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外文原文computerThe modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow’s weather reports, and technique use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture. Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources. The same advanced techniques also make the invasions of privacy and restricted information sources possible, and computer crime has become one of the many risks that society must face if it is to enjoy the benefits of modern technology.A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other forms of information. The type of computers are mainly inclusive of Microcomputer, Minicomputer, Mainframe Computer and Supercomputer, etc. Microminiaturization , the effort to compress more circuit elements into smaller and smaller chip space is becoming the major trend in computer development. Besides, researchers are trying to develop more powerful and more advanced computers.Any customers all pass the operate system to use the calculator, not direct carry on the operation to the hardware of the calculators. The operate system is a bridge that communicates the customer and calculator. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks and provide a software platform. The choice of operating systems determines to a great extent of the applications. Therefore OS is very important.The operate system is in the charge of Computer resource control program to execute system software. Say in a specific way，the OS is the most basic in the calculator software system, also constituting the part most importantly, it is responsible for the management and controls the calculator system in all hardware resources and the software resources, can make of various resources matched with mutually, moderating to work with one accord, full develop its function, exaltation the efficiency of the system, still take the interface function of the customer and the calculator system at the same time, use the calculator to provide the convenience for the customer. The operate system is a huge management control procedure, including 5 management functions mostly: Progress and processing the machine manage, the homework manage, saving management, equipments management, document management. Divide the line from the function, the tiny machine operate system can is divided into the single mission operate system, single many mission operate systems of customer and many mission operate systems of multi-user of single customer. At present there are several kinds of OS on the computer which are DOS, OS/2, UNIX, XENIX, LINUX, Window2000, Netware etc.In order for a computer to perform the required task, it must be given instructions in a language that it understands. However, the computer’s own binary based language, or machine language, is difficult for humans to use. Therefore, people devised an assembly language to shorten and simplify the process. In order to make a computer more friendly to use, programmers invented high level languages, such as COBOL, FORTRAN, ASSEMBLER, PASCAL, C++, etc, which made the computers easier to use. For the time being, HTML and XML are very useful languages as well.The database is often used to describe a collection of related data that is organized into an integrated, sophisticated structure that provides different people with varied access to the same data. A database management system is an extremely complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of data in a database. A successful DBMS is often characterized with the four principal features: (1)Data Security and Integrity; (2)Interactive query; (3)Interactive data Entry and Updating; (4)Data Independence. The intelligent databases are becoming more popular in that they canprovide more validation. The researches on new types of database systems are underway.计算机倘若不是伴随着计算机的发展，现代世界的高端技术不可能出现。
中英文对照外文翻译Database Management SystemsA database (sometimes spelled data base) is also called an electronic database , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data.Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystemthat stores and retrieves data in files;(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data;(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems;Managers: who require more up-to-data information to make effective decisionCustomers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data.Hierarchical ModelThe first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are commonly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational ModelA major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table asits data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combination of records. A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure to perform the database manipulation.Network ModelThe network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one parent record. This approach combines records with links, which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record. With the network approach, a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records. The network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other database models. Today , such performance characteristics are only important in high-volume ,high-speed transaction processing such as automatic teller machine networks or airline reservation system.Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific. If a new application is developed ,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult. For example, suppose a new pension application is developed .The data are the same, but a new database must be created.Object ModelThe newest approach to database management uses an object model , in which records are represented by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks.The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application .This can create problems because there is no simple , uniform query language such as SQL . The object model is relatively new, and only a few examples of object-oriented database exist. It has attracted attention because developers who choose an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model. Distributed DatabaseSimilarly , a distributed database is one in which different parts of the database reside on physically separated computers . One goal of distributed databases is the access of informationwithout regard to where the data might be stored. Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated , the communication and networking concepts come into play .Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger computer. This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers and resolves the problems of incompatible data formats. Ideally, it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information, with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer.A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on what is called a mainframe-entire model , in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave. There are some advantages to this approach . With databases under centralized control , many of the problems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved . But today’s personal computers, departmental computers, and distributed processing require computers and their applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis. In a database, the client/server model provides the framework for distributing databases.One way to take advantage of many connected computers running database applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are independent of one anther. A client is an end user or computer program that requests resources across a network. A server is a computer running software that fulfills those requests across a network . When the resources are data in a database ,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network. A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server. This is useful ,for example ,if the files are large and require fast access .In such cases, a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the files around on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it .A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found.Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world. Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example, is used in computer-aided engineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation.Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data should exist at the location where they are being used . Departmental computers within a large corporation ,for example, should have data reside locally , yet those data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data . DBMS software will protect the security and integrity of the database , and the distributed database will appear to its users as no different from the non-distributed database .In this information age, the data server has become the heart of a company. This one piece of software controls the rhythm of most organizations and is used to pump information lifeblood through the arteries of the network. Because of the critical nature of this application, the data server is also the one of the most popular targets for hackers. If a hacker owns this application, he can cause the company's "heart" to suffer a fatal arrest.Ironically, although most users are now aware of hackers, they still do not realize how susceptible their database servers are to hack attacks. Thus, this article presents a description of the primary methods of attacking database servers (also known as SQL servers) and shows you how to protect yourself from these attacks.You should note this information is not new. Many technical white papers go into great detail about how to perform SQL attacks, and numerous vulnerabilities have been posted to security lists that describe exactly how certain database applications can be exploited. This article was written for the curious non-SQL experts who do not care to know the details, and as a review to those who do use SQL regularly.What Is a SQL Server?A database application is a program that provides clients with access to data. There are many variations of this type of application, ranging from the expensive enterprise-level Microsoft SQL Server to the free and open source mySQL. Regardless of the flavor, most database server applications have several things in common.First, database applications use the same general programming language known as SQL, or Structured Query Language. This language, also known as a fourth-level language due to its simplistic syntax, is at the core of how a client communicates its requests to the server. Using SQL in its simplest form, a programmer can select, add, update, and delete information in a database. However, SQL can also be used to create and design entire databases, perform various functions on the returned information, and even execute other programs.To illustrate how SQL can be used, the following is an example of a simple standard SQL query and a more powerful SQL query:Simple: "Select * from dbFurniture.tblChair"This returns all information in the table tblChair from the database dbFurniture.Complex: "EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'dir c:\'"This short SQL command returns to the client the list of files and folders under the c:\ directory of the SQL server. Note that this example uses an extended stored procedure that is exclusive to MS SQL Server.The second function that database server applications share is that they all require some form of authenticated connection between client and host. Although the SQL language is fairly easy to use, at least in its basic form, any client that wants to perform queries must first provide some form of credentials that will authorize the client; the client also must define the format of the request and response.This connection is defined by several attributes, depending on the relative location of the client and what operating systems are in use. We could spend a whole article discussing various technologies such as DSN connections, DSN-less connections, RDO, ADO, and more, but these subjects are outside the scope of this article. If you want to learn more about them, a little Google'ing will provide you with more than enough information. However, the following is a list of the more common items included in a connection request.Database sourceRequest typeDatabaseUser IDPasswordBefore any connection can be made, the client must define what type of database server it is connecting to. This is handled by a software component that provides the client with the instructions needed to create the request in the correct format. In addition to the type of database, the request type can be used to further define how the client's request will be handled by the server. Next comes the database name and finally the authentication information.All the connection information is important, but by far the weakest link is the authentication information—or lack thereof. In a properly managed server, each database has its own users with specifically designated permissions that control what type of activity they can perform. For example, a user account would be set up as read only for applications that need to only access information. Another account should be used for inserts or updates, and maybe even a third account would be used for deletes.This type of account control ensures that any compromised account is limited in functionality. Unfortunately, many database programs are set up with null or easy passwords, which leads to successful hack attacks.译文数据库管理系统介绍数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。
基于XML语言的图书馆共享数字资源存储的实现摘要图书馆共享数字资源的检索和存储是图书馆数字资源建设的重点。
在云存储模式下，如何有效管理庞大的数字资源，尽快有效检索到所需资源，减少资源共享中的重复存储？提出一种基于xml语言的数字资源存储格式，这将使得对已经存在的书籍资料的整序和应用变得较为简单，方便检索，在共享资源存储时具有一定优势。
关键词数字资源；xml语言；图书馆中图分类号：tp312 文献标识码：b 文章编号：1671-489x（2013）09-0069-02design of xml-based shared library digital resources storage//tang wenling， li chunyanabstract retrieval and storage of the shared library digital resources is the focus of the construction of the library digital resources. based on cloud storage mode， how to manage a huge digital resources effectively， retrieved as soon as possible， and reduce duplicate resource storage，this paper propose a storage format based on the xml language，which will make the books already exist collation of information and applications become more simple， convenient retrieval， has certain advantages in shared resource storage.key words digital resources； xml； library1 前言高校图书馆在高校信息化建设中发挥着重要作用。
第1篇---IntroductionIn today's globalized world, the ability to communicate effectively across languages is a crucial skill for professionals in multinational corporations. This interview question aims to assess the candidate's proficiency in English to Chinese translation, a skill that is essential for roles that involve cross-cultural communication, marketing, and documentation. The question provided below is designed to gauge the candidate's understanding of the source text, their ability to convey the intended meaning accurately, and their attention to detail and cultural appropriateness.---Interview Question:As a marketing manager for a global technology company, you have been tasked with translating a press release about a new software productthat is set to revolutionize the way businesses manage their data. The press release is written in English and contains technical jargon, industry-specific terminology, and references to cultural nuances that are unique to the English-speaking market. Below is the English text of the press release. Your task is to translate it into Chinese, ensuring that the translation is accurate, culturally appropriate, and maintains the original tone and intent.---English Text:---FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEGlobalTech Announces the Launch of DataXpress, the Ultimate Solution for Data Management[City, Country] – GlobalTech, a leading provider of innovative data management solutions, is proud to announce the launch of DataXpress, the latest addition to its suite of cutting-edge products. DataXpress is designed to transform the way businesses store, analyze, and securetheir data, offering a comprehensive solution that addresses the evolving challenges of the digital age.A Game-Changer for Data ManagementDataXpress is a revolutionary software platform that leverages advanced machine learning algorithms to optimize data storage and retrieval processes. With its intuitive user interface and robust security features, DataXpress empowers businesses to manage their data more efficiently and securely than ever before.