汉译英教程
第一章汉英语言对比
第一节汉英词汇对比
一、词汇语义对比
各民族都是通过词汇把自己心目的世界分解成无数概念，词汇越丰富，对世界的认识也就越精细。汉语和英语虽属不同语系，特点迥异，但都有丰富的词汇量。在汉英语言对比研究中，人们发现了大量的对应词语，这是汉英翻译的语言基础。
但是，由于自然环境、思维方式、社会历史、文化传统的不同，两种语言中存在许多不相对应的词语，主要表现为词语的空缺(无对应)和词义的差别(部分对应)。例如山 hill(小山, 丘陵)，mountain(高山;山岳,山脉)
鸡 hen(母鸡) ，chick(小鸡) ， cock(公鸡)， rooster(雄禽, <主美>公鸡) 青 green ，blue
借 lend(借给) ， borrow(借入)
兔 hare(野兔)，rabbit(家兔)
鼠 mouse(耗子)， rat(老鼠)
乌鸦 rayen(渡乌)，crow(乌鸦)
你，您 you 江，河 river 父，母 parent
兄，弟 brother 枪，炮 gun 嫁，娶 marry
叔，伯 uncle
上列两词语左右两端都不完全对应。从汉英翻译的角度讲，第一组右端的单个英文词无法传达出汉语的概括意义;第二组右边的英文词又无法精确地限定左边词语所表达的具体含义。这些不对应现象给汉英翻译造成一定的可译度障碍，需要通过适当的翻译技巧加以克服。如 1、舅舅从桌上把花瓶拿去了。
Mother's brother has taken the vase away from the table.
2、我属蛇。
I was born in the Chinese lunar year of the snake.
单词:lunar 阴历的
二、词汇的语法对比
语言中单个词的语法归类称为该词的词性，一种语言中共有多少种词性叫做该语言的词类。汉语的词类
实词类:名词、动词、形容词、数词和量词、代词、副词
虚词类:连词、介词、叹词、助词
英语的词类
实词类:名词、动词、形容词、数词、代词、副词
虚词类:连词、介词、叹词、冠词
1、两种语言词类划分的异同显而易见。
(1)英语的冠词和汉语的量词分别为各自所独有，而没有直接对应。
(2)汉英中名词、动词、实容词三大实词类基本对应，虚词中的介词、连词也基本对应。 (3)汉语的助词是个特殊的词类，它包括结构助词、时态助词、语气助词等，英语虽无此类助词，但其动词的时态与体式，句式的陈述与疑问，词语之间的修饰关系都分别与汉语的助词的功能相对应。
(4)英语的副词较复杂，只有一小部分能与汉语的副词相当(程度、疑问、时间、范围、连接副词等)。汉语中也没有英语的关系(代、副)词，但关系词在词义上相当于名词，所以汉语的名词、代词有时译成英语的关系词。
(5)汉语名词中的方位名词在语义上与英语的介词有共通之处。
2、从数量上比较，也可发现汉英词类的不同特点。
(1)汉英语言中的名词、动词和形容词作为开放性词类在词汇中各占较大比重,彼此相当。 (2)副词在汉语中数量相对较少，有的划为虚词类。而在英语中副词为实义词，大概因为英语中很大一部分副词由形容词派生而来，而且数量众多。
(3)介词与连词都是英语多汉语少。拿介词来说，汉语中的介词总共不过30个左右，英语中仅简单介词就有40个左右，若加上复合介词(如into,outside)、短语介词(如 in front of)，则数不胜数。就连词而言，汉英也有类似不同。
3、从词类使用的频率上分析，汉语多用动词而英语多用名词。
由于英语具有强大的派生构词法，英语的动词大多都有其相应的名词形式，英语的形容词也有名词形式。而汉语的动词和形容词却没有语法上的名词形式。
汉语的动词在使用频率上远远高于英语，因为英语动词的使用要受限制，一句话只要一个动词谓语，而汉语的动词却无此限制。
英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率也比汉语高。
英语数词的使用不如汉语多，因为汉语的成语及缩略语依靠数词(词素)构成。汉语的量词同英语的冠词一样，附属于各自的名词，使用频率也同名词. 练习:给出下列词语相应的英文
1、大小
2、高矮
3、长短
4、冷暖
5、东西
6、粗细
7、是非
8、先后 9、轻重 10、参差
答案
1.size
2.height
3.length
4.temperature
5.directions
6.thickness
7.trouble
8.priority 9.weight 10.variations 三、汉英词类划分的理据比较及对汉英翻译的意义
汉语词类的划分主要依据词义，即词义的实与虚、动与静、具体与抽象等。
英语的词类依据是语法，词类与句子成分有严格的对应关系，词义倒在其次。如:
一个表示动作的概念，放在英语的主语位置上，就要以名词形式来表达，放在谓语的位置上，就要以动词形式出现，表达静态含义时，还可用介词形式。
汉语用形容词归类表示事物性质、特征时，到了英语中就要用语法的模子重塑一番:在主语、宾语位置上化为名词，修饰名词时化为形容词，说明动词时则又化为副词。正是这种理据的不同，造成汉英词类的名同实异。这种“同名异质”恰恰解释了语言现实中不同形式(词类)表达相同内容(词义)的“形异实同”现象。
从翻译理论上说，就是词语“转类法”这一翻译技巧的语言理据。下面从翻译的角度作如下归纳:
(一)由于汉英词汇意义存在不对应现象，翻译时应通过各种手段对译入语(英语)的词义加以补充或限定，技巧上表现为词语的增减、阐释、借用、音译等手段的运用。如: 1、我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄色制服，别的没有印象了。 I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss
soldiers in yellow uniforms.
