最新研究生英语课程课后答案(专硕)

Unit 1

Text A

II. Language points

1. How successful you’ll be in making transitions among careers can at least be partially attributed to the amount of career planning and preparation you’ve done. (Para. 1) If you are well-prepared in making plans for your future career, the chances are that you might as well succeed in changing your career because how successfully you change your career may in part result from what preparations you’ve done in career planning.

2.Think of career planning as building bridges from your current job/career to your next job/career; without the bridge, you may easily stumble or lose your way, but with the bridge there is safety and directions. (Para. 2) You should regard making plans for your career as building bridges which are the transitions from your current job/career to your next job/career and may help you find the right door to the future.

3. And while career planning and career decision-making is an important aspect of your life, do not put so much pressure on yourself that it paralyzes you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans. (Para. 5)… don’t put too much pressure on yourself to make real choices, decisions, or plans.

4. To help you with your career planning, consider using the following exercises to their fullest potential. (Para. 6) … consider using the following exercises to their fullest degree/ as much as possible.

5. Reflect on the times and situations in which you feel most passionate, most energetic, most engaged — and see if you can develop a common profile of these situations.(Para. 9) Consider the times and situations in which you feel most excited, most vigorous, most engrossed— and try to generalize the features these situations have in common.

6. Remember those papers you had to write as a kid about what you wanted to be when you grew up? (Para. 13) Do you still remember when you were little you were asked to write about what you would like to be in the future?

7. Take the time to revert back to those idyllic times and brainstorm about your current dream job; be sure not to let any negative thoughts cloud your thinking. (Para. 13) Spend some time in returning back to these simple, peaceful and pleasant times and trying to think more about your current ideal job to make sure that no negative thoughts could make your thinking obscure /unclear.

8. Look for ideas internally, but also make the effort to explore/research other careers/ occupations that interest you. (Para. 13) You should not only look for ideas inside yourself/ at the bottom of your heart, but also explore/research other careers/occupations you are interested in from the outside.

9. Pinpoint the qualifications you need to move to the next step in your career or to make the move to a new career path. (Para. 18) Mark clearly the qualifications that are needed in career changing.

10. If you’re not sure, search job postings and job ads, conduct informational interviews, research job descriptions.

(Para. 18) If you’re not sure about the qualifications required in the new career, you should s earch job postings and job advertisements for those qualifications, take part in interviews in which you know something about the job, and study the list of general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position..

11. Develop a timeline and action plans for achieving each type, being sure to set specific goals and priories. (Para. 20)

Make a timetable and action plans for achieving each type of qualification you need and remember to set concrete goals and decide what should be done first.

12. Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have or plan for today may not

be in demand years from now. (Para. 21) Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have mastered or you plan to master now may not be required or needed in the future.

13. Long-range career planning should be more about identifying and developing core skills that employers will always

value while developing your personal and career goals in broad strokes. (Para. 21) When planning career for the long

run, you should focus on pinpointing and developing the essential skills in general that will always be valued no matter whom your employers are or how time changes.

14. Here’s a collection of the best self-assessment tools, designed to give you a better idea of your attitudes and interests

as they relate to possible career choices. (Para. 25) The best collected self-assessment tools are developed to make you clear about your attitudes and interests related to the careers that you may choose.

15. Some tools and resources especially for established job-seekers contemplating a career change.(Para. 26) In the

section of Career Change Resources, there are some tools and resources especially for those established job-hunters who consider changing careers.

16. Taking the time to use a career journal is a fantastic way to conduct career planning on a regular basis. (Para. 31) It

is great to spend some time using a career journal to carry out career planning regularly.

17. The concept of transferable skills is a vital job-search technique that all job-seekers should master, though the

concept is especially important for career changers and college students. (Para. 33) All job-hunters should master those skills that are needed to make transitions from school to workplace or from your current job to the next job

III. Key to the exercises

1. Reading Comprehension

(1) According to the author, career planning is very essential because it functions as bridges built from one’s current

job/career to his/her next job/career and with the bridges there is safety and direction.

(2) The main idea of the passage:

The passage offers some basic guidelines for both short-term and long-term career planning.

(3) Short-term career plan and long-term career plan are different. A short-term career plan focuses on a timeframe

ranging from the coming year to the next few years. It is characterized by developing realistic goals and objectives that can be accomplished in the near future. But long-term career planning usually involves a broader set of guidelines and preparation and focuses on and developing workplace core skills and identifying career trends.

(4) In order to hold a positive attitude towards short-term career planning, you should free yourself form all career barriers,

such as personal barriers, family pressure and peer pressure. And you shouldn’t put so much pressure on yourself because it may paralyze you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans.

(5) Before you develop a picture of yourself and your career, you should analyze your current/future lifestyle,

likes/dislikes, passion, definition of success, personality, dream job and current situation.

2. Vocabulary

Section A

(1) on the move (2) In terms of (3) quintessential (4) perspective

(5) priority (6) cloud (7) brainstormed (8) extravert, introvert

(9) Reverting(10) timeframe

Section B

(1) A(2) B(3) C(4) C(5) A(6) D(7) D(8) A(9) C(10) A

3. Cloze

(1) right (2) not (3) wrong (4) First of all (5) knowledge

(6) Only (7) no matter what (8) outperform (9) successful (10) higher

(11) who (12) still (13) rather than (14) figure out (15) worst

(16) Then (17) However (18) rehearse (19) more (20)instead of

4. Translation

A. Chinese to English

1) Translate the following sentences into English.

(1) Although we failed this time, we should not be sunk in apathy, because as we all know, “failure is the mother of

success.” And we are all wedded to the belief that this failure will be the beginning of future success.

(2) The idyllic Indonesian island is a beautiful combination of spirituality, natural beauty and a taste of the exotic.

(3) Adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood, is always a critical time for everybody. So parents must pay

spe cial attention to their children’s growth in this period.

(4) Thank you for your really practical advice, but I still need time to reflect on it.

(5) You’d better contemplate the related issues before making a final decision, and formulate a feasible acti on plan that can

be fulfilled in one year.

(6) In this English Speaking Contest, what impresses me most is that contestant 11 is a very fluent speaker of English, but

it’s a pity that he fails to confine himself to the subject.

(7) Neither difficulty nor failure frustrates his passion in his research. He was content to go as far as he could.

(8) Anthropologists, as far as I know, are still unable to pinpoint just where along the line man and the apes branched into

two distant species.

2) Translate the following paragraph into English.

We all have goals and aspirations. Sometimes we have difficulty knowing where to start. We want that new body, or want to be healthy and have more energy, but we just do not know what the first step is. In addition, the road to our goals is sometimes a rocky one. It is difficult to transgress and sometimes we just want to give up. We sometimes forget that our current situation did not occur overnight and so changing it will not happen overnight either. It will take time and hard work. Therefore, I suggest that you should set only one goal at a time.When you try to take on too much at once, you can become overwhelmed quickly. Create a list and take one goal at a time. Once you achieve that goal, back to your list to mark it off, and move to the next one. The act of achieving goals individually will give you a greater sense of accomplishment. You can even break the one goal into smaller parts. This gives you motivation and success more often than waiting for days or months to achieve a larger goal.

