高考总复习：主语从句及宾语从句
真题再现
1. (2016 高考北京卷)Your support is important to our work．________ you can do helps. A．However B．Whoever ．Whatever D．Wherever
2. (2016 高考江苏卷)It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope．
A．why B．what C．as D．that
3. (2017 高考北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading.
A. why
B. where
C. how
D. when
4. (2017 高考北京卷) Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever
B. whoever
C. whomever
D. whichever
5. （2017 高考江苏卷）We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _________ it used to charge.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. how
6. （2017 高考江苏卷）He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he __________.
A. was being followed
B. was following
C. had been followed
D. followed
7. （2017 高考天津卷）She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when
B. where
C. whether
D. what
8.（2017 北京西城一模）It is entirely true _______ children learn more from people they like. So, try to be friends with them.
A. what
B. why
C. that
D. how
9. （2017 北京西城一模）The results of the experiment turned out contrary to ______ was expected.
A. what
B. which
C. whom
D. that
答案与解析
1.C；题目考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“________ you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情”，因此用whatever引导，故选C。
2. D；考查主语从句。句意：通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。该句是主语从句，句子的it是形式主语，故用that引导从句作真正的主语从句。
3. B。考查宾语从句。句意：Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上，不知道她将去往何方，根据句意可知选B。
4.B。考查主语从句。句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。_____
makes the most beautiful kite是主语从句，根据意思可知答案。
5. C。考查宾语从句。“half of _________ it used to charge”是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20；另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句的宾语，故选C。
6. A 考查宾语从句和时态。分析句子成分可知，he和follow是被动关系，即他被别人跟踪，排除B、D；根据句意“在匆忙赶回家的路上，他从未回头看是否正被跟踪”，故用过去进行时最合适，故选A。
7. C。句意：他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有还。A. 什么时候；B. 在哪里；C. 是否；D. 什么。根据句意，故选C。
8. C。考查主语从句。it作形式主语，真正的主语从句为______ children learn more from people they like。从句部分陈述一个事实，用that引导。
9. A.本题考查宾语从句。介词to带宾语从句。在从句中缺主语，选用连接代词what。
知识讲解
主语从句和宾语从句的引导词
that和what的区别
从句中缺少主语时，常用what引导，也可用which表示选择，用who/whom/whoever 指人。what引导主语从句、宾语从句等名词性从句时，表示“所……的(东西)”，并且在从句中充当句子成分。而that作为从属连词，引导主语从句、宾语从句时，其本身没有实际意义，不充当句子成分。that引导主语从句时不省略，引导宾语从句时一般可以省略，但有些情况不可省略。
That fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. It is pretty well understood what controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere
today.
Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is often acceptable. （2016 高考新课标乙卷）
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. （2016 高考新课标乙卷）
“I didn’t know what my New York friends were thinking.”（2016 高考新课标丙卷）Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails，Web posts and reviews，face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的)，but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.（2016 高考新课标丙卷）
He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.（2016 高考新课标丙卷）
“What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. （2017 高考新课标甲卷）
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has
been lost. （2017 高考新课标I卷）
He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it.（2017 高考新课标II卷）if和whether的区别
主语从句(放在句首时)常由whether引导。作及物动词宾语时，用if/whether均可，但有区别；作介词宾语时只用whether；后面紧跟or not 时，只用whether。
Whether she will go home or not is unknown.
Whether we shall raise ducks or geese remains to be decided.
= It remains to be decided whether/if we shall raise ducks or geese.
但我们不能说If we shall raise ducks or geese remains to be decided.
He just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not．Chimps are truly selfish．（2016 高考江苏卷）
Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds，see through walls，or have superhuman strength may sound silly，but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life．（2016 高考四川卷）
I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it，or something similar. （2016 高考江苏卷）
It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think. （2016 高考上海卷）
I don’t care whether/ if he comes.
It depends on whether you can do the job well.
其他连接代词和连接副词的选用
连接代词（what, which, who, whom, whose）在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语；连接副词（when, where, why, how, whether, if等）在从句中作状语。无论是连接代词还是连接副词，都有各自的意义。
It matters little how a man dies, but what matters much is how he lives.
