外文文献：
Construction of the competition and competition strategy Engineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.
To investigate the driving forces and trends that will affect engineering and construction competition in the next decade, a research project, called the "Anatomy of Construction Competition in the Year 2000", was sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute's Construc-tion 2000 Task Force- The project examined the factors that affect competitiveness, including the following, The shaping of corporate capabilities; vertical integration and horizontal expansion to increase corporate capabilities and market share, including acquisition and mergers by offshore conglomerates and the acquisition of foreign firms by U. S. companies.
Financing options; the role of privatization, build-own-transfer projects, and the nature of project financing in future markets, Management, organization, and structure; future management and organizational approaches, structures, and techniques to attract personnel to perform in a global competitive environment.
Work force characteristics; future availability of engineering and construction workers at the professional and craft levels.
Technological issues:how technology will affect competition and be used to offset work force shortages.
Research Objectives and Scope
This research project's goal is to collect information, to adapt to the 2000 and the engineering construction after adjustment, formulate strategies needed to provide insight and formulate 2000 engineering construction of possible development plan. This study reviewed the project construction process of history, current development trend, to determine the impact of the industry, and the impetus to the future industrial enterprises are related to reshape the ability, privatisation and financing methods of potential function and management, organization structure, methods for future development direction.
Research scope includes selected some of the company, the company has interviewed expertise personnel. The staff professional wide range, including commercial buildings, public buildings, industrial infrastructure, infrastructure construction, power, light industry. The production process and space science. Engineering construction competitive characteristics Engineering construction of competition because the following reasons in change features:
In the 1980s, and plan in the 1990s, the implementation of the
project construction are guided from contradictory situation, to cooperate.
Should be in a positive view of the new company to enter the international market, because of its construction increased global cooperation opportunities. Cooperation will make all the partners, because the American company benefit can be found in the country partner, likewise, foreign companies opportunities will break into the U.S. Market.
Competitive strategy
Future strategy
In 2000, the company will strive to do:
Provide the highest quality service
Can assume any part of the world
In order to reduce the split ground and risk control
Out in international market the most competitive price
In order to achieve the ideal, engineering construction should be: Increase staff capital investment
The knowledge and improve labor technology level
Have solid complete communications and transport infrastructure Concentrate on key research, product quality is guaranteed, fine, and arouse the enthusiasm of the workers, improve workers technology level.
The 21st century is the main factor fractal ring will compete in the international market, including the integration of productivity, union salary to abate, reduce the power industry management and privatization.
American company competition ability, largely depends on developing and effective use of technical innovation. American companies need not only use the technical innovation, domestic by other countries optimization improved technology. In the future will be popular technology innovation will not some big breakthrough, but the existing technology continuous improvements.
British buildings company profile
In the early 1990s, the head of the flexible builders who don't make a building, but what else can do, making many buildings company suffered a serious blow the economic depression, experienced and excessive expansion of real estate industry also. But, when he saw them in the real estate industry (in the big money, most of them in order to disencumber the bet down again in the real estate market. By Alan cosmas indicopleustes under the leadership of Mr. Shaw ai enjoy in the old field company Merck's reputation can earn cash on the balance sheet, and can keep the balance. However, in some areas of the world, the company also man a dilemma, especially in the United States, the change from a Louisiana oil and natural gas market
of recession, it is especially outstanding in Britain, the commercial and industrial real estate market, the company is faced with a difficult situation, with profits. And it also became worse. The company's development, walid UK early 1990s third big house builders, probably because London suburb will have a copy from the era of George sell buildings of former prime minister Margaret thatcher and world-famous. The company's character, chairman of the unique Laurie walid from Mr Often "give" iron lady public support. The approximate mythological blessing that he seemed destined to enjoy. In fact, the company also is different, the influence of the housing slump is strong in Laurie, under the leadership of the company now recover its stronger towards the financial status. Laurie retired charge again situation (1991 fall after his retirement he restored to the company recalled). As most of its business competitors, the industry in different market also suffered a serious blow, although the slump in 1993, the company is beginning to improve long-term credit rating IBCA institution of the first buildings company business development for a while. John, the company is different, have very good to withstand the latest world construction difficulties. They have abundant capital, clearly recognized that they have greatly reduced the book value of the asset. For example, in early 1990, they in real estate in
the bank delimit lost 1 ￡2m value. After that, they cut and labor. Despite their housing sales still quite good, but its profit is reduced. The company is in most lai attention is famous for its environmental problems.
