英国文学选读
名词解释：
文艺复兴renaissance
Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.
启蒙运动the Enlightenment
Enlightenment was an intellectual (知识分子) movement originating in France，which attracted (吸引) widespread (普遍的) support (支持) among the ruling (统治阶级) and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (作用) by certain European writers to use critical reason (批评推理) to free minds from prejudice (偏见)，unexamined authority (权威) and oppression (压迫) by Church or State (国家政权)。Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (理智的年代)。
浪漫主义romanticism
Romanticism is a term that denotes most of the writings that were written between 1798 and 1832. Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany.
Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)，it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe.
玄学派诗歌metaphysical poetry
Metaphysical Poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.
现代主义modernism
Modernism: modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the WW II. The term includes various trends or schools, such as imagism, expressionism, Dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism. It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.
考试题型：
1.选择题。
2.判断题。
3.名词解释。
4.作品与作者。
5.论述题。
考试热点：
贝奥武夫语言特点
乔叟
中世纪骑士文化
文艺复兴印刷术
莎士比亚十四行诗来龙去脉
17世纪John Donne John Milton
18世纪理性的世纪
19世纪浪漫主义时期拜伦济慈（了解）William Blake <老虎>（自学）
《简爱》培根18世纪Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe
1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Romantic Age? ①The Romantic Age in England was like the Elizabethan Age, distinctively an age of poetry. It was regarded as the second great age in English literary history; for poetry is the highest form of literary expression, and seems to have been most in harmony with the noblest powers of the English genius. The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats, Moore, and Southey； ②Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed for the first time, an important place in English literature. Mrs. Anne Radcliff was one of the most successful writers of the school of exaggerated romance. Jane Austen offered us her charming descriptions of everyday life in her enduring work her masterpiece----Pride and Prejudice; ③The greatest historical novelist Walter Scott also appeared in this period. His historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it; ④Romantic prose was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hume. Lamb was the best essayist, whose familiar essays are very famous. 3.What are the major features of Dickens’ novels? ①Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, and criticize the vices of capitalist society. ② The success of Dickens novels also lies in his character-portrayal. Not only are the major characters in his novels very carefully delineated and given distinctive individual characteristics but also his minor figures create in the readers’ mind strong impressions of their personalities. Some of Dickens’characters are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”that they become proverbial or are representative of a whole group of similar persons. ③Dickens is a great humorist and satirist. His novels are full of humor and satire ④Dickens is not especially known for the construction of plot in his novels. There is in his novels often more than one minor thread of story beside the major one, and these threads are generally very loosely woven together. He seems to love a complicated