汉语为了加强语气，对于一件事，往往从一个方面说了之后，还要从另一个方面说一说。英语则不然。这句话前面有了All I remember now is ...，后面如果再说and I don't remember
anything else，就显得多余了。
2、范畴词指的是“方面”、“方式”、“问题”、“情况”之类的词，它们在句子里没有多少实际意义，但很有用，可以使句子流畅。汉译英时，范畴词可以不译，英译汉时，可以酌情使用。
中国有12亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。
China has a population of more than 1.2 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower
than the world's average.
在此“水平”就未译。
单词:per capita: used to describe the average amount of something in a particular place,
calculated according to the number of people who live there 3、1998年是联合国确定的国际海洋年，中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业的发展情况。
The year 1998 has been designated by the United Nations as International Ocean Year, and on this
occasion the Chinese Government would like to introduce the progress of China's work in this
particular field to the world.
原文“介绍......的发展情况”句子是完整的。但在译文里却需要说明向谁介绍，因此加了to the
world。
单词:designate:to choose someone or something for a particular job or purpose the United Nations: an international organization that tries to find peaceful solutions to world
problems
International Ocean Year 国际海洋年
on this occasion 在这种场合，借此机会
the Chinese Government 中国政府
4、长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹。
Physically attractive people don't need heavy make-up. 在时在英语里不一定能找到恰当的相对应的成语，那就用比较概括的说法把成语的基本意思译出来。
(二)由于词汇使用频率的不对应，翻译时不能拘泥于字面的对应，而应以整体意义为重，
灵活变通。
技巧上表现为:某些词汇手段表达的意义，可以用另外的词汇来表达，甚至使用非词汇手段
达到目的。如:
1、前门驱虎，后门进狼。
Fend off one danger only to fall prey to another. 不见了“前门”、“后门”、“虎”和“狼”。
单词:
fend off: to defend yourself against someone who is attacking you prey: an animal, bird etc that is hunted and eaten by another animal 2、汉语里表示疑问部用语气助词“吗”，英语则使用词序倒装。
3、汉语用时态助词表时间，英语里用动词变化表时态。
4、汉语用的是词汇手段，英语用的是语法手段。
(三)由于词类的性质不同，词类的转换便成了汉英翻译中经常使用的技巧。
常见的有:1、名词、动词、形容词、副词之间的互相转换。
2、名词向代词的转换。
3、动词向介词的转换。
词类转换法的采用可以使译文多样化。
如:1、代词的使用，在英语和汉语里有很大的不同。总的来说，英语代词用得多，汉语代
词用得少。因此，英译汉时，有些代词可以不译。汉译英时则要在适当的地方增加代词，特
别是物主代词。有时要用代词避免重复，才符合英语的说法。
(1)朱德想起自己的年龄，他已三十六岁....
Chu Teh remembered his age. He was thirty-six...
(2)英语有时在句子里先出代词，然后再出它所指的人或物。汉语一般总是先出实词，然后
才用代词。
朱德顾不得拉过的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平衡的语调说明自己的身份......
Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more then ten years his
junior and in a level voice told him who he was ......
2、形容词与副词在英语里是两个非常活跃的词类。其词义往往随前后搭配而变化，其用法也特别灵活。若与汉语相比较，则会发现有时与汉语是一致的，有时则有很大的差距。这两个词类有些共同的特点，而且翻译时往往可以互相转换。
周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴......
Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man...... 3、她满意地走了。
She went away with satisfaction. She went away satisfied.
4、他对她的行为有些怀疑。
He was suspicious of her behaviour. Her behaviour aroused his suspicion. He suspected her behaviour.
练习:按照要求翻译下列句子
1、我们对这件事当然有发言权。(matter)
2、真是想不到的事。(surprise)
3、这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。(event)
4、各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。(affairs)
5、这绝不是轻而易举的事。(job)
6、从政治思想上关心学生是教师份内的事。(duty)
7、我已把事情讲清楚了。(case)
8、我可以举出好几件事来证明。(instance)
9、这不是开玩笑的事儿。(joke)
10、那是件普通小事。(incident)
练习:按照要求翻译下列句子
1、我们对这件事当然有发言权。(matter)
Of course we have a say in this matter. 2、真是想不到的事。(surprise) What a surprise!
3、这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。(event)
The new book was the cultural event of the year.
4、各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。(affairs)
Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall
to discuss affairs of the state.
5、这绝不是轻而易举的事。(job)
It's certainly no easy job.
6、从政治思想上关心学生是教师份内的事。(duty)
It's the teacher's duty to be concerned about the students' ideology.
7、我已把事情讲清楚了。(case)
I'v already put the case clear. 8、我可以举出好几件事来证明。(instance)
I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it. 9、这不是开玩笑的事儿。(joke)
This is no joke.
10、那是件普通小事。(incident)
This is an ordinary incident.