“DataXpress is a game-changer for data management,” says John Smith, Chief Technology Officer at GlobalTech. “Our team has poured years of research and development into creating a product that not only meets the demands of today’s data-intensive businesses but also prepares them for the challenges of tomorrow.”Key Features of DataXpress:- Intelligent Data Storage: Utilizes machine learning to analyze and categorize data, ensuring optimal storage solutions.- Advanced Analytics: Offers powerful tools for data analysis, allowing businesses to gain actionable insights from their data.- Enhanced Security: Implements cutting-edge encryption techniques to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access.- Scalable Architecture: Designed to handle large volumes of data and scale with the growth of the business.- Comprehensive Support: Provides 24/7 customer support to ensure smooth implementation and ongoing assistance.GlobalTech’s Commitment to InnovationGlobalTech has a long-standing reputation for innovation and excellence in data management. With DataXpress, the company continues its commitment to providing cutting-edge solutions that empower businesses to thrive in the digital era.“DataXpress is the result of our dedica tion to driving technological advancements in data management,” says Sarah Johnson, President of GlobalTech. “We are confident that this product will become anessential tool for businesses worldwide.”Availability and PricingDataXpress is now available f or purchase through GlobalTech’s official website. Pricing starts at $99 per month for a basic subscription, with discounts available for annual commitments.About GlobalTechGlobalTech is a global leader in data management solutions, offering a wide range of products and services designed to help businesses manage their data effectively. With a focus on innovation and customer satisfaction, GlobalTech has become a trusted partner for businesses around the world.---Instructions for the Candidate:1. Read the entire press release carefully to ensure you understand the context and the intended message.2. Pay close attention to technical jargon, industry-specific terminology, and cultural nuances.3. Translate the press release into Chinese, ensuring that the translation is accurate and maintains the original tone and intent.4. Your translation should be clear, concise, and culturally appropriate.5. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and formatting.6. Submit your translation in a separate document.---Evaluation Criteria:- Accuracy: The translation should accurately reflect the original text, including technical terms and industry-specific jargon.- Cultural Appropriateness: The translation should be culturally appropriate, taking into account the target audience and cultural nuances.- Tone and Intent: The translation should maintain the original tone and intent of the press release.- Clarity and Conciseness: The translation should be clear and concise, avoiding unnecessary wordiness or ambiguity.- Grammar and Punctuation: The translation should be grammatically correct and punctuated accurately.---This interview question is designed to test the candidate's proficiency in English to Chinese translation, their attention to detail, and their ability to adapt to the specific requirements of the target language and culture.第2篇IntroductionThe role of a translator is pivotal in the globalized world, where communication across languages is essential for business, culture, and education. This document outlines a comprehensive set of interview questions designed to assess the skills, knowledge, and personality of candidates applying for a translator position. The questions are categorized into different sections to provide a structured approach to evaluating the candidate's suitability for the role.Section 1: Language Proficiency and Translation Skills1. Tell us about your language background. What languages do youfluently speak and write?2. Can you describe a challenging translation project you have worked on and how you overcame the difficulties?3. How do you ensure the accuracy and consistency of your translations?4. What tools and software do you use for translation work? Explain how you utilize them effectively.5. Discuss the importance of context in translation. Give an example of how you handled a contextually challenging translation.6. How do you maintain the tone and style of the original text in your translations?7. Describe a time when you had to translate a technical term or concept. How did you approach it?8. What is your approach to translating idiomatic expressions?9. How do you handle cultural differences in your translations?10. Can you explain the difference between literal translation and free translation? Give an example of each.Section 2: Specialization and Industry Knowledge11. What is your area of specialization in translation (e.g., legal, medical, technical, literary)?12. Can you provide examples of specialized terminology in your fieldand how you handle them?13. How do you stay updated with the latest developments in your specialized field?14. What experience do you have in translating documents related to [specific industry or field]?15. How do you ensure the cultural relevance of your translations withina specific industry?16. Can you describe a situation where you had to adapt your translation style to suit a specific audience within an industry?17. What are the key challenges you face when translating documents from [specific source language] to [specific target language]?18. How do you ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information in your translations?19. What are the legal and ethical considerations you take into account when translating documents?Section 3: Project Management and Work Style20. How do you prioritize and manage multiple translation projects simultaneously?21. Can you describe your workflow for a typical translation project?22. What is your approach to meeting tight deadlines?23. How do you ensure quality control in your translations?24. What feedback mechanisms do you use to improve your translation work?25. How do you handle client queries and revisions?26. What experience do you have with project management tools and software?27. How do you ensure effective communication with clients and colleagues?28. What is your approach to working in a team on translation projects?29. How do you handle pressure and stress in your work environment?30. What are your long-term career goals in the field of translation?Section 4: Professional Development and Learning31. How do you stay motivated in your translation work?32. What professional development opportunities have you pursued in the past year?33. How do you stay current with industry trends and advancements in translation technology?34. What are your preferred methods for learning new languages and terminology?35. How do you keep your language skills sharp and up-to-date?36. What certifications or qualifications do you hold in translation or related fields?37. What professional organizations or networks are you a part of in the translation industry?38. How do you approach continuous learning and improvement in your work?39. What advice would you give to someone starting their career in translation?40. How do you envision your professional growth over the next five years?ConclusionThese interview questions are designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of a candidate's suitability for a translator position. By asking a wide range of questions, employers can gain insights into the candidate's language proficiency, translation skills, specialization knowledge, project management abilities, work style, and professional development aspirations. It is important to tailor these questions to the specific requirements of the role and the company to ensure the best fit for the position.