中文4480字
Managemengt Information Systems
By a management information system,we propose the follow alternate definition: an integrated uer/machine system (usually computerized) for providing information to support decision making in an enterprise.
The key elements of this definition are
—An integrated uer/machine system
—For proving information
—To support decision making
—In an enterprise
A management information system utilizes
—Computer hardware and software
—Manual procedures
—Models for analysis
—A database
Just as there is a logical flow of materials in the creation of a product, there is logical flow of information in a management information system.In manufacturing,raw materials move through a process that transforms the raw materials into usable products. In a similar fashion, in an information system,data are supplied to a system(input), the data are manipulated(processed),and they are transformed into information(output).In its simplest form ,a management information systemed may be depicted by an input-process-output(IPO) model (Fig.10.1). An understanding of this model is worthwhile becaue it can be used to represent all MISs.Note in that figure that the MIS, through its processing technology (of collecting, coding,storing,processing,decoding,and reporting), transforms the data
coming into an enterprise into usable information. Fig.10.1 An Input-Process-Output Medel of a Management Information System
We may further enhance our understanding of management information
systems by discussing their general function and major elements. These systems exist in most enterprises, whether public or private, primarily to assist management in improving revenues, reducing costs and managing assets. Therefore, improving the performance of an enterprise is the ultimate objective of management infoemation systems- not the storage of data, the generation of reports,or even ”getting the right information to the right person at the right time.” And MIS can best improve an enterprise ’s performance by helping to improve the quality of managerial decisions. Transaction processing (TP), reporting systems(RS), and decision-support systems(DSS) are the major elements of a management infortion system.The primary role of TP in an enterprise is the collection, storage,and processing of data in such a way that transactions within an enterprise are described and thus the procedural actions of the enterprise supported .More specifically, a TP system may be viewed as a computer-based means of capturing transaction so that may be recreated. The out of a transaction-processing system includes stored transaction images, documents needed by an enterprise to fulfill its mainstream purposes(invoices,production orders,shipping orders,purchase orders, mailing lists, pay checks, work orders,and so forth), and listings of transaction that have occurred over a period of time (for confirmation or references).
Reporting systems(RS) and decision-support systems (DSS) often are Inputs Transforation Process Outputs Information ProcessingTechnology
Data
confused with each other and thus misunderstood. Yet, each has a clear orientation. And distinctions may be drawn in terms of their areas of impact on the payoff to an enterprise and their relevance to a manager. So an RS provides standardized reports based on well-known policies, procedures, and rules. And a DSS provides information to help management with new , unstructured decision making.
A pyramid may be used to illustrate the dimensions of an information system(Fig.10.2).The vertical dimension represents the levels of management (first-line, middle, and top management) , and the horizontal dimension represents the main functional areas of a business firm (for example, marketing, production, and finace).The depth dimension indicates the major management information systems that provide support for managerial activities: the structured and required reporting systems(RS) and decisionmaking system(DSS) . These dimensions rest on a base of transactions processing(TP).
Managerial
Lexels
DSS
Finance Production Marketing MIS
Transaction Pocessing
Fig.10.2 The Dimension of a Management Information System As the figure illustrates, RS and DSS (drawing on the TP system ) are utilized at all managerial levels and acress all function areas . There, it is te management information system(of TP ,RS ,and DSS ) that integrates
both the level of management and functional areas .To further demonstrate how the subsystems fit together, the definition of MIS is recreated in the following table , with the components of MIS related to the defintional frame work.
Table10.1 Definition of Management Information System (MIS)
MIS Subsystems
A management information system is
.An integrated user/machine system .Computer, models
.For providing information .System output
.To support decision making .MIS.DSS.OR/MS
. In an enterprise .Frameworkforthe information
The system utilizes
.Computer hardware and software .Computer system
.Manual procedures .Books,manuals,people
.Models for analysis .Operations research
.A database .Computer ,people Developing a compensation plan to pay executive, managerial, and professional employees is similar in many respects to developing a play for and employees. The basic aims of the plan are the same in that the goal is to attract good employees and maintain their commitment. Furthermore, the basic methods of job evaluation , classifying jobs, ranking them , or assigning points to them ,for instance, are about as applicable to managerial and professional jobs as to production and clerical ones.