第二节汉英句子对比
一、语义型句子和语法型句子
汉语句子为语义型或意合型，英语句子为语法型或形合型。换言之，汉语句子的根据在语义，
英语句子的根据在语法。
在汉语中，衡量一串词语是否成立为句子，要看这串词语能否表达出相对完整的意思。相比
而言，汉语句子标准较宽松，句号的位置也有弹性。
比较下例原言语及译文中的标点使用:
正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，(。)年纪约十八九岁，装束与前一
个毫无分别，(。)瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，(。)相貌不过中人之姿，(。)只觉得秀而不媚，清
而不寒。(刘鹗《老残游记》第二回)
Amidst the feverish bustling, there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years
old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like melon-seed. Her beauty was above
the average woman-charming but not coquettish, and a clarity of complexion but not coldness.
amidst: among or surrounded by things
melon: a large round fruit with sweet juicy flesh coquettish: a woman who frequently tries to attract the attention of men without having sincere
feelings for them adj.
clarity: the quality of being clear and easy to see or hear complexion: the natural colour or appearance of the skin on your
face[countable]
语义型句子重内在的逻辑关系，语法型句子重外在的形式连接，因此英语连接词(connective
word)的使用远远多于汉语。
语法型句子的英语必须含有具备一致关系(Concord:in grammar, concord between words happens when they match correctly, for example when a plural noun has a plural verb following
it )的“主-谓”结构(S-V)，具有的这种主谓结构的句子，才给人一种语法的完整感。否
则，即便表达了明确的意思，也不能算作句子，不能加句点。
因此，汉语中无主语的句子和无动词的句子比比皆是，英语句子的主语和动词则不可或缺。
英语句子从结构上分析有五种基本句型:SV, SVO, SVOO, SVOC, SVC,每一句式都少不了S
与V，即使充当句子主语或谓词并无实际意义，也须加上这个词以满足语法形式的要求。如:
1、看样子要变天了。
It seems the weather is changing.
2、当时我在北京。
I was in Beijing at the time.
3、——是谁呀,——是我。
——Who is it? ——It's me.
4、叶子黄了。
The leaves turned brown.
5、不行～
It won't do!
以上句子中红色部分表示原文中不需要而译文必须具备的词语。
下面是一些比较典型的汉语单句，比较其英译文并找出汉英对应的句式来:
1、鲁迅是绍兴人。[主语+名词谓语]
Lu Xun was from Shaoxing. [SVC]
2、这个姑娘很漂亮。[主语+形容词谓语]
That girl is very pretty. [SVC]
3、老舍是北京人。[主语+判断谓语]
Lao She was from Beijing. [SVC]
4、这花儿是白的。[主语+判断谓语]
The flower is white.[SVC]
5、水库是1958年修建的。[主语+判断谓语]
The reservior was built in 1958. [SV(passive)] 6、他打破了杯子。[主语+谓语+宾语]
He broke the glass.[SVO]
7、李先生教我们地理。[主语+谓语+宾语+宾语]
Mr. Li teaches us geography.[SVOO] 8、他要我投寄这封信。[主语+谓语+宾/主语+谓语(兼语式)]
He asked me to post the letter.[SVOC] 9、天上挂着一轮明月。[主语(处所)+谓语+宾语(存现句)]
A bright round moon hangs in the sky.[SVA] 二、“话题-说明”结构与“主语-谓语”结构
赵元任先生在《汉语口语语法》(1986)一书中指出:“在汉语里把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。”
的确，我们用“话题-说明”的观点看待分析汉语句子，比用传统的“主语-谓语”名称，能更客观地反映汉语句子的实际，更清楚地显示汉英句式结构上的异同，从而避免语法概念的混淆。
汉语句子的“话题”与“说明”是从句子顺序上说的。“话题”是说话人想要说明的对象，总是放在句子开头处。如果语言环境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不提。“说明”部分位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。“说明”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致关系。“说明”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语义而定。
汉语的连动句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点(因为凡与话题有关的内容都可放在后面对其进行说明)，这与英语句子一个主语和一个谓语相一致的
结构大不相同。请分析下列例句中的“话题-说明”部分是如何转化为英语的“主语-谓语”结构的: 1、有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘，翻过几重山来找王斌，痛苦地做着各种手势，要求得到帮助。 There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu, who travelled over ranges of mountains to come to
Wang Bin. With various painful gestures, she begged for Wang's help.
2、他五岁时候，生了一场伤寒，变成了聋子。
He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.
typhoid: a serious infectious disease that is caused by dirty food
or drink
3、老拴正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门停住了。(鲁迅《药》
Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead
of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door.
eave:屋檐
三、“板块”或结构与“多枝共干”结构
由于汉语的“意合”特点，有些汉语句子的内部成分常常一一罗列，呈现并排式结构，外形
上没主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑标记。有人形象地把这种句子称为“板块”式结构，
也有人称为“竹节”式结构。
这与上下文讨论过的“话题-说明”结构和“主语-谓”结构不无关系。与汉语
相比，英语句
子的“主谓结构”为句子主干，其他成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条
主干上，犹如
树枝与树干的关系。人们把英语句子的这种结构称作“多枝共干”型。
从下面的译例中可以发现，原文用逗号分隔的小句表面上呈并列关系，到了英
文里都变成了
主从关系或偏正关系:
1、话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。
They say the momentum of history was ever thus: the empire, long divided, must unite; long
united, must divide.
momentum: the force that makes a moving object keep moving 2、他们进
行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。
They must stop all their provocations at once, which create tensions.
provocation: an action or event that makes someone angry or upset,
or is intended to do this
练习:
下面的句子在翻译时需要在英文句中增加表示逻辑关系的词语，使原文隐含的
语义关系显现
出来。试译:
1、跑得了和尚跑不了庙。
The monk may run away, but the temple won's run with him. 2、你死了
我去当和尚。
If you died, I would go and become a monk.
3、他不去我去。
I would like to go if he wouldn't go.
4、他不去我也去。
I'd go there even if he wouldn't go with me.
5、他不去我才去。
I'd go there only if he won't.
6、知人知面不知心。
A man's face one can know, but not his heart. 7、人穷志短。
When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching. Poverty stifles ambition.
stifle: to stop something from happening or developing 8、人穷志不短。
Though one is poor, he has high aspirations.
aspiration: a strong desire to have or achieve something One maybe poor, but with lofty ideas.
lofty: lofty ideas, beliefs, attitudes etc show high standards or high moral qualities - use this to
show approval
9、人有脸，树有皮。
The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.