The status and the tower mike company walid special form bright contrast, in 1993, their credit rating agency reduced by IBCA. This company in the 1980s most time trying to prove to the world that they are the UK's biggest builders, the information being understanding, and either, but hopefully it never happened. They suffer from cope with high growth rate cuts, to build houses. But the company is still tower mike Britain's biggest construction and building materials group company. October 1992, they closed the real estate business, and this is the will of the seven business to three (building, quarrying and residential building) part of the plan. Michael essien, Somerville, resistant to fly, the group's President, in the company after 22 years in the spring of 1992, sit on the seat of the hot ass. People think that the housing problem of exposure, this position has arrived at the point, which including several on a company's balance sheet of the large-scale joint enterprise, joint enterprise business, actually makes corporation debts machine more. Taylor wood of real estate industry recession Royce unpleasant experiences embodied in 1992, when the estate of autumn is Daniel
Peter HeJi sudden resignation, it also happens in its predecessor, Peter trillion resigned after all shocked by only a few months. Home, then reverse, Taylor wood Rolls-Royce announced due to bad management, caused severe losses. Although construction contracting business increasingly important status in a recession, but company two-thirds of income from this business is. However, the company has a huge investment assets securities, rental income more than 5 year 2000 million pounds. The company has no longer conduct risky business projects, at least until the situation in better later.
Eastern European architectural market competition situation analysis
At present, the economic reforms of the eastern Europe, thus caused confusion of these areas of business activities with the new economic system. Experts say, analyzed from a long-term perspective, using the market economic policy will bring a more stable, and more favorable economic environment. The reform of political economy in eastern Europe will be for those who are willing to invest in this area of the company to create a lot of money but market. If you keep the momentum, before long, eastern Europe 5640 billion dollars each year for the construction of international construction market will be more than one-third of the market. This area is open to the world
situation inaugurated a new construction.
The object of study
The goal is to establish a framework, and international engineering and construction company may formulate feasible strategy, and to evaluate the. The framework has been introduced for the project construction company outside the eastern area in the construction business is very helpful. In order to measure the market opportunities and challenges, we sent the questionnaires and interviews, the individual to identify important success factors or aspects. Thus illustrates construction company in determining their strategy must possess the characteristics. Through the research of strategic framework has been set up in this area by an actual construction, an international engineering and construction company is considering to undertake the engineering, to test this strategic framework in specific market environment effect.
The research methods
By reference to the literature, questionnaire issued a personal interview, and the research target has been achieved. This research using data from the world's major construction company. Including 13 U.S. companies, two south Korean companies.
Questionnaires to collect data compiled for investigation and ensure the consistency of the content. The problem, not the way
people won't produce a certain criteria. Free to answer this question, ask questions in order to guarantee the unfavorable and overmuch. Participate in the company's answer to the question, questionnaire involving the problems in three aspects: (1) the eastern architecture market opportunities and challenges, (2) the construction of key factors YangChengGong city, (3) to determine the strategic framework, construction industry should make adjustments. Each main parts attached to a set of problems under which the object of study, make clear further.
Interview based on construction engineering company voluntary under the condition of the study of the company, in answer
The telephone interviews survey or separate. For these companies how to build and use their own in this area is a strategic framework, if the researchers believe that the method is feasible, and they put main skills assembly written. By visiting personnel to answer questions, what is eastern architecture market success factor ? The important factor in his company is a positive or negative impact? What effect? Researchers also collected from international architectural engineering, as well as a lesson in later in the project of measures have been taken.