B. English to Chinese

1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

每位求职者都需要花点时间远离日常繁忙的工作，仔细思量你的事业，为未来制定计划。无论你喜欢现在的工作和老板或是感到受缚于目前工作，职业规划能够帮助你。职业规划被视作建立连接目前工作/职业和未来工作/职业的桥梁，没有这座桥，你会跌跌撞撞或迷失方向；但有了这座桥，就有了安全的保证和明确的方向。

2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

（1）一位权威科学家警告说，机器人在家庭、工作场所和战争中的兴起必须受到伦理规范的监督和控制，以此限定机器人在一些敏感情境中的运用，比如看小孩、照顾老人以及作战等情境。

（2）谢菲尔德大学的人工智能专家诺埃尔·夏基教授警告说，机器人正被引入潜在的敏感情境中，这可能会导致（被服务者）与世隔绝的状态，因为人们在给机器人设定指令后，往往很长时间不再问津。

（3）第一条规定机器人不得伤害人类；第二条规定机器人必须服从人类的命令，但不得违反第一条定律；第三条规定机器人应尽量保护自己，但不得违反前两条定律。

（4）但是20世纪末提出的有关具有高度人工智能的机器人将崛起的预言并未实现，不过机器人科学家已赋予了听命于他们的机器以准智能的特征，比如简单的言语识别、情绪表达以及面部识别等能力。

（5）目前机器人的智力水平连愚蠢都算不上。如果我哪怕认为他们会在智力上高出人类一等，我都不会有这些担忧了。

Text B

Career Path: Acting Your Age

Key to the exercises

Guess the meaning of the word(s)

(1) troublesome (2) strenuous (3) handicap (4) similar in meaning

(5) applies (6) commendable (7) saturated (8) intimidating

(9) attracting (10) What’s more

True or false

(1)T(2) F(3) T(4) F(5) F(6) T(7) T(8) F

Unit 2

Text A

II. Language points

1. Even a modest space voyage, Dyson calculated, would set the average family back 1,500 years in wages.(Para.1) According to Dyson’s calculation, even a modest and common space voyage would cost the average family wages of about 1,500 years.

set back:cost (a person) specific amount

e.g. My new car set me back $3 000.

2. The difference reflected the relative difficulty of space travel, but also the limitations of big government programs to do things on the cheap.(Para.1) The cost difference not only has showed space travel is much more difficult than the Mayflower’s voyage in 1620 and the westward journey of the Mormons in 1840s, but also prove d that government needs to reduce its spending on big and expensive programs and turn its attention to the programs that cost less money.

3. Nothing has happened in the past 40 years to suggest that NASA has come any closer to the commercial sweet spot of the Colonial settlers. (Para.2) In the past 40 years, no thing has shown that NASA’s has found its best solution to which it could start and develop its business just like early colonial settlers who found their place, Massachusetts, to settle down and made their living move on based on their settlement.

A sweet spot is a place, often numerical as opposed to physical, where a combination of factors suggests a particularly suitable solution. In the context of a racquet, bat or similar sporting instrument, sweet spot is often believed to be the same as the center of percussion. In this context, sweet spot means a financially profitable situation. Colonial settlers found this sweet spot while NASA didn’t come close.

4. The commission headed by Lockheed Martin chairman Norm Augustine that has spent much of the past year deliberating on NASA’s human spaceflight program… (Para.2)

deliberate on: to consider /discuss or negotiate仔细研究，审议

e.g. We had no time to deliberate on the problem.

5. ...even though ending this program would send NASA’s international partners into apoplexy. (Para.2) …even though ending the ISS program would make NASA’s international partners feel very angry.

The apoplexy is an outdated medical term, which can be used to mean “bleeding”. It can be used non-medically to mean a state of extreme rage or excitement.

6. More embarrassing, with NASA’s space shuttle due to be mothballed in 2010, and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule, not due to fly until 2012, the partners face a two year gap in which they will have to rely on Russia’s Soyuz ships to commute to the space station. (Para.2) To NASA’s embarrassment, they had to stop using their shuttle in 2010 and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule cannot fly until 2012, so there will be a two year gap between 2010 and 2012, in which NASA’s international partners have to depend on Russia’s ship to come and go to the space station.

mothball: to decide not to use or develop something, for a period of time, especially a piece of equipment or a plan 封存；搁置不用

If someone in authority mothballs a plan, factory, or piece of equipment, they decide to stop developing or using it, perhaps temporarily.

7. The shortfall may force NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators to a degree that’s unprecedented in its history.(Para.3) The shortage or lack of money may force NASA to get commercial operators

involved in its space-exploration program to a degree that has never happened before.

shortfall:n. 缺口；差额；亏空

If there is a shortfall in something, there is less of it than you need.

8. The move could create opportunities for the modern equivalents of Young and Bradford—entrepreneurs willing to risk their livelihoods on making the exploration of space affordable by not only designing and building ships for NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to their targets. (Para.3) The move —NASA’s opening up its space program to commercial or private sectors— could create opportunities for upcoming modern entrepreneurs like Young and Bradford in the early times. They are willing to take a risk in spending much money, effort and even their lives on space exploration in order to get it started and moved on by not only designing and building ships for NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to meet NASA’s targets. 9. In the past, NASA has been deeply involved in managing design and development work by outside contractors, a messy process that made the shuttle expensive and unsafe, rather than cheap and safe. Now the agency is under pressure to step back and buy services wholesale from private firms. (Para.3) In the past, NASA has spent much effort and time asking outside contractors to design and develop space shuttles, which is a very complicated process making the space shuttle expensive and unsafe rather than cheap and safe. Now due to financial pressure, the agency has stepped back to entrust private firms to do all the business for NASA.

10. “We’re talking about a movement from where the government has been the pri me contractor, managing situations

with a very hands-on role, to a situation where they are just a customer,” says Larry Williams.(Para.3) We are talking about the movement —NASA has shifted it role from a major contractor who needs to do every detailed and practical work by itself to a customer who buys services wholesale from private firms.

11. The next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft. (Para.5) The next step is to

enable the private firms to send astronauts to outer space just like cargo that can be delivered.

aloft:adj./adv. high in the air 在空中高处

Something that is aloft is in the air or off the ground.

12. To do that, NASA will have to relinquish some of its oversight of crew safety. This isn’t entirely without precedent.

(Para.5) In order to let private firms send astronauts into space, NASA will have to give up their responsibility of regulating crew safety. This has happened before.

relinquish:vt. to stop having something, especially when this happens unwillingly

If you relinquish something such as power or control, you give it up.

oversight: the state of being in charge of somebody/something 负责；照管

13. Space X claims it could adapt its cargo-carrying spaceship for ferrying a human crew in less than three years, once

it gets the green light. (Para.6) Space X claims it could make some change to its spaceship so that it could send people to outer space in less than three years, once it gets permission.

14. If Virgin and other commercial firms can deliver, Earth orbit will be far more accessible than it’s ever been before.

Although it would still be a stretch for all but the wealthiest people, costs could come down low enough to jump-start markets for tourism. (Para.8) If commercial firms like Virgin Galactic can deliver man to Earth orbit, then Earth orbit would be much easier to get to than ever before. It would be open to nobody but the wealthiest people since only the rich can afford the high price，but the cost could be reduced so that it would become a rising market for tourism.

15. The big sticking point, however, will be safety. Even though NASA holds the safety of its crew paramount, it still

hasn’t been able to escape the occasional disaster, like the loss of the Columbia shuttle and its crew in 2003. (Para.8) The key point is still the consideration of safety of its crew. Even though NASA regards the safety of its crew as the most important thing, it still hasn’t been able to avoid the occasional disaster, such as the loss of the Space shuttle, Columbia and its 7 crew members in 2003.

16. …the space shuttle is unreliable, in part, because its all-purpose design is overly complex. NASA needs a bigger

rocket capable of sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a long-duration trip, beyond the te ther of Earth’s gravity. (Para.9) … the space shuttle is unreliable partly because its space shuttle is designed for all- around purposes, such as carrying cargo or people, etc. And the process of design is extremely complex. NASA needs a bigger rocket capable of

sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a longer trip, beyond the limitation or influence of Earth’s gravity.

overly: too/ extremely

17. It might be able to entice commercial firms to undertake their own big rockets if there were some payoff down the

road. (Para.9) Private firms might be attracted to build their own rockets to deliver astronauts to outer space if they could get profits.

payoff:n. return; reward; payment

18. Many seemingly ridiculous ideas for generating energy and beaming it back to Earth now seem much less so, thanks

to the climate crisis. (Para.9) The ideas of generating energy and shining it back to earth, which used to sound very funny, but now seems much possible and necessary due to the consideration of the climate crisis.