10、人不犯我，我不犯人。
We will not attack unless we are attacked. 四、“左分支”结构与“右分支”结构
汉语句子的语序一般以思维的顺序自然展开，而中国人的思维模式基本上是首先考虑事物的环境和外围因素，然后考虑具体事物或中心事件。西方人的思维模式正相反，首先考虑中心事物，然后才加上外围因素。
这种中西思维方式的差异，表现到句子结构上，就是汉语中的状语总放在谓语或句子主体前边，定语无论长短，都置于中心词之前，形成“左分支”结构。这种结构特点往往使得汉语的状语部分长，主谓部分短;主语部分长，谓语部分短;修饰成分长，中心成分短。整体上显得头大尾小，有人将其比作“狮子头”形状。
如:村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。
There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village, and also came the villagers
who had been deceived by the scoundrel. dwell: to live in a particular place scoundrel: a bad or dishonest man, especially someone who cheats or deceives other people
英语句式正相反。英语的定语成分除单词外，多数都置于中心词之后。多数英语状语的正常位置也是置于主干成分之后，由此形成了英语的右分支结构。另外，英语重视末端重量，凡较长的词语或累赘的成分均需后移，有时甚至须使用假主语来避免句子头重脚轻。这样，英文句子多为前短后长，有人将其形容为开屏的孔雀，头小尾大。
例如:去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。
He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.
练习:希望大家都参与进来，我们一起讨论。
1、我认为资金的问题是我们目前最大的困难。(用插入语)
2、朱彦夫虽然肢体残疾，但意志坚强，所以做出了常人都难以做到的事情。(用关系从句)
3、地球的周围是一层厚度莫测的空气。(用倒装句)
4、她虽然年纪大了，可腿脚灵便、耳聪目明。(用简单句)
5、他在报上说这场罢工不好。(用被动式)
6、孩子大哭起来，伤倒是没伤着，只是吓的。(not so much)
7、若不是我抓住她，她就跌倒了。(but not)
8、小孩子的鞋子很快就穿不进去了。(outgrow)
9、现在可以明了这种系统为什么称为“相位控制”(phase con trol)。(用形式主语it) 10、年轻人顶着风，冒着雨，出去骑马。(用一个动词) 第三节汉英语体风格对比
第四节汉英节奏特点以及对语言的影响
汉语是声调语言(tone language)，英语是重音语言(stress language)，两种语言各有自己的节奏特点。
一、音节扩充
汉语为了顺应句子节奏的需要，有时需将单音词扩充为双音词，或把双音节词扩充为四音节词。所以为此目的而增加的字词与其说是语义成分，不如说明结构成分。所以为此目的而增加的字词与其说是语义成分，不好说是结构成分。英语的构词与音节搭配与汉语完全不同，所以在同类情况下不需要添加这样的结构成分。
1、他于是蹲下便拔，而门口突然伸出一个很圆的头来。(《阿Q正传》阿,仿佛文童落第似的觉得很冤屈，他慢慢走近园门去，忽而非常惊喜了，这分明是一畦老萝卜。他于是蹲下便拔，而门口突然伸出一个很圆的头来，又即缩回去了，这分明是小尼姑。小尼姑之流是阿
,本来视若草芥的，但世事须“退一步想”，所以他便赶紧拔起四个萝卜，拧下青叶，兜在
大襟里。然而老尼姑已经出来了。)
He knelt down and began pulling, when suddenly a round head appeared from behind the gate. 翻译时，要真正理解这类词语，不要逐字死译。汉语双音及多音节词中，有些字是义素，用
来表意，有些字是形素，可能只用来补充音节。
2、没有父母兄弟，没有本家亲戚，他的唯一的朋友是这座古城。(《骆驼祥子》)
He had no parents or brothers, no relatives at all; the only friends he had was this ancient city. 3、这是增强保健，避毒免灾的。(叶对陶《倪焕之》)
They will make him strong and healthy and keep him out of harm's way.
二、汉语为了追求音节的平衡和句法的完整性，往往需要重复，而英语没有平衡音节的顾
虑，以简洁为宗旨，尽量避免词语的重复。
1、他的工作是洗桌子和漆桌子。
He was to wash [ ] and paint tables.
2、我劝你应像躲避瘟疫那样躲避这种歌谣。
My advice is that you should try to avoid such rhymes as you would [ ] a pestilence. rhyme: a short poem or song, especially for children, using words that rhyme pestilence: a disease that spreads quickly and
kills a lot of people 3、好办法，美国人出钱出枪，蒋介石出人......
What a splendid idea! The United States supplies the money and [ ] guns and Chiang Kai-shek [ ] the men.
4、但是她都能忍受，......没有屈服，没有讨饶，没有流泪，(《新凤霞回忆录》)
But she bore all this with fortitude, never submitting, [ ] pleading for mercy or weeping... fortitude: courage shown when you are in great pain or experiencing a lot of trouble submit:to agree to obey a person, group, set of rules, especially when you have no choice plead:to ask for something that you want very much, in a sincere and emotional way 练习:
一、翻译下列词语，注意由于音节关系而增加或减少的词语的译法
1、老虎 a tiger
2、老头 an old man
3、老兵 an army veteran
veteran: someone who has been a soldier, sailor etc in a war
4、老板 boss (根据其他答案，这儿是不是应该加a?)