1)Yet for managerial and professional jobs , job evaluation provides only a partial answer to the question of how to pay these employees, Such
jobs tend to emphasize nonquantifiable factor like judgment and problem solving more than do production and clerical jobs . There is also a tendency to pay manager and professionals based on abilitybased on their performance or on what they can do – rather than on the basis of static job demands like working conditions. Developing compensation plans for managers and professionals, therefore, tends to be relatively complex,2) and evaluation, while still important, usually plays a secondary issues, like bonuses, incentives, and benefits.
Compensation Managers There are five elements in a manager’s compensation package: salary, benefits, short-term incentive, long-term incentives, and perquisites.
The amount of salary managers are paid usually depends on the value of the person’s work to organization and how well the person is discharging his or her responsibilities.3)AS with other jobs , the value of the person’s work is usually determined through job analysis and salary surveys and salary surveys and the resulting fine tuning of salary levels.
Salary is the cornerstone of executive compensation : It is on this element that the others are layered, with benefits, incentives , and perquisites normally awarded in some proportion to the manager’s base pay .
4) There is considerable disagreement regarding what determines executive pay and, therefore , whether top executives are worth what are paid . At the lower-management levels(like first-line supervisor),there is no debate ; supervisors’pay grades are usually set so that their median salaries are 10% to 25% above those of the highest-paid workers supervised. And many employers even pay supervisors for scheduled overtime, although the Fair Labor Standards Act does not require them to
do so.
It is at the top-management levels that questions regarding pay abound . The traditional wisdom is that a top manager’s salary is closely tied to the size of the firm . Yet two experts who tested this idea for the 148 highest-paid executives in the United States concluded that the level of executive responsibility (as measured by total assets, total sales,total number of shares in the company, total value of the shares, and total corporate profits) is not an important variable in determing executive compensation . Instead , say these experts , an executive’s pay is mostly determined by the industry in which he or she works, and the corporate power structure ,since executives who also serve on their firms’ boards of directors can heavily influence how they get paid.
Yet there is conflicting evidence. In one study , for instance , the researcher found that a statistical analysis of the total cash compensation of the chief executive officers of 129 companies showed that they were paid for both responsibility and performance. This researcher fond that four compensable factors-company size , profitability, number of employees, and experience-accounted for 83% of the differences in pay .Therefore, it appears that there are rational, acceptable , and abiding principles that govern the total cash compensation of top executives in manufacturing firms.
In any case, shareholder activism is combining with congressional reform and other changes to tighten up the restrictions on what firms pay their top executives . For example, the Securities and Exchange Commission voted in 1992 to approve final rules rules regarding executive compensation communications.The chief executive officer’s pay is always to be disclosed as well as other officers’pay if their
compensation( salary and bonus) exceeds $100,000.5 And for bankers,the Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1991 contains a prohibition on excessive compensation. One result is that boards of directors must act responsibly in reviewing and setting executive pay . That , says one expert, includes determining the key performance requirements of the executive’s job; assessing the appropriateness of the firm’s current compensation practices ; conducting a pay-for-performance survey; and testing shareholder acceptance of the board’s pay proposals.
The general trend today is to reduce the acceptance of base salary and boost the importance of short-and long-term executive incentives. The main issue here is identifying the appropriate performance measures for each type of incentive and then determining how to link these to pay . Typical short-term measures of shareholder value include revenue growth and operating profit margin. Long-term shareholder value measures include rate of return above some predetermined base.
Compensating professional employees Compensating nonsupervisory professional employees like engineers and scientists presents unique problems. 6) Analytical jobs put a heavy premium on creativity and problem solving, compensable factors not easily compared or measured. Furthermore, the professional’s economic impact on the firm is often related only indirectly to the person’s actual efforts; for example,the success of an engineer’s invention depends on many factors, like how well it is produced and marketed.
