２０１４上海大学汉语基础真题（回忆版）汉语基础（354）
一.填空题20分
1.语流音变有（）、（）、弱化、脱落四种。
2.语素分为词根、（）和词尾
3.文字的发展经历了（）、（）、（）三个阶段。
4.单个语素构成的词叫（），多个语素构成的词叫（），多个词根语素组合成的词叫（）
5.语言的词汇，语法，语音中（）变化最快，体现了语言演变的不平衡性。
6.词类是根据（）划分出来的词的类别。
7.词汇的变化主要体现在（）、（）、（）三个方面。
8.（）、（）都是语言接触的一些特殊形式。
9.（）是指可在同一语言环境里自由替换而不起区别词的语音形式的几个音素。
10.（）、（）、（）是词义概括性的三个重要表现形式。
二、名词解释 10分
1、语言符号的任意性
2、社会方言
3、音节
4、亲属语言
5、基本词汇
三、选择题 10分
1.不属于汉藏语系语言的特点是（）
A.有声调
B. 有词形的变化，形态丰富
C. 词序和虚词决定语法关系
D. 有量词
2.舌位前、低、不圆唇元音（）
A.o
B.e c.a D.u
3.合作原则不包括（）
A. 数量法则
B. 质量法则
C. 慷慨法则
D. 关联法则
（4-9题的选项没有记下来，但是大家看到题目基本上是可以选出答案的）
4.词义演变（）
5.book 的复数形式从bec 到books属于（）
6.下列属于基本词汇的一组是（）
7.在同一语言内部划分地域方言的依据主要是（）
8.兵的最初意义是（）
9.汉语中借词的是（）
10.汉字是现行文字中的（）文字
A. 表音
B. 表意
C. 意音
D. 音节
四、问答题 40分（完整的题目不记得了，但是重点都在）
1、外国的汉语学习者会把“肚子饱了”讲成“兔子跑了”，把“买票”讲成“买表”，结合音位及其归纳原则分析这一问题。
汉语基础期末测试 一、选题（每题3分，共计30分）（总分30.00） 1. 下列各组成语中，加点的词读音相同的是( B )。（注：由于平台的关系，下列选项中有加点的字，无法显示，请同学们选择每组相同的字进行比较） A. 自怨自艾、方兴未艾 B. 一知半解、庖丁解牛 C. 秦晋之好、好为人师 D. 度德量力、度日如年 2. 从偏旁和字音字义的联系情况看，下列各组汉字只有（ C ）是形声字 A. 汉地使拴 B. 赵看部路 C. 赶妈想视 D. 庙春鸡叹 3. 下列各组中，每个成员都带有定位语素的是( A )。
A. 舌头、对头、想头 B. 老鼠、老爷、老家 C. 健儿、孩子、女儿 D. 变化、西化、简化 4. 鸟、鱼、刀、牛等字在“六书”中属于（ B）字 A. 形声 B. 象形 C. 指事 D. 会意 5. （ A ）是汉字发展史上的一个转折点 A. 隶书 B. 篆书 C. 金文 D. 甲骨文 6. 下列句子中，（ B ）是复句
A. 因为性格方面的不同，在相处了三年后，他们最终还是分手了。 B. 因为明天有可能下雨，郊游活动延期了。 C. 由于这方面的原因，我们的工作进展很不顺利。 D. 只有热爱生活的人，才能得到生活的真谛。 7. 疑问句可以分成许多类型，下面哪两句属于同一类型？（ A ）(1)你喜欢汉语吗? (2)你喜欢汉语还是喜欢日语? (3)你喜欢不喜欢汉语?(4)谁买了汉语课本? (5)你什么时候去上汉语课呢? A. (4)、(5) B. (2)、(4) C. (3)、(5) D. (1)、(2) 8. 从形音义的关系上看，“朝”这个字属于( D )。
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位 联考英语试卷 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually _2_. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. _3_, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an _4_ of good health. Of even greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often _6_body mass index, or BIMI _7_ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BIMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 to 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, _8_ can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一） Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 . Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort. Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 . The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 1.[A] that [B] when [C] why [D] where 2.[A] fades [B] improves [C] collapses [D] recovers 3.[A] Unless [B] While [C] Once [D] If 4.[A] damaging [B] limited [C] uneven [D] obscure 5.[A] relationship [B] environment [C] wellbeing [D] outlook 6.[A] figures [B] finds [C] points [D] turns 7.[A] responses [B] associations [C] workouts [D] roundabouts 8.[A] genre [B] criterion [C] circumstances [D] functions 9.[A] channel [B] process [C] condition [D] sequence
卷一： 真题：中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化，有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如，土豪和大妈都是老词，但已获取了新的意义。 土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主，现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人，也就是说，土豪有钱，但是没有品位。大妈是对中年妇女的称呼，但是现在特指不久前金价大跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版的牛津(OXford)英语词典，至今约有120中文加进了牛津英语词典，成了英语语言的一部分。 参考答案： The Chinese heated words usually reflect social changes and culture, some o f which are increasingly popular with foreign media. Tuhao and dama, forexa mple, are both old words, but they get differentmeanings now. The word tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppress their tenants and servants, while now it refers to people spending money withoutlimits or those showing off all around. That is to say, tuhao owns money rather than taste. T heword dama is used to describe middle-aged women. However, it is regarde d as a special wordto call those Chinese women who rushed to purchase gol d when th e gold price decreasedsharply not long ago. Tuhao and dama may be included in the new Oxford dictionary. Up to now, ab out 120 Chinesewords have been added to it, becoming a part of English lang uage. 