19. …the challenge of sending people safely into deep space and back for a profit is big enough to give any entrepreneur

pause. (Para.10) … the challenge for private services to send people safely into deep space and back for making profits is so big that any entrepreneur would hesitate before they take their steps.

give sb./sth. pause:使踌躇，使犹豫

This finding should give pause to it. 这个发现令人深思。

His recent behavior has given her pause about their relationship.

他最近的行为让她对他们的关系产生了犹豫。

20. The Industrial Re volution didn’t take off until the railways arrived. (Para.11)

Here it means that the private sector will play an important role and do lots of work in deep space only if NASA gets it started.

III. Key to the exercises

1. Reading comprehension

(1) In early times there was an essay comparing space travel to the colonization, but nothing can keep Dyson from making a

meticulous effort to quantify and compare the costs of these vastly different ventures.

(2) By presenting the relationship between FedEx and the U.S. Postal service, the writer wants to show that NASA actually can

pay private firms, like Space X to design and develop space program.

(3) NASA opened up its space exploration program to commercial operators because NASA lacks funding to keep its human

spaceflight program moving on and operating. So, it is the shortfall that forces NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators.

(4) There are two steps that NASA is going to take after it begins working with smaller companies. The first is to get cargo

delivered to space; the next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft.

(5) Give your own comments.

2. Vocabulary

Section A

(1) fanciful(2) eminent(3) meticulous(4) aloft(5) mogul

(6) shortfall(7) quantify(8) relinquished(9) entrust(10) wholesale

Section B

(1) C(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) B(6) C(7) B(8) D(9) C(10) B

3. Cloze

(1) predicted (2) pass (3) doubt (4) catch (5) running

(6) high-lever (7) lag (8) convinced (9)assured (10) reasonably

(11)dismissed (12) acute (13) called (14) offer (15) creation

(16) feats (17) failed (18) lack (19) blame (20) boss

4. Translation

A. Chinese to English

1) Translate the following sentences into English.

(1) By some estimates, 10 million Americans will be telecommuting in 5 years so that three quarters of a billion gallons of

petrol could be saved.

(2) Rogge also thanked the security forces that kept the Winter Olympic Games safe at the cost of about $310 million, a bill

that increased following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.

(3) Government has given our city a modern international airport capable of meeting our requirements far into the next century.

(4) What makes parents worry is that some primary students keep indulging themselves in computer games day and night and

nothing can entice them from computers.

(5) It’s an interesting suggestion for space program, but we need a bit longer time to give pause to it since it is so costly.

(6) At present, government particularly needs to work on vocational training in various forms, open up new opportunities of

employment and strive to assist as many laid-off workers as possible in finding new jobs.

(7) A recent survey found 55 percent of those polled considered true love paramount in a relationship, while 45 percent still

believed in love at first sight.

(8) Graduates are under great pressure before leaving college because of job hunting, poverty, emotional problems, school

achievements and surroundings, etc.

2) Translate the following paragraph into English.

After the Soviet space program launched the world’s first human-made satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to U.S. security and technological leadership (known as the “Sputnik crisis”), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhowe r and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of debate produced an agreement that a new federal agency was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was also created at this time.

B. English to Chinese

1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

首要任务是把货物送到太空。美国航空航天局猎户星座航空舱仅是针对航天员设计的，所以把种子基金付给私人太空机构去实现把物品送到太空站。去年美国航空航天局就签订了两个合同，一个是以16亿美元的价格委托美国宇宙探索技术公司(SpaceX)为美国航空航天局12次发射运载火箭。另一个是以19亿美元的价格委托美国轨道科技公司（Orbital Sciences Corp.）为其完成八次太空飞行任务。为了履行这一合同，美国宇宙探索技术公司(SpaceX) 现正在组建猎鹰9号火箭助推器，以便运送无人驾驶的太空舱与太空站对接。太空员卸下货物后让其返回地球。美国轨道科技公司（Orbital Sciences Corp.）组建的类似的金牛座II火箭预计将在2011年投入使用。威廉说：“从美国航空航天局的角度来看，他们最终关心的不是你怎么收到了邮件，而是想办法把邮件送到。”

2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

（1）太空项目的提案者早就有过这样的警告，逐渐增加的太空垃圾带最终会导致碰撞，就正如星期二所发生的，在西伯利亚上空500英里处，美国的一颗卫星与现已失效的俄罗斯卫星发生严重的撞击。

（2）人类有惊人的乱丢垃圾的能力，但普遍存在的共识是：浩瀚的太空不会因为人类的行为而受到巨大的伤害。

（3）我们的卫星在太空飞行的最高处离地球22 000英里，当你知道这是地球到月球距离的1/10时，这一距离就听起来就不是很远的了。

（4）每次即便是我们把一个小小的卫星送入它运行的轨道，伴随这一运载过程的也不仅仅是卫星。

（5）一些政府机构的联盟，包括美国航空航天局、北美防空联合司令部，甚至美通讯委员会跟踪记录了星球上空的漂浮的所有垃圾，目前这些不断增加的垃圾让人无比地恐慌。

Text B

The New Space Race

(1) left / flied away from (2) hesitated (3) prevented or impaired

(4) brought back to use / revived (5) unfriendly / hostile

(6) made free from bacteria (7) space / vacancy (8)vulnerable / weak

(9) a kind of metal element (10) filled with / full of

True or false

(1) T(2) F(3) F(4) T(5) F(6) T(7) T(8) F

Unit 3

Text A

II. Language points

1. The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end. (Para. 1)The utilitarian principle is that happiness is worth obtaining and is the only thing worth obtaining as a purpose; all other things being so only as a way to obtain happiness.

2. What ought to be required of this doctrine, what conditions is it requisite that the doctrine should fulfill, to make good its claim to be believed?(Para. 1)What requirements should this principle meet, what are the necessary conditions this principle should accomplish to make its claim good for people to believe?

requisite a. required by circumstances or necessary for success

e.g. Have you the requisite visa to enter Canada?

have/lack the requisite capital to start a business

3. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable, is that people do actually desire it. (Para. 2)Likewise, I think the only evidence we can possibly offer to prove anything to be desirable is that people do actually desire it.

apprehend v. grasp the meaning of (sb./sth.); understand

e.g. Do I apprehend you aright, i.e. Do you mean what I think you mean?

sole a. one and only; single

e.g. the sole cause of the accident

the sole survivor of the crash

4. If the end which the utilitarian doctrine proposes to itself were not, in theory and in practice, acknowledged to be an end, nothing could ever convince any person that it was so. (Para. 1)If the purpose which the utilitarian doctrine itself intends to fulfill were not accepted to be a purpose both in theory and in practice, then nothing could ever make anyone believe that it was so.

5. No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness. (Para. 2)We can give no reason why the general happiness is desirable except that each person desires his own happiness as long as he believes that it can be achieved.

attainable a. that can be attained

e.g. These objectives are certainly attainable.

6. This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require, that happiness is a good, that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons. (Para. 2)However, it is a fact that the general happiness is desirable, and we have not only all the evidence that the case agrees with, but all the evidence that it is likely to need, to prove that happiness is a benefit, that each person’s happiness is a benefit to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a benefit to all persons as a whole.

aggregate n. total amount; mass or amount brought together

e.g. the complete aggregate of unemployment figures

7. Now it is palpable that they do desire things which, in common language, are decidedly distinguished from happiness. (Para. 3)Now it is obvious that people do desire things which, in everyday words, are definitely different from happiness. palpable a. clear to the mind; obvious

e.g. a palpable lie, error

distinguish v. recognize the difference between (people or things)

e.g. People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be colour-blind.

The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.

8. They desire, for example, virtue, and the absence of vice, no less really than pleasure and the absence of pain. (Para.

3)For example, they want to have virtue and avoid vice as much as they want to have pleasure and avoid pain.

vice:n. evil or unprincipled conduct; wickedness

e.g. Greed is a terrible vice.