5、科技 science and technology
6、劳模 a model worker
7、军属 a solider's dependants(为什么要用dependant呢，想不通，谁能
解释一下,)
dependant: someone, especially a child, who depends on you for food, clothes, money etc 8、人大 National People's Congress
9、扫盲 to eliminate illiteracy
10、高校 institutions of higher learning
11、文革 the Cultural Revolution in China (1966-1976)
12、丰功伟绩 signal contributions
13、雄心壮志 lofty aspirations
14、真凭实据 hard evidence
15、奇形怪状 grotesque in shape
grotesque: extremely ugly in a strange or unnatural way
二、翻译下面的段落
太阳醒过来了，披上红妆，在东山之巅冉冉升起。她容光焕发，笑容可掬，向人们问候晨安。
快活的百灵一向早起，在枝条间婆娑起舞，向太阳娇啼婉啭，唱着颂歌。向
日葵戴着亮闪
闪的露珠点缀的花冠，争先恐后地迎着朝阳盛开。一群群多情的蜜蜂，哼着轻快的恋歌，飞
入绿丛之中与可心的花儿喁喁私语。接着便是缕缕炊烟，缭绕空际，人欢马叫，汽笛长鸣，
酣睡了一夜的大地苏醒了。
The sun wakes, throws on (means:to put on a piece of clothing
quickly and carelessly,用在这里合
适吗,) red dress and gently on the crest of the eastern mountain, radiating with glory, beaming with smiles and greeting "Good morning" to people. The merry larks, habitual early risers, dance from twigs to twigs, warbling out ode to the sun. Heliotropes, putting on coronas decorated with twinkling dewdrops, vie to burst in all their glory toward the first gleams. Swarms of sentimental bees, humming out gay madrigals, fly into the green clusters to bill and coo with the blossoms after their heart. Immediately ensue the puffing off of chimney smoke in the air, the blending of laughter with neigh, and the wailing out of
1、我不曾想到，随着时间的流逝，我果真以身为社工而自豪（count on ；take pride in ) What I didn ' t count on was that over time I would sincerely take pride in being a social worker. 2、奶奶迅速瞥了一眼墙上的时钟，发出一声惊呼：天哪，我们要赶不上火车了 ( Shoot a look at ；let out) Shooting a quick look at the clock on the wall, Grandma let out a cry, “ Oh, My dear /My goodness/My gracious, we're going to miss the train! ” 3、我总在幼儿园门口看到一些孩子抓住父母不让走。请问：在这种情形下，年轻的父母们是否得对孩子严厉些，赶紧离开？(stern;hold on to sb) At the kindergarten entrance, I always see some kids/children holding firmly on to their parents. Should young parents be sterner towards their kids/children and leave immediately under these circumstances? 4、昏暗的路灯下站着一个哭泣的小女孩( dim;weep ) In the dim street light stood a weeping little girl/ a girl weeping. 5、富人捐赠时要尽量考虑周全，不要让受赠者陷入难堪的境地(considerate;embarrassing) When making donations, rich people should be as considerate as possible in order not to put the recipient in an embarrassing situation. 6、从上个月起，我的工作就是围绕日常办公事务转，所以现在每天掰着手指算什么时候才到国庆节：我和朋友要去乡下远足呢！(revolve;count the days ) Since last month, my work has been revolving around the routine office duties, so now I am counting the days until the National Day comes, when my friends and I are going hiking in the countryside. 7、无论是友情还是爱情，你都不可能期待自己付出最少而得到最多(maximum ;minimum.) In either friendship or love / In both friendship and love, you should never expect to take / receive the maximum while you give the minimum. 8、我把全部希望寄托在他的承诺上，结果却发现他根本不是个真诚的人(build on;sincerity) I built all my hopes on his promise(s), only to find that he was not a man of sincerity at all. 9、我们带母亲去了所有我们能找到的最好的医院，但一切努力都是徒劳的，母亲还是没能熬过那次疾病(in vain) We took Mother to all the best hospitals we could find, but all our efforts were in vain; she failed to survive the disease. 10、情人节是个一年一度在 2 月14 日庆祝的节日，一个向心仪的对象表达爱意的好日子(affection) Valentine 's Day is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14, a perfect dayto express love to the object of your / one's affection. 11、在信息时代，通过电子邮件方式跟远方的朋友交流几乎可以是同步的(era;via) In the information era, communications with far-away friends via e-mail can be almost / virtually simultaneous. 12、爱情需要培养，我们梦想拥有的“永恒的爱情”只有在双方学会欣赏对方、包容对方之后才可能缔造(nurture;forge) Love needs to be nurtured, and the “ eternal / everlasting love” that we all dream to have is not forged until we learn to appreciate and tolerate the other. 13、以共同兴趣为基础的友谊是不容易破裂的(ground;break up) The friendship based on the sane interest doesn't break up easily 14、孩子们必须学会将电脑游戏中的暴力与勇敢区分开来(distinguish between) Children must learn to distinguish the 15、当今世界每天涌现如此多新鲜事物，要求一个人什么都知晓是不合情理的(sensible)
综合教程（第一册）汉译英参考答案 Unit 1 1.他对这次面试中可能提到的问题做好了准备。（confront） He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声来。（touch） His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。（hand in hand） The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing. 4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。（well up） When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。（in common）People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在三年内买一幢新房子。（look into） Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相 帮助。（part） Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon）At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨日抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天 的友好访问。（head） Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country. 2.看看这些讽刺社会弊端的漫画实在好笑。（awfully funny） It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills. 3.计算机是最有用的教学工具之一，所有的功课以及所有的问题和答案都可在 屏幕上显示出来。（show on a screen） Computers are one of the most useful teaching aids, for all your lessons as well as all