The job evaluation methods we explained previously can be used for evaluating professional jobs. The compensable factors here tend to focus on problem solving , creativity, job scope, and technical knowledge and expertise. Both the point method and factor comparison methods have
been used , although the job classification method seems most popular . Here a series of grade descriptions are written, and each position is slotted into the grade having the most appropriate definition.
Yet，in praction, traditional methods of job evaluation are rarely used for professional jobs since “it is simply not possible to identify factors and degrees of factors which meaningfully differentiate among the values of professional work ”. “Knowledge and the skill of applying it ,” as one expert notes , “are extremely difficult to quantify and measure.”
As a result , most employers use a market-pricing approach in evaluating professional jobs . They price professional jobs in the marketplace to the best of their ability to establish the values for benchmark jobs . These benchmark jobs and the employer’s other professional jobs are then slotted into a salary structure. Specifically, each professional discipline ( like mechanical engineering or electrical engineering ) usually ends up having four to six grade levels , each of which requires a fairly broad salary range . This approach helps ensure that the emplpyer remains competitive when bidding for professionals whose attainments vary widely and whose potential employers are literally found worldwide.
Manager must assume certain roles in order to accomplish the different objectives for which they are responsible. In addition , all managers must possess specific managerial skills if they are to adequately perform the function .
Managerial Roles
Henry Mintzberg’s studies of executive behavior led him to conclude that managers are required to assume a variety of roles . A role is a set of expected behaviors for a specific position. 1) Mintzberg’s roles
can be grouped into three main categories: interpersonal , informational , and decisional . Mintzberg’s believed that all three roles are common to all levels of management. They provide an interesting perspective of the functions of management.
2) Interperesonal roles result form the fact that managers are called upon to interact with numerous groups and individuals. The three interpersonal roles are figurehead, leader , and liaison . The figurehead role refers to ceremonial duties such as throwing out the first pitch for company-sponsored Little League game . The leadership role refers to the manager’s work in motivating subordinates to meet the unit’s objectives. The liaison role comes form the manager’s responsibility to interact with various groups both within and outside the organization .
Informational roles exist because managers are important conduits of information in the organization . Managers spend a great deal of their time collecting and disseminating information. The three informational roles are information nerve center, disseminator, and spokesperson . The nerve center role means that the manager is the major information receiver within the work unit . The disseminating role refers to the task of informing subordinates of information that is implemented to them and necessary for their job performance.. 3) The spokesperson role is implemented when the manager communicates with parties outside the organization ; a speech at the local Lions Club would be an example.
Decisional roles refer to management’s decision-making process. The four managerial roles in this category are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator . A manager assumes an entrepreneurial role when he or she initiates projects to improve the department or work unit . When problems such as a missed delivery to a
key customer arise , the manager must adopt a disturbance handling role .
4) The decision on how to allocate the unit’s money , time, materials, and other resources is referred to as the manager’s resourc e allocator role. Finally , the negotiator role refers to situations where the manager must represent the unit’s interests with others , such as suppliers , customers, and government .
The Skill Needed for Effective Management：What skills do managers need to possess? 5) Noted management authority Rober L.Katz has suggested three specific skills that are required in all typed of managerial situations .Katz’s managerial skills relate to technical . interpersonal, and cobceptual factors in the manager’s job.
Technical skills refer to the ability to use various tools and methods to accomplish specific managerial aspects of a work task. A good illustration of the importance of technical skill is the factory supervisor who must be familiar with how machinery works in order to correct problems that may arise on the plant floor.
Interpersonal skills refer to the ability to lead , motivate , and communicate with people to accomplish certain objectives. Interpersonal skills are also important during interactions with supervisors and people outside the work unit such as vendors , customers,and the public. These skills are important at all levels in the organization. A current adaptation of this skill is the cultural awareness nec essary to function in today’s workplace, with its ethnically diversified labor force.