9. The desire of virtue is not as universal, but it is as authentic a fact, as the desire of happiness. (Para. 3)Although the desire of virtue is not as common as the desire of happiness, it is as true a fact as the desire of happiness.

authentic:a. known to be true or genuine

e.g. an authentic document, signature, painting

10. And hence the opponents of the utilitarian standard deem that they have a right to infer that there are other ends of

human action besides happiness, and that happiness is not the standard of approbation and disapprobation. (Para.

3)For this reason, those against the utilitarian standard consider that they have a right to conclude that there are other

purposes of human action apart from happiness, and that happiness is not the criterion for judgment.

opponent n. person who is against another person in a fight, a struggle, a game or an argument

e.g. a political opponent

Her opponent left the tennis court in tears.

deem v. consider; regard

e.g. He deemed that it was his duty to help.

She was deemed to be the winner.

It is deemed advisable.

I deem it a great honour to be invited to address you.

infer v. reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning; conclude sth.

e.g. It is possible to infer two completely opposite conclusions from this set of facts.

Am I to infer from your remarks that you think I’m not telling the truth?

approbation n. approval; consent

e.g. awaiting the approbation of the court

11. But does the utilitarian doctrine deny that people desire virtue, or maintain that virtue is not a thing to be desired?

The very reverse. (Para. 4)But does the utilitarian doctrine refuse to admit that people desire virtue, or assert that virtue is not worth desiring? Just the opposite.

reverse n. thing that is the contrary or opposite to what is expected

e.g. In hot weather, the reverse happens/applies.

Children’s shoes aren’t cheap — quite the reverse.

You were the very reverse of polite.

12. It maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but that it is to be desired disinterestedly, for itself. (Para. 4) It

claims that virtue not only is worth desiring, but also should be desired for its own sake in a fair and unselfish way.

13. Whatever may be the opinion of utilitarian moralists as to the original conditions by which virtue is made virtue,

however they may believe (as they do) that actions and dispositions are only virtuous because they promote another end than virtue, yet this being granted, and it having been decided, from considerations of this description, what is virtuous, they not only place virtue at the very head of the things which are good as means to the ultimate end, but they also recognize as a psychological fact the possibility of its being, to the individual, a good in itself, without looking to any end beyond it;...(Para. 4)No matter what opinion the utilitarian moralists may have about the original conditions which make virtue virtue, no matter how they may believe (as they do) that deeds and characters are virtuous only because they promote a purpose other than virtue, after considering this description of what is virtuous, we may see that they not only put virtue in the first place among the things which are good as a way to the ultimate end, they also accept it as a psychological fact that it is possible for virtue to be a benefit to the individual without thinking about the ultimate end.

disposition:n. person’s natural qualities of mind and character

e.g. a calm, irritable, cheerful, boastful, etc disposition

look to sth.make sure that sth. is safe or in good condition; be careful about sth.

e.g. The country must look to its defenses.

You should look to your health.

14. …and hold, that the mind is not in a right state, not in a state conformable to Utility, not in the state most conducive

to the general happiness, unless it does love virtue in this manner—as a thing desirable in itself, even although, in the individual instance, it should not produce those other desirable consequences which it tends to produce, and on account of which it is held to be virtue. (Para. 4)…and utilitarian moralists believe, that the mind is not in a right state, not in a state corresponding to Utility, not in the state most favorable to the general happiness, unless it does love virtue as a thing worth desiring for its own sake —even although, in some cases, it should not produce those other desirable consequences which it tends to produce, and because of which it is held to be virtue.

be conducive to sth.allowing or helping sth. to happen

e.g. These noisy conditions aren’t r eally conducive to concentrated work.

on account of sth.because of sth.

e.g. We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather.

15. This opinion is not, in the smallest degree, a departure from the Happiness principle.(Para. 4)This opinion is not

against the Happiness principle at all.

departure from sth.action different from (what is usual or expected)

e.g. a departure from old customs, the standard procedure, etc.

16. The ingredients of happiness are very various, and each of them is desirable in itself, and not merely when

considered as swelling an aggregate. (Para. 4) Happiness is made up of many elements, each of which is desirable in itself and not just when considered as a whole.

ingredient n. any of the qualities of which sth. is made

e.g. the ingredients of a/sb.’s character, of success, of happiness, etc.

swell:v. (cause sth. to) become greater in intensity, number, amount or volume

e.g. The group of onlookers soon swelled into a crowd.

The murmur swelled into a roar.

Small extra costs all swell the total.

The river was swollen with flood water.

17. To illustrate this farther, we may remember that virtue is not the only thing, originally a means, and which if it were

not a means to anything else, would be and remain indifferent, but which by association with what it is a means to, comes to be desired for itself, and that too with the utmost intensity. (Para. 5) To illustrate this point more clearly, we may recall the following fact: virtue is a means at first which would be and remain unimportant if it were not a means to anything else; but by being associated with what it is a means to, virtue comes to be desired for its own sake with the greatest passion. What happens to virtue also happens to some other things.

illustrate:v. explain or make (sth.) clear by examples, diagrams, pictures, etc.

e.g. To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.

utmost a. greatest; furthest; most extreme

e.g. in the utmost danger

of the utmost importance

with the utmost care

pushed to the utmost limits of endurance

intensity n. state or quality of being intense

e.g. work with greater intensity

18. There is nothing originally more desirable about money than about any heap of glittering pebbles. (Para. 5) At first

people’ s desire for money is just t he same as that for any pile of shining stones.

glitter:v. shine brightly with little sharp flashes of light; sparkle

e.g. stars glittering in the frosty sky

a necklace glittering with diamonds

19. Its worth is solely that of the things which it will buy; the desires for other things than itself, which it is a means of

gratifying. (Para. 5)The worth of money lies only in the things it will buy; people don’t desire money for its own sake, and money is just a way to satisfy people’s desire for other things.

gratify:v. give pleasure or satisfaction to (sb.)

e.g. I was most gratified at/by/with the outcome of the meeting.

It gratified me to hear of your success.

I was gratified that they appreciated what I did for them.

20. It may, then, be said truly, that money is desired not for the sake of an end, but as part of the end. From being a

means to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the individual’s conception of happiness. (Para. 5) Therefore, we may say that money is desired not to fulfill a purpose, but as part of the purpose. From being a way to obtain happiness, money itself has become a main part of the individual’s idea of happiness.

principal:a. first in rank or importance; chief; main

e.g. the principal members of the government

The Danube is one of the principal rivers of Europe.

The principal aim of the policy is to bring peace to the area.

The low salary is her principal reason for leaving the job.

21. The same may be said of the majority of the great objects of human life: power, for example, or fame; except that to

each of these there is a certain amount of immediate pleasure annexed, which has at least the semblance of being naturally inherent in them—a thing which cannot be said of money. (Para. 5) The same thing may happen to most of the great goals of human life: for example, power or fame; except that here is a certain amount of instant pleasure attached to power or fame, which at least looks like a natural part of them. We cannot find such immediate pleasure naturally inherent in money.

annex:v. add or join sth. to a larger thing

e.g. A new wing has been annexed to the hospital.

inherent a. existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb./sth.

e.g. an inherent distrust of foreigners

an inherent weakness in a design

the power inherent in the office of President

semblance of sth.appearance of being sth.; likeness to sth.

e.g. put on a semblance of cheerfulness

bring the meeting to some semblance of order

22. Still, however, the strongest natural attraction, both of power and of fame, is the immense aid they give to the

attainment of our other wishes; and it is the strong association thus generated between them and all our objects of desire, which gives to the direct desire of them the intensity it often assumes, so as in some characters to surpass in strength all other desires. (Para. 5) Still, however, the strongest natural attraction of both power and of fame lies in the fact that they offer us great help to achieve our other wishes; thus a close relationship is built between them and all our objects of desire, which makes people desire them directly with passion, so that in some aspects people’s desire for them are stronger than all other desires.

immense:a. extremely large

e.g. immense difficulties, problems, possibilities, etc

of immense importance

surpass v. do or be better than sb./sth.; exceed sb./sth.

e.g. surpass sb. in speed, strength, skill

It will be hard to surpass this very high score.