and involved plot. ⑤In almost every one of Dickens’ novels there is a happy ending, which points to the author’s optimism which is an admirable thing for a critical realist because that means his still has his hopes after seeing the gloomy world all around him and one hand, and as a petty-bourgeois intellectual, could not overstep the limits of his class on the other hand. ⑥Another feature in Dickens’novels is his adroit use of language. On the whole Dickens has a richness of expressions and generally succeeds in using the right words and phrases at the right moments for the right characters to attain the right effects. 12. What are the characteristics of Dickens’ novels?(同第三题)
名词解释 1声调：指的是依附在声韵结构中具有区别意义的音高变化。 2语素：是语言中最小的音义结合的构词单位，是构词的备用单位。 3兼类：指在词义上有联系，并在不同的场合经常具备两类或两类以上的的词类的语 法功能的词。 4复句：是由两个或两个以上意义上相关、结构上互不作句法成分的分句加上贯通全句的句调构成的。根据分句间的意义关系划分，复句可分为联合复句、偏正复句两大类。 5零声母：有一些音节的开头不是辅音而是元音，这就是说，它们的声母是“零”，所以把不用辅音充当声母的字称为“零声母字”。 6离合词：现代汉语中有些词可以拆开来使用，如“洗澡”、“理发”合起来算一个词，分开用时“我洗了个澡”，“我这个月理了两次发”，算两个词。这类词称之为离合词。 7词类：是词的语法性质的分类，划分词类的目的在于说明语句结构规律和各类词的用法，分类依据是词的语法功能、形态和意义三方面。 8紧缩句：是由复句紧缩而成，紧是紧凑，指语气上紧，隔开分句的语音停顿没有了，缩是缩减，指结构上有些词语被压缩掉了。是分句间没有语音停顿的特殊复句。 9辅音的发音部位：指发辅音时发音器官形成阻碍的部分，例如发辅音【p】时，上下唇形成对气流的阻碍，因此，双唇就是【p】的发音部位。 10成词语素：能够独立成词的语素叫成词语素，能够单独成词，也能够跟其他语素组合成词。 11活用：在特定的条件下为适应某种修辞上的需要，将甲类词偶尔或临时用在乙类词 上，这就是词的活用。 12句型：是句子的结构类，即根据句法成分的配置格局分出来的类。共分成两个大类：单句和复句。 13语流音变：在连续的语流中，一个音可能由于邻近音的影响，或自身所处地位的不同，或说话的快慢、高低、强弱的不同而在发音上产生一些变化，这种现象叫“语流音变”。14语义场：若干具有共同核心义素的词语（以义项为单位）构成的聚合体，就是语义场，又叫词汇场，有时简称义场或词场。 15语法功能：词与词相结合的能力和词充当句子成分的能力。 16语义指向：是句子中词语之间的语义关系，主要指非连续成分之间的语义关系。
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 1. the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were three tribes from Northern Europe. 2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. 3.Features of Beowulf 贝奥武普: the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration头韵.（definition）In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements. 4. The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066.(the Norman Conquest) 5. The Romance 罗曼司---the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in prose, describing the life and a adventures of a noble hero. Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table 6. The Class Nature of the Romance The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance , as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse. They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble. 7.the Ballads 民谣The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song; usually in 4-line, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. 8. The Robin Hood Ballad --- the various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood.绿林好汉罗宾汉的故事 9. The founder of English poetry is Geoffrey Chaucer. 乔叟 The Canterbury Tales ---(1) a collection of 24 stories (2)close links---stories are closely connected to each other (3)stories into groups on different subjects -- story-tellers, from ranks, professions, religions (4)variation in form 三大著名教堂：Westminster Cathedral 西敏寺大教堂Saint Pail’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Canterbury Cathedral 坎特布雷大教堂 10.The Renaissance and Humanism The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It spang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
题第一章： 绪论 1.现代汉语： 现代汉语是现代汉民族所使用的语言。 2.语言： 语言是以语音为物质外壳（形式），以词汇为建筑材料，以语法为结构规律的一种音义结合的符号系统。 3.文学语言： 文学语言，又称标准语，是现代汉民族语言中经过高度加工并符合规范化的语 言。 4.现代汉民族共同语： （普通话）以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现 代xx著作为语法规范。 5.方言： 方言俗称地方话，它是民族语言的地方分支，只通行于一定的地域，是局部地区的 人民使用的语言。 6.基础方言： 作为民族共同语的基础的方言就叫做基础方言。 第二章： 语音