The future trend of real estate investment
Housing has been the most important in the modern life of demand.
Families with more spacious and comfortable housing demand has increased, and hope to have more disposable income in the house. As a result, households residential become very expensive. In addition, the new population statistics show that currently existing housing needs to sell the house of points, recreational property and retiree community. Commercial and industrial real estate investment is also very good. In order to judge what real estate market within the scope of comparative spruce, analyzed the market is very important. However, many investment prospects are very optimistic.
The feasibility of the economy, the future of the investment real estate showing strong. But in general economic conditions, also do not exclude it "low" period. If investors can develop a safety strategy, so they will get considerable income. These strategies including effective operation and management, analyzes the problem, real estate and correct treatment, the contradiction between the owner and the occupiers and understand the role of investment and investment project, the influence of the government in property. The real estate investor can dominate the market this problem with real estate income has more than ordinary shares, the problem is an old problem. Actually no reason to believe that an investor can use the same market information and analytical skills in long-term
operation can obtain excess profit. However, using internal message, data analysis and complex analysis method, so investors will probably make a better choice than its competitors. According to the real estate market, real estate investment process for investment and reduce costs "and" obtain good results provide the opportunity of investors.
We know "lucky" or luck may produce short-term abnormal returns. We even have a few people because of good news to avoid "seek more expensive and succeed. Although a few of these people, they have intuition according to the real estate investment process. If you have the talent, don't study also to investment.
The types of real estate investment in real estate investment is residence though relatively common form, and some properties of future investors have quite attractive. In each of the different fields during, and residential areas including real estate, commercial real estate, industrial real estate, agriculture, such as golf, and real estate and other special purposes. Although effective analysis skills necessary to investment projects with enlarged and complex and increasing, but the basic skills and real estate investment process remains unchanged.