第3篇Introduction:As a professional Chinese-English interpreter, you are expected to possess not only linguistic proficiency but also cultural understanding, quick thinking, and the ability to adapt to various communication scenarios. This comprehensive set of interview questions is designed to assess your skills, experience, and suitability for a Chinese-English interpreter position.1. Personal Background and Language SkillsQuestion 1: Can you please introduce yourself and tell us about your background in language learning and interpretation?Answer:[Your name] is a dedicated and highly motivated individual with a strong passion for language and cross-cultural communication. I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Translation and Interpretation from [University Name], where I majored in Chinese-English translation and interpretation. Throughout my academic journey, I have consistently achieved top gradesin both language courses and practical interpretation exercises.My interest in languages began at a young age, and I have sincededicated myself to mastering both Chinese and English. I have completed numerous translation and interpretation projects, including conferences, business meetings, and cultural events. My proficiency in both languages is not only linguistic but also cultural, as I have lived and worked in both China and English-speaking countries, providing me with a deep understanding of the nuances of both languages and cultures.Question 2: What are the main differences between Chinese and English in terms of grammar, vocabulary, and usage? How do you handle these differences when interpreting?Answer:The main differences between Chinese and English lie in their grammatical structures, vocabulary, and usage. For example, Chinese has no articles, while English requires articles in certain contexts.Additionally, Chinese tends to use more idiomatic expressions and proverbs, which can be challenging to translate directly into English.To handle these differences, I approach each interpretation task with a keen awareness of the cultural and linguistic nuances involved. I focus on understanding the context of the conversation, identifying the intended meaning behind the words, and then conveying that meaning in a way that is natural and appropriate for the target language. This often involves using synonyms, paraphrasing, or even creating new expressions to ensure the message is accurately and effectively communicated.2. Professional Experience and SkillsQuestion 3: Can you describe your experience in interpreting at conferences and business meetings? What were some of the challenges you faced, and how did you overcome them?Answer:Throughout my career, I have had the opportunity to interpret at numerous conferences and business meetings, including international trade fairs, seminars, and corporate events. One of the challenges I often face is the need to quickly adapt to the specific terminology and industry jargon used by the participants.To overcome this challenge, I spend time researching the relevant subject matter before the event and familiarize myself with the key terms and concepts. I also actively seek feedback from the participants to ensure that my interpretations are accurate and clear. Additionally, I maintain a calm and professional demeanor to manage the pressure and ensure a smooth flow of communication.Question 4: What is your approach to consecutive interpretation? Can you give an example of a situation where you used consecutive interpretation effectively?Answer:Consecutive interpretation requires a high level of concentration, memory, and language skills. My approach to consecutive interpretationinvolves listening carefully to the speaker, mentally processing the information, and then conveying the message in the target language in a coherent and concise manner.One example of a situation where I used consecutive interpretation effectively was during a business negotiation between a Chinese company and an international client. The negotiation involved complex technical terms and required a deep understanding of both the business context and the cultural nuances of the conversation. By maintaining a calm demeanor and focusing on the key points, I was able to convey the message accurately and facilitate a successful negotiation.Question 5: How do you prepare for a major interpreting assignment? What are some of the resources you use?Answer:Preparing for a major interpreting assignment involves several steps. First, I research the topic and the participants to understand the context and the key issues at stake. I then familiarize myself with the relevant terminology and industry jargon, using dictionaries, glossaries, and online resources.I also prepare by practicing the interpretation of sample text and role-playing scenarios to improve my timing and delivery. Additionally, I ensure that I am well-rested and hydrated on the day of the event to maintain peak performance.3. Adaptability and Problem-SolvingQuestion 6: Describe a time when you had to interpret in a challengingor unfamiliar environment. How did you handle the situation?Answer:During a recent conference, I was asked to interpret in a venue that was extremely noisy due to construction work. This made it difficult to hear the speakers clearly and to convey the message accurately to the participants.To handle the situation, I asked the organizers to move the interpreter booth closer to the speakers and to provide noise-cancelling headphones.I also increased my focus and concentration, and made a conscious effort to repeat key points and ask for clarifications when necessary. Despite the challenging environment, I was able to maintain the quality of my interpretation and ensure that the event ran smoothly.Question 7: How do you handle situations where there is a cultural misunderstanding or miscommunication during an interpretation?Answer:Cultural misunderstandings can occur at any time during an interpretation, and it is important to address them promptly and effectively. When I encounter a cultural misunderstanding, I take a few moments to pause and reflect on the context and the likely source of the misunderstanding.I then clarify the point with the speaker, ensuring that I have a clear understanding of their intentions. If necessary, I seek additional information from the participants to facilitate a more accurate interpretation. By maintaining open communication and showing empathy, I can often resolve cultural misunderstandings and ensure a successful interpretation.4. Ethics and ProfessionalismQuestion 8: What are your ethical considerations when working as an interpreter? Can you give an example of a situation where you had to adhere to an ethical guideline?Answer:As an interpreter, I am bound by a set of ethical guidelines that emphasize confidentiality, neutrality, and professionalism. These guidelines ensure that I maintain the integrity of the communication process and protect the interests of all parties involved.One example of a situation where I had to adhere to an ethical guideline was during a legal deposition. I was required to remain neutral andimpartial, ensuring that the interpretation accurately reflected the statements of both the plaintiff and the defendant. By adhering to these ethical principles, I was able to maintain the integrity of the legal process and provide a fair and accurate account of the proceedings.Question 9: How do you ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information during an interpretation?Answer:Confidentiality is a crucial aspect of interpretation, and I take it very seriously. To ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information, I follow these steps:1. Understand the context: Before beginning the interpretation, Iclarify the nature of the information being shared and anyconfidentiality requirements.2. Establish trust: I build a strong rapport with the participants, ensuring that they trust me to handle sensitive information with care.3. Maintain confidentiality: I do not discuss the interpretation with anyone outside of the assignment and take steps to secure any physical or digital materials related to the interpretation.4. Legal compliance: I am aware of the legal requirements for confidentiality in my jurisdiction and ensure that I comply with all relevant laws and regulations.5. ConclusionAs a professional Chinese-English interpreter, I am committed to providing high-quality, accurate, and culturally sensitiveinterpretation services. I am confident that my language skills, professional experience, and ethical standards make me a suitable candidate for this position. I am eager to contribute to your team and help facilitate effective communication between Chinese and English-speaking parties. Thank you for considering my application.。
