补考合格後只颁发合格证书。

专八口试在12月份举行。

分三部分，英译中，中译英，以及三分钟演讲。

考试时长在半小时左右。

英语专业八级GeneralKnowledge知识点总结英语专业八级GeneralKnowledge知识点总结1、John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost、Paradise Regained was also written by him.2、Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes、十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。

3、Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect、俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果4、Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement、警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。

5、Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group、行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言、terminology6、Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant、陈腔滥调, 陈腐的.或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的7、Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton、夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重8、onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to、象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.9、hypotaxis: 从属关系10、parataxis: 并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.。