新概念英语第2册课文 1 A private conversation私人谈话 Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily. 'It's none of your business,' the young man said rudely. 'This is a private conversation!' 上星期我去看戏。我的座位很好。发挥是很有趣的。我不喜欢它。一青年男子与一年轻女子坐在我的身后。他们在大声地说话。我很生气。我听不见演员。我转过身。我看着那个男人和女人生气。他们没有注意。最后，我忍不住了。我又一次转过身去。”我不能听到一个字！”我愤怒地说。”这不关你的事，”那男的毫不客气地说。”这是私人间的谈话！” 2 Breakfast or lunch?早餐还是午餐？ It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. 'What a day!' I thought. 'It's raining again.' Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy. 'I've just arrived by train,' she said. 'I'm coming to see you.' 'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said. 'What are you doing?' she asked. 'I'm having breakfast,' I repeated. 'Dear me,' she said. 'Do you always get up so late? It's one o'clock!' 它是星期日。在星期天我是从来不早起。有时我要一直躺到吃午饭的时候。上周日我起床很晚。我看着窗外。它是黑暗的外面。”多好的一天！”我的思想。”又下雨了。”正在这时，电话铃响了。是我姑母露西打来的。”我刚下火车，”她说。”我来看你。”“但我还在吃早饭，”我说。”你干什么呢。她问。”我正在吃早饭，”我又说了一遍。”我亲爱的，”她说。”你总是起得这么晚吗？现在已经一点了！”
综合英语教程2课后翻译答案汇总 Book Two Unit 1 Someone Waiting 1. I don’t like to see people off at the railway station. 2. The company is giving a farewell party for you on Monday evening. A car will come to your hotel to pick you up at half past seven. 3. She was so excited that she couldn’t help giving me a warm embrace. 4. I never quite succeed in overcoming the sense of being out of place. 5. She glanced round the room to see who was there. 6. His big shoes look like small boats. 7. You should fold the eggs into flour instead of doing it in the opposite way. Unit 2 Football 1. He thinks that the marriage between them is no more than a business deal. 2. He used up all the money he had. 3. The young man saved your daughter from drowning. 4. She had absolutely nowhere to go, so she read some old books at
单元1 （1）这个婴儿还不会爬，更不要说走了。 The baby can’t even crawl yet, let alone walk. （2）威尔声称谋杀案发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭，但是我认为他在说谎。 Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. （3）一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关；有了阅读技巧，你就可以更好的应对课外阅读 To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills; and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better. （4）根据规则他俩都可以参加比赛。 According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game. （5）有些人想当然的认为日语中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。 Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word. （6）我们已经讲所有的相关信息告知了警方。 We have passed all the relevant information on to the police. （7）关于那件事你问我再多的问题也没有用，因为我是不会回答你的。 There/ It is no use ask ing me any more questions about that matter because I won’t answer. （8）事先没有仔细阅读合同就签了名的吉姆的错误。 It was a mistake on Jim’s part to sign the contract without reading it carefully （9）他们拒绝向我们提供所需要的全部信息。 They refused to provide us with all the information we need （10）这起事故与三年前发生的一起事故极为相似。 This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago. （11）这部电影是根据莎士比亚的戏剧改编的。 The film is based on a play by/ of Shakespeare. （12）如果你的英语和电脑技能都掌握得好，那么你在谋职是就一定比别人根有优势。 If you have a good command/ mastery of English and computer skills, you will surely have an advantage over others in finding a job/ in job-hunting. 单元2 （1）很多老师不赞成这种做法。 Many teachers frowned on this practice. （2）当我想从草地上穿过去的时候，有位老人在旁边怒视着我。 An old man glared at me when I was trying to cut across the lawn （3）当我提到我的父亲时，她的脸上露出了认出我的笑容。 When I mentioned my father, she showed a smile of recognition on her face （4）我的大孩子比较听话，而小的那个非常倔。我现在还常想起小的孩子在中学毕业后是如何执意要出国读书的。 My firstborn was quite obedient, whereas my younger child was very stubborn. I can still recall now how the younger child insisted on going abroad to study after he finished his secondary school. （5）当海啸袭来时，许多东南亚国家遭受了巨大的损失。 Countries in South East Asia sustained great losses when the tsunami struck the area.
汉译英教程 第十三章词类的转换 汉英两种语言，用词方式各不相同，同一意思在不同的语言中有可能使用不同类别的词表达。如汉语中可用形容词作谓语，而英语必须用动词；汉语单句中可有几个动词。而英语单句中谓语动词通常只有一个，其它汉语用动词的地方，英语中只有变换方式。因此，汉英翻译时不可能总是保持原文词类的原貌，而须根据英语的甩词习惯选择词类。现将常见词类转换现 象介绍如下: 第一节汉语动词的转换 一、转换成英语名词 1．汉语中做主语、宾语的动词英译时可译作名词，这时的名词一般都表动作意义或是动词 转化来的名词。如： a)我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门实行工业化。 We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy b)采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。 The adoption of this new device will greatly reduce the percentage ot defective products． c)一切爱好和平的人们都要求禁止原子武器。 All peace loving people demand the prohibition of atomic weapons 2．汉语的一些动宾短语，英译时可采用"名词+of”引导的短语的结构。如： a)他一生的真正使命是想办法为推翻资本社会而作出贡献。 His real mission in life was to contribute，in one way or another，to the overthrown of capitalist society. b)看到这张照片，我想起了我的童年。 The sight of the photo brought me back to my childhood． 3 根据英语句式的要求转译为名词 a)在城市和乡村，托儿所和幼儿园都在大量扩展。 There has been a tremendous expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in both town and villages． b)骄傲自满最终毁了他。 Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his ruin． c)一切旨在保证国际机构特别是联合国机构进行工作的便利条件必须恢复。 There must be restoration of all the necessary facilities for the functioning of international organs，particularly the United Nations
