余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(美国 地理和历史)【圣才出品】

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是⼀个君主⽴宪制和议会民主制国家。

在英国，国家元⾸是在位的国王或⼥王，政府⾸脑是⾸相，他是下议院多数党领袖。

Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成⽂法、普通法和公约组成。

第16章美国历史(Ⅱ)(1900—1945)16.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Economic DevelopmentⅡ. ProgressivismⅢ. World War Ⅰ and the United StatesⅣ. The United States in the 1920sⅤ. The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ. World War Ⅱ and the United StatesⅠ. Economic DevelopmentIn the early 20th century, there emerged a number of features in the growth of the American economy.1. Beginning in 1989, there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers.2. With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network, there was a mushroom growth of cities.3. There was a rapid development of new technology.Ⅰ. 经济发展20世纪早期，美国经济的增长呈现了很多特点。

1. 1989年开始，出现了工业和金融的合并。

2. 随着工业的发展和铁路网络的扩展，城市的数量开始迅速增长。

3. 新技术开始迅速发展。

Ⅱ. Progressivism1. With the development of the economy, there also arose a number of social problems.2. Pushed by the Progressive Movement, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) made a policy that the government should merely preserve order and protect property, leaving the control over the economy to the business people.3. President Wilson put forward his program of New Freedom and made many achievements.Ⅱ. 进步主义1. 随着经济的发展，也出现了一系列的社会问题。

第8章英国社会和文化8.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Health and Welfare1.The National Health Service2.Private Medical Care3.Cash BenefitsⅡ.HousingⅢ.Education1.Primary and Secondary Education2.Private Schools3.Higher EducationⅣ.Cultural LifeⅤ.Daily Life and Social CustomsⅥ.ArtsⅦ.Cultural InstitutionⅧ.Sports and RecreationⅨ.Media and Publishing1.Newspapers2.Broadcasting【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.Health and Welfare1.The National Health Service(1)The National Health Service is a nationwide institution based on Acts ofParliament.The NHS provides medical care through a tripartite structure of primary care,hospitals,and community health care.(2)The Community Health Service has three functions:to provide preventive healthservices;to act as a liaison with local government;and to cooperate with local government personal social service departments.Ⅰ.健康和福利1.国家卫生系统(1)国民保健服务是根据议会法案建立的全国性机构。

第4章向现代时期的过渡4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)Ⅱ. The English ReformationⅢ. Elizabeth Ⅰ (1558—1603)1. Elizabeth and Parliament2. Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3. Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ. The English RenaissanceⅤ. James Ⅰ (1603—1625) and the ParliamentⅥ. Charles Ⅰ (1625—1649) and the ParliamentⅦ. The Civil WarsⅧ. The Commonwealth (1649—1660)Ⅸ. The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of 1688Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)1. The name Wars of the Roses as a series of wars between House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. After the war, the great medievalnobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme.2. Henry Tudor became Henry Ⅶ (1485—1509). He gave England very firm rule. Ⅰ. 向现代时期的过渡(1455—1485)1. 玫瑰战争指的是兰开斯特王朝和约克王朝之间从1455年到1485年的一系列战争。

第5章英帝国的兴起和衰落(1688—1990)5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Whigs and ToriesⅡ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyⅢ. The Industrial Revolution (1780—1830)Ⅳ. The Chartist Movement (1836—1848)Ⅴ. Trade Unions and the Labour PartyⅥ. Colonial Expansion1. The growth of dominions2. The Conquest of India3. The Scramble for Africa4. Aggression against ChinaⅦ. Twentieth Century1. Britain and the First World War2. Britain Between the Two World Wars3. Britain and the Second World War4. Postwar BritainⅠ. Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.Ⅰ. 辉格党和托利党这两大党派起源于光荣革命时期(1688)。

19世纪早期，辉格党和托利党联合，后来变成了自由党。

托利党是保守党的前身。

Ⅱ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century1. Farming was an important occupation in England in the 18th century.2. In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, depending on the countryside for food.3. Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results.Ⅱ. 18世纪晚期的农业变化1. 18世纪，农业是英国一个重要的职业。