场内物流英语Logistics within the FacilityEfficient logistics management is a critical component of any successful business operation. Within the confines of a facility, the strategic coordination and implementation of material and information flows can significantly impact productivity, cost-effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. In the context of a facility, logistics encompasses the various processes and systems that facilitate the movement, storage, and distribution of goods, as well as the associated information and decision-making.One of the primary objectives of facility-based logistics is to ensure the timely and cost-effective delivery of products or materials to the appropriate locations within the facility. This requires a deep understanding of the facility's layout, the flow of materials, and the interdependencies between different departments or work areas. Effective logistics planning can help minimize inventory levels, reduce transportation costs, and optimize the utilization of available space and resources.A well-designed facility layout is a crucial element of efficientlogistics. The arrangement of workstations, storage areas, and transportation routes should be carefully considered to minimize the distance and time required for material movement. This can be achieved through the strategic placement of receiving and shipping docks, the optimization of storage and retrieval processes, and the implementation of efficient material handling equipment and technologies.Another important aspect of facility-based logistics is inventory management. Maintaining the right levels of inventory, both in terms of quantity and variety, is essential for meeting customer demands and avoiding stockouts or excessive holding costs. Effective inventory control systems, such as just-in-time (JIT) or lean manufacturing principles, can help optimize inventory levels and ensure the availability of necessary materials when and where they are needed.The integration of information technology (IT) systems is a vital component of modern facility logistics. Automated data collection, real-time tracking, and advanced analytics can provide valuable insights into the flow of materials, identify bottlenecks, and enable proactive decision-making. Tools such as warehouse management systems (WMS), enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology can greatly enhance the visibility and control of logistics operations within a facility.Collaboration and communication among different departments and stakeholders within the facility are also crucial for effective logistics management. Cross-functional teams, involving representatives from areas such as production, procurement, and distribution, can work together to identify and address logistics-related challenges. Effective communication channels, both formal and informal, can facilitate the sharing of information, the coordination of activities, and the alignment of goals across the organization.Furthermore, the incorporation of sustainability principles into facility logistics can contribute to environmental and social responsibility. Initiatives such as the use of energy-efficient material handling equipment, the optimization of transportation routes to reduce fuel consumption, and the implementation of recycling or waste reduction programs can help minimize the environmental impact of logistics operations.In conclusion, the effective management of logistics within a facility is a multifaceted and complex endeavor. By focusing on elements such as facility layout, inventory control, technology integration, and cross-functional collaboration, organizations can enhance their operational efficiency, reduce costs, and deliver superior customer service. As the business landscape continues to evolve, the importance of facility-based logistics will only grow, making it acritical area of focus for organizations seeking to maintain a competitive edge.。
Logistics Glossary Version 1.2 Revision HistoryTable of Contents1. Introduction 62. Definitions 72.1 Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) 72.2 Advanced Ship Notice (ASN) 72.3 Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) 72.4 Back Order 72.5 Batch Picking (Batch Selection) 72.6 Bill of Lading 72.7 Carrier 72.8 Cart 82.9 Case 82.10 Case Pack 82.11 Code-Dated 82.12 Consolidation 92.13 Conveyor 92.14 Cross Docking 92.15 Distribution 92.16 Distribution Center 92.17 Distribution Channel 102.18 Distribution logistics 102.19 Distribution Planning 102.20 Distribution Processing 102.21 Distribution requirement planning（DRP）102.22 Distribution resource planning（DRPⅡ）102.23 Distributor 102.24 Dock 102.25 Dock Door 112.26 Dry Grocery 112.27 Dunnage 112.28 ECR(Efficient Customer Response) 112.29 EDI(Electronic Data Interchange) 112.30 Enterprise resource planning（ERP）112.31 FIFO(First In First Out) 112.32 Fixed Slot 112.33 Floating Slot 122.34 Floor Slot 122.35 Flow Thru 122.36 ForkLift 122.37 Forward Location 122.38 Freight Charges 122.39 Full Pallet Select 132.40 Gravity-Flow Rack 132.41 Handling/carrying 132.42 Handling Unit 132.43 Harmonized Tariff Code 132.44 Harardous Class/Indicator 132.45 Inbound 13此文摘自：中国物讯网2.46 Inner Pack 132.47 Inventory 142.48 Inventory Adjustment 142.49 Inventory Control 142.50 Inventory Detail 142.51 Invoice 142.52 Just in time(JIT) 142.53 JIT Delivery System 142.54 Label 152.55 Lead Time 152.56 LTL(Less-Than-Truckload) 152.57 Let Down(Replenishment) 152.58 License Plate 152.59 Loading and unloading 152.60 Logistics 152.61 Logistics center 162.62 Lot Number 162.63 Material requirements planning（MRP）162.64 Manufacturing resource planning（MRPⅡ）162.65 Minimum Order Requirements 162.66 Mixed Load 162.67 Narrow Aisle 172.68 Numbering System 172.69 Order picking 172.70 Order Selection 172.71 Out-Of-Stock 172.72 Outbound 172.73 Package/packaging 172.74 Pallet 172.75 Pallet Cube 182.76 Physical Inventory 182.77 Pick Rate 182.78 Production Detail 182.79 Production ID 182.80 Production logistics 182.81 Purchase Order 182.82 Put-away 182.83 Quick response（QR）192.84 Rack 192.85 Rack Bay 192.86 Receiving 192.87 Replenishment 192.88 Replenishment Level 192.89 Retail Unit 192.90 RF Unit 192.91 Safety Stock 202.92 Sales Order 202.93 Service Level 202.94 Shipping 202.95 Shipping Unit/Shipping Case 202.96 Slot(Location) 202.97 Sorting 202.98 Split-Case(Broken-Case) 212.99 Staging Area 212.100 Stereoscopic warehouse 21 2.101 SKU(Stock Keeping Unit) 21 2.102 Storage and Replenishment 212.103 Storing 212.104 Storage 212.105 Straight Load 212.106 Supplier(Vendor) 222.107 Supply Chain 222.108 SCE(Supply Chain Execution) 222.109 Suply Chain Inventory Visibility 222.110 SCM(Suply Chain Management) 232.111 SCP(Supply Chain Planning) 232.112 Supply logistics 232.113 Transportation 232.114 Third Party Logistics(TPL) 242.115 TMS(Transporation Management System) 242.116 Transportation Planning and Scheduling 242.117 UPC(Universal Product Code) 242.118 Virtual logistics 242.119 VMI(Vendor-Managed Inventory) 242.120 Warehouse 242.121 WMS(Warehouse Management System) 252.122 Warehouse Point 252.123 Zero-inventory technology 252.124 252.125 252.126 252.127 252.128 252.129 252.130 252.131 252.132 262.133 262.134 262.135 262.136 262.137 262.138 262.139 262.140 26此文摘自：中国物讯网Logistics Glossary1. Introduction本文档定义了物流领域中的一些术语。