The beauty of the scenery surpassed all my expectations.

23. Happiness is not an abstract idea, but a concrete whole; and these are some of its parts. (Para. 5)

abstract:a. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existence

e.g. We may talk of beautiful things, but beauty itself is abstract.

He has some abstract notion of wanting to change the world.

concrete a. existing in material form; that can be touched, felt, etc

e.g. Physics deals with the forces acting on concrete objects.

24. And the utilitarian standard sanctions and approves their being so. (Para. 5)

sanction:v. give one’s permission for (sth.); authorize or approve

e.g. I can’t sanction your methods.

Who sanctioned bombing the town?

They won’t sanction our spending on this scale.

25. Virtue, according to the utilitarian conception, is a good of this description. There was no original desire of it, or

motive to it, save its conduciveness to pleasure, and especially to protection from pain.(Para. 6) Originally people didn’t have desire of or motive to virtue, except that vir tue helps people get pleasure, and especially helps protect people from pain.

26. ...and with this difference between it and the love of money, of power, or of fame—that all of these may, and often do,

render the individual noxious to the other members of the society to which he belongs, whereas there is nothing which makes him so much a blessing to them as the cultivation of the disinterested love of virtue. (Para. 6) …virtue may be felt a good in itself and desired as a good with as great passion as any other good, which makes it different from the love of money, of power, or of fame —all of these may, and often do, cause the individual to be harmful to the other members of the society to which he belongs, whereas the cultivation of the unselfish love of virtue makes him a blessing to them.

render:v. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a certain condition

e.g. rendered helpless by an accident

Your action has rendered our contract invalid.

noxious:a. harmful; poisonous

e.g. noxious fumes, gases, ect

27. And consequently, the utilitarian standard, while it tolerates and approves those other acquired desires, up to the

point beyond which they would be more injurious to the general happiness than promotive of it, enjoins and requires the cultivation of the love of virtue up to the greatest strength possible, as being above all things important to the general happiness. (Para. 6)Therefore, although the utilitarian standard tolerates and approves those other acquired desires as long as they would promote rather than causing injury to the general happiness, it orders and requires the individual cultivate the love of virtue with the greatest efforts possible, making the love of virtue the most important to the general happiness.

injurious:a. causing or likely to cause injury; harmful

e.g. Smoking is injurious to the health.

enjoin:v. impose(an action or prohibition) on sb.; order

e.g. He enjoined obedience on his followers.

The leader enjoined that the rules should be obeyed.

28. If the opinion which I have now stated is psychologically true—if human nature is so constituted as to desire nothing

which is not either a part of happiness or a means of happiness, we can have no other proof, and we require no other, that these are the only things desirable.(Para. 8) If the opinion which I have now stated is psychologically true—if human nature is formed to desire either a part of happiness or a means of happiness and nothing else, then we can prove that these are the only things people desire.

constitute:v. make up or form (a whole); be the components of

e.g. Twelve months constitute a year.

The committee is constituted of members of all three parties.

He is so constituted( ie His nature is such) that he can accept criticism without resentment.

III. Key to the exercises

1. Reading comprehension

(1) This text is a typical argument essay which should contain three parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The

structure of the text is as follows. Summarize the main idea of each part.

The introduction (Para. 1): The author gives a brief explanation of the argument.

The body (Para. 2-7): The author presents both sides of the argument with an assessment of each.

The conclusion (Para. 8): The author comes to the conclusion that happiness is the sole end of human action.

(2) The opponents of utilitarian standards don’t believe that happiness is the sole criterion for morality. They deem that they

have a right to infer that there are other ends of human action besides happiness, and that happiness is not the standard of approbation and disapprobation, because people do desire things which are decidedly distinguished from happiness and which are as authentic a fact as the desire of happiness.

(3) As to virtue, the utilitarian doctrine maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but also that it is to be desired

disinterestedly, for itself. Virtue, according to the utilitarian doctrine, is not naturally and originally part of the end, but it is capable of becoming so; and in those who love it disinterestedly it has become so, and is desired and cherished, not as a means to happiness, but as a part of their happiness.

(4) In paragraph 5, John Stuart Mill says, “What was once desired as an instrument for the attainment of happiness, has come to

be desired for its own sake.” For example, there is nothing originally more desirable about money than about any heap of glittering pebbles. Its worth is solely that of the things which it will buy; the desires for other things than itself, which it is a means of gratifying. Yet the love of money is not only one of the strongest moving forces of human life, but money is, in many cases, desired in and for itself. From being a means to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the individual’s conception of happiness.

(5) According to paragraph 6, to best make an individual a blessing to other members of the society, it requires the cultivation

of the disinterested love of virtue up to the greatest strength possible.

2. Vocabulary

Section A

(1) ingredient (2) apprehend (3) audible (4) swell (5) render

(6) infer (7) opponent (8) aggregate (9) exemption (10) disposition

Section B

(1) C(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) D(6) A(7) B(8) C(9) D(10) C

3. Cloze

(1) practices (2) action (3) irrational (4) opposes (5) for

(6) violate (7) far (8) intuitive (9) offer (10) accepting

(11) selfish (12) refuse (13) away (14) upon (15) peace

(16) alienated (17) harmony (18) diligently (19) obstacles (20) applies

4. Translation

A. Chinese to English

1) Translate the following sentences into English.

(1) Though utilitarian motivation can promote learning in certain circumstances, it cannot be enduring or help students form a

positive learning attitude.

(2) On account of the quickening pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous

pressure on all individuals.

(3) We should by no means undermine our worth by comparing ourselves with others or set our goals by what other people

deem important because only we know what is best for us.

(4) The fight against terrorism requires conclusive evidence and clear targets. All actions taken should be conducive to the

long-term interest of preserving regional and world peace.

(5) High-level sketching ability is a requisite skill for all designers—particularly those aspiring to a career in the highly

competitive automobile industry.

(6) The actor’s autobiography is sheer hype. Obviously, what he really cares about is public attention, even though he claims he

is indifferent to fame and fortune.

(7) Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of either to lower prices or to let sales fall off.

(8) Nowadays, although the developed countries in the western world, such as the United States, have got the maximum benefit

from economic globalization and become the leading forces in this course, it does not mean that "capitalism" and “Americanization” embody the ultimate result of economic globalization.

2) Translate the following paragraph into English.

We all come to the world, but why do some of us make great achievements known forever and why are they remembered forever even though they leave the world? And why do some leave the world without anything valuable to his generation and the people? Every one of us will hope to have a valuable life. But what kind of life is valuable? The answer to the question is that "The life value should be judged from his contribution rather than his possession." Einstein said. We know for certain that not all of us will be Einstein. However, a person of noble aspirations will do solid work. With continuous efforts, he will try to make his greatest contribution in his shortest time. He will try what he can to bring benefit to the people in his lifetime. We’d say it is impossible for one to live alone if he isolates society and people. If he hopes to have a meaningful life, he will bring benefit and make contribution to people.

