Chinese Translation of Paragraphs
1. 电话的发明，产生了一个始料不及的后果，书写过时了。诚然，全职的写字工仍然存在，包括记者、学者以及职业写手。大型商业中心仍然很有必要保留一些能草拟备忘录、会议纪要、新闻稿或者合同的人。但是在举笔和拿起话筒之间选择的话，大多数人都会走便道，让手指——有时还有大脑——休息片刻。
2. 与之相比，当前计算机网络上发生的现象就更为惊人了。每个夜晚，当人们本应该看电视的时候，成千上万的计算机用户坐在键盘前，点击进入“电脑服务”、“奇才”、“美国在线”或互联网，并开始打字——发电子邮件、发布信息、聊天、夸夸其谈、谩骂，甚至创作短篇小说和诗歌。当麦克卢汉所说的媒介正在淘汰莎士比亚时代的媒介时，网络世界正经历着18世纪以来信件书写最为迅猛的发展。
3. “我确信电子邮件和网上会议正在教会整整一代人写文章是多么有用，可以灵活到何种程度，”《旧金山纪事报》的专栏作家乔恩·卡洛尔这样写道。石山图书出版社的编辑帕特里克·尼尔森·海顿把当今的电子公告板比作18世纪末19世纪初的“文字盒”：这是个小盒子，盒内的文章在多人间传递，每人经手时都会增加一些句子。来自亚利桑那大学的副主编大卫·塞维尔则将网络写作喻为马克·吐温在19世纪60年代在旧金山所发现的文学景象，“当时人们将新闻报道嫁接到夸张的民俗传统故事之中，创造了新的新闻报道方式”。更有甚者，有人想起了汤姆·潘恩和美国革命时期政治小册子作家，甚至还想起了伊丽莎白一世时期，古腾堡活字印刷术的发明，令一代英国作家沉迷在语言之中。
4. 可是这种比较又引出一个问题：如果说当今的网络写作代表了某种复兴，但为何这么多网络作品又如此糟糕呢？网络写作可能会低劣不堪：文体拖沓、漫无边际、愚蠢幼稚、不合语法、拼写糟糕、结构不当，有时甚至毫无内容可言，正如网络上典型的短信息所示：“嗨！！！1！我觉得金属乐队酷毙了！1 ！！！”
5. 当然，原因之一就是电子邮件不同于常规写作。“你得把它看成是‘写下来的话’，”康涅狄格州西港镇的文学作品经纪人杰勒德·凡·德·勒恩如是说，此人是最近在网络上窜红的文体家,“这种东西和咖啡屋里的闲谈相差无几，但和书信相差甚远。它们不用储存保留，而是要删除遗忘。”许多网络公告内设“实况”计时系统，利用计算机系统中基本的文字处理器，这类公告以分钟收费，往往一小时后不给提示就自动关闭。
6. 这并不是说，所有的网络作家多花一点时间都能生产出惊世之作。网上许多小说和诗歌都属二流水平或者更差，这倒并不足为怪，因为入这行的门槛太低了。“在现实世界中，”芝加哥诗人玛丽·安妮·穆罕拉吉说，“文学作品要出版，要做非常辛勤的劳动，这自然就剔除了大量的垃圾。而在网络世界，区区几次按键就可以将自己的作品发给成千上万的读者。”
7. 但是尽管劣质诗歌充斥泛滥，网络上仍有珍宝可寻。以笔名“记忆术”发贴的华盛顿律师迈克·戈德温讲述了乔·格林的故事。格林是克雷公司的技术文档撰写人员，他通过犀利地批评在一个名为“娱乐·艺术·诗”讨论组上发现的诗作，将这个行将湮灭的讨论组变成了名符其实的诗歌创作工作坊。这触怒了一些人。他们说，如果他是个诗神，为什么不在组内发表自己的诗作？”戈德温回忆说，“他不但发表了自己的诗作，而且把他们彻底镇住了。”还有格林的《缘定明尼苏达》，一部记录他与一位网络写手会面的仿史诗作品，则成了互联网上备
受尊崇的经典之作。该书开篇写道：“实际上我去见马克的时候，打扮得像《坎特伯雷故事集》中的人物。您一定认为这太难了，但我想给人留点印象。”
8. 与此同时，在那些平庸点的技术与政治讨论组，大量写手纷纷涌入，频频鼓噪，以期夺人耳目，于是达尔文适者生存的法则开始应验。芝加哥的软件设计师乔恩·巴格说：“网络上竞争激烈，要想脱颖而出，就必须在风格上下功夫。”网上的好作品通常风格明快、机智简练。不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华市卡毕兰诺大学的写作教师克劳福德·基利莲说，“网络媒介偏爱简洁。它的思想单元就是简短的段落、公告式的标题和单行的句子。”
9. 有些最为成功的网络作品是在网上会议中产生的。写手们通力协作，思想相互碰撞，最后擦出火花。最好的例子或许可以首推加州索萨利托市颇受记者青睐的社区网站“井”的公告板。此处讨论的水准通常很高，包括《纽约时报》和《华尔街日报》在内的好几家出版机构都曾经节选刊登过“井”上的内容。
10. 奇怪的是，在网络上行得通的事在纸上未必也能行得通。网络写手可随意用奇怪的缩写和用标点符号构成的“笑脸”——那些表达日常交谈中的眨眼、笑容和怪相的笑脸——点缀自己的文章，而且行文十分流畅。另一方面，从书本和杂志上复制的美文贴到网络公告板上，却往往显得冗长虚假。职业作家如不根据这种新媒介与时俱进，作出调整，要与反应敏捷的网络写手一争高下，只能沦为自以为是的吹牛狂人。在华盛顿《传播日报》负责报道网络文化的记者布洛克·米克斯说：“网上有一帮黑客青年，他们的串字水平远远高于那些出身名校的同龄人，这是因为他们总是在线，不停地写啊、写啊、写啊。”