But the real income in accordance with the income level can rent levels and geographical location and according to the
classification. The position of urban real estate value economic influence the effect of economic environment, so the analysis is very important. However, some places of the land clearly more suitable for specific purposes. For example, in the development of new urban residential area, the land may be too expensive, is not suitable for the development of low density garden project. Because it is so hard to use accurate way to predict future events, forecast and actual differences between the results may cause some serious problems. Overestimates rent rate or future price, low operation cost estimates, or to determine equipment renewal fee will cause serious cash flow problems. Fail to fulfill debt obligations or real estate tax lien may be compelled to cancel. All these things are closely related with investors.
中文译文：
建筑业的竞争及竞争策略
美国的工程建筑公司几十年来一直控制着国际建筑市场，但近来世界上发生的事件改变了它的主导地位。
为了调查今后十年对工程建筑竞争产生影响的推动力及趋势，由建筑工业研究院的"2000年建筑特别工作组：发起一项称为“2000年建筑市场竞争分析”的研究项目。该研究项目考察了一些影响竞争的因素，包括下列方面：
企业能力塑造：采用纵向联合，横向发展的方法，提高企业的综合能力。扩大市场领地，这种做法包括被海外的联合企业收购或被其合并，或是由美国公司收购外国公司。
筹措资金的选择方法：私有化作用，建筑权力转让项目，未来市场中工程筹资特征。
管理、组织及结构：未来的经营管理及组织方法、组织结构、组织技巧要有利于引导职员在世界竞争环境中发挥作用。
劳力特征：未来具有专业水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情况
技术问题：技术将如何影响竞争，如何用来弥补劳力不足的缺陷。
研究目标及范围
这一研究项目的目标是收集信息，使之为适应2000年及以后的工程建筑业在调整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼见，并制定出2000年工程建筑业的可能的发展计划。这项研究回顾了工程建筑业的历史过程，审视了当前的发展趋势，以确定影响该工业未来的推动力，与该工业相关的有重
塑企业能力，私有化及筹措资金方法的潜在作用以及经营管理、组织方法、公司结构方面的未来发展方向。
研究范围包括选定一些公司，采访这些公司有专业特长的人员。这些人员的专业涉及面很广，包括商业建筑，重工业建筑，公共事业设施建设，基础建设．轻工业建筑，电力，生产程序以及航天科学。
工程建筑业竞争特性
工程建筑业的竞争特征由于下列原因在变动：
80年代发生的事件，以及计划在90年代实施的项目，正在引导建筑业摆脱相互对立的局面，转向相互合作。
应该以积极的眼光看待新的公司进入国际工程建筑市场，因为它增加了全球合作的机遇。合作关系会使所有的伙伴受益，这是因为美国公司可以在合作伙伴的国家找到机遇，同样，外国公司也会打入美国市场。
未来的战略
到2000年，美国的公司将努力做到：
提供最高质量的服务
可以承担世界任何一个地方的工程施工
另劈蹊径，以降低并控制风险
拿出参与国际市场最有竞争力的价格
为了实现这一理想，工程建筑业必须增加人员资本投资
提高劳力的知识及技术水平
具备坚实完备的通讯及运输基础设施
集中精力搞重点研究，产品优良，质量有保障，并注意激发工人们的积极
性，提高工人的技术水平。
二十一世纪形响竞争的主要因素将包括一体化的国际市场，供过于求的生产力，工会确定工资的权力减弱，减少对工业的管理及私有化的实现。
美国公司的竞争能力，很大程度上取决于大力开展并有效地利用技术革新。美国公司不仅需要利用国内的技术革新，还要利用其他国家优化改进了的技术。在未来将流行的技术革新将不是一些大的技术突破，而是对现存技术的不断改进。
英国建筑公司概况
