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高等数学竞赛教程(必修一)-2021年整理必备

高等数学竞赛教程(必修一)-2021年整理必备
高等数学竞赛教程(必修一)-2021年整理必备

2010年美国大学生数学建模竞赛B题一等奖

Summary Faced with serial crimes,we usually estimate the possible location of next crime by narrowing search area.We build three models to determine the geographical profile of a suspected serial criminal based on the locations of the existing crimes.Model One assumes that the crime site only depends on the average distance between the anchor point and the crime site.To ground this model in reality,we incorporate the geographic features G,the decay function D and a normalization factor N.Then we can get the geographical profile by calculating the probability density.Model Two is Based on the assumption that the choice of crime site depends on ten factors which is specifically described in Table5in this paper.By using analytic hierarchy process (AHP)to generate the geographical profile.Take into account these two geographical profiles and the two most likely future crime sites.By using mathematical dynamic programming method,we further estimate the possible location of next crime to narrow the search area.To demonstrate how our model works,we apply it to Peter's case and make a prediction about some uncertainties which will affect the sensitivity of the program.Both Model One and Model Two have their own strengths and weaknesses.The former is quite rigorous while it lacks considerations of practical factors.The latter takes these into account while it is too subjective in application. Combined these two models with further analysis and actual conditions,our last method has both good precision and operability.We show that this strategy is not optimal but can be improved by finding out more links between Model One and Model Two to get a more comprehensive result with smaller deviation. Key words:geographic profiling,the probability density,anchor point, expected utility

AMC10美国数学竞赛A卷附中文翻译和答案之欧阳学创编

2011AMC10美国数学竞赛A卷时间:2021.03.03 创作:欧阳学 1. A cell phone plan costs $20 each month, plus 5¢per text message sent, plus 10¢ for each minute used over 30 hours. In January Michelle sent 100 text messages and talked for 30.5 hours. How much did she have to pay? (A) $24.00(B) $24.50(C) $25.50(D) $28.00(E) $30.00 2. A small bottle of shampoo can hold 35 milliliters of shampoo, Whereas a large bottle can hold 500 milliliters of shampoo. Jasmine wants to buy the minimum number of small bottles necessary to completely fill a large bottle. How many bottles must she buy? (A) 11(B) 12(C) 13(D) 14(E) 15 3. Suppose [a b] denotes the average of a and b, and {a b c} denotes the average of a, b, and c. What is {{1 1 0} [0 1] 0}? (A)(B)(C)(D)(E) 4. Let X and Y be the following sums of arithmetic sequences: X= 10 + 12 + 14 + …+ 100. Y= 12 + 14 + 16 + …+ 102. What is the value of ?

人教版数学八年级竞赛教程之公式变形与字母系数方程附答案

公式变形与字母系数方程 【知识精读】 含有字母系数的方程和只含有数字系数的一元一次方程的解法是相同的,但用含有字母的式子去乘以或除以方程的两边,这个式子的值不能为零。 公式变形实质上是解含有字母系数的方程 对于含字母系数的方程,通过化简,一般归结为解方程ax b =型,讨论如下: (1)当a ≠0时,此时方程ax b =为关于x 的一元一次方程,解为:x b a = (2)当a =0时,分以下两种情况: <1>若b =0,原方程变为00x =,为恒等时,此时x 可取任意数,故原方程有无数个解; <2>若b ≠0,原方程变为00x b b =≠(),这是个矛盾等式,故原方程无解。 含字母系数的分式方程主要有两类问题:(一)求方程的解,其中包括:字母给出条件和未给出条件:(二)已知方程解的情况,确定字母的条件。 下面我们一起来学习公式变形与字母系数方程 【分类解析】 1. 求含有字母系数的一元一次方程的解 例1. 解关于x 的方程236 2ax b bx ac a b -=+≠c () 分析:将x 以外字母看作数字,类似解一元一次方程,但注意除数不为零的条件。 解:去分母得:1226ax bc bx ac -=+ 移项,得1262ax bx bc ac -=+ ()1262212602126a b x bc ac a b a b x bc ac a b -=+≠∴-≠∴=+- 2. 求含字母系数的分式方程的解 例2. 解关于x 的方程a ax b b bx a x -++=2 分析:字母未给出条件,首先挖掘隐含的条件,分情况讨论。 解:若a 、b 全不为0,去分母整理,得 ()b a x ab 222-=- 对b a 22 -是否为0分类讨论: (1)当b a 220-=,即a b =±时,有02?=-x ab ,方程无解。