1. 许多人都不赞成血腥的运动。 2. 他犯了谋杀罪，被判了死刑。 3. 你是否曾经想到过那对双胞胎在很多方面都不同。 4. 我向我的律师请教了那件事情，我应该按他的指示行事。 5. 不让他和别人吵架是不可能的。 6. 对他的治疗有效，它很快就会痊愈的。 7. 尽管他已经35岁了，他还是和母亲住一起，依靠他的母亲。 8. 我试着劝他，但是他对我很无礼。 9. 很感激你对我这样耐心。10. 他干得不错，但是你还是不能依赖他。11. 我这在考虑换个工作。12. 如果你干涉别人的事情，你会后悔的。13. 你相信那些废话吗？14. 很明显的是如果你一直骚扰他，他会和你发脾气的。15. 你对他的要求太过分了，你还不能胜任那份工作。16. 不要盲目自信。17. 他已经做好了各种应急准备。18. 我不敢向他提及那件事情。19. 别因为这件事责备他，我会对所发生的事情负责。20. 你喜欢学习，你应该多鼓励他。21. 你应该留意和那些对你的成功特别感兴趣的人。22. 我请求他给予帮助。23. 我很后悔求他，对于他的拒绝，没我感到很震惊。24. 你对戏剧感兴趣吗? 25. 你一时到你面前的困难了吗? 26. 他已经有权领取退休金，但是他还想过退休。27. 谁来对损坏进行赔付？28. 这辆车不如我去年买的那辆。29. 恐怕我还不能对你的工作进行评价。30. 她对自己的工作能力引以为傲，但是她不会抚养孩子。31. 我们已习惯了恶劣的天气。32. 当你还不了解基本情况的时候，你怎么能同意这样的主意呢？33. 他向我坦白说他已经信别的宗教了。34. 她想向我借唱片，但是她还不好意思。35. 如果你的尝试失败了，别指望我会帮助你。 1. of 2. of …to 3. to…from 4. on…on 5. from…with 6. to…of 7. with…on 8. with…to 9. to…with 10. at…on 11. of…for 12. in/with 13. in 1 4. to…in…with 15. of…to 16. of 17. for 18. of…to 19. for…for 20. on …in 21. of…about 22. to 23. for/about…at/by 24. in 25. of…of 26. to…of 27. for 28. to 29. on 30. on…of 31. to 32. to/with … of 33. to…to 34. from…of
Beauty 论美 —苏珊·桑塔格 For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons t hen were assumed to be what we now have to call whole person. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person’s “inside” and “outside”, they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates (苏格拉底) found it quite paradoxical （自相矛盾的）that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive ---- and so ugly. One of Socrates’ main pedagogical （教导的）acts was to be ugly ---- and teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was. 在古希腊人看来，美是一种德性：一种优秀品质。那个时代的人大概就是我 们如今不得不称之为完人的人，尽管称之为完人仍让我们觉得有些辞不达意，还 带着些许嫉妒。要是古希腊人确实想到过要把一个人的“内在”与“外在”区分 开来，那么他们还是认为内在美应该与外在美相匹配。那些聚集在苏格拉底周围 的雅典富家子弟就发现，实在自相矛盾的是，他们心目中这位英雄如此聪颖、如 此勇敢、如此正直可敬的、如此富有魅力—又是如此丑陋。自身的长相丑陋也是 苏格拉底的现身说法之一：他要教导这些相貌出众却不谙世事的弟子们，生活确 实充满了矛盾。 他们也许充耳不闻苏格拉底的教训。我们则不然。几千年之后，我们更是小 心翼翼地看待美的魅力。我们不仅轻易地把“内在”和“外在”割裂开来，而且 发现一个人既相貌美丽，又德才兼备时，我们会觉得难以置信。 主要是由于基督教的影响，美才被剥夺了它在关于人的优秀品质的古典理想 中的中心位置。基督教把优秀的概念限制于道德上的美德，这样便把美束之高阁—视之为一种异化的、无常的、浅薄的魅力。于是美之声誉不断下降。将近两个 世纪中，人们已经约定俗成把美归之于两性中的一个性别：无论多么美丽，这个 性别总是第二性。把美和妇女相联系，结果使得美在道德上更容易受到批判和攻 击。 我们英语中常说，一个美丽的女子。但是却说一个英俊的男人。“英俊”是“美丽”的阳性等义词，也意味着拒绝“美丽”这个恭维字眼，因为这个字眼已 经由于专用于女子而带上了贬义色彩。在法语和意大利语中，可以说一个男人“美丽”，这表明天主教国家仍然保留着异教徒对美的崇拜的绪余，而不同于演化为 新教的基督教影响下的那些国家。不过要说存在区别的话，那也只是程度问题。 在每个现代国家里，不论是基督教国家还是基督教衰落后的国家，妇女都是美的 性别—这对妇女以及美这个概念都为害不浅。 人们认为，被称为美丽是点明女性性格上和关注问题方面本质的东西。（这
1. 她是个好学生，但她很害羞，又缺乏自信。She is a good student, but she is shy and lacks confidence. 2. 他承认自己设定的目标不够现实，因此考试成绩也不够理想。He confessed that he had not set realistic targets / goals, so he did not do as well in the exams as he had expected. 3. 如何组织时间，如何结交新朋友是大学新生面临的挑战。(challenge; faced with)How to organize time and how to make friends are challenges that freshmen are faced with. 4.直到大学毕业我才认识到，学习并不是大学生活的全部，大学生活本可以更加丰富多彩。It wasn’t until graduation that I realized college life was not all about studying. It could have been more colorful. 5.大学是人生中最美好的时光。好好享受大学生活，因为这样的时光不会再来。College years are the best years of a person’s life. Enjoy your college life because these moments will never come again. 1. 令很多家长感到困惑的是，为什么孩子们对洋快餐那么感兴趣。What puzzles many parents is why their kids are so crazy about foreign fast food. 2. 到中国之前，你应该对中国的饮食文化有所了解。Y ou should have learnt something about Chinese food culture before you came to China .3. 尽管食品安全问题引起了广泛关注，食品安全仍然面临严峻的问题。Despite all the attention that has been paid to food safety, it still faces serious problems. 4. 除了欣赏美景外，品尝当地的小吃也是一大美事。Apart from appreciating the beautiful scenery, tasting some local food is also a great pleasure. 5. 肯德基、麦当劳等洋快餐的出现对中国的传统饮食产生了不小的影响。The appearance of foreign fast food such as KFC and McDonald’s has had quite an influence on traditional Chinese food. 1 人们往往凭第一印象去判断一个人，虽然有时第一印象并不可靠。People tend to judge a person by first impressions, though sometimes the first impression is not really reliable. 2 他非常感谢那些在他困难时期给过他帮助和支持的人。 He is very grateful to those who offered help and support when he was in trouble. 3 总的来说，中国人比较含蓄，一般不怎么愿意和陌生人交谈。Generally speaking, Chinese people are more reserved; they are less inclined to talk to strangers. 4 正是他乐于助人的品德使他赢得了人们的尊重. It is his virtue of being ready to help others that earns him people’s respect. 5 他们之间建立了良好的关系，这给双方都带来了很多好处。They established a good relationship, from which both of them benefited a lot. 1 虽然父母有教育子女的义务，但很多父母不知道如何扮演好这一角色。