Storage and Retrieval of XML Documents using Object-Relational Databases Takeyuki Shimura,Masatoshi Yoshikawa and Shunsuke Uemura Graduate School of Information Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5Takayama,Ikoma,Nara630-0101,Japan{takeyu-s,yosikawa,uemura}@is.aist-nara.ac.jpAbstract.This paper describes general storage and retrieval method-s for XML documents using object-relational databases.The storagemethod decomposes tree structure of XML documents into nodes,and s-tores them in relational tables according to the node types.By using thismethod,being independent of DTDs or element types,any XML docu-ments can be stored in databases.Also it is possible to utilize index struc-tures(e.g.B+trees,R trees,etc.)which are provided in database man-agement systems.As for retrieval,we show the transformation of XQLqueries into SQL queries.It is possible to realize the storage method bydoing minimal extension to object-relational databases and the retrievalmethod by adding a preprocessor of a query language.We also performedexperiments using XML documents on the plays of Shakespeare,to showthe effectiveness of our methods.1IntroductionXML(eXtensible Markup Language)[WWWC98a],designed as a subset of SG ML[ISO86]and recommended by W3C(World Wide Web C onsortium),is a document description metalanguage to represent data and documents on the World Wide Web.The potential of XML is unlimited,and many new applications using XML are currently planned(e.g.[Bos97]).Therefore,efficient storage and retrieval of XML documents in databases is an important research issue.With the increase of sophisticated XML documents,databases managing XML docu-ments are required to support queries on structure,content,and attributes1.In this paper,we propose general storage and retrieval methods for XM-L documents using object-relational databases.As databases managing XML documents,we adopted commonly-used object-relational databases which have functionality of adding abstract data types.Figure1shows the logical architec-ture of our system.The differences between our methods and related work are as follows.Firstly,database schemas for storing XML documents are independent of DTDs or element types.Secondly,in retrieving XML documents,the system rewrites declarative queries for XML into SQL queries which are executed in object-relational databases.Also,it is possible to store XML documents by do-ing minimal extension to object-relational databases and the retrieval method by adding a preprocessor of a query language.1The term‘attribute’is used differently in the context of databases and in XML.We call the former‘database attribute’and the latter‘attribute’.DBMSFig.1.The logical architecture of our system.1.1Related WorkStorage of structured documents There are two major approach to the stor-age and retrieval of XML documents in databases.XML documents are regarded as structured data in one approach,and as simple character string in another approach.When structured documents are regarded as structured data,the tree struc-ture representing an XML document is mapped to database schemas.In this approach,database schemas are designed in accordance with the DTD of struc-tured documents.Once such database schema is designed,XML documents s-tored in databases are guaranteed to conform to the DTD.However,because commonly-used database models(such as relational model and object-oriented model)is not powerful enough to naturally represent the concept of“choice”in element type declarations in the DTD,database schema can not represent the DTD.In[CACS94],a mapping of DTDs to extended database schemas was proposed.However,this approach has a drawback in that(even a small)change of logical structure of XML documents influence on database schemas.In our approach,since database schemas are independent of DTDs or element types,changes in logical structure do not influence on database schemas.Also, our storage method does not require extended facilities on database models nor database schemas.Also,conformance of XML documents to DTDs,if any,are not guaranteed by DBMSs but by XML processors.Validation check by an XML processor is executed when documents are inserted or modified.When structured documents are regarded simply as character strings,an XML document is stored in a database attribute.Operations on tree structure are replaced by string operators,and abstract data types which have functions to execute string operators are added to databases.Under this approach,queries on structured documents are described in extended SQL[BCD+95].Integration engine internally distributes queries to SQL on relational data and to commands on full-text system,and integrates the both query result before they are returned to users or applications.The system provides an interface through which users can view documents as if they were stored in database systems.Though we also regard structured documents as simple character string,sub-stance of XML documents is stored in databases.We regarded generality as an important design factor.In our approach,we realize storage and retrieval of XML documents using only database management systems.IndexScheme for structured documents Index schemes for structured doc-uments are described in[SDDTZ97].The paper presents position-based indexing and path-based indexing to access document collections by content,structure, or attributes.In position-based indexing,queries are processed by manipulating ranges of offsets of words,elements or attributes.In path-based indexing,the paths in tree structures are used.Our storage method of XML documents adopts both of the two indexing schemes and enjoys the advantages of them.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.Section2describes a storage method for XML documents.Section3describes a retrieval method for XML documents stored in databases.Section4reports the experimental results and demonstrates the effectiveness of our method.We conclude the paper in Sec-tion5.2Storage Method of XML DocumentsXML processors guarantee that XML documents stored in databases follow tag-ging rules prescribed in XML or conform to a DTD.Hence,XML documents stored in databases are valid or well-formed.2.1A Tree Structure Representing an XML DocumentAn XML document can be represented as a tree,and node types in the tree are of the following three kinds:Element,Attribute and Text.These node types are equivalent to the node types in XSL[WWWC98b]data model.Though there are other node types such as comment,processing instruction,etc,we do not treat them in this paper.–Nodes of type Element have an element type name as a label.Element nodes have zero or more children.The type of each child node is of one of the three(Element,Attribute and Text).–Nodes of type Attribute have an attribute name and an attribute value asa label.Attribute nodes have no child node.If there are plural attributes,the order of the attributes is not distinguished.This is because there is no order in XML attributes.–Nodes of type Text have character data specified in the XML Recommen-dation as a label.Text nodes have no child node.Figure3shows the tree structure representing the XML document in Fig-ure2.2.2Design Strategies for Storing XML DocumentsWe have the following policies for the storage of XML documents:–Database schemas should not depend on DTDs or element types,and databas-es shall store any XML documents.–Index structures which are provided in database management systems shall be used.✏<books><book style="textbook"><title>Designing XML applications</title><editor><family>Bob</family><given>Kraft</given></editor><author><family>Nick</family><given>Marcus</given><family>Bob</family><given>Pant</given></author><summary>This book is the guide to design<keyword>XML</keyword>applications.</summary></book></books>✒✑Fig.2.An example of an XML instance. bookauthor Nick Element Attribute family Marcus titlestyle textbook Designing XMLapplicationsText bookssummaryfamily given Bob Pant keyword This book is the guide to designXMLgiven editor Kraft given family Bobapplications. Fig.3.An example of tree representation.–Storage method shall be realized by doing minimal extension to object-relational databases.–Functionalities of XML query languages shall be supported.As for the storage of XML documents,the key issue is the mapping from the tree structure of an XML document to tuples in relational tables.We decompose the tree structure into relations so that we can easily access and reuse by the unit of logical structure and we can use index structures(e.g.B +trees,R trees,etc.)provided in database systems.Regarding query languages for XML,much discussion have been made on the requirements for languages (e.g.