Copceptual skills refer to the ability understand and cording the full range of organizational objective and actives .This ability to analyze the entire organization is particularly important to top management. It is a necessary ingredient in the development of strategic plan for the
organization.
管理信息系统
我们对管理信息系统提出以下定义，即一种为企业决策提供信息的集成用户/计算机系统。
这一定义包括如下四个关键要素：用户/计算机集成系统，提供信息，帮助决策、在企业内部。
管理信息系统运用计算机硬件和软件、操作说明、分析模型和数据库。
正如产品的生产须有材料的逻辑流向一样，管理信息系统也有信息的逻辑流向。在制造业中，原料经历一个过程，转变成有用的产品。同理，在信息系统中，给系统提供数据（输入），对数据进行加工（处理），然后才能将它转化为信息（输出）。管理信息系统可最简单地描述为一个输入——处理——输出的三步模型（IPO ）参见图10.1）。由于该模型能用来说明所有管理信息系统，故理解它十分重要。请注意：在此图中，管理信息系统通过技术处理（收集、编码、存储、处理、解码和报告）将企业所获数据转化可用信息。
图10.1管理信息系统的输入——处理——输出模型
通过讨论其一般功能和主要要素，我们可进一步加强对管理信息系统的理解。这些信息管理系统存在与大多书公有或私有企业中，主要目的是协助管理层提高收益、降低成本和管理资产。所以，管理信输入 转换过程 输出 信息
技术处理
数据
息系统的最终目的是改善企业业绩，而不是数据储存、生成报告甚至是“在恰当时间给正确的人提供准确的信息”。 信息管理系统可通过帮助提高管理决策质量来最有效地改善企业业绩。
交易处理（TP ）、报告系统（RS ）和决策（DSS ）为管理信息系统的几个主要要素。对企业而言，交易处理的主要作用是收集、储存和加工数据，这样就能对企业内部的交易进行描述，从而对企业的程序性活动加以支持。具体说来，交易处理系统可视为以计算机为工具获取交易从而使交易活动得以继续进行的一个系统。交易处理系统的信息输出包括储存的交易描述、企业实现主要目的所需的文件（发票、生产通知单、邮寄单、支付薪金的支票、工作通知单等等）以及（用于核实或提供参考用的）一段时间内进行的交易清单。
报告系统和决策支持系统常被混淆，所以常导致误解。然而，它们其实各有明晰的方向。其区别表现在它们各自对企业收益的影响以及它们与经理的相关性。报告系统依据熟知的政策、程序和规则提出标准的报告，而决策支持系统却是为管理部门就新的、尚未成形的决策提供信息。
如图10.2所示，信息系统的各个层面也可用金字塔式的图形来说明.纵侧面体现的是管理的几个层面，包括基层、中层和高层；横侧面代表企业的几个主要功能区。如市场、生产和财务；其纵深层面指为管理活动提供支持的主要管理信息系统，即结构化的必要的报告系统和决策支持系统。而这些不同的面都建立在交易处理这个底座上。
交易处理
财务 生产 市场 MIS DSS
管 理
层
MIS ：管理信息系统 DSS ：决策支持系统
图10.2 管理信息系统层面图
如图所示，各个管理层和所有功能区都要用到（建立交易处理系统基础上的）报告系统和决策支持系统。所以正是由交易处理系统、报告系统及决策支持系统组成的这一管理信息系统将管理各层面和功能区整合在一起。为进一步演示这些子系统是怎样整合在一起的，下表重现了管理信息系统的定义。它清楚地表明了管理信息系统各组成部分与定义框架中各要素的关系。
表10.1 信息管理系统定义
子系统
管理信息系统是
.用户/计算机集成系统 .计算机，信息交流，模型，人.提供信息 .系统输出
.帮助决策 .管理信息系统，决策支持系统. 企业内部 .信息系统框架
系统使用
.计算机硬件和软件 .计算机系统
.操作说明 .书，手册，人
.分析模型 .运筹学
.数据库. 计算机，信息交流，人，模型
开发一项行政人员,管理人员和专业人员报酬方案在许多方面类似于开发任一其他类型雇员的报酬方案.两种报酬方案的基本目的相同,因为都是吸引优秀雇员并使他们保持对企业的奉献精神.此外,评价职位的基本方法如职位归类,排序或要素计点法,如同适用于生产性和文员性职位一样,也适用于管理职位和专业职位.