11. 网络技术蕴含着某种民主的——甚至是革命性的——因素。它不仅赋予数以千计的未来作家发言权，否则他们也许永远不会从事这个行业，而且它也把以前从未有谋面的不同阶层的人们齐聚一堂：学生、科学家、老市民、电脑迷、公告板狂热草根（通常为蓝领）以及最近加盟的在职新闻工作者。
12. “这种事很容易搞得荒唐琐碎，”石山图书出版社的尼尔森·海顿说，“毕竟我们每个人大部分的生活都是荒唐琐碎的。我意思是说，真的，难道“笑脸”不荒唐琐碎吗？登陆名为“雌狐”的得梅因家庭主妇难道也不荒唐琐碎吗？”
13.可是话说回来，无视电脑信息板的存在，或者低估一辈子匆匆撰写电邮的生活对青年一
代作家的影响，都将是错误的。电脑网络或许不是布鲁克农场或环球剧院，但它确实代表了无数人的生活方式，一种鲜活的文字生活。不难猜想，当年的吟游诗人倘若遇到互联网，也可能会立即上线并且永不下线。
III. Language Work
1. Explain the underlined part(s) in each sentence in your own words.
1) Which makes what’s happening on the computer networks all the more startling.
surprising
2). Just when the media of McLuhan were supposed to render obsolete the medium of Shakespeare, the online world is experiencing the greatest boom in letter writing since the 18th century.
→ out of date; expansion
3). David Sewell, an associate editor at the University of Arizona, likens netwriting to the literary scene Mark Twain discovered in San Francisco in the 1860s.
→ compares ... to
4). For it can be very bad indeed: sloppy, meandering, puerile, ungrammatical, poorly spelled, badly structured and at times virtually content free.
→ careless; winding/pointless; childish/silly
5). Gerard Van der Leun ... has emerged as one of the preeminent stylists on the Net.
→ has become known as; the most important/superior
6). That is not to say that with more time every writer on the Internet would produce sparkling copy
→ brilliant
7). Green’s Well Met in Minnesota ... is now revered on the Internet as a classic.
→ respected and admired
8). It’s so competitive that you have to work on your style if you want to make any impact.
→ make a strong, immediate impression
9). Not only has it enfranchised thousands of would-be writers who otherwise might never have taken up the craft, but it has also thrown together classes of people who hadn’t had much direct contact before.
→ given the right to; have been engaged in
10).But it would be a mistake to dismiss the computer-message boards or to underestimate the effect a lifetime of dashing off E-mail will have on a generation of young writers.