卷二： 最近中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Science )出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一 年展望的年度系列报告。系列报告包括三部分：科学发展报告，高技术发展报告，中国可持续战略报告。第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现，诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破。该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域，如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计，以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍，并促进节能减排。 Chinese Academy of Science recently published an annual report about its latest scientific findings and the prospect of the next year. The report consists of three parts: science development, more advanced technology development and the sustainable strategy of China. The first one includes the latest findings of Chinese scientists, such as the research of new particle and the breakthrough in the study of H7N9 virus. Furthermore, it highlights some problems we need to focus in next few years. The second one announces some heated fields in applied science. For example, the 3-dimension print and the study of human organs. The third one suggests people enhance the top design in order to get rid of the structural obstacles in industrial upgrading and to promote the energy-saving and emission-reduction. 卷三： 北京计划未来三年投资7600亿元治理污染，从减少pm2.5排放入手。这一新公布的计划
汉语基础试题 一、填空题（每空1分，共20分） 1.六书中的象形、指示、会意、形声是造字的方法，__转注、__假借是用字的方法。 2.古代汉语的宾语前置主要有三种类型，这就是__疑问代词作宾语时宾语前置_、否定句中宾语前置、宾语用‘是‘或者“之“复指时宾语前置。 3.古今词义范围的差异由词义扩大、词义缩小、词义转移三种情况造成的。 4.词牌是_指写词时所依据的乐谱_；词调是_指各种词调的名称_。 5. 汉字通假的两个条件是：通假字与本字必须_读音相通_或_意义相同、相近_，必须有_古代训诂资料或字形的佐证。 6. 在诗歌发展史上，我们习惯把唐代以后按照诗律创作的诗叫作“格律诗”，或称“近体诗”。 二、翻译题（每小题15分，共30分） 1、薛谭学讴（选自《列子·汤问》）薛谭学讴于秦青，未穷秦青之技，自谓尽之，遂辞归。秦青弗止，饯于郊衢，抚节悲歌，声振林木，响遏行云。薛谭乃谢求反，终身不敢言归。 答：薛谭向秦青学习唱歌，还没有学完秦青的技艺，就以为学尽了，于是就告辞回家。秦青没有劝阻他，在城外大道旁给他饯行，秦青打着节拍，高唱悲歌。歌声振动了林木，那音响止住了行云。薛谭于是向秦青道歉，要求回来继续学习。从此以后，他一辈子也不敢再说要回家。 2. 星队木鸣，国人皆恐。曰：是何也？曰：无何也。是天地之变，阴阳之化，物之罕至者也。怪之可也，而畏之非也。夫日月之有蚀，风雨之不时，怪星之党见，是无世而不常有之。上明而政平，则是虽并世起，无伤也；上暗而政险，则是虽无一至者，无益也。 答：星坠落，树木爆裂作响，国都里的人都惊恐。问道：这是怎么回事？答道：没有什么。这是自然界发生的变化，事物较少出现的现象。对它感到奇怪是可以的，害怕它就不对了。日蚀月蚀发生，刮风下雨不合时节，怪星偶然出现，这是没有哪个时代不曾有过的。君主英明、政局安定，就是这些现象同时发生，也没有危害。君主昏庸、政治暴虐，即使这些观象一样也不出现，也没有好处。 三、分析题（每题10分，共30分） 1．分析下列单句的结构类型（指明是主谓句或非主谓句即可）
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标I) 英语 第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分60分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题3分，满分45分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A The Cambridge Science Festival Curiosity Challenge Dare to Take the Curiosity Challenge! The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF) is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge. The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world. Students are being dared to draw a picture, write an article, take a photo or write a poem that shows what they are curious about. To enter the challenge, all artwork or pieces of writing should be sent to the Cambridge Science Festival, MIT Museum, 265 Mass Avenue. Cambridge 02139 by Friday, February 8th. Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSF on Sunday, April 21st. Guest speaker will also present prizes to the students. Winning entries will be published in a book. Student entries will be exhibit and prizes will be given. Families of those who take part will be included in the celebration and brunch will be served. Between March 10th and March 15th, each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration. The program guidelines and other related information are available at: https://www.doczj.com/doc/841548814.html,. 21 Who can take in the Curiosity Challenge? A. School students. B. Cambridge locals. C. CSF winners. D. MIT artists. 22 When will the prize-giving ceremony be held? A. On February 8th. B. On March 10th C. On March 15th.. D. On April 21st. 23 What type of writing is this text? A. An exhibition guide. B. An art show review. C. An announcement. D. An official report.