It was a matter of who would take the position.
No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years.
I have not been told where the meeting will be held.
He explained why he set off so early that day.
Whose girlfriend is the most beautiful is not the most important thing.
whoever与whatever，whichever的区别
whoever, whatever, whichever除了可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter who/ what/ which外，还可以引导名词从句。
whoever相当于anyone who，表明泛指关系，表示“任何……的人都，凡是……的人都”。
I hate whoever lies.
Whoever wins gets a prize.
whatever相当于anything that，表示“无论什么……”。
Whatever he thinks doesn't matter.
Whatever you want can be found here.
whichever意为“无论哪个，无论哪些”。既可指人，也可指物；既可单独使用，也可修饰名词，也可以跟of短语连用。
You can choose whichever you want.
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.
it作形式主语和形式宾语
从句在某个句子中作主语、宾语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语、宾语，而将真正的主语、宾语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。
It was really surprising that she married a man like that.
It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami.
We owe it to you that t here wasn’t a serious accident.
I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs.
主语从句、宾语从句的句序
主语从句、宾语从句等名词性从句用陈述语序。
主语从句特别注意
It构成的主语从句
主语从句可以放在句子后面，而用it作形式主语放在句首，尤其是从属连词that引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中。这种句式主要有：
It is + adj. / n. +从句
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
It is possible that he never intended to shoot her.
It is unlikely that she will come.
It is a shame that the rain spoiled our picnic.
It +不及物动词+从句
名词性从句---主语从句 1. What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation. 2. Her wish is that she can lose weight soon. 3. I think that woman can reach every high achievements in many fields of science. 4. We were very excited at the news that our team had won. 引导名词性从句的关联词可分为三类： 一．从属连词：that（无任何词意） whether, if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分二．连接代词：what, who, whom, which，whose, whatever, whoever, whichever(作主宾表定) 三．连接副词：when, where, how, why(作状语) I.主语从句 1.定义：在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。 2.位置：主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 3.引导主语从句的关联词： (1)从属连词that,whether,if (在从句中不充当成分，仅起连接作用) That Jack won the match yesterday surprised us. Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. (此处不能用if) (2)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever(充当主宾表定) What she did is not known. Whoever comes is welcome. (3)连接副词where,when,how,why(在从句中充当状语) How this happened is not clear to anyone. When the meeting will be held is decided by our manager. 4.有时为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，而把真正主语放在句子末尾。 How the book will sell depends on its author. = It depends on its author how the book will sell. That he is the best student in the class is obvious. = It is obvious that he is the best student in the class. 用it作形式主语的几种常见结构： (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that… 很自然It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… It ap pears that… 似乎… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句
主语从句造句： 1.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount and reliability of the information used. 这些预测以后将在多大程度上被之后的表现证实，取决于所采用信息的数量和可靠性。 2.It is often important that you make it clear what your particular role is at a given time. 你要搞清楚在指定时期内你的特定角色是什么，这很重要。 3.It is reported that the unemployment rate is very high in many developed countries because financial crisis. 据报道，由于金融危机，很多发达国家的失业率都很高。 4.That mental health is important to physical condition is a fact. 精神健康对身体状况很重要，这是一个事实。 5.That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. 他在这么短的时间内完成了写作使我们所有人都惊讶。 6.Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. 我们明天是否会去远足有待商榷。 7.What make the river more beautiful are the plants growing in the water. 为河水增色的是水里的荷花。 8.What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot. 给我印象深刻的是他们都受过很多苦。 9.Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。 10.Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。 11.It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy. 诚实是最好的政策是共识。 12.What they need most is not financial aid or loan but advanced technologies and talents in certain key areas.