→ say that it is not important enough to think about or consider; not realize how large or great the effect would be
2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1). He dismissed the economists as teenage scribblers (scribble) who wanted to get their names in the newspaper.
2). Mobile phone technology is developing so quickly that many customers are concerned about obsolescence (obsolete).
3). Some unusual fish have rudimentary (rudiment) legs.
4). The trial was a mockery (mock) — the judge had decided the verdict before it even began.
5). She feels great reverence (revere) for her professors.
6). He takes plenty of vigorous (vigor) exercise.
7). The presentation was a collaborative (collaborate) effort by all the children in the class.
8). It’s about time we democratized (democracy) the organization of this company.
9). My brother is a keep-fit enthusiast (enthuse).
10). I don’t know why he gets so upset about something that is utterly trivial (trivia).
3. Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.
come across | make an impression | side effect | liken to
press release | confront with | lace up | dash off
inherent in | hark back | blow away | weed out
1). The Department of Transport has issued a press release about the proposals for the new motorway.
2). He’s always harking back to his childhood and saying how things were better then.
3). She dashed off the letter in five minutes.
4). The first round of interviews only really serves to weed out the very weakest of applicants.
5). He comes across as a bit of a bore in interviews.
6). They blew away the other team in the second half of the game.
7). Does this drug have any side effects?
8). He made quite an impression on the girls at the tennis club.
9). She can lace up her shoes and she’s only five!
10). She seems completely unaware of the contradictions inherent in her professed point of view.
11). She’s been likened to a young Elizabeth Taylor.
12). I thought I would remain calm, but when I was confronted with the TV camera, I became very nervous.
4. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence.
1). The leisure industry is booming.
→ is developing very fast
2). The feeling of intoxication that followed her victory was cut short by her father’s sudden death.
→ excitement
3). The sparkle went out of her after her husband died.
→ She became unhappy
4). We haven’t got a hope in hell of meeting such a tight deadline.
→ We have no hope
5). He came out with a gem about the absurdity of the situation.
→ clever or pleasing remark
6). And did reason prevail over emotion?
→ overcome/defeat/triumph over
7). The speaker’s aim was to spark the reformers into action.
→ cause the reformers to act
8). This web site is currently under construction.
→ being created
9). We need to decide this democratically.
→ based on the wishes of most people
10). Ian took up the story where Sue had left off.
continued
5. Correct the errors in the following passage. The passage contains ten errors, one in each indicated line. In each case, only one word is involved.
Corrections should be done as follows:
Wrong word: underline the wrong word and write the correct word in the blank.
Extra word: delete the extra word with an “×.”
Missing word: mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” and write the missing word
6. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.
Net Writing
In the July 4 issue of Time, th ere’s an article (1) entitled “Bards of the Internet” by Philip Elmer-Dewitt, subtitled “If E-mail represents the renaissance of prose, why is so much of it so awful?” After reading the article, I wrote to him in a longish E-mail response that what had struck
me about (2) writing on the Net was how “good” it is. That (3) difference of perspective is what I want to talk about here.
Now, I can recognize crappy writing, what PED is getting at when he (4) describes online writing as often “very bad indeed: sloppy, meandering, puerile, ungrammatical, poorly spelled, badly structured and at times virtually (5) content free.” That’s actually a better characterization of freshman composition (which I used to teach) than of the Net. Fact is, people write (6) better here than they do in (7) class. In class, you’re writing up, to an artificial (8) audience, an authority figure who enforces rules that you had no (9) part in drafting; on the (10) Net, you’re writing to a vast audience of peers who are collaborating with you in creating an entirely new set of (11) rules. You can still “fail” because there’s still a hierarchy, but as John Barger suggests, it’s an emergent one, generat ed by all the readers and (12) writers who make up a newsgroup audience, conference, or whatever.
IV. Translation
1. Translating Sentences
Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases given in brackets.
1). 她一直努力把自己重新塑造成一位演员。(reinvent as)
→ She kept trying to reinvent herself as an actress.
reinvent as / reinvent yourself: to change the way that you behave or the things that you do so that people think of you as a different kind of person
2). 导演的新片回归到早期的电影风格。(hark back to)
→The director’s latest film harks back to the early years of cinema.
hark back to something
to remember or talk about something that happened in the past
e.g. They always hark back to what they call the 'good old days'.