2014年下半年高中《英语学科知识》教师资格证考试统考真题及答案 一、选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分） 在每小题列出的四个备选选项中选择一个最佳答案，请用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案字母按要求涂黑。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.which of the following is the proper pronunciation of“have to “as a result of assimilation? A.／hef tu／ B.／hev tu／ C.／h?f tu／ D.／h?v tu／ 2.which of the following shows the proper rhythmical pattern of the sentence? A.′Come to′see us at our′new a`partment B.`Come to`see us at`our new`apartment C.`Come to`see us`at our`new`apartment D.`Come to`see us`at our`new a`parement 3.He came to dinner and my mom fixed a roast,prime rib,pie,yohurt,dri nks,and that kind of＿,and it was really good. A.meat B.stuff C.staff D.Dish 4.Unlike her＿ sister,Judith is a shy,unsociable person who dislike to go to parties or to make new friends. A.charming B.friendly C.gracious D.Gregarious 5.He pledged support for“＿care”， where youngsters were looked after be close relatives like aunts or uncles,but not parents. A.family B.kinship C.sibling D.Relative 6.I will never know all that was in his head at the time,＿. A.nor will anyone else B.nor anyone else will C.nor won′t anyone else D.nor anyone else won′t 7.She doesn′t want to work right now because she thinks that if she ＿a job she probably wouldn′ t be able to visit her friends very often. A.has to get B.were to get C.had got D.could have got 8.What is the correct way to read the decimal“106.16”in English? A.One hundred and six point one six B.One hundred and six point six teen C.One hundred and six points one six D.One hundred and six points s ixteen 9.When any of the maxims under the Cooperative Principle is flouted on purpose,might arise. A.ambiguous structure B.contradictory proposition
2014年10月自考《英语（二）》真题（完整试卷）含答案解析 第一部分：阅读判断（第1～10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C，并将所选答案的代码（指A、B或C）填在答题纸的相应位置上。 The Stranger Who Changed My Life It was a sunny morning in the spring of 1966. I was driving a taxi，looking for a customer. While passing New York Hospital，l found a man running down the hospital steps，waving at me. I stopped. The man reached the taxi and jumped in. “ The Airport，please，“ he said. As always，I wondered about my passenger. Was this man a talker? After a few moments，he started saying，“How do you like driving a taxi?” ‘s i t’ s OK，”I said. “I make a living and meet interesting people sometimes.” “ What do you do?” I asked. “I am a doctor at New York Hospital. ” Many times during long rides，l’d developed a good relationship with my passengers and received very good advice from them. This time I decided to ask for his help，”Could I ask a favor of you?”He didn't answer. “I have a son，15，a good kid. He wants a job this summer. is it possible that you get one for him?” He still wasn't talking, and I was starting to feel foolish. Finally, he said, “ Well, my students have a summer research project. Maybe he could join in. Have him send me his school record. ” He left his address and paid me. It was the last time I ever saw him. Robbie sent off his grades the next morning. And gradually this incident was forgotten. Two weeks later, when I arrived home from work, Robbie handed me a letter. He was informed to call Dr. Plum for an interview. Robbie got the job. The following summer, Robbie worked at the hospital again, but this time, he was given more responsibility. Then, he worked at the hospital for a third summer and gradually developed a love of medical profession. Near graduating from college, Robbie applied to and was admitted to New York Medical College. After getting his medical degree, Robbie, the son of a taxi driver, became a doctor at Columbia Medical Center. 1. The doctor shouted at the taxi driver for a ride. A. True B. False C. Not Given 2. The doctor wanted to go to the railway station by taxi. A. True B. False C. Not Given 3. The taxi driver liked talking with his customers. A. True B. False C. Not Given 4. The taxi driver had two children. A. True B. False C. Not Given 5. The taxi driver became Dr. Plum' s friend. A. True B. False C. Not Given 6. The doctor wrote a recommendation letter for Robbie. A. True B. False C. Not Given 7. Robbie joined in a summer research project.