90年代初，头脑灵活的建筑商们除了不搞建筑，别的什么营生可能都干，许多建筑公司遭受过经济萧条的严重打击，经历了与过度膨胀的房地产业同样的厄运。但是，当看到他们的难兄难弟们在房地产业方面大把大把地赚钱时，他们中的大部分人为了摆脱困境又把赌注重重地压在房地产开发市场上。
由阿兰·考克肖先生领导的艾莫克公司享有在老本行上能挣现钱的盛誉，并能保持资产负债表平衡。不过，在世界上其他的一些地区，这家公司也陷人一片困境之中，尤其是在美国，由于路易斯安那州石油和天然气市场的不景气，这一情况尤其突出，在英国的商业和工业房地产市场方面这家公司也面临困境，利润随之而暴跌。而且情况还有变得更糟的危险。
瓦利特发展公司，这个英国90年代初期第三大房屋建筑商，可能是因为将伦敦郊区都尔威一处仿乔治时代建筑物出售给了前首相撒切尔夫人而举世闻名。该公司的性格独特的主席劳利·瓦利特先生经常得益于“铁夫人”给予他的公开支持。这种近似神话般的福气使他似乎注定还要享受一
阵子。事实上，瓦利特公司也受到房产业不景气的影响，只是在劳利的强有力的领导下，该公司现在又朝着恢复其更强劲的金融地位迈进。劳利退休后又重新执掌局面（1991年秋他退休后为救活该公司又被召回）。正像它的大多数经营对手一样，瓦利特公司在房产业市场也遭受了暴跌的严重打击，虽然在1993年初，该公司成为被IBCA机构提高长期信用等级的第一家建筑公司时业务发展了一阵子。
约翰·莱英公司的情况则不同，已很好地经受住了最近世界建筑业方面困难的冲击。他们具有雄厚的资本，还清醒地认识到他们不得不大幅度降低资产的帐面价值。例如，早在1990年，他们就在地产银行中划减了1 200万英镑的价值。在此之后，他们又削减了26的劳动力。尽管他们的住房销售情况目前依然相当良好，但其赢利却减少了。莱英公司还以最关注环境问题而闻名于世。
塔迈克公司的状况与瓦利特形成了鲜明的对比，在1993年初，他们的信用等级被IBCA机构降低了。该公司在80年代大部分时间里试图向世人证明他们是英国最大的建筑商，结果信息一旦被人了解后，又后悔不迭，倒但愿此事从没发生过。他们苦于应付高的增长速度，不得不大幅度削减住房建造业务。不过塔迈克公司目前仍然是英国最大的建筑和建材集团公司。1992年10月，他们关闭了房地产业务，这是将其目前的七个经营业务裁减到三个（建筑、采石和住宅建造）的计划的一部分。耐维尔·辛蝇斯，这位集团公司的总裁，在该公司供职22年后，于1992年春坐上了目前这把烫屁股的交椅。人们认为，随着房地产向题的曝光，这一位置已到了岌岌可危的地步，这其中包括数个在公司资产负债表外的大型联合企
业，而这些联合企业业务的开展，实际上会使集团公司的债台更加高筑。泰勒·伍德劳斯的房地产业衰退的不愉快经历集中体现在1992年的秋季，当时其房地产都以理彼得·赫基突然辞职，这事也就发生在其前任彼得·兆提出辞呈引起众人震惊之后仅几个月。屋漏偏逢连阴雨，随后，泰勒·伍德劳斯宣布由于经营不善，造成了严重的亏损。虽然建筑承包业务的重要地位正日益衰退，但公司三分之二的收益仍来自这部分业务。不过，该公司拥有巨额投资资产有价证券，每年租金收益超过5 000万英镑。该公司已不再开展风险性很大的开发业务项目，重新介入至少要等到局势好转以后。
东欧建筑市场竞争形势分析前言
当前，东欧的经济改革引起了混乱，因此这些地区的贸易活动同新的经济体制相互冲突。分析专家们指出，从长远的观点看，采用市场经济政策会带来一个更稳定，更有利的经济环境。东欧政治经济上的改革将会为那些愿意来这一地区投资的公司创造一个很大的可赚钱的市场。如果保持目前的增长势头，要不了多久，东欧每年5640亿美元的建筑市场将会占国际建筑业市场的三分之一以上。这一地区的开放形势为世界范围的建筑业开辟了一块新天地。
研究的目标
目前研究的目标是要建立一个战路框架，使国际工程建筑公司可以制定出可行的策略方案，并可以对之加以评价。已推出的战略框架对于东欧以外的工程建筑公司在这一地区开展建筑业务很有帮助。为了衡量该地区市场机遇与挑战情况，我们发出了调查表并进行个人访谈，这有助于确认重要
的成功因素或方面。从而阐明了工程建筑公司在确定他们的策略时必须具备的特性。通过这项研究建立起来的战略框架已运用于该地区的一项实际建筑工程，〔一家国际工程建筑公司正考虑承接这项工程），以检验这一战略框架在具体市场环境下的效果如何。
研究的方法
通过参考大量的文献，下发调查表和进行个人访谈，研究的目标已经达到。这项研究所利用的资料来自世界上15家主要的建筑公司。其中包括13家美国公司，两家韩国公司。
调查表编制得有利于资料的收集并确保调查内容的一致性。所提的问题不加以暗示，编制的方式使答卷人不会产生某种倾向。可以自由地回答问题，问的题目不宜过多．为了保证参与公司的答案涉及的问题一致，调查表的问题集中在三个主要方面：(1)东欧建筑市场的机遇与挑战；(2)确认这一建筑市杨成功的关键因素，（3〕为确定战略框架，建筑行业方面应做出的调整。每个主要部分下附一套问题，使所研究的目标得到进一步明确。
访谈基于建筑工程公司自愿参与该项研究的条件下进行的，对交了答卷的公司，进行
了单独或电话访谈调查。对于这些公司如何建立和运用自己在这一地区的战略框架，如果研究人员认为方法可行，他们就把主要技巧汇编成文。被访人员要回答如下问题，东欧建筑市场获得成功的重要因素是什么？这些重要的因素对自己的公司是否有积极的或消极的影响？是什么影响？研究人员还汇集了从国际建筑工程中吸取的教训，以及在后来的工程中已经采取的弥补措施。
房地产投资的未来趋势
住房一直是现代生活中最重要的需求之一。家庭对更宽敞、舒适的住房需求日益增加，且希望有更多的可自由支配的收入用在购房上。其结果是，独户家庭住宅变得非常昂贵。除此之外，新的人口统计数据表明目前需要将现有的房产转变为分套出售的住宅开发、娱乐性房产和退休人员的居住社区。商业和工业地产投资也很看好。为了在市场范围内判断哪些房地产比较紧俏，对市场进行认真的分析是很重要的。不过，许多投资的前景都很乐观。