3). 教授指出了那位博士提出的新理论中一些内在的缺陷。(inherent)
→ The professor pointed out some of the inherent defects of the new theory proposed by that doctor.
inherent adj. an inherent quality is a basic or essential feature that gives something its character
e.g. The design of the building had inherent weaknesses.
4). 即便在今天，有些传统风俗在农村地区仍然流行着。(prevail)
→ Even today some of the traditional customs still prevail in rural areas.
prevail vi. to exist at a particular time or in a particular situation
e.g. a report on the economic conditions prevailing in the country
A friendly atmosphere prevailed among the crowds in the park.
5). 禁烟运动对年轻人产生了不小的影响。(make an impact on)
→ The anti-smoking campaign made quite an impact on young people.
make an impact on/in: to make an effect, or an influence
e.g. Internet shopping has begun to have a serious impact on traditional bookshops.
She's an excellent athlete who is already making a real impact in world competition.
6). 她的报道文章言简意赅。(terse)
→ Her newspaper articles are terse and to the point.
terse n. a terse statement or remark is very short and often shows that the person making it is annoyed
7). 这一事件引发了一场两国之间的外交争端。(spark)
→ The incident sparked a diplomatic controversy between the two countries.
spark vt. to make something happen, especially something involving violence or angry feelings
e.g. The protests were sparked by the firing of two restaurant employees.
The trial sparked off widespread rioting in London.
8). 他的英语作文错误很多，因为他是在截止日前匆匆写出来的。(dash off)
→ There were many mistakes in his English composition, because he had dashed it off just before the deadline.
dash off: to write or draw something quickly because you are in a hurry
e.g. I sat down and dashed off a couple of notes.
9). 所有的售货员似乎都带着同样假惺惺的微笑。(phony)
→ All salespeople seem to have the same phony smile.
phony adj. someone who is phony pretends to be friendly, clever, kind etc.
10). 你有没有想过从事工程师这一行？(take up)
→ Have you ever thought of taking up engineering?
take up: to start doing something regularly as a habit, job, or interest
e.g. I took up smoking when I was at school.
Chris has taken up jogging.
2. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
Fifteen years ago, computer experts expanded the Internet system. This expansion was called the World Wide Web. It permits computer users to find and exchange written material and pictures much quicker than the older Internet system.
The Internet and the World Wide Web have become vehicles for speedy information exchange for most people who can use a computer. Much of the information on the Internet is very valuable. As a research tool, the Internet has no equal.
Almost any kind of information can be found through the Internet. There are electronic magazines that deal with ghost stories, poetry, or children’s stories. There are areas within th is electronic world where you can play games, discuss politics, science, history, farming, or just about anything that interests you. You can look at and collect the beautiful color pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. You can listen to music or watch videos. You can watch musicians
perform their latest songs. You can even join a group that meets electronically to discuss the music of their favorite rock and roll music group