但对于管理职务和专业职务评价只是部分地回答了如何为这些雇员付酬.这些职务不同于生产性和文员性职务,它们更倾向于强调像判断问题,解决问题的能力这样的非量化因素.企业倾向于根据管理人员和专业技术人员的能力,即依据他们的绩效和能力而不是在诸如工作环境这样的静态的职务要求的基础上来确定起薪水.因此,为管理人员和专业人员制定报酬计划相对比较复杂,但职务评价仍很重要,它通常在决定非薪水报酬,如红利,奖金和福利等方面起辅助作用.
高级管理人员的报酬:在管理人员的报酬方案中有五个要素:薪金,福利,短期奖金,长期奖金和特别津贴.
付给管理人员的薪水通常根据个人工作对组织的价值和个人履行职责的表现来确定.与其他职位一样,个人工作的价值总是通过工作分析和薪水调查以及相应的薪金水平微调来确定.
薪水是管理人员报酬的基础:其他四个要素都是以它为基础的.福利,奖金及特别津贴一般都按管理人员的基本收入的一定比例来支付.
由于在高级管理人员报酬决定因素问题上人们争论不休,因此,在高级管理人员报酬是否高问题上也存在争论.对于等级较底的管理人（如一线主管）,则不存在这样的争论.基层主管平均薪水通常比其下属工人的最高工资搞出10%-25%.许多雇员甚至为基层主管的规定加班时间支付报酬,尽管公平劳动标准法并不要求他们这样做.
只要在高层管理人员中才存在报酬是否过高的问题.传统的观点是高层管理人的薪水水平与企业达到的规模紧密联系.但两位专家通
过研究关于美国148位报酬最高的管理人员的观点得出结论:”高层管理人员的职责高低(用总资产,总销售额,公司股份总数,股份总价值和公司利润总额来衡量)并不是决定高层管理人员报酬水平的重要因素.”相反,这些专家说,高层管理人员的工资主要由他们所工作的行业和公司的权利机构来决定的.因为作为企业懂事会成员的高级管理人员能在很大程度上影响他们的收入高低.
但相反的证据也存在.如在一研究中,调查人员发现, 对129家公司总裁现金收入总额的统计分析表明他们由于职责和绩效而得到报酬收入.这位调查人员发现四个影响报酬的因素---公司规模,盈效率,雇员数量和经验---解释了83%的工资差异.因此看来在制造企业中高级管理人员的现金收入总额是按理性的,可接受懂得和持久的原则来指定的.
在任何情况下,股东能动作用正与股东代表大会的改革及其他改革措施紧密结合,加强公司对高级管理人员付酬的限制.例如,1992年,证券和交易委员会表决赞成有关管理人员报酬公开的最终准则.如果主要管理人员的报酬(薪水和红利)超出100,000美元,他们和其他管理人员的收入就得公布于众.对于银行家,1991奶奶来年联邦存款保险法中禁止过高报酬.由此产生达到的懂得结果是懂事会审查和决定管理人员的报酬时必须负责.一位专家说,这包括确定对管理人员职务的关键绩效要求,评估企业目前的报酬适宜性,进行绩效报酬的调查以及检查股东是否接受懂事会提出的付酬建议.
如今普遍趋向于减底管理人员基本薪金的相对重要性及提高短期和长期奖金的重要性.这里存在的主要问题是为每一种类型达到的懂得奖金确定适应懂得绩效标准,然后绝地感如何将其与报酬挂钩.衡量股东价值的典型的短期标准包括收入增长及营业利润率,长期股东衡量标准包括超过某一预定的标准的投资收益率.