从人的发音器官发出的，负载一定意义的声音叫语音。 2.音高： 音高指的是声音的高低，它决定于发音体颤动的快慢。 3.音强： 音强指的是声音的强弱，它与发音体颤动的幅度的大小有关。 4.音长： 音长指的是声音的长短，它决定于发音体的颤动的时间的久暂。 5.音色： 音色又叫“音质”，指的是声音的特色。音色的差别主要决定于物体颤动所形成的音波波纹的曲折形式不同。 6.音素： 音素是最小的语音单位。它是从音色的角度划分出来的。 7.辅音： 辅音是气流在口腔或喉头受阻碍而形成的音素。 8.元音： 元音是气流颤动声带，在口腔、咽头不受阻碍而形成的音素。 9.音节： 音节由音素构成，是交谈时自然感觉到的最小语音单位。 10.声母： 声母，位于音节前段，主要由辅音构成。
韵母，位于音节的后段，由元音或元音加辅音构成。 12.声调： 声调，指的是依附在声韵结构中具有区别意义作用的音高变化。 13.音位： 音位是一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小的语音单位，也就是按语音的辨义作用归纳出的音类。 14.发音部位： 发音时，气流受到阻碍的位置叫做发音部位。 15.声母的发音方法： 指的是，发音时喉头，口腔和鼻腔节制气流的方式和状况。 16.调值： 调值指音节高低升降曲直长短的变化形式，也就是声调的实际音值或读法。 17.相对音高： 相对音高就是用比较的方法确定的同一基调的音高变化形式和幅度。 18.调类： 调类是声调的种类，就是把调值相同的字归纳在一起所建立的类。 19.儿化： “儿化”指的是一个音节中，韵母带上卷舌色彩的一种特殊音变现象。 20.辅音音位：
2018年自学《英国文学选读》试题及答案 1. What are Shakespeare ’s achievements? a. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to de desires and aspirations of the people. b. Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age. c. Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters. d. Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audienc e. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays. e. Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry. f. Shakespeare as master of the English language. 2. What are the basic characteristics of ballads? a. The beginning is often abrupt. b. There are strong dramatic elements. c. The story is often told through dialogue and action. d. The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic
I. Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages :the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons
The father of English poetry.
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ?《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） ?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ) 杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales） 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ?托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ） 《乌托邦》（Utopia） ?埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 《仙后》（The Faerie Queene) ?弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon） 《论说文集》（Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe ?《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine） ?《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） ?《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta） 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ） 《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet） SONNET18 三、17世纪文学 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） ?约翰·班扬（John Bunyan） 《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress） 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛 ?丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe） ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ?罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns ?威廉·布莱克 William Blake ?威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）