2014.12.1st 反应在艺术和文学中的乡村生活理想是中国文明的重要特征。这在很大程度上归功于道家对自然地感情。传统中国画有两个最受青睐的主题，一是家庭生活的各种幸福场景，画中往往有老人在下棋饮茶，男人在耕耘收割，妇女在织布缝衣，小孩在户外玩耍。另一个则是乡村生活的种种乐趣，画有渔夫在湖上打渔，农夫在山上砍柴采药，或是书生坐在松树下吟诗作画。这两个主题可以分别代表儒家和道家的生活理想。 Rural life ideals reflected in Chinese arts and literature is an important feature of Chinese civilization. This is largely attributed to feelings of Taoism to the nature. There are two most popular themes in traditional Chinese paintings. One is various scenes of happy family life with the elderly drinking teas and playing chess, men plowing and harvesting, women sewing and weaving, or children playing outdoors. The other is a variety of fun in rural life with a fisherman fishing on the lake, farmers cutting firewood or collecting medicinal herbs, scholars reciting poems or painting pictures under a pine tree. These two themes represent separately Confucian and Taoist ideal life.
电大汉语基础形成性考核册作业答案 一解释下列名词1．老国音和新国音老国音是指1913年由读音统一会议定的国语标准音以京音为主兼顾南北新国音是指1924年由国语统一筹备会决定的国语标准音以北京音为标准音2．中响复韵母由两个以上元音构成的复韵母根据韵腹的位置的不同又分为前响复韵母中响复韵母后响复韵母三类中响复韵母就是韵腹在中间位置上的复韵母例如iao iou uai uei等3．韵基韵基是构成韵母的成分韵母除去韵头就是韵基所以韵基就是韵母中由韵腹和韵尾构成的成分有些韵母只有韵基韵基成分中一定有韵腹例如韵母iang其中i 是韵头剩下的ang就是韵基韵母ia其中i是韵头a就是韵基这个韵基就没有韵尾4．隔音字母隔音字母是分隔音节界限的字母包括y和w两个5．强辅音强辅音就是发音时有强烈气流呼出的辅音送气音就是强辅音二填空 1．《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》是在 2000年10月31日由第九届全国人大常委会第十八词会议通过并于2001年1月1日起实施 2．当前语言文字规范化标准化的核心问题之一是推广普通话 3．我国20世纪的三大语文运动是指切音字运动国语运动和白话文运动 4．卢戆章的《一目了然初阶》是我国历史上第一个拼写方言的拉丁化拼音方案 5．汉语拼音方案是在1958年2月11日由第一全国人民代表大会第五次会议正式批准公布推行的 6．汉语拼音方案是以拉丁字母为基础构成的其中字母 v记录普通话语音不使用字母y和w就其对音节的分界而言主要用作隔音符号 7．国语罗马字是政府批准的第一套音素制的拉丁字母式的汉语拼音方案 8．汉语拼音方案声调表示方法采用的是符号标调法 9．在注音时可以省略韵腹的韵母是iouueiuen 10．普通话语音系统中和是唯一的一对清浊相配的辅音 11．从语音四要素角度看可以把一个表义的音节分为音质成分和非音质成分 12．根据韵头的不同韵母可以分开口呼齐齿呼合口呼和撮口呼类根据韵尾的不同韵母可以分开尾元音尾鼻音尾类 13．韵尾影响到韵腹使韵腹音质向韵尾方面靠近这种同化现象叫做逆同化 14．普通话语音系统一共有6个元音音位22个辅音音位4个调位三判断正误并简要说明理由1文学作品对民族共同语的推广具有很大的影响对2 汉语拼音方案规定i行u行ü行的韵母前面没有声母时要使用yw其目的是要把26个拉丁字母都使用上避免浪费字母错目的是最大限度减少手书时连写中断和书面上符号过多引起的不美观的状况3iouueiuen三个韵母在使用中有时候省略韵腹有时候省略韵头错韵腹皆应省略韵头不能省略4在给汉字注音时字母i只有充当韵腹时上面的一点才能省略对5韵母ü的原形在拼音时永远不会出现因为注音时上面两点按拼写规则要省略错ü上的两点在拼写注音时当声母为jqx时则要将上面的两点省略而与辅音声母ln相拼时上面的两点不能省略6为了使读准字音给汉字注音时必须把变调标出来错汉字注音应当注本调7清浊构成的音位对立是普通话语音系统中声母的一个显著的特点错送气与否8用严式标音法韵母ia和ua中的a是同一个音素iao和uai中的a是一个音素这两组韵母中的a要各用不同的音标表示错ia和ua是Aiao是ɑuai是a都不是同一个音素9宽式标音中哪些音素可以合并出一类关键是在于音素之间差别的大小错关键是在于这种差别是否跟语义的表达有直接关联10普通话语音系统
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___. Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actuall y a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, 1