如何准备美国大学生数学建模比赛

如何准备美赛 数学模型:数学模型的功能大致有三种:评价、优化、预测。几乎所有模型都是围绕这三种功能来做的。比如,2012年美赛A题树叶分类属于评价模型,B题漂流露营安排则属于优化模型。 对于不同功能的模型有不同的方法,例如 评价模型方法有层次分析、模糊综合评价、熵值法等; 优化模型方法有启发式算法(模拟退火、遗传算法等)、仿真方法(蒙特卡洛、元胞自动机等); 预测模型方法有灰色预测、神经网络、马尔科夫链等。 在数学中国、数学建模网站上有许多关于这些方法的相关介绍与文献。 软件与书籍: 软件一般三款足够:Matlab、SPSS、Lingo,学好一个即可。 书籍方面,推荐三本,一本入门,一本进级,一本参考,这三本足够: 《数学模型》姜启源谢金星叶俊高等教育出版社 《数学建模方法与分析》Mark M. Meerschaert 机械工业出版社 《数学建模算法与程序》司守奎国防工业出版社 入门的《数学模型》看一遍即可,对数学模型有一个初步的认识与把握,国赛前看完这本再练习几篇文章就差不多了。另外,关于入门,韩中庚的《数学建模方法及其应用》也是不错的,两本书选一本阅读即可。如果参加美赛的话,进级的《数学建模方法与分析》要仔细研究,这本书写的非常好,可以算是所有数模书籍中最好的了,没有之一,建议大家去买一本。这本书中开篇指出的最优化模型五步方法非常不错,后面的方法介绍的动态模型与概率模型也非常到位。参考书目《数学建模算法与程序》详细的介绍了多种建模方法,适合用来理解模型思想,参考自学。 分工合作:数模团队三个人,一般是分别负责建模、编程、写作。当然编程的可以建模,建模的也可以写作。这个要视具体情况来定,但这三样必须要有人擅长,这样才能保证团队最大发挥出潜能。 这三个人中负责建模的人是核心,要起主导作用,因为建模的人决定了整篇论文的思路与结构,尤其是模型的选择直接关系到了论文的结果与质量。 对于建模的人,首先要去大量的阅读文献,要见识尽可能多的模型,这样拿到一道题就能迅速反应到是哪一方面的模型,确定题目的整体思路。 其次是接口的制作,这是体现建模人水平的地方。所谓接口的制作就是把死的方法应用到具体问题上的过程,即用怎样的表达完成程序设计来实现模型。比如说遗传算法的方法步骤大家都知道,但是应用到具体问题上,编码、交换、变异等等怎么去做就是接口的制作。往往对于一道题目大家都能想到某种方法,可就是做不出来,这其实是因为接口不对导致的。做接口的技巧只能从不断地实践中习得,所以说建模的人任重道远。 另外,在平时训练时,团队讨论可以激烈一些,甚至可以吵架,但比赛时,一定要保持心平气和,不必激烈争论,大家各让3分,用最平和的方法讨论问题,往往能取得效果并且不耽误时间。经常有队伍在比赛期间发生不愉快,导致最后的失败,这是不应该发生的,毕竟大家为了一个共同的目标而奋斗,这种经历是很难得的。所以一定要协调好队员们之间的关系,这样才能保证正常发挥,顺利进行比赛。 美赛特点:一般人都认为美赛比国赛要难,这种难在思维上,美赛题目往往很新颖,一时间想不出用什么模型来解。这些题目发散性很强,需要查找大量文献来确定题目的真正意图,美赛更为注重思想,对结果的要求却不是很严格,如果你能做出一个很优秀的模型,也许结果并不理想也可能获得高奖。另外,美赛还难在它的实现,很多东西想到了,但实现起来非常困难,这需要较高的编程水平。 除了以上的差异,在实践过程中,美赛和国赛最大的区别有两点: 第一点区别当然是美赛要用英文写作,而且要阅读很多英文文献。对于文献阅读,可以安装有道词典,

2011AMC10美国数学竞赛A卷附中文翻译和答案

2011AMC10美国数学竞赛A卷 1. A cell phone plan costs $20 each month, plus 5¢ per text message sent, plus 10¢ for each minute used over 30 hours. In January Michelle sent 100 text messages and talked for 30.5 hours. How much did she have to pay? (A) $24.00 (B) $24.50 (C) $25.50 (D) $28.00 (E) $30.00 2. A small bottle of shampoo can hold 35 milliliters of shampoo, Whereas a large bottle can hold 500 milliliters of shampoo. Jasmine wants to buy the minimum number of small bottles necessary to completely fill a large bottle. How many bottles must she buy? (A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 13 (D) 14 (E) 15 3. Suppose [a b] denotes the average of a and b, and {a b c} denotes the average of a, b, and c. What is {{1 1 0} [0 1] 0}? (A) 2 9(B)5 18 (C)1 3 (D) 7 18 (E) 2 3 4. Let X and Y be the following sums of arithmetic sequences: X= 10 + 12 + 14 + …+ 100. Y= 12 + 14 + 16 + …+ 102. What is the value of Y X ?