B. English to Chinese

1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

基于上述考虑，我们得出的结论是，除了幸福，事实上不存在其他任何被渴望的东西。无论何种事物被作为实现某种更高目的（最终为幸福）的手段而受到渴望，都是因为它本身被视为幸福的一部分而受到渴望，并且只有在它确实变成幸福的一部分后它本身才会被渴望。那些渴望美德本身的人，对美德的渴望要么是因为意识到拥有美德是一种快乐，要么是因为意识到缺乏美德是一种痛苦，或者是因为两者兼而有之。快乐和痛苦很少单独存在而几乎只是形影相随，一个人往往因获得了一定程度的美德而感到快乐，同时又因没有得到更多的美德而感到痛苦。如果获得一定的美德并不能给他带来快乐，而未获得更多的美德也没有使他感到痛苦，那么他就不会去热爱和渴望美德，或者对它的渴望仅仅是出于它可能会为自己或自己关心的人带来其他的益处。

2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

（1）公共健康专家和肥胖症研究者把这一趋势发生的原因，部分地归结为孩子们越来越不动弹的生活习惯。由于青少年在屏幕前待着不动的时间越来越长，每天燃烧的卡路里越来越少，未被消耗的能量更多地堆积为脂肪。于是，就造成了肥胖率的迅速上升。

（2）这份发表在上周的《肥胖症评论》杂志上的报告发现，在过去的二十年间，即使是在美国青少年体重增加了的情况下，他们的活动量事实上并没有发生显著的变化。

（3）简单地说，体重反映了两个变量之间的平衡：身体吸收的卡路里和燃烧的卡路。研究表明，对于一般的美国青少年而言，体重增加的罪魁祸首不是锻炼的减少，而是食品消耗的增加。

（4）自1991年以来，上体育课的青少年的百分比保持相对平稳；平均起来，上课学生比例的年变化率不超过1%。

（5）虽然那个结论可能很有吸引力，但王和其他的健康专家说，这些新的数据所要真正表明的却并不是那样的。这些发现更多告诉我们的，不是锻炼的作用，而是有关体重公式中的另一变量，即饮食的情况，以及饮食与锻炼的互动关系。

Text B

The Heart of Virtue

Key to the exercises

Guess the meaning of the word(s)

(1) just like a current of cold air that we can prevent from coming into our room by shutting the door, vice is not a great

enemy by which we should be frightened

(2) prevent the devil from affecting us

(3) nothing but the improper profit

(4) expressing the feeling of shock and anger

(5) fake or false

(6) remedies or cures

(7) opponents, rivals, enemies, competitors, etc.

(8) Not being just politeness or social shows

(9) stand up to the difficulties resulting from love

(10) peculiar, unique, singular, special, etc.

True or false

(1) F(2) F(3) T(4) T(5) F(6) T(7) T(8) T

Unit 4

Text A

II. Language points

1. Our water supply is becoming increasingly contaminated — and not just by big factories dumping pollutants into the rivers. (Para. 1) Our water supply is becoming more and more polluted — and not just because big factories dump polluting substances into the rivers.

contaminate:v.to make impure, esp. by touching or mixing; pollute

e. g. They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these subversive ideas.

pollutant: n. substance that pollutes

e. g. Pollutants are constantly released into the atmosphere.

2. It is consumers, often unwittingly, who are poisoning rivers and oceans by sending potentially toxic chemicals down the drain. (Para. 1) It is consumers, often unconsciously, who are poisoning rivers and oceans by dumping chemicals down the drain which are possibly poisonous.

unwittingly:ad.without knowledge or intention; unconsciously

e. g. Walkers can unwittingly damage the fragile environment in which the birds live.

3. In the U.S., however, it was another twenty years before the scientific community began to take notice, largely in response to the efforts of one scientist, Christian Daughton. (Para. 2) In the U.S., however, it took the scientists another twenty years to begin to notice the dangers of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, mainly due to the efforts of one scientist, Christian Daughton.

4. In 1999, Daughton co-wrote, with Thomas A. Ternes of the Institute for Water Research and Water Technology in Germany, the first comprehensive article on pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the U.S. water supply. (Para. 3) In 1999, Daughton, together with Thomas A. Ternes of the Institute for Water Research and Water Technology in Germany, wrote the first article introducing the overall situation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the U.S. water supply.

comprehensive:a. of broad scope or content; including all or much

e. g. An objective test can be quite comprehensive.

5. This landmark article discussed how “priority pollutants,” such as agrochemicals, were “only one piece of the larger

puzzle” of human-made environmental risk factors.(Para. 4) This very important article discussed how most common pollutants, such as chemicals in agricultural production, were only one of the many human-made factors endangering the environment.

landmark: n. an event, a discovery, an invention, etc., that marks an important stage in sth.

e. g. The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.

6. One large class of chemicals receiving comparatively little attention comprises the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products, which are used in large amounts throughout the world; quantities of many are on par with agrochemicals. (Para. 4) One large group of chemicals receiving relatively little attention includes the medicines and active ingredients in personal care products, which are used in large amounts throughout the world; lots of them have the same harmful effects on the environment as agrochemicals.

comprise: v. to have sb./sth. as parts or members; to consist of sb./sth.

e. g. Exporting and importing comprise the most fundamental international business activity in most countries.

on (a) par with as good, bad, important, etc. as sb./sth. else

e. g. She is only an amateur pianist, but her playing is on a par with the best professional.

7. Escalating introduction to the marketplace of new pharmaceuticals is adding exponentially to the already large array of chemical classes, each with distinct modes of biochemical action, many of which are poorly understood. (Para. 4) More and more new pharmaceuticals have entered the market, which makes the already large number of chemical types increase drastically, and each type of chemical develops quite different patterns of biochemical effects, many of which are hardly explained even by scientists.

exponentially:ad.(becoming) faster and faster

e. g. With the development of the Internet, web information has increased exponentially.

an array of a group or collection of things or people

e. g. A large array of employees in the airline company went on strike for higher wages and shorter working hours.

8. The authors went on to write that exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products, especially for aquatic organisms, may be more chronic than exposure to pesticides and other industr ial chemicals “because pharmaceuticals and personal care products are constantly infused into the environment wherever humans live or visit.” (Para. 5) The author went on to write that compared to contact with pesticides and other industrial chemicals, constant contact with pharmaceuticals and personal care products, especially for organisms living in water, may cause long-lasting suffering and problems, “because pharmaceuticals and personal care products are continuously introduced into the environment wherever humans live or visit.”

chronic:a. (esp. of a disease) lasting for a long time; difficult to cure or get rid of

e. g. They think his mother’s illness is acute rather than chronic.

infuse into to make sb./sth. have a particular quality

e. g. Sadness is infused into all her novels.

9. Daughton and Ternes warned in 1999 that prolonged exposure “could lead to cumulative, insidious, adverse impacts”that may not appear until it is too late to intervene. (Para. 5) Daughton and Ternes warned in 1999 that constant and long-term contact with such substances “could lead to increasingly serious, harmful, and negative effects” that may not cause immediate trouble until it is too late to do something to stop them when they are finally noticed.

cumulative: a.having a result that increases in strength or importance each time more of something is added

e. g. The cumulative effects of many illnesses made grandpa a weak man.

insidious:a. spreading gradually or without being noticed, but causing serious harm

e. g. People have not fully realized the insidious effects of polluted water supplies.

adverse:a.negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result

e. g. Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research programme.

10. Preliminary data have shown lipid-regulating compounds, such as Lipitor or Zocor, are causing fish to deposit fat

into their eggs which might affect reproduction.(Para. 7) Preliminary data have shown lipid-controlling compounds, such as Lipitor or Zocor, are causing fish to store fat in their eggs which might affect reproduction.

11. “Pharmaceuticals are designed for a very specific mode of action,” lead scientist Rebecca Klaper stated.(Para. 8)

“Pharmaceuticals are designed for a very particular effect,” the leading scientist Rebecca Klaper stated.

12. Experts predict the incidence of emerging contaminants will continue to rise. (Para. 9) Experts predict that more and

more new contaminants will continue to emerge.

13. New drug entities, many with mechanisms of action never before encountered by biological systems, can be expected

to enjoy continued introduction to commerce.(Para. 9) Newly developed medicines, many of which have functional effects that biological systems have never experienced, are likely to be introduced and sold in market.

entity:n. something that exists separately from other things and has its own identity

mechanism n. a system of parts in a living thing that together perform a particular function

14. Next, “the ones that resist our metabolism — that is they get excreted unchanged — will have a measurable presence

in waterways,” said Daughton. (Para. 10) Next are the drugs that will not be changed even by the chemical processes in the human body of changing food etc. into energy for growth. Our waterways will contain a large amount of such substances.