专业人员懂得报酬:对象工程师和科学家这样的非管理人员的付
酬有一些独特问题.各种分析性工作主要强调他们的创造能力和解决问题的能力,报酬因素不易于进行比较和测量.此外,专业人员对企业的经济影响通常来说与个人实际努力并无直接懂得联系.例如:工程师的发明成功与否取决于许多的因素,如产品的生产和销售.
我们在前面所解释的职务评价方法可以用于专业职务的评价.报酬决定因素倾向于解决问题的能力,创造性,职务范围,技术知识和专门的技术.尽管职务级别划分法好象使用得最广泛,但也用要素计分法和要素比较法.先要编好一系列的职务级别说明书,然后把各职务分别划入最合适其定义的职务级别.
然而,实际上,传统的职务评价方法很少用于专业职务,因为’她无论如何也不能够确定有针对性地区分专业工作价值达到的因素和因素等级.”一位专家解释说:”知识和应用知识的技巧是很难量化和测量的.”
结果,大多数雇主使用市场的定价法来评价专业职务.他们在市场中竭尽所能确定专业职位懂得报酬水平,由此建立基准职务的价值体系.然后,建立这些基准职务和雇主的其他专业职务的薪水结构.具体来说,每个专业领域(如机械工程或电气工程)通常只有4到6 个等级,每个等级要求有变化幅度较大的薪水系列.这种方法有助于确保雇主在吸引具有各种水平才能的专业人员时保持的竞争实力,尤其是在这些人才实际上在世界各地都能得到雇用的情况下。
为了达到各自负责的目标，管理者必须担当某些角色。此外，如果管理者要充分地履行其管理职能，他们就必须具备特定的管理技能。
管理的角：Henry Mintzberg对主管者行为的研究使他得出管理者必须担当种种角色几结论。接色是指某一特定职位上应进行的一组预期行为。Mintzberg所论述的角色可以分成三大类：人际关系接色、信息接色和决策角色。Mintzberg认为这三种角色在各级管理层都是
很常见的，它们为审视管理职能提供了一种有趣的视角。
人际关系角色是由于管理者必须与许多团体和个人互相联系这一事实而产生的。三种人际关系角色是挂名领导（名誉领导）、领导和联络人。挂名领导指仪式性的职责，例如为由本公司发起的少年棒球协会比赛投出第一个投球。领导角色只管理者为激励下属努力达到本公司目标而进行的工作。联络角色是由于领导者要与本组织内外的各种团体进行相互联系而产生的。
信息角色之所以存在是因为管理者是组织内部重要的信息渠道。管理这花费许多时间收集并传递信息。三大信息角色是信息神经中枢、传递者和发言人。神经中枢角色意味着在工作单位管理者是信息的主要接受者。信息传递角色指把对下级来说重要的、下级履行其职责所必须的信息传达给下级。管理者与组织以外的各方进行联系时就是实施发言人角色，在当地名人俱乐部发表演说就是其中一例。
决策角色是指管理层的决策过程。这一范畴内的四大管理角色是企业家
障碍排除者‘资源的配置者以及谈判者。当一个管理者为改进部门或工作单位而启动计划时，他就承担起了企业家的角色。当出现诸如给某主要客户的货物丢失之类的问题时，管理者必须充当障碍排除者角色。为如何分配单位的资金、时间、材料以及其他资源而作出决策被称作资源配置的责任。最后，谈判者角色是指管理者必须在与其他人（例如供货商、客户和政府）的交往中代表单位的利益。
有效管理所需要的技能
管理者需要具有那些管理技能？著名权威 Robert L.Katz 提出了各种管理工作中必须的三种特定技能。Katz提出的管理技能与管理工作中的技术、人际关系及构想等因素有关。
技术技能指利用各种工具与方法来完成对某项工作任务进行特定的管理的能力。能说明技能的重要性的一个典型实例就是工厂的主
管，他必须熟悉机器是如何运转的，以便能够纠正车间可能出现的问题。
人际关系技能指为达到某些目标而领导、激励与人沟通的能力。在与上级和单位以外的人（例如卖主、客户和公众）的相互联系中，人际关系技能同样重要，同时其重要性也体现在组织内部所有层次中。目前这种技能的适应性发展就是在今天劳动力种族多样化的工作所履行职责所必须的文化差异意识。
全局构想技能指理解并协助组织全部的目标与活动的能力。这种对整个组织进行分析的能力对高层管理人员特别重要，也是制定组织计划中的一个必要因素。
Photoshop中英文对照 1、File 文件 New 新建 Open 打开 Open As 打开为 Open Recent 最近打开文件 Close 关闭 Save 存储 Save As 存储为 Save for Web 存储为Web所用格式Revert 恢复 Place 置入 Import 输入 PDF Image PDF图象导入Annotations 注释 Export 输出 Manage Workflow 管理工作流程Check In 登记 Undo Check Out 还原注销 Upload To Server 上载到服务器Add To Workflow 添加到工作流程 Open From Workflow 从工作流程打开 Automate 自动 Batch 批处理 Create Droplet 创建快捷批处理 Conditional Mode Change 条件模式更改 Contact Sheet 联系表 Fix Image 限制图像 Multi Page PDF to PSD 多页面PDF文件到PSD文件 Picture package 图片包 Web Photo Gallery Web照片画廊File Info 文件简介 Print Options 打印选项 Page Setup 页面设置 Print 打印 Jump to 跳转到 Exit 退出 2、Edit 编辑 Undo 还原 Step Forward 向前 Step Backward 返回 Fade 消退 Cut 剪切 Copy 拷贝 Copy Merged 合并拷贝 Paste 粘贴 Paste Into 粘贴入 Clear 清除 Fill 填充 Stroke 描边 Free Transform 自由变形Transform 变换 Again 再次 Scale 缩放 Rotate 旋转 Skew 斜切 Distort 扭曲 Perspective 透视 Rotate 180°旋转180度 Rotate 90°CW 顺时针旋转90度Rotate 90°CCW 逆时针旋转90度
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a18835817.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a18835817.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
商务英语口语900句中英文对照中文翻译 Unit 1希望与要求 Part 1 . 1. We'd like to express our desire to establish business relationship with you on the basis of quality, mutually benefit and exchange of needed goods . 我们希望在保证质量、互惠互利以及交易彼此需要的货物的基础上和你们建立业务关系。 2 .In order to extend our export business to your country we wish to enter direct business relations with you. 为了扩大我们在贵国的出口业务，我们希望和你们建立直接贸易关系。 3. Our hope is to establish mutually beneficial trading relations between us . 希望在我们之间能够建立互惠互利的贸易关系。 4. We looking forward to further extensions of pleasant business relations. 我们期待进一步保持愉快的业务关系。 5. It’s our hope to continue with considerable business dealing with you. 我们的希望是和你们保持可观的生意往来。 6. We looking forward to receiving your quotation very soon. 我们期待尽快收到你们的报价单。 7.I hope you see from the reduction that we are really doing our utmost. 我希望你能够看到我们事实上已经作出了最大程度的让价。 8.We hope to discuss business with you at your earliest convenience. 我们希望在你方便的时候和你洽谈业务。