[Wor98]).So far,only a few XML query✏<SimpleAbsolutePathUnit>::=<PathOp><SimplePathUnit>|<PathOp><SimplePathUnit>’@’<AttName> <PathOp>::=’/’<SimplePathUnit>::=<ElementType>|<ElementType><PathOp><SimplePathUnit>✒✑Fig.4.The syntax of‘SimpleAbsolutePathUnit’stored in databases. languages including XQL[RLS98]and XML-QL[DFF+98]have been proposed. XQL is a natural extension to the XSL pattern syntax,and it provides a con-cise,understandable notation for pointing to specific elements and for searchingfor nodes with particular characteristics.On the other hand,XML-QL,basedon research results on semistructured data,has operations peculiar to data ma-nipulation such as joins and supports transformations of XML data.XML-QL integrates information extraction in the WHERE clause and transformation or restructuring in the CONSTRUCT clause.XQL considers that transformation operation is separated from the query language.As for transformation,for ex-ample,[SLR98]uses XQL within XSL.In their approach,an XQL query is performedfirst,then the results of its XQL query are fed into XSL to perform transformations.An XQL basic query is represented by a line command which connects path operators(’/’or’//’)with element types.’/’is the child operator which s-elects from immediate child nodes.’//’is the descendant operator which se-lects from arbitrary descendant nodes.Furthermore,the symbol’@’precedes attribute names.By using these notations,all paths of tree representation canbe expressed by element types,attributes,’/’and’@’.Strictly speaking,paths can be expressed by SimpleAbsolutePathUnit defined in Figure4.In this paper,we call SimpleAbsolutePathUnit simple path.Basically,we decompose XML documents into simple paths,and store themin databases.However,using only simple paths,retrieval allowing for the hier-archy or order within a document can not be handled.Therefore,we retain for each node,simple path and a pair of positions of the node within the document. Such pair is usually called a region(i.e.a pair of a start position and an end posi-tion).Because of this mechanism,functionalities of XML query language can be supported properly.Also,the inclusion relationship and the order relationship between nodes can be maintained.As an example,Figure5shows simple paths,regions,and occurrence order information on node type Element,which are derived from the tree structure in Figure3.In Figure5,the element types in node type Element and the attribute names in node type Attribute are absorbed into the simple paths.Moreover, nodes of type Element are assigned to order information,which represent occur-rence order within sibling nodes having the same parent node.Occurrence order information is composed of occurrence plus order information,and occurrence minus order information.Occurrence plus(or minus)order information is the index number of the node within the parent node.The indexes are zero-based,so0represents thefirst element node.The occurrence order information is used/books/book(0.2, 18.2)0, -1(5.3, 9.2) 0, -1 /author/given (6.2, 7.1) 0, -2 /books/book /author/family (6, 6)Element Attribute /author/family (5.4, 6.1) 0, -2 /books/book /author/given (7, 7) (0.3, 3.1)0, -1/books/book /@style (0.2, 0.2) applications /books/book/title (1, 3)Text (0.1, 18.3)0, -1(9.3, 18.1) 0, -1/author/family (7.2, 8.1) 1, -1 /author/given (8.2, 9.1) 1, -1 /books/book /aurhor/family(8, 8)/books/book/author/given (9, 9) mary/keyword (16.1, 17.1) 0, -1 /books/book /summary (18, 18)/books/book /summary (10, 16) /books/book /summary/keyword (17, 17)(3.2, 5.2) 0, -1 /editor/family (3.3, 4.1) 0, -1 /books/book /editor/family (4, 4) /editor/given (4.2, 5.1) 0, -1 /books/book /editor/given (5, 5)Fig.5.The simple path and the region of each node derived from the tree structure in Figure 3.to support the index functions in XQL.Because there are many ways to assign the region of each node,we will not assume specific assignment.In this paper,we assign the region of each node as follows.Each word occurrence is assigned an integer number corresponding to its position within the document.Each tag is assigned a real number.Its integer part indicates the position number of the preceding word and decimal part indicates the position of the tag being concerned in the current sequence of tags.The reason because tags are not assigned a position is so that they do not interfere with proximity searches on words[SDDTZ97].In general,regions of two nodes may have the inclusion relationship but they do not have the overlap relationship.Decomposition of XML documents into simple paths,type classification and computing region of each node are executed when XML documents are parsed using XML processor.Next we will show how data in Figure 5are stored in relational tables.2.3Addition of Abstract Data TypeAbstract data type to be defined is the only type which manages region(positions)of each node type within a document.An instance of REGION type keeps po-sitions,which are a pair of numerical values (r,s )representing a start position and an end position,where 0<r ≤s .REGION type can use following two predicates.–BOOLEAN contain(REGION pos )This predicate takes an instance pos (r a ,s a )of REGION type as its argu-ment,returns TRUE if and only if(r,s)contains(r a,s a).–BOOLEAN precede(REGION pos)This predicate takes an instance pos(r a,s a)of REGION type as its argu-ment,returns TRUE if and only if(r,s)precedes(r a,s a).These predicates are used to decide the inclusion relationship or the order relationship of regions within same document.2.4Relational Database Schemas for Storing XML Documents Relations for storing XML documents are four kinds:Element,Attribute,Text, and Path.The relations Element,Attribute and Text store data about each node type described in Section2.1.The relation Path stores data about simple paths. Each relation has the following database attributes.–The relation Element stores data about Element nodes.Database attributes are docID,pathID,index,reindex and pos to store document identifiers,path identifiers,plus occurrence order,minus occurrence order and regions respec-tively.–The relation Attribute stores data about Attribute nodes.Database attribute are docID,pathID,attvalue and pos to store document identifiers,path iden-tifiers,attribute values and regions respectively.–The relation Text stores data about Text nodes.Database attribute are docID,pathID,value,and pos to store document identifiers,path identifiers, collections of character data and regions respectively.–The relation Path stores data about simple paths.Database attribute are pathexp and pathID to store simple paths and path identifiers respectively.2.5Storage of XML Documents to Relational TablesData about each node described in Section2.1is stored,being based on database schema described in Section2.4.For example,Figure6shows that the tree struc-ture in Figure3is stored in relational tables.In many XML documents stored in database,if plural XML documents follow the same DTD,there are many same simple paths.Therefore,by storing the correspondence between pathID and simple path in the relation Path,the number of tuples can be reduced.Each occurrence of database attribute pathexp in relation Path is subject to simple path specified in Figure4.ElementdocID pathID index reindex pos110-10.1,18.3 120-10.2,18.2 140-10.3, 3.1150-1 3.2, 5.2 160-1 3.3, 4.1 170-1 4.2, 5.1 180-1 5.3,9.2 190-2 5.4, 6.1 1100-2 6.2,7.1 191-17.2,8.1 1101-18.2,9.1 1110-19.3,18.1 1120-116.1,17.1AttributedocID pathID attvalue pos 13textbook0.2,0.2TextdocID pathID value pos 14Designing XML applications1,3 16Bob4,4 17Kraft5,5 19Nick6,6 110Marcus7,7 19Bob8,8 110Pant9,9 111This book is...10,16 112XML17,17 111applications.18,18Pathpathexp pathID /books1/books/book2/books/book/@style3/books/book/title4/books/book/editor5/books/book/editor/family6/books/book/editor/given7/books/book/author8/books/book/author/family9/books/book/author/given10 /books/book/summary11 /books/book/summary/keyword12Fig.6.A storage exmple of XML documents.If tree structures are stored in the relational tables in Figure6,the source XML documents can be rebuilt because of preserving document identifier and region of each node type.By dividing tree structures into nodes and storing them according to the node types,we enjoy the following advantages.–Database schemas to store XML documents do not depend on DTDs or element types.Any XML documents can be managed,being based on the four relational tables.