就经济的可行性而言，未来的房地产投资呈现出强劲的势头。不过在总的经济环境条件下，也不可排除它的“低潮”期。假如投资商能够制定出一个稳妥的策略，那么他们将会获得可观的收益。这些策略包括有效经营和管理地产，分析问题所在，并给予纠正，处理房主与承租者之间的矛盾，了解投资的作用及其对投资项目所产生的影响，把政府在限制产权方面所起的作用纳人计划之中。
房地产的投资者能否主宰市场这个问题同房地产收益是否已超过普通股票收益的问题一样，也是一个老问题。实际上没有理由相信一个投资者会利用相同的市场信息和分析技能在长期的经营中能够获得超额利润。不过，利用内部消息，有效的数据分析和复杂分析方法，这样的投资者很可能能够做出比其对手更好的抉择。房地产市场继续为按房地产投资过程投资并减少“信息费”而获得较好成果的投资者们提供机会。
我们知道“幸运”或运气可能会产生短期反常收益。我们甚至也知道会有少数人因为善于“探听”消息从而避免付出昂贵的代价并取得成功。这些
人尽管为数不多，他们具有凭直觉按房地产投资过程办事的才能。如果你也有这方面天才的话，就别研究了也去搞投资吧。
房地产投资的种类虽然住宅投资是房地产中较为普遍的形式，还有几种地产对未来的投资者也有相当大的吸引力。在每种地产中，还有不同的领域包括住宅房地产、商业地产、工业地产、农业地产，以及诸如高尔夫球场等特殊用途的地产。尽管有效分析所必需的投资技巧随着工程项目增大和复杂而日益增多，但其基本的评估技巧和房地产投资过程仍然未变。
可创收的房地产也可以按照收人水平和租金等级并根据地理位置分类。城区位置的经济影响对房地产价值产生的效果很大，因此对经济环境的分析十分重要。然而，某些位置的土地明显地更适合于特定用途。例如，在新开发的城市住宅区内，土地可能太昂贵，就不适于开发密度低的花园式的项目。
由于很难用精确的方式预测将来要发生的事件，预测与实际结果间的差异可能导致一些严重的问题。过高地估计租金增长率或将来的出售价格，过低地估计营运费用，或未能充分确定设备更新费用都会引起产重的现金流动问题。未能履行债务义务或房地产课税留置权可能被强制取消。所有这几点都与投资者密切相关。
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
转型衰退时期的土木工程研究 Sergios Lambropoulosa[1], John-Paris Pantouvakisb, Marina Marinellic 摘要 最近的全球经济和金融危机导致许多国家的经济陷入衰退，特别是在欧盟的周边。这些国家目前面临的民用建筑基础设施的公共投资和私人投资显著收缩，导致在民事特别是在民用建筑方向的失业。因此，在所有国家在经济衰退的专业发展对于土木工程应届毕业生来说是努力和资历的不相称的研究，因为他们很少有机会在实践中积累经验和知识，这些逐渐成为过时的经验和知识。在这种情况下，对于技术性大学在国家经济衰退的计划和实施的土木工程研究大纲的一个实质性的改革势在必行。目的是使毕业生拓宽他们的专业活动的范围，提高他们的就业能力。 在本文中，提出了土木工程研究课程的不断扩大，特别是在发展的光毕业生的潜在的项目，计划和投资组合管理。在这个方向上，一个全面的文献回顾，包括ASCE体为第二十一世纪，IPMA的能力的基础知识，建议在其他：显著增加所提供的模块和项目管理在战略管理中添加新的模块，领导行为，配送管理，组织和环境等；提供足够的专业训练五年的大学的研究；并由专业机构促进应届大学生认证。建议通过改革教学大纲为土木工程研究目前由国家技术提供了例证雅典大学。 1引言 土木工程研究（CES）蓬勃发展，是在第二次世界大战后。土木工程师的出现最初是由重建被摧毁的巨大需求所致，目的是更多和更好的社会追求。但是很快，这种演变一个长期的趋势，因为政府为了努力实现经济发展，采取了全世界的凯恩斯主义的理论，即公共基础设施投资作为动力。首先积极的结果导致公民为了更好的生活条件（住房，旅游等）和增加私人投资基础设施而创造机会。这些现象再国家的发展中尤为为明显。虽然前景并不明朗（例如，世界石油危机在70年代），在80年代领先的国家采用新自由主义经济的方法（如里根经济政策），这是最近的金融危机及金融危机造成的后果（即收缩的基础设施投资，在技术部门的高失业率），消除发展前途无限的误区。 技术教育的大学所认可的大量研究土木工程部。旧学校拓展专业并且新的学校建成，并招收许多学生。由于高的职业声望，薪酬，吸引高质量的学校的学生。在工程量的增加和科学技术的发展，导致到极强的专业性，无论是在研究还是工作当中。结构工程师，液压工程师，交通工程师等，都属于土木工程。试图在不同的国家采用专业性的权利，不同的解决方案，，从一个统一的大学学历和广泛的专业化的一般职业许可证。这个问题在许多其他行业成为关键。国际专业协会的专家和机构所确定的国家性检查机构，经过考试后，他们证明不仅是行业的新来者，而且专家通过时间来确定进展情况。尽管在很多情况下，这些证书虽然没有国家接受，他们赞赏和公认的世界。 在试图改革大学研究（不仅在土木工程）更接近市场需求的过程中，欧盟确定了1999博洛尼亚宣言，它引入了一个二能级系统。第一级度（例如，一个三年的学士）是进入
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