15. “We probably have an idea of an unknown fraction of these chemicals that actually occur,” he said, “The issue really

is one of people being exposed to something they ordinarily never would... fetal exposure or pregnant mothers, for example.” (Para. 10) “Probably, what we know is that certain amounts of these chemicals have entered our water supply, but what makes the problem troublesome is that people are faced with dangers they have never experienced, for example, pregnant mothers and the fetuses they carry in their body are also exposed to some unusual and harmful substances.

fraction: n. a small part or amount of something

e. g. She hesitated for the merest fraction of a second.

fetal a.or foetal connected with a foetus

e. g. fetal heartbeats

16. Some pharmaceuticals enter the water stream when consumers flush them down the toilet — for years a common

practice in discarding unneeded or expired medication.(Para. 11) Some pharmaceuticals enter the water stream when consumers flush them down the toilet – for years a common way to throw away unneeded or invalid medicines because of long — time storage.

17. The federal guidelines stopped short of advising all drugs be disposed of in this manner. (Para. 12) The federal

guidelines nearly advised all drugs to be thrown away in this way.

18. “We are hopeful that the success of this pilot will pave the way for similar projects in the future.” (Para. 13) “We are

hopeful that the success of this attempt will make preparations for similar projects in the future.”

pave the way for to create a situation in which sb. will be able to do sth. or sth. can happen

e. g. This decision paved the way for changes in employment rights for women.

19. In May 2006, residents of the San Francisco Bay Area dropped 3634 pounds of medications during the area’s inaugural

“Safe Medicine Disposal Days” event.(Para. 13) In May 2006, residents of the San Francisco Bay Area discarded 3634 pounds of medicines on the first activities of “Safe Medicine Disposal Days”.

inaugural a. first, and marking the beginning of sth. important

e. g. The inaugural meeting of the geographical society was quiet a success.

20. While these take-back programs are commendable, they are not yet widely available. (Para. 14) Although these

take-back programs are worthy of praise, there are not so many and it is not easy for people to reach them.

commendable:a.deserving praise and approval

e. g. The organization has pursued a commendable policy on combating racism and religious intolerance.

21. As the market for prescription drugs grows to include more and more children, plus aging baby boomers, the

number of prescriptions per capita will likely increase. (Para. 14) As the market for prescription drugs grows to include more and more children and those who have already grown up and are getting old since the baby boom after War World Ⅱ, the number of prescriptions per person will likely increase.

22. It also stated “continual introduction of these paraben s into sewage treatment systems and directly to recreational

waters from the skin leads to the question of risk to aquatic organisms.”(Para. 15) It also stated “these parabens continually enter the systems dealing with waste water of people’s daily life, and the parabens from the skin come directly to recycling water systems, which together causes water organism to live in danger.

23. The Washington, D.C.-based Environmental Working Group reports “An average adult is exposed to over 100

unique chemicals in personal care products every day —these exposures add up.”(Para. 16) The Environmental Working Group, which is located in Washington, D.C., reports “An average adult is constantly in touch with over 100 unique chemicals in personal care products every day – if these exposures are put together.”

24. A few years ago, Christian Daughton posed the question, “Is the introduction of new chemicals to commerce

outrunning our ability to fully assess their significance in the environment or to human health?” (Para. 17) A few years ago, Christian Daughton asked the question, “With so many new chemicals being sold in our stores and getting into our life, do we have enough time to think what all these mean to our environment or to human health?”

outrun: v.to develop faster than something

e. g. Demand for the new model is outrunning supply.

25. I believe the answer is yes, and we -- as consumers and as stewards of the environment -- must evaluate the choices

we make every day in consideration of the long-term effects of our prescription use, of our dependence on over-the-counter medications, and of our use of chemically charged personal care products. (Para. 17) I believe the answer is yes, and we – as consumers and as managers of the environment – must evaluate the choices we make every day and at the same time, we have to consider the long-term effects of our prescription use, of our dependence on medicines that are available without written permission from a doctor, and of our use of personal care products containing quantities of chemicals.

steward:n. a person employed to manage another person’s property, esp. a large house or land

e. g. As a steward on the farm, he showed great talent in management.

III. Key to the exercises

1. Reading comprehension

(1) Our water supply is becoming increasingly contaminated, not just by big factories dumping pollutants into the rivers, but by

consumers, often unwittingly, who are poisoning rivers and oceans by sending potentially toxic chemicals down the drain.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated its researchers have found pharmaceuticals and personal care products in nearly every water supply they have tested.

(2) The article “Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: Agents of Subtle Change?” is called a

landmark article because it discussed how “priority pollutants,”such as agrochemicals, were “only one piece of the larger puzzle” of human-made environmental risk factors. As the authors wrote: “One large class of chemicals receiving comparatively little attention comprises the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products, which are used in large amounts throughout the world; quantities of many are on par with agrochemicals. Escalating introduction to the marketplace of new pharmaceuticals is adding exponentially to the already large array of chemical classes, each with distinct modes of biochemical action, many of which are poorly understood.”

(3) In 1999, the United States Geological Survey began surveying 139 streams across 30 states and found 80 percent of water

samples contained residues of prescription and non-prescription drugs. In 2006, researchers on the project discovered "intersex fish" in the Potomac River. The fish were male but also carried eggs.

(4) T he term “emerging contaminants” encompasses personal care products, prescription drugs, pesticides, and other substances,

some of which are known to affect human hormone production. Experts predict the incidence of emerging contaminants will continue to rise.

(5) Earlier this year the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, the Department of Health and Human Services,

and the Environmental Protection Agency jointly released new guidelines for disposing prescription drugs which urge consumers to discard prescription drugs in the trash by mixing the drugs with “an undesirable substance, such as used coffee grounds or kitty litter.” The federal guidelines stopped short of advising all drugs be disposed of in this manner. Consumers were advised to continue flushing drugs — presumably to keep these controlled substances out of the hands of children and drug abusers.

2. Vocabulary

Section A

(1) contaminate (2) comprise (3) chronic (4) adversely (5) residues

(6) locale (7) metabolism (8) inaugural (9) expired (10) outrun

Section B

(1) C(2) B(3) D(4) B(5) C(6) A(7) D(8) C(9) A(10) B

3. Cloze

(1) conservation (2) for (3) endangered (4) diversity

(5) collapse (6) extinct (7) petitions (8) ignored

(9) continue (10) regulations (11) call (12) additional

(13) nesting (14) oceans (15) next (16) right

(17) Delaying (18) indiscriminate (19) accelerate (20) species

4. Translation

A. Chinese to English

1) Translate the following sentences into English.

(1) A large array of college students participated in the environmental protection organization, which infused great new life and

energy into the activities. Influenced by them, the local residents began to consciously protect the environmental health. (2) With a review of the cumulative effects of human activity on the world ecological environment, the lecture is aimed at

improving the audience’s awareness of environmental protection and reducing environmental pollution.

(3) She is only an amateur pianist, but her playing is on a par with the best professional.

(4) After 15 years of arduous efforts, China became a full member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) at the beginning of

this century, which was a new landmark in our opening up to the rest of the world.

(5) It is necessary to monitor and precisely analyze many kinds of pollutant indexes to estimate the overall water quality.

(6) Some kind people and entrepreneurs with a sense of social responsibility actively responded to the government call and

made generous donations to help the disadvantaged groups, which was highly commendable.

(7) It is reported that the opposition party leader made inflammatory remarks at the rally, attempting to encourage his

supporters to launch a coup to overthrow the current government.

(8) The regulation provides that without the Pharmaceutical Trade License, no enterprises shall engage in the trade of

pharmaceuticals. Given the company’s illegal business operations, the industrial and commercial management imposed severe punishment.

2) Translate the following paragraph into English.

Although the major chronic diseases and their risk factors are distinct in terms of prevention and treatment, they share many similarities. Populations at risk for one chronic disease are often at risk for multiple chronic diseases. Common settings, such as schools, worksites, health care organizations, and communities serve as intervention sites for the prevention of multiple risk factors, early detection of disease, and promotion of self-management programs for chronic disease. In addition, coordinated strategies, such as those involving supportive public policy, social and physical environments, system changes, media, and technology, are required to address nearly all chronic disease risk factors and conditions. Recognizing the necessity for improved program integration, the organization is working with states and communities to develop and evaluate new models for chronic disease prevention that focus on populations rather than on risk factors and diseases.