数据库管理系统的介绍 Raghu Ramakrishnan1 数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储，检索，修改和删除。数据库可以存储在磁盘，磁带，光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。 数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。字段是数据存取的基本单位。数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。 所有数据库（最简单的除外）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）。 DBMS可组织，处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。该功能使决策者能搜索，探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。 DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加，删除，维护，更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势； 1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。 2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单，发票和账号的当前信息。 3.用户发现他们可以使用传统的程序设计语言，在很短的一段时间内用数据1Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12
A Wavelet Based Approach for Fast Detection of Internal Fault in Power Transformers The power transformer is one of the most expensive elements of power system and its protection is an essential part of the overall system protection strategy. The differential protection provides the best protection for power transformer. Its operation principle is based on this point that the differential current during an internal fault is higher than normal condition. But, a large transient current (inrush current) can cause mal-operation of differential relays. Then, studies for the improvement of the transformer protection have focused on discrimination between internal short circuit faults and inrush currents in transformers. The magnetizing inrush current has a large second order harmonic component in comparison to internal faults. Therefore , some transformer protection systems are designed to halt operating during the inrush current by sensing this large second order harmonic. The second harmonic component in the magnetizing inrush currents tend to be relatively small in modern large power transformers because of improvements in the power transformer core materials. Also , it has been seen that the fault current can contain higher second order harmonics than the inrush current due to nonlinear fault resistance, CT saturation .the distributed capacitance in the transmission line, which transformer is connected to, or due to the use of extra high voltage underground cables. Various methods have been suggested for overcoming this protection system mal-operation. This paper presents a wavelet based method for discrimination among inrush current, internal short circuit ,external short circuit and energizing and it is not affected by CT saturation and it is able to detect internal faults while transformer energization. Unlike Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy logic based algorithms. This approach is not system dependent. The operating time of the scheme is less than 10ms. The Daubechies mother wavelet is used with a sample rate of 5 kHz. Then , the differential currents of the three phases are decomposed into two details and only the second level will be considered by using db5 mother wavelet. Discrete Wavelet Transform The wavelet transform is a powerful tool to extract information from the non-stationary signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domains. The ability of the wavelet transform to focus on short time intervals for high-frequency components and long intervals for low-frequency components improves the analysis
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