参考译文：
15年前，计算机专家们扩展了因特网系统。这个扩展后的系统被叫做万维网。万维网使计算机用户以比以往的因特网系统快得多的速度来寻找并交换书面材料和图片。
对大多数能够使用计算机的人来说，因特网和万维网已经成为快速交换信息的工具。因特网上大多信息都很有价值。作为一种研究工具，没有什么能比得上因特网。
通过因特网几乎可以找到任何种类的信息。网上有专门刊登鬼怪故事、诗歌或儿童故事的电子杂志。在这个电子世界里有供你玩游戏的地方，也有讨论政治、科学、历史、农耕或者任何你感兴趣的话题的地方。你可以浏览或者搜集哈勃太空望远镜拍摄到的精美彩色图片。你可以听音乐或看录像。你可以看到音乐家演奏他们的最新歌曲。你甚至可以加入一个小组，通过电子手段和他们聚会并讨论他们最喜爱的摇滚乐队。
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
青年人的四种选择 Lesson 2: Four Choices for Young People 在毕业前不久，斯坦福大学四年级主席吉姆?宾司给我写了一封信，信中谈及他的一些不安。 Shortly before his graduation, Jim Binns, president of the senior class at Stanford University, wrote me about some of his misgivings. 他写道：“与其他任何一代人相比，我们这一代人在看待成人世界时抱有更大的疑虑 ,, 同时越 来越倾向于全盘否定成人世界。” “More than any other generation, ” he said, “ our generation views the adult world with great skepticism, there is also an increased tendency to reject completely that world. ”很 明显，他的话代表了许多同龄人的看法。 Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries. 在过去的几年里，我倾听过许多年轻人的谈话，他们有的还在大学读书，有的已经毕业，他 们对于成人的世界同样感到不安。 During the last few years, I have listened to scores of young people, in college and out, who were just as nervous about the grown world. 大致来说，他们的态度可归纳如下：“这个世界乱糟糟的，到处充满了不平等、贫困和战争。 对此该负责的大概应是那些管理这个世界的成年人吧。如果他们不能做得比这些更好，他们又能拿 什么来教育我们呢？这样的教导，我们根本不需要。” Roughly, their attitude might be summed up about like this:“ The world is in pretty much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty, and war. The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running thing. If they can’ t do better than that, what have they got to teach our generation? That kind of lesson we can do without. ” 我觉得这些结论合情合理，至少从他们的角度来看是这样的。 There conclusions strike me as reasonable, at least from their point of view. 对成长中的一代人来说，相关的问题不是我们的社会是否完美（我们可以想当然地认为是这 样），而是应该如何去应付它。 The relevant question for the arriving generation is not whether our society is imperfect (we can take that for granted), but how to deal with it. 尽管这个社会严酷而不合情理，但它毕竟是我们惟一拥有的世界。 For all its harshness and irrationality, it is the only world we’ ve got. 因此，选择一个办法去应付这个社会是刚刚步入成年的年轻人必须作出的第一个决定，这通 常是他们一生中最重要的决定。 Choosing a strategy to cope with it, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, and usually the most important decision of their lifetime. 根据我的发现，他们的基本选择只有四种： So far as I have been able to discover, there are only four basic alternatives: 1）脱离传统社会
Unit1 1. She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates. 2. I’d been out of touch with Mary for year, but I managed to reach her by phone yesterday. 3. The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone who visits him. 4. He husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad. 5. As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were very worried. 6. I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets. 7. Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the business circle. 8. I hope the food is to your liking. 9. I told the boys off for making so much noise. Unit2 1. He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately. 2. They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the opposite direction. 3. He walked unsteadily / stumbled along in the dark, groping for the light-switch. 