B. English to Chinese

1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

这篇里程碑式的文章说，常见污染物，如农业生产中的化学品，只是人为危害环境因素的冰山一角。道格顿和特纳斯写道：“许多未受到足够重视的化学物质，包括药品和个人护理用品中的活性物质等，在全世界大量广泛使用，它们中的许多跟农业化学品一样具有危害性。新的药品不断进入市场，使得本已数目众多的化学品种类急剧增加，而每种化学物质生化作用又各不相同，有些连科学家也不能完全解释。

2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

（1）凡是想接种H1N1疫苗的人几乎都已接种，而未接种的人则注意到了一件奇怪的事情：接种疫苗的人和未接种的人没什么两样，都好不到哪里去。

（2）因此现在的情况是，美国政府花费数十亿美元来购买H1N1疫苗，而这些疫苗在被投入到消费环节的时候，已与公众的健康毫不相干了。

（3）为了达到这个目的，可以通过主流媒体，大肆渲染个别婴幼儿因感染甲流而死亡的少数病例，而事实上，这些死亡病例主要的主要原因都是缺乏维生素D。

（4）在所有夸大其辞的渲染、空洞的承诺、数十亿美元的花费、巨大的恐惧散播之后，这些药品中很大一部分将被扔进冲水马桶中冲走，因为那正是众多医院、药店、甚至制药商销毁多余药品的常见做法。

（5）顺便提一下，这可真是政府主导的健康政策的智慧所在呀：花大价钱，用存在潜在危险的、可能最终与在自然环境中伺机而动的病毒重新组合的基因物质来污染我们生存的星球。

Text B

End Cruelty: People, Animals and Nature

Key to the exercises

Guess the meaning of the word(s)

(1) prominent (2) holiness (3) mentally handicapped (4) worst

(5) oral evidence (6) sympathy (7) mentality/ attitude (8) assumption

(9) horrifying/ extremely cruel (10) is able to return to its original state

True or false

(1) T(2) F(3) F(4) F(5) T(6) T(7) F(8) F

Unit 5

Text A

II. Language points

1. Each year, the World Economic Forum ranks countries in the Global Competitiveness Index —a rough gauge of which nations are best positioned to squeeze efficiency out of their businesses and to attract companies and investment from overseas. (Para.1) Each year, the World Economic Forum rates the world’s nations according to the Global Competitiveness Index, which is a brief assessment of each nation’s prod uctivity and their capacity to attract companies and investment from overseas.

rank:v. to array (a set of objects) as a sequence, esp. in terms of the natural arithmetic ordering of some measure of the elements

e.g : to rank students by their test scores

squeeze:v. to impress or crush something so as to extract

2. …the bigger take-away is that globalization, inextricably linked to economic development, is very different from what it was only a few years ago. (Para.1) …the bigger attraction or something important is globalization, which is surely related to economic development. And this is very different from what it was only a few years ago.

inextricably:adv.inseparably or unavoidably

3. …the countries with the lowest wages relative to competitivene ss —that is, the best values as investment locations…(Para.2) …in term s of their competitiveness, the best value of the countries with the lowest wages lie in the fact that they can be the locations for investment.

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

大学英语2考试练习题unit

Unit one and Structure (30’) Section A Change the form of the word in the bracket as required. 1.It is the general rule, that all superior men inherit the elements of from their mother. (superior) 2. I might be able to judge their to the case. (relevant) 7. His mother had rarely him or any of her children. (critical) 8. Her sister was appointed as teaching in chemistry at Houston University. (assist) 9. This book is easily to the young reader. (access) 10. I had been writing to him , trying to get him to call me. (continual) Section B Choose the correct answer to each sentence. 11. We did not find to prepare for the worst conditions we might meet. A. worth our while B. it worth C. it worthwhile D. it worthy 12. He interrupted the speaker by asking irrelevant questions. A. continuously B. continually C. consequently D. consistently 13. In to his sister, he was always considerate in his treatment of others. A. contrary B. contract C. contact D. contrast 14. Language has always been described as the mirror to society. Chinese is no . A. exception B. explanation C. expectation D. excuse 15. We came in this field late, so we must work hard to make lost time. A. out for B. up for C. up with D. off with 16. I have gone to all this trouble .

研究生英语一课后翻译答案

①A. 从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。然而，一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。我认识许多才能杰出的人物，他们只是没有培养自己在公开场合演讲的能力，但在与别人一对一的交流中却表现极为出色。这种能充分表达自己见解的能力，固然十分重要，但我们对于那些让人感觉善于辞令的人，往往产生错误的印象，因为很多情况下这种优点仅仅只是“表面现象”。不难想象，一位外表整洁清秀、讲话娓娓动听的政治家会轻而易举地战胜一位不事张扬但更为合格的对手。他之所以取胜仅仅是因为他的形象令人信服。 B. If you want a winning image with others, your first concern must be a winning self-image. The individual who has a losing self-image will never be able to project a winning image to others. He may be able to fool some people for a while, but his poor self-image will eventually make it impossible for him to relate favorably to others. Throughout the ages, great philosophers have stated, “You are what you think you are.”It is imperative for you to have good image of yourself if you want to create the same impression in others. No matter who you are, everything worthwhile will depend on your own self-image. Your happiness will be based on it. You will live only one life, and in order to enjoy it, you must have a winning self-image. Since we can all choose how we want to think ourselves, we should try to have positive, winning thoughts. In your own attempt to build a winning image you must begin with the self —otherwise, the image you strive for will be supported by nothing but a sand foundation. Any athlete will tell you that you must know you’re a winner in order to be one. To many, this kind of message will sound like double-talk, but it contains an essential truth. Although you can apply this same message to anything in life, I will use athletics as the basis for illustrating my thoughts about self-images because sports involve physical exertion by which desired results can be achieved. ②学习艺术的过程可以很方便地分为两个部分：一是精通理论；二是善于实践。如果我想学习医学，我必须首先了解人体结构和各种疾病。当我具有了这些理论知识以后，我并不能胜任医学工作。只有经过大量的实践，我才能掌握这门学科，直到最终我把所掌握的理论知识和实践收获结合起来，并融合为一体——即成为我的直觉知识，这才是掌握任何一门学科的本质。然而，除学习理论和实践以外，在任何一门学科上想成为专家还必需有第三个因素——那就是，掌握这门艺术是你最关心的事情，在这个世界上肯定没有比这门学科更为重要的东西了。这一点适用于音乐、医学、木工——也适合于爱情。这也可能正是问题的答案所在：为什么在我们的文化中人们即使已遭遇显而易见的失败，但人们很少去尝试学习爱这门艺术。虽然人们内心深藏着爱，但他们几乎把所有其他的东西如成功、名誉、金钱、权力都视为比爱更重要，几乎把所有的精力都用来学习如何实现这些目标了，几乎没有人去学习爱这门艺术。只有那些能赢得金钱和荣誉的东西才值得学习，而爱只是一件我们无权为之浪费许多精力的奢侈品，它只能使心灵获益、而毫无现代意义上的好处可言。难道果真如此吗？B. Intimacy, passion, and commitment are the warm, hot, and cold vertices of Sternberg’s love triangle. Alone and in combination they give rise to eight possible kinds of love relationships. The first is nonlove—absence of all three components. This describes the large majority of our personal relationships, which are simply causal interactions. The second kind of love is liking. “If you just have intimacy”, Sternberg explains, “that’s liking. You can talk to the person, tell about your life. And if that’s all there’s to it, that’s what we mean by liking.”It refers to the feelings experienced in true friendships. Liking includes such feelings as closeness and warmth but not the intense feelings of passion or commitment. If you just have passion, it’s called infatuated love—“love at first sight”that can arise almost instantaneously and dissipate just as quickly. It

英语专业建设规划方案(1)

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