The future of the tall building and structure of buildings Zoning effects on the density of tall buildings and solar design may raise ethical challenge. A combined project of old and new buildings may bring back human scale to our cities. Owners and conceptual designers will be challenged in the 1980s to produce economically sound, people-oriented buildings. In 1980 the Level House, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merril1 (SOM) received the 25-year award from the American Institute of Architects “in recogn ition of architectural design of enduring significance”. This award is given once a year for a building between 25and 35 years old .Lewis Mumford described the Lever House as “the first office building in which modern materials, modern construction, modern functions have been combined with a modern plan”. At the time, this daring concept could only be achieved by visionary men like Gordon Bunshaft, the designer , and Charles Luckman , the owner and then-president of Lever Brothers . The project also include d a few “first” : (1) it was the first sealed glass tower ever built ; (2) it was the first office building designed by SOM ;and (3) it was the first office building on Park Avenue to omit retail space on the first floor. Today, after hundreds of look-alike and variations on the grid design, we have reached what may be the epitome of tall building design: the nondescript building. Except for a few recently completed buildings that seem to be people-oriented in their lower floors, most tall buildings seem to be arepletion of the dull, graph-paper-like monoliths in many of our cities. Can this be the end of the design-line for tall buildings? Probably cannot. There are definite signs that are most encouraging. Architects and owners have recently begun to discuss the design problem publicly. Perhaps we are at the threshold of a new era. The 1980s may bring forth some new visionaries like Bunshaft and Luckman. If so, what kinds of restrictions or challenges do they face? Zoning Indications are strong that cities may restrict the density of tall buildings, that is, reduce the number of tall buildings per square mile. In 1980 the term
姓名： 学号： 10447425 X X 大学 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 （2014届） 外文题目Developments in excavation bracing systems 译文题目开挖工程支撑体系的发展 外文出处Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 31 (2012) 107–116 学生XXX 学院XXXX 专业班级XXXXX 校内指导教师XXX 专业技术职务XXXXX 校外指导老师专业技术职务 二○一三年十二月