第13章美国历史（Ⅲ）（1945至今）13.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall PlanⅢ. The Berlin blockade and the Founding of the NATOⅣ. U.S. Support of Chiang Kaishek and the Korean WarⅤ. McCarthyismⅥ. The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950sⅦ. American Society during the Postwar Boom: 1945—1960s Ⅷ. The Cuban Missile CrisisⅨ. The Vietnam WarⅩ. United States’Relations with ChinaⅪ. Reagan Administration (1981—1989)1. Domestic Affairs2. Foreign Affairs3. Other Events of the Reagan YearsⅫ. George H. W. Bush Administration (1989—1993)ⅩⅢ. The World’s Sole Superpower (1992 to Present)1. Domestic Affairs in the Bush Years2. Clinton Administration (1993—2001)3. George W. Bush Administration (2001—2009)4. Barack Obama Administration (2009—2017)【重难点归纳】Ⅰ. The Origins of the Cold War1. When the Second World War finally ended in September 1945, the clash of interests between America and the Soviet Union became clear.2. On February 22, 1946, George Kennan, wrote in the telegram that the U.S. policy should be “a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union until 1989.Ⅰ. 冷战的起源1. 1945年9月，第二次世界大战忠于结束了，美国和苏联之间的利益冲突越来越明显。

第34章今天的新西兰34.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The Political System1. The Parliament2. The executive3. The judiciary4. Local governmentⅡ. Characteristics of New Zealand PeopleⅢ. Health Care1. Health2. Dental health3. Public health and children4. WelfareⅣ. Education1. Early childhood education2. Primary education3. Secondary education4. Rural education5. T ertiary educationⅤ. The International Marketplace1. Exports2. Imports3. Agriculture4. Crops and horticulture5. Industry6. EnergyⅥ. Culture and the ArtsⅦ. New Zealand and the WorldⅠ. The Political System(1) There is no written constitution.(2) It is contained in a large number of parliamentary statutes (laws), judiciary (court)rulings, and administrative practices.(3) New Zealand is a sovereign independent state, with a parliamentarygovernment and a constitutional monarchy.(4) Queen Elizabeth Ⅱis Queen of New Zealand as well as Britain. She isrepresented in New Zealand by the Governor-General.(5) The present Governor-General is a woman, Dame Kath Tizzard.(6) The Governor-General has very little real power, but provides continuity whengovernments change and has an important national role as representative of the monarch.Ⅰ. 政治体系(1) 新西兰没有成文宪法。

第2章国家的起源2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The Iberians2. The Beaker Folk3. The CeltsⅡ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)Ⅲ. The Anglo-Saxons (446—871)Ⅳ. The Viking and Danish InvasionsⅤ. The Norman Conquest (1066)Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The IberiansThe first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. At about 3000 BC during the New Stone Age, the Iberians came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula.2. The Beaker FolkAt about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.3. The CeltsThe Celts began to arrive about 700 BC. They came to Britain in three main waves. Ⅰ. 早期的定居者(5000 BC—55 BC)1. 伊比利亚人英国最早的定居者是伊比利亚人。

大约公元前3000年，新石器时期，来自伊比利亚半岛的伊比利亚人来到了英国。

2. 宽口陶器人大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人来到现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区。

3. 凯尔特人公元前700年，凯尔特人来到英国。

他们分三批来到这里。

Ⅱ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)1. Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.2. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.3. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Ⅱ. 罗马统治时期(55 BC—AD 410)1. 尤里乌斯·凯撒，罗马将领，在公元前55年入侵英国。

第15章美国政治15.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.The U.S.Constitution1.The Federal system2.Separation of powers:checks and balances3.Provisions for amendment4.Bill of RightsⅡ.The Legislative Branch1.A Two-chamber Congress2.The House of Representatives3.Senate4.Functions of the CongressⅢ.The Executive BranchⅣ.The Judicial Branch1.The Supreme Court2.Courts of Appeals and District CourtsⅤ.State GovernmentⅥ.Local Government【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.The U.S.ConstitutionThe American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was drawn up in1787and went into effect in1789.Ⅰ.美国宪法美国宪法是世界上最古老的成文宪法。

1787年制定，1789年生效。

1.The Federal systemThe Constitution set up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule.There is federal government.There are also state and local governments.1.联邦系统宪法规定了具有两层规则的联邦政府系统，包括联邦政府与州和地方政府。

2.Separation of powers:checks and balancesThe government is divided into three branches,the legislative,the executive and the judicial.And each branch can check the actions of the other branches.The three branches are thus in balance.This is called“checks and balances”.2.三权分立，相互制衡政府分为三个分支机构，即立法，行政和司法。

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）笔记和课后习题详解关注薇公号-精研学习网-查找资料本书是余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）教材的学习辅导书，主要包括以下内容：1．整理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。

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第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Geographical Features1.The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2.Rivers and LakesⅡ.Climate1.A Maritime Climate2.Factors Which Influence the Climate3.RainfallⅢ.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant Life2.Animal Life1.Ethnic Groupsnguages3.Religion4.Urbanization5.Population Growth6.Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1.Great Britain is made up of England,Scotland,and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The total population of the UK was around63million,which is the third-largest in the European Union and the22nd-largest in the world.3.The UK is a developed country with considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.4.The UK’s capital is London,and it has other major cities including,Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1.大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。