名词解释 1.语法：词、短语句子等语言单位的结构规律；大小音译结合体的聚合组合规律（高更生） 2.语法单位：构成语法体系的大小不同的音译结合体 3.语法体系：一是指语法系统，即客观存在的语法事实、语法规律的系统性。 二是指语法学体系，即语法学说的系统性。它是研究和解释语法事实时所用 的分析方法、分类术语的系统性。 4.句法结构：由词构成的组合体 5.句法成分：句法结构的组成成分 6.词类：词的语法性质的分类 7.实词：能够单独充当句法成分、意义实在的词。 8.虚词:不能充当句法成分，只有语法意义的词 9.短语：意义上和语法上能搭配而又没有句调的一组词，是介于词和句子之间的语言单位。 10.主语是被陈述的对象；谓语是陈述主语的；动语是支配涉及后面的宾语的成分；宾语是 动作所支配、所关涉的对象；定语是名词性短语里中心语前面的修饰语；状语是谓词性短语里中心语前面的修饰语；补语是动词、形容词性短语里中心语后面的补充成分。 11.中心语：偏正短语、中补短语里的中心成分。 12.独立语：句子里的某个实词或短语，跟前后别的词语或句法成分没有结构关系即不互为 句法成分，但又是表达上有作用的成分，这种没有配对的特殊成分叫独立语。 13.单句：由短语或词充当的，有特定的语调，能独立表达一定意思的语言单位。 14.句型：按句子结构类型划分出来的类；句类是根据全句语气分出来的类。 15.复句：由两个或两个以上意义相关、结构上互不做句法成分得分句加上贯通全句的句法 成分 填空题 1.语法的性质：抽象性、稳固性、民族性、层级性。 2.词类划分的三个依据：意义、形态、功能。 3.虚词的三个特点：一是依附于实词或语句，表示语法意义；二是不能单独成句，不能单 独做句法成分；三是不能重叠 4.短语的五种基本类型：主谓短语、动宾短语、偏正短语、中补短语、联合短语 5.短语的两大功能：做句法成分，独立成句 6.句法成分：主谓宾、定状补、动语、中心语 7.句型：主谓句和非主谓句。主谓句又分为：名词性、动词性、形容词性；非主谓句又分 为：名词性、动词性、形容词性、叹词句、拟声词句。 8.句式：主谓谓语句、主谓作宾句、把字句、被字句、连谓句、兼语句、双宾句。 9.句子的变换方法：移位、增添、删减、替换。 10.语法研究的三个层面：句法分析、语义分析、语用分析 11.复句类型:联合复句、偏正复句 12.联合复句:并列复句、顺承复句、解说复句、选择复句、递进复句 13.偏正复句：条件复句、假设复句、因果复句、目的复句、转折复句。
1.Climax is the point at which one opposing force overcomes the other and conflict is resolved. 高潮在这一点上,一个反对力量克服了其他和冲突解决。 2. round character and flat character: flat character is cartoon like, usu. exaggerated. Round character is lifelike, who has both advantages and disadvantages, grows as the plot develops and usu. undergoes some change.一样和平板字符:平淡的角色动画,usu.夸大。圆形人物栩栩如生,谁都有各自的优势和劣势,随着情节发展,usu.经历一些变化。 3. Journey story is also called Picaresque novel, in which there is always a trip, and characters grow and develop along the journey, such as A Journey to the West, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.In this kind of story, there are lots of interesting episodes instead of all-unifying plot旅程的故事也被称为流浪汉小说,总有一个旅行,和人物沿途的成长和发展,比如《西游记》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。在这样的故事,有很多有趣的情节,而不是all-unifying阴谋 4. Gothic novel is an old genre since 18th century, from which detective story, fantasy story, mystery story derive. 哥特式小说是一个古老的风格自18世纪以来,侦探小说,幻想故事,神秘的故事中。 5. Novels of the soil focus on country life, and usu. more on its hardship than on its pleasure.土壤的小说关注乡村生活,和usu.更困难比快乐。 6. The plot development in a fiction or drama can be divided into five stages: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution. 小说或戏剧的情节发展可分为五个阶段:博览会,上行,高潮,下降动作,决议。 7. Essays can be divided into narration, description, exposition, argumentation论文可以分为叙述、描述、博览会、论证 8. American literature can be divided into5 stages:Colonial Period, Reason and revolution, romanticism, realism, modernism美国文学可分为5个阶段:殖民时期,理性和革命浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义 9. Figure of speech: personification treats objects as human beings, which are described with human emotion and action.图的言论:化身把对象作为人类,与人类情感和行为描述。 10. Poetry can be divided into three types: narrative(ballard, epic, etc), dramatic, lyric.诗歌可分为三种类型:叙事(巴拉德、史诗等),戏剧性,抒情。 11. Allegory is a story in which events and human characters represent abstract ideas and teach a moral lesson. While fable is usu. Written for kids, and the characters are often animals.寓言故事的事件和人物代表抽象的概念和给一个道德教训。而寓言一般,为孩子们写的和人物往往是动物。 12. Noah Webster is a lexicographer, who onc e said “America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for arms.”诺亚·韦伯斯特词典编纂者,曾说过“美国必须像她那样独立的文学在政治、艺术作为武器一样出名。” 13. Washington Irving is the father of American Literature. His style includes entertainment, humor, vivid plot and characters, musical rhythm, historical elements. He wrote Rip V an Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, A History of New York, The Sketch Book华盛顿·欧文是美国文学之父。他的风格包括娱乐、幽默、生动的情节和人物,音乐节奏,历史元素。他写了里普·万·温克尔,无头骑士的传说,纽约的历史素描的书 14. James Cooper is first major frontier novel writer, who starts the tradition of writing western frontier life. His Leatherstocking Tales center around the hunter Natty Bumppo, including Deerslayer, Pathfinder, The Last of Mohicans,