开挖工程支撑体系的发展 1.引言 几乎所有土木工程建设项目（如建筑物，道路，隧道，桥梁，污水处理厂，管道，下水道）都涉及泥土挖掘的一些工程量。往往由于由相邻的结构，特性线，或使用权空间的限制，必须要一个土地固定系统，以允许土壤被挖掘到所需的深度。历史上，许多挖掘支撑系统已经开发出来。其中，现在比较常见的几种方法是：板桩，钻孔桩墙，泥浆墙。 土地固定系统的选择是由技术性能要求和施工可行性（例如手段，方法）决定的，包括执行的可靠性，而成本考虑了这些之后，其他问题也得到解决。通常环境后果（用于处理废泥浆和钻井液如监管要求）也非常被关注（邱阳、1998）。 土地固定系统通常是建设项目的较大的一个组成部分。如果不能按时完成项目，将极大地影响总成本。通常首先建造支撑，在许多情况下，临时支撑系统是用于支持在挖掘以允许进行不断施工，直到永久系统被构造。临时系统可以被去除或留在原处。 打桩时，因撞击或振动它们可能会被赶入到位。在一般情况下，振动是最昂贵的方法，但只适合于松散颗粒材料，土壤中具有较高电阻（例如，通过鹅卵石）的不能使用。采用打入桩系统通常是中间的成本和适合于软沉积物（包括粘性和非粘性），只要该矿床是免费的鹅卵石或更大的岩石。 通常，垂直元素（例如桩）的前安装挖掘工程和水平元件（如内部支撑或绑回）被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，从而限制了跨距长度，以便减少在垂直开发弯矩元素。在填充情况下，桩可先设置，从在斜坡的底部其嵌入悬挑起来，安装作为填充进步水平元素（如搭背或土钉）。如果滞后是用来保持垂直元素之间的土壤中，它被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，或之前以填补位置。 吉尔- 马丁等人（2010）提供了一个数值计算程序，以获取圆形桩承受轴向载荷和统一标志（如悬臂桩）的单轴弯矩的最佳纵筋。他们开发的两种优化流程：用一个或两个直径为纵向钢筋。优化增强模式允许大量减少的设计要求钢筋的用量，这些减少纵向钢筋可达到50％相对传统的，均匀分布的加固方案。 加固桩集中纵向钢筋最佳的位置在受拉区。除了节约钢筋，所述非对称加强钢筋图案提高抗弯刚度，通过增加转动惯量的转化部分的时刻。这种增加的刚性可能会在一段时间内增加的变形与蠕变相关的费用。评估相对于传统的非对称加强桩的优点，对称，钢筋桩被服务的条件下全面测试来完成的，这种试验是为了验证结构的可行性和取得的变形的原位测量。 基于现场试验中，用于优化的加强图案的优点浇铸钻出孔（CIDH）在巴塞罗那的
项目成本控制 一、引言 项目是企业形象的窗口和效益的源泉。随着市场竞争日趋激烈，工程质量、文明施工要求不断提高，材料价格波动起伏，以及其他种种不确定因素的影响，使得项目运作处于较为严峻的环境之中。由此可见项目的成本控制是贯穿在工程建设自招投标阶段直到竣工验收的全过程，它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节，必须在组织和控制措施上给于高度的重视，以期达到提高企业经济效益的目的。 二、概述 工程施工项目成本控制，指在项目成本在成本发生和形成过程中，对生产经营所消耗的人力资源、物资资源和费用开支，进行指导、监督、调节和限制，及时预防、发现和纠正偏差从而把各项费用控制在计划成本的预定目标之内，以达到保证企业生产经营效益的目的。 三、施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 3.1 成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 3.2 全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续 进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 3.3 动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion
Construction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rational development and utilization of human natural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground construction, underground architecture is taking shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design, as well as underground construction and related environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues. Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integrated economic, social and environmental benefits. Underground construction in a certain thickness of rock or soil, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around the confined environment of relatively stable existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city planned the construction of underground construction, urban land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, the