–Index structures provided in database management systems can be used.B+ trees on database attributes other than database attributes pos and R(or R∗) trees on database attributes pos can be constructed.By constructing index structures,queries for XML documents can be efficiently processed.–It is possible to realize our storage method by doing minimal extension to object-relational databases.The abstract data type which is added to database systems is only REGION type described in Section2.3.Predicatesof REGION type can decide the inclusion relationship or the order relation-ship.If this abstract data type is not added,by using simple comparison predicates such as<or≥,we can carry out equivalent operation to predi-cates of REGION type.Therefore,the described storage method can apply to not only object-relational databases but also relational databases.3Retrieval Method of XML DocumentsIn our architecture,XML documents are decomposed into paths of their tree representation,and stored in the four relations in Figure6.Their relational ta-bles,in which XML documents are stored,are hidden from users or applications. Users or application consider XML documents as trees,and they specify queries in XML query languages.In this paper,we employ XQL as such an XML query language.In this section,we describe a framework to rewrite XQL queries in-to SQL queries.However,the query rewriting in detail is omitted due to the limitation of space.XML documents are decomposed into fragments and they are stored in rela-tional tables.Therefore,identification of sub-documents(i.e.a set of document identifier and region)is expected to be efficient using such tables.However, rebuilding entire documents or large sub-documents from fragments in tables will be inefficient.Hence,when such(sub-)documents are required,we take an approach to scan XML documentfiles.3.1Query RewritingUsing a notation which connects path operators(’/’or’//’)with element types, etc.,XQL can extract sub-documents enclosed with elements.’/’is the child op-erator which selects from immediate child nodes.’//’is the descendant operator which selects from arbitrary descendant nodes.The’//’can be thought of as a substitute for one or mode levels of hierarchy.Also,in the query,filer clause’[]’which is analogous to the SQL WHERE clause,indexing which is easy tofind a specific node within a set of nodes,etc.can be specified.Since data about XML documents such as simple paths are stored as string in databases,functions of pattern matching in SQL-92[DD93]can be used.For example,as basic queries,if XQL queries do not includefiler nor indexing,the outline of generating SQL queries is as follows:(1)Simple paths stored in databases start with path operator’/’,and theyconnect element type with’/’.If XQL queries include path operator’//’, every occurrence of’//’in simple paths is replaced with’%/’by using LIKE predicate in the WHERE clause.Then,using the replaced simple paths, pathIDs are selected out from the relation Path.(2)Pairs of docID and pos in the relation Element are retrieved based on eachpathID obtained in(1).As an example,Query1shows that an XQL query which connects element type with path operator can be rewritten into SQL.Next,Query2shows that an XQL query which has afilter is rewritten into SQL.If condition about text is specified infilter,as for rewriting,a query in SQL can be produced by adding relation Text in the FROM clause and condition oftext in the WHERE clause.In the WHERE clause,pos is REGION type and one of predicates described in Section2.3is used.Furthermore,XQL queries having indexing can also be transformed into SQL queries by using database attribute index or reindex.We give such an examplein Query3.Query1:/books//author Query2://book[summary/keyword=’XML’] SELECT e1.docID,e1.pos SELECT e3.docID,e3.posFROM Element e1,Path p1FROM Element e1,Path p1,Text t2, WHERE e1.pathID=p1.pathID Path p2,Element e3,Path p3 AND p1.pathexp LIKE WHERE p1.pathexp LIKE’\%/book’/books\%/author’AND p2.pathexp LIKEORDER BY e1.docID,e1.pos’\%/book/summary/keywordAND p3.pathexp LIKEQuery3://book/author/family[0]’\%/book/author/family SELECT e1.docID,e1.pos AND e1.pathID=p1.pathIDFROM Element e1,Path p1AND t2.value=’XML’WHERE e1.pathID=p1.pathID AND t2.pathID=p2.pathIDAND p1.pathexp LIKE AND e3.pathID=p3.pathID’%/book/author/family AND e1.pos.contain(t2.pos)AND e1.index=0AND e1.docID=t2.docIDORDER BY e1.docID,e1.pos AND e1.pos.contain(e3.pos)AND e1.docID=e3.docIDORDER BY e3.docID,e3.pos4ImplementationWe have performed experiments to store XML documents in a database and retrieve them based on the methods described in Sections2and3.This section describes the implementation and shows the experimental results.We have used PostgreSQL[POS]which is freely available as an object-relational database.PostgreSQL supports B+tree and R tree index structures,as well as user-defined types and functions.As an XML processor,we have used XML Pars-er for Java[IBM98]which is freely available.XML Parser for Java is a validating XML processor,and it supports SAX(The Simple API for XML)[Meg98].The module to obtain regions of nodes and path expressions is implemented using SAX,which is an interface for event-based XML parsing.Also,the module to rewrite XQL into SQL is coded in Clanguage.4.1The Result of ExperimentsWe ran some experiments using actual XML documents to see executing.The XML documents used for the experiments is the collection of the plays of Shake-speare,documents2tagged by Jon Bosak.These data is summarized in Table1 and2.The number of tuples in the Relations“Element”,“Attribute”,“Text”and“Path”is179,618,0,147,525and57respectively.Data size required in s-toring test data are larger than that of source data(Table2).However,since the price of disk is sharply decreasing,and2<URL:/pub/sun-info/xml/eg/shakespeare.1.10.xml.zip>Table1.Details of test dataItem Number or Data SizeTotal XML documents Size7.65MbytesNumber of Documents37Average Document Size206.71KbytesTable2.Data Size required in storing test dataItem Data SizeRelation Element 4.10MbytesRelation Attribute0bytesRelation Text7.32MbytesRelation Path 1.5KbytesTotal11.42MbytesTable3.Processing time for sample XQL queries and number of their query results Sample XML query Time1Time2Time3Number(sec)(sec)(sec)of results /PLAY0.150.010.2637 /PLAY/ACT0.180.010.29185 /PLAY/ACT[index()=2]0.160.010.3537 /PLAY/ACT[-3]0.180.010.3137 /PLAY/ACT/TITLE0.190.010.33185 //SCENE/TITLE0.34 6.520.44750 /PLAY/ACT//TITLE0.35 3.150.34951 //ACT//TITLE0.37 6.380.04951 /PLAY/ACT/SCENE/SPEECH[SPEAKER=’CURIO’] 1.307.040.874 //ACT[//SPEECH/SPEAKER=’CURIO’] 1.048.960.534since documents are much smaller in size than multimedia data such as video and audio,we believe that increase of data size in storing XML documents is not a big problem.The machine we used is Ultra Sparc II360MHz with640MB memory.Database-server and client are on this machine,and transmission of data uses socket of UNIX domain.Table3shows the time required for processing some XQL queries using our system and two other systems.Time1,2and3indicates the processing time of our system,the XQL module implemented by DataChannel[DM99],and Sgrep[JP98]which can realize similar retrieval functions to XQL,respectively. Time1is the total time of connecting database-server from a client,rewriting XQL into SQL,sending the rewritten query,fetching the query results and cut-ting connection.Measurement of processing time is the average of ten trials.In measuring Time2,all37XML documents are parsed,and then150MB data is retained on main-memory of the server.As for Time3,XQL queries are executed after constructing index structure peculiar to Sgrep.5ConclusionsWe have proposed general storage and retrieval methods for XML documents using object-relational databases.Described storage method can apply to notonly object-relational databases but also relational databases,and store XM-L documents having any document structure.As for retrieval,we have shown methods to rewrite XQL into SQL.Further extensions to the storage and retrieval of XML documents under considerations include storage methods considering data types,corresponding to XQL extensions,integration XML data with other data stored in databases. 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