美国AMC8数学竞赛试题(含答案)

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2018年美国数学竞赛 AMC 试题

2018 AIME I Problems Problem 1 Let be the number of ordered pairs of integers with and such that the polynomial can be factored into the product of two (not necessarily distinct) linear factors with integer coefficients. Find the remainder when is divided by . Problem 2 The number can be written in base as , can be written in base as , and can be written in base as , where . Find the base- representation of . Problem 3 Kathy has red cards and green cards. She shuffles the cards and lays out of the cards in a row in a random order. She will be happy if and only if all the red cards laid out are adjacent and all the green cards laid out are adjacent. For example, card orders RRGGG, GGGGR, or RRRRR will make Kathy happy, but RRRGR will not. The probability that Kathy will be happy is , where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find . Problem 4 In and . Point lies strictly between and on and point lies strictly between and on so that . Then can be expressed in the form , where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find . Problem 5 For each ordered pair of real numbers satisfying there is a real number such that

新人教版八年级数学竞赛教程附练习汇总(共15套)

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) 243)((] 2)(2))[(() (2)(2)(222 223b b ab a b a a b b a a b a b a a b a ab b a a b a a ++--=+-+--=-+-+-= 2. 利用提公因式法简化计算过程 例:计算1368 987 521136898745613689872681368987123? +?+?+? 分析:算式中每一项都含有987 1368 ,可以把它看成公因式提取出来,再算出结果。 解:原式)521456268123(1368987 +++?= =?=987 1368 1368987 3. 在多项式恒等变形中的应用 例:不解方程组23 532x y x y +=-=-?? ? ,求代数式()()()22332x y x y x x y +-++的值。 分析:不要求解方程组,我们可以把2x y +和53x y -看成整体,它们的值分别是3和-2, 观察代数式,发现每一项都含有2x y +,利用提公因式法把代数式恒等变形,化为含有2x y +和53x y -的式子,即可求出结果。 解:()()()()()()()223322233253x y x y x x y x y x y x x y x y +-++=+-+=+- 把2x y +和53x y -分别为3和-2带入上式,求得代数式的值是-6。 4. 在代数证明题中的应用 例:证明:对于任意自然数n,32322 2n n n n ++-+-一定是10的倍数。 分析:首先利用因式分解把代数式恒等变形,接着只需证明每一项都是10的倍数即可。 3 23233222 222n n n n n n n n ++++-+-=+-- =+-+=?-?33122110352 22n n n n ()() Θ对任意自然数n,103?n 和52?n 都是10的倍数。 ∴-+-++3 2322 2n n n n 一定是10的倍数 5、中考点拨: 例1。因式分解322x x x ()()--- 解:322x x x ()()---

美国大学生数学建模竞赛优秀论文翻译

优化和评价的收费亭的数量 景区简介 由於公路出来的第一千九百三十,至今发展十分迅速在全世界逐渐成为骨架的运输系统,以其高速度,承载能力大,运输成本低,具有吸引力的旅游方便,减少交通堵塞。以下的快速传播的公路,相应的管理收费站设置支付和公路条件的改善公路和收费广场。 然而,随着越来越多的人口密度和产业基地,公路如花园州公园大道的经验严重交通挤塞收费广场在高峰时间。事实上,这是共同经历长时间的延误甚至在非赶这两小时收费广场。 在进入收费广场的车流量,球迷的较大的收费亭的数量,而当离开收费广场,川流不息的车辆需挤缩到的车道数的数量相等的车道收费广场前。因此,当交通繁忙时,拥堵现象发生在从收费广场。当交通非常拥挤,阻塞也会在进入收费广场因为所需要的时间为每个车辆付通行费。 因此,这是可取的,以尽量减少车辆烦恼限制数额收费广场引起的交通混乱。良好的设计,这些系统可以产生重大影响的有效利用的基础设施,并有助于提高居民的生活水平。通常,一个更大的收费亭的数量提供的数量比进入收费广场的道路。 事实上,高速公路收费广场和停车场出入口广场构成了一个独特的类型的运输系统,需要具体分析时,试图了解他们的工作和他们之间的互动与其他巷道组成部分。一方面,这些设施是一个最有效的手段收集用户收费或者停车服务或对道路,桥梁,隧道。另一方面,收费广场产生不利影响的吞吐量或设施的服务能力。收费广场的不利影响是特别明显时,通常是重交通。 其目标模式是保证收费广场可以处理交通流没有任何问题。车辆安全通行费广场也是一个重要的问题,如无障碍的收费广场。封锁交通流应尽量避免。 模型的目标是确定最优的收费亭的数量的基础上进行合理的优化准则。 主要原因是拥挤的

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