PLC论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 外文资料: PLC technique discussion and future development Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise. The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide. The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”
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例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no
管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
英文文献翻译 二〇年月日
科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that
The finite element analysis Finite element method, the solving area is regarded as made up of many small in the node connected unit (a domain), the model gives the fundamental equation of sharding (sub-domain) approximation solution, due to the unit (a domain) can be divided into various shapes and sizes of different size, so it can well adapt to the complex geometry, complex material properties and complicated boundary conditions Finite element model: is it real system idealized mathematical abstractions. Is composed of some simple shapes of unit, unit connection through the node, and under a certain load. Finite element analysis: is the use of mathematical approximation method for real physical systems (geometry and loading conditions were simulated. And by using simple and interacting elements, namely unit, can use a limited number of unknown variables to approaching infinite unknown quantity of the real system. Linear elastic finite element method is a ideal elastic body as the research object, considering the deformation based on small deformation assumption of. In this kind of problem, the stress and strain of the material is linear relationship, meet the generalized hooke's law; Stress and strain is linear, linear elastic problem boils down to solving linear equations, so only need less computation time. If the efficient method of solving algebraic equations can also help reduce the duration of finite element analysis. Linear elastic finite element generally includes linear elastic statics analysis and linear elastic dynamics analysis from two aspects. The difference between the nonlinear problem and linear elastic problems: 1) nonlinear equation is nonlinear, and iteratively solving of general; 2) the nonlinear problem can't use superposition principle; 3) nonlinear problem is not there is always solution, sometimes even no solution. Finite element to solve the nonlinear problem can be divided into the following three categories: 1) material nonlinear problems of stress and strain is nonlinear, but the stress and strain is very small, a linear relationship between strain and displacement at this time, this kind of problem belongs to the material nonlinear problems. Due to theoretically also cannot provide the constitutive relation can be accepted, so, general nonlinear relations between stress and strain of the material based on the test data, sometimes, to simulate the nonlinear material properties available mathematical model though these models always have their limitations. More important material nonlinear problems in engineering practice are: nonlinear elastic (including piecewise linear elastic, elastic-plastic and viscoplastic, creep, etc. 2) geometric nonlinear geometric nonlinear problems are caused due to the nonlinear relationship between displacement. When the object the displacement is larger, the strain and displacement relationship is nonlinear relationship. Research on this kind of problem Is assumes that the material of stress and strain is linear relationship. It consists