历年英语翻译初级口译考试真题及答案 上午卷： 英译中： (1) New Zealand is a South Pacific country located midway between the Equator and the South Pole, with a land of 268,105 square kilometers and a population of over three million. （第63页－黄） 新西兰是一个南太平洋国家，位于赤道和南极洲之间，国土面积为268105平方公里，人口为300多万。 简析：纵观口译考题，出题者十分聪明地将有关课文的每篇的首句作为考题来出，真是用心良苦。试想每篇文章的首句或每段文章的第一句话不是有提纲挈领的作用吗？理解了首句往往就能了解文章的大概。这和阅读理解的要求有着很大的相通性。所以加强平日对英语句子的敏感性十分有必要。 2) When the washing cycle is over, the machine fries the plates and glasses with its own heart, and indeed they can be left inside until they are needed for the next meal. (P.367) 洗涤过程完成后，洗碗机用自身的热量将盘子和杯子烘干。杯盘还可以留在机内待下一餐使用时再取出。 中译英： (1）为了过好学校里的公寓生活，学生应该学会自己洗衣服，整理房间，甚至于买菜做饭。（第355页） To manage apartment living in school successfully, the students must learn to do their own washing and cleaning, and even buy and cool their own food. (2）据估计，全球毒品的贸易额以达到每年4000亿美元之巨。吸毒者约占全世界人口的3％。(p36蓝)
2015年考研英语一翻译真题解析 一、来源：今年的文章来源于An outline of American history(1954)(《美国历史纲要(1954年英文版)》)，是其中一章The Colonial Period(殖民时期)的节选。这个符合历年来翻译的考查规律，往往都是从书籍中节选段落进行翻译，内容相对于阅读而言，相对于2014年“贝多芬”而言，有些难懂。 二、难度：5句话共151词，相当平稳。其中48题最长，35词;50题最简单，24词。可以说，不同基础的同学都可以从中找到自己熟悉的部分，不至于在这个题上一分未得。 三、句型特点：今年的5句话中，有2句(46，48)是简单句，另外3句(47，49，50)是复合句。其中的复合句无一例外都考查的是定语从句的翻译，并没有涉及到其他从句类型。简单句中考查最多的也是后置定语的翻译。所以，中公考研考前为大家预测的难点中，定语的翻译是绝对考点和重点。 四、逐题详解： 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 重点词组：out of a wilderness(摆脱荒凉)，by its nature(就其本质而言，从本质来说)，uncharted(未知的;图上未标明的)。 结构分析：整个句子是一个简单句，由and并列谓语动词built和shaped。driven by powerful and diverse motivations是后置定语，修饰movement;out of a wilderness是后置定语，修饰nation;of an uncharted continent是后置定语，修饰character and destiny。 参考译文：这项运动，由多种强大的动机驱动，建立了一个摆脱荒凉的国家，并且从本质上来讲，塑造了一块不为人熟悉的大陆的性格和命运。 47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 重点词组：product(产物)，principal(主要的;首要的)，peoples(民族)，impact(影响) 结构分析：句子的主干是The United States is the product of two principal forces，破折号解释说明forces。of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics是后置定语，修饰immigration;of a new country which modified these traits是后置定语，修饰impact，其中包含一个定语从句which modified these traits，修饰country。 参考译文：美国是两股主要力量的产物——带有不同思想、风俗习惯和国家特征的欧洲民族的移民，和修改这些特征的新兴国家的影响。 48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the carried national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. 重点词组：peculiar(特有的，独特的)，interplay(互相影响)，sheer(独特的) 结构分析：整个句子是简单句，主语由三个名词短语用and并列承担，谓宾部分比较短小caused significant changes。主语1中，of geographic conditions peculiar to America是后置