4. After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to his feet again. 5. Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled on schedule. 6. During the period of depression, the company was running into financial difficulties. 7. When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers made room for her. 8. He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from slipping. Unit3 1. Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor. 2. She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar. 3. I know how desperately busy you are now. 4. The whole class roared with laughter at Tom’s slip of the tongue. 5. Such things as needles and scissors should be kept out of the reach of children. 6. The soldiers stood under the burning scorching sun, drenched with sweat. 7. He returned to his own country / motherland in the end. Unit4 1. Obviously I overestimated my sense of direction. Net time, I will remember to bring along a map with me. 2. The mother is not thoroughly disillusioned with her selfish unfilial son. 3. She has no knack for saying the right thing at the right time. 4. He and football were meant for each other from the start. 5. My boss assigned me the secretarial work for the first month. 6. If a driver breaks traffic rules, are there any alternatives to a fire? 7. Being a clumsy person, he often subjects himself to ridicule. Unit5 1. Did James have supper with you on the night in question? 2. The coach was satisfied with the ultimate victory of the match. 3. To remove the linguistic barriers in communication among the people of the world, linguists have embarked on the study of a new universal language. 4. The emergence of joint-venture enterprises has increased our opportunities to have contact with foreigners. 5. Mother asked him to gather up the bits and pieces of his belongings from the desk and put them
新职业英语·职业综合英语课文翻译 第一课谷歌 上过互联网的人都见过谷歌，许多人要在互联网上查找某方面的信息时，他们都会去“谷歌”一下。作为全世界最有名的互联网搜索引擎，谷歌是网络业界功成名就的最好范例之一。 谷歌始于1996年1月斯坦福大学博士生拉里?佩奇的一个研究项目。为了找到一种能帮助网络用户搜索到相关网页的更好方法，佩奇设想可以通过检索网页之间的关系来实现。他认为其他网页链接最多的那些网页一定是最受欢迎的，这项技术结果看起来是成功的。 佩奇和他的合作伙伴谢尔盖?布林于1998年9月7日创建了自己的公司，并在之后的一周注册了https://www.doczj.com/doc/802302018.html,这一网址。这个搜索引擎很快声名鹊起，2000年谷歌开始在自己的网站出售广告。在投资者的热情资助下，经过几年的发展，谷歌上市了，谷歌的很多雇员一夜之间成了百万富翁。 谷歌最近收购了互联网最大的视频共享网站https://www.doczj.com/doc/802302018.html,，而且每天都在不断增加一些新功能，如工具栏、邮件和广告。当然，成长与成功也带来了竞争。微软最近就试图收购雅虎以便能在互联网搜索引擎领域与谷歌抗衡。 随着公司的壮大与知名度的提高，谷歌在美国公司就业吸引力的排名也上升到第一。他们尝试打破传统的办公室设计，努力把办公室变成员工感觉舒适、并能充分发挥自己才华的地方。 现在，谷歌已拥有YouTube、Blogger和其他一些热门网站，并且成为网络广告收入方面的领头羊。当初两个学生的一个小点子已发展成为一家拥有十亿美元资产的大公司，谷歌也成为全球最著名的商标之一。谷歌的发展史为当今的网络企业家树立了一个完美的典范，也提供了灵感。 第二课秘书 秘书可能会有很多其他不同的头衔，例如行政助理、文员或私人助理。尽管所有这些头衔都以行政工作为主旨，但它们却反映了不同种类的秘书工作。秘书岗位十分古老，例如，古希腊和罗马的商人和政客们就曾雇用私人秘书和文员来管理他们的事务。 秘书的工作就是使办公室顺利运转。秘书的职责范围很广，依据他们所在办公室的不同而各异。就最低要求来说，秘书要处理信函，跟踪日程安排，管理文件系统，操作电话、传真机、复印机等办公设备。许多秘书还要接听电话，并将其转给适当的人员。有些秘书还要负责办公室用品的采购，他们也可能会处理预算、簿记和人事文档。秘书应当具备使用电脑和其他电子设备的经验，因为他们将处理大量的电子资料，包括往来信函。
human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of
高级英语第二册课文翻译 Unit1 Pub Talk and the King's English 酒吧闲聊与标准英语 亨利?费尔利 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit
《综合英语教程》第二册课文、扩展阅读课文译文 Unit 1 Text 等候的人们 我坐在一个机场，观察着等候所爱之人到达或离开前最后一刻的人们。他们有的不安地来回走着，有的互相凝视着，有的拉着对方的手。此时的感情是强烈的。 一位讲西班牙语的女士正来回转圈地跑着，想要将全家人集中起来道别。她的嗓门很高。当登机前的最后时刻到来时，她用双臂搂着儿子，似乎这一紧紧的拥抱能保佑他将来平安地归来。 在我候机坐位旁的栏杆边站着一位祖母和她的孙子，该来接他们的人还没到。他们旁边有两位女士，互相之间显然没有关系，但她们的眼光都象扫视着大海的探照灯一样朝通道口仔细地搜索着。一位怀抱婴儿的母亲正与丈夫吻别。泪水打湿了她的面颊。这时刻十分令人动情。 在第13号出口处，抵达者们刚刚进站。“我看见她了，她在那儿。”以同样感人的激情，这些抵达者融入了庞杂的人群，仿佛他们是这人群中失而复得的一个组成部分。泪水、笑容，和由衷的快乐洋溢在久别重逢的欢声笑语中。 我坐着边翻书边等着我的登机时刻，感到有点孤独，因为亲人与我的时间不配；而我要去见的人，我的女儿，却在我旅程的另一端。 我在回想往日的离别和重逢。忆起我看见女儿，就是我现在要去见的女儿，正从那狭窄的通道走过来，肩上背着背包，怀里抱着塞得满满的行囊，带着的耳机让她无暇顾及身旁川流不息的人群。她当时上大学一年级，11月回家度假——8月份以来第一次回家。我紧紧地拥抱着她，似乎我曾失去过她。 今天我乘坐的航班晚点两小时。手里的书今天读起来没劲，不如观看眼前这熙来人往的人群。一个5岁左右的男孩第一次见到他的祖父。他一点点往上看，半天才看到了对成人来说并不算高的一位男人的脸。一高一矮的两人脸上都放出了喜悦的光芒，我不知道人们如何能用语言和胶卷来捕捉这一时刻。 当我的航班终于呼叫登机时，我收起书本和行李。既然无人相送，我就没有回头看看来时的方向，而是在想上班的丈夫此刻极想知道我是否已起飞，在另一端的女儿也正惦记着同一件事。 登机时，我回想起另一种离别和重逢。有一次我新婚不久，91岁的祖父去世了。我们的关系一直很密切，那天傍晚，我参加完他的葬礼乘飞机返回，一边离开机场一边哭着。我们刚刚结婚一年的丈夫等候在出站口，把我拥抱在怀中。满脸的泪水招来了大家对我的关注，但我并不在乎。不管怎么说，我内心的那种感受在机场没有什么不合时宜的。 生命始终都需要这般关注。我祝愿所有旅行的人们归来时都能看到有人在等候迎接他们。我也祝愿他们出发前有人去送行。我想到自己的祖父并认识到，如果死亡就像这样，一次旅行而已，那么，我就不会害怕。 （吕睿中译，胡一宁审校） Read more 重要之事
NUIT1 大学已经不再特别了 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德?里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。 20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米?亨德里克斯或兰尼?布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
Unit 1 Changes in the Way We Live 在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆·多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己作出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life Jim Doherty 有两件事是我一直想做的――写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E·B·怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。 这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。 这也是一种令人满足的生活。夏日里我们在河上荡舟，在林子里野餐，骑着自行车长时间漫游。冬日里我们滑雪溜冰。我们为落日的余辉而激动。我们爱闻大地回暖的气息，爱听牛群哞叫。我们守着看鹰儿飞过上空，看玉米田间鹿群嬉跃。 但如此美妙的生活有时会变得相当艰苦。就在三个月前，气温降
到华氏零下30度，我们辛苦劳作了整整两天，用一个雪橇沿着河边拖运木柴。再过三个月，气温会升到95度，我们就要给玉米松土，在草莓地除草，还要宰杀家禽。前一阵子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋顶。过些时候，四个孩子中的两个小的，16岁的吉米和13岁的埃米莉，会帮着我一起把拖了很久没修的室外厕所修葺一下，那是专为室外干活修建的。这个月晚些时候，我们要给果树喷洒药水，要油漆谷仓，要给菜园播种，要赶在新的小鸡运到之前清扫鸡舍。 在这些活计之间，我每周要抽空花五、六十个小时，不是打字撰文，就是为作为自由撰稿人投给报刊的文章进行采访。桑迪则有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家务，她还照管菜园和蜂房，烘烤面包，将食品装罐、冷藏，开车送孩子学音乐，和他们一起练习，自己还要上风琴课，为我做些研究工作并打字，自己有时也写写文章，还要侍弄花圃，堆摞木柴、运送鸡蛋。正如老话说的那样，在这种情形之下，坏人不得闲――贤德之人也歇不了。 我们谁也不会忘记第一年的冬天。从12月一直到3月底，我们都被深达5英尺的积雪困着。暴风雪肆虐，一场接着一场，积雪厚厚地覆盖着屋子和谷仓，而室内，我们用自己砍伐的木柴烧火取暖，吃着自家种植的苹果，温馨快乐每一分钟。 开春后，有过两次泛滥。一次是河水外溢，我们不少田地被淹了几个星期。接着一次是生长季节到了，一波又一波的农产品潮涌而来，弄得我们应接不暇。我们的冰箱里塞满了樱桃、蓝莓、草莓、芦笋、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接着我们存放食品罐的架子上、柜橱里也开始堆
Unit1如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯 1.在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。 2.优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。 3.如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。 4.语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。 5.准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想象。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。 6.另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 7.恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。 8.优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。 9.在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、