Despite the fact that parents have the responsibility to educate their children, many of them have no idea how to play the role well. 2 他主张父母应该成为孩子的朋友，并在言行上保持一致。He advocates that parents should be friends to their kids, and be consistent in what they say and do. 3 父母往往能认识到知识教育的重要性，却忽视了对孩子的情感教育。Parents are generally conscious of the importance of academic education while neglecting emotional education. 4 父母在子女教育方面所起的积极作用是显而易见的。The positive influence that parents may have on their children’s education is obvious and self-evident. 5 对孩子取得的任何进步都要给予肯定，不管是多么小的进步。Be positive about any progress your child is ma king, no matter how small it is. 1 到达山顶后，游客们被眼前的美景惊呆了。Upon reaching the top of the mountain, the tourists were overwhelmed by the beauty of what they saw. 2 他强烈推荐游览华山, 因为与以前爬过的山相比，华山更具有挑战性。He highly recommended visiting Huashan Mountain, because in comparison with the mountains we climbed before, Huashan Mountain is more challenging. 3 国庆期间我们去了黄山，发现黄山的美无法用文字形容。During the National Day holidays we went to Huangshan Mountain, the beauty of which we found is beyond words. 4 对我而言，旅游是有效的放松方式。我去过很多地方，确实觉得旅游带来的益处非常大。For me, travelling is an effective way to relax. I have travelled to many places and really feel that the benefits have been huge. 5 这次故乡之行让我想起了我小时候在那里度过的快乐时光。The trip back to my home town reminded me of the happy days I spent there when I was a child. 1 我们消耗的能量越多，造成的污染也可能越多。The more energy we consume, the more pollution we are likely to produce. 2 事实证明宣传活动是成功的，它把人们的注意力吸引到环境保护上来。The publicity campaign turned out to be quite successful in drawing people’s attention to environmental protection. 3 事实是，不可再生资源正日益枯竭；如何满足未来的能源需求是科学家高度关心的问题。The fact is that we are running out of non-renewable resources. How to meet our energy needs in the future is a major concern for scientists. 4 按照目前的能源消耗速度，能源短缺是不可避免的。At the present pace we consume energy, an energy shortage is inevitable. 5 离开家前，要记得关掉电视和电脑等电器。Always remember to switch off electrical equipment like TVs and computers before you leave the house.
Unit1 1. She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates. 2. I’d been out of touch with Mary for year, but I managed to reach her by phone yesterday. 3. The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone who visits him. 4. He husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad. 5. As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were very worried. 6. I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets. 7. Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the business circle. 8. I hope the food is to your liking. 9. I told the boys off for making so much noise. Unit2 1. He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately. 2. They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the opposite direction. 3. He walked unsteadily / stumbled along in the dark, groping for the light-switch. 4. After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to his feet again. 5. Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled on schedule. 6. During the period of depression, the company was running into financial difficulties. 7. When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers made room for her. 8. He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from slipping. Unit3 1. Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor. 2. She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar. 3. I know how desperately busy you are now. 4. The whole class roared with laughter at Tom’s slip of the tongue. 5. Such things as needles and scissors should be kept out of the reach of children. 6. The soldiers stood under the burning scorching sun, drenched with sweat. 7. He returned to his own country / motherland in the end. Unit4 1. Obviously I overestimated my sense of direction. Net time, I will remember to bring along a map with me. 2. The mother is not thoroughly disillusioned with her selfish unfilial son. 3. She has no knack for saying the right thing at the right time. 4. He and football were meant for each other from the start. 5. My boss assigned me the secretarial work for the first month. 6. If a driver breaks traffic rules, are there any alternatives to a fire? 7. Being a clumsy person, he often subjects himself to ridicule. Unit5 1. Did James have supper with you on the night in question? 2. The coach was satisfied with the ultimate victory of the match. 3. To remove the linguistic barriers in communication among the people of the world, linguists have embarked on the study of a new universal language. 4. The emergence of joint-venture enterprises has increased our opportunities to have contact with foreigners. 5. Mother asked him to gather up the bits and pieces of his belongings from the desk and put them