语法要点剖析 一、名词性从句 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why 1. 主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if 和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副 词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名 作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： （1）It + be + 名词+ that从句（2）It + be + 形容词+ that从句 （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句（4）It + 不及物动词+ that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… 2. 宾语从句 名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去 上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
高考总复习：主语从句及宾语从句真题再现 1. (2016 高考北京卷)Your support is important to our work．________ you can do helps. A．However B．Whoever ．Whatever D．Wherever 2. (2016 高考江苏卷)It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope．A．why B．what C．as D．that 3. (2017 高考北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading. A. why B. where C. how D. when 4. (2017 高考北京卷) Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever 5. （2017 高考江苏卷）We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _________ it used to charge. A. that B. which C. what D. how 6. （2017 高考江苏卷）He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he __________. A. was being followed B. was following C. had been followed D. followed 7. （2017 高考天津卷）She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t. A. when B. where C. whether D. what 8.（2017 北京西城一模）It is entirely true _______ children learn more from people they like. So, try to be friends with them. A. what B. why C. that D. how 9. （2017 北京西城一模）The results of the experiment turned out contrary to ______ was expected. A. what B. which C. whom D. that 答案与解析 1.C；题目考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“________ you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情”，因此用whatever引导，故选C。 2. D；考查主语从句。句意：通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。该句是主语从句，句子的it是形式主语，故用that引导从句作真正的主语从句。 3. B。考查宾语从句。句意：Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上，不知道她将去往何方，根据句意可知选B。 4.B。考查主语从句。句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。_____ makes the most beautiful kite是主语从句，根据意思可知答案。 5. C。考查宾语从句。“half of _________ it used to charge”是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20；另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句
英语中六大从句用法总结 1.主语从句 1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有： *It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that... *It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that... *It is clear\important\likely\possible that... *It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that... It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation. It seems that the performance is very useful. 2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。 What we lack is experience. 3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。 How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again. I did know why I felt like crying. 2.宾语从句 1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。 *I promised that I would change the situation. *All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship. *He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children. *This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long. 2）非谓语动词之后的宾语从句 Reading that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing. 这个外国人知道了这只是风俗的不同后，就笑了笑，没说什么。 On being asked whether he had any good food in Germany, he answered ”Terrible”. 一问到他在德国是否吃过什么好菜，他就回答说：“糟糕的很”。 3)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。 He has made it clear that he would not change his mind. 4)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。 He didn't think that the money was well spent. 3.表语从句 表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how 等引导外，还可由because,as if(though)等引导。不缺其他成分时，用that引导，且不可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because. Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America. The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies. It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller. 4.同位语从句 同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。 She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show. I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time. The news came that their team had won the championship.
主语从句与宾语从句 一、名词性从句是四位从句的总称：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。这些从句都起到类似于名词的作用。 主从：一个句子充当大句子的主语，就叫主语从句。例如； What I need is money.(主语是What I need作大句的主语) It was not obvious that water is fundamental to the development of life.（It是形式主语，真正的主语是that 从句。） 主语从句的位置有两种，一种是放于句首；一种是用It 作形式主语，从句被放后面。 二、宾语从句：一个小句子充当大句子的宾语。 He asked me how old I was . She took it for granted that I’d be back home an hour ago.（It 作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的that从句。） 考点一：语序 What I want to do is to go home immediately.陈述语序。 I asked where the famous restaurant was .陈述语序。 名词性从句的语序应该是陈述句语序。 删除疑问语序（be /助动词、情态动词+主语） 考点二：引导词 That（没成分） That the earth moves around the sun is known to all.(that 引导的句子作大句子的主语，that不能丢。) Whether /if （有时互换，主语从句只能用wheather引导，不能用if .可用if 的地方都能用wheather。） Whether the meeting will be put off depends on the weather . 疑问代词：what,who, whom,which,whose 在从句中有成分 What he has is just money.（在从句中有成分作宾语） 疑问副词：where ,when,why,,how在从句中有成分 Why he didn’t attend class is not know yet. That：引导名词性从句时无成分，无词义，有时可以省略。 Whether /if引导名词性从句时无成分，是否。 特殊疑问代词：主，宾，表，定。 疑问副词：状。 考点三：no matter+疑问词（what）VS疑问词（what）+ever Whatever he says must be put down . No matter what he says/Whatever he says,I will not change my mind. 意思相同，但语法不一样。第一句主从，第二句让步状语从句。以ever开头的引导主从或者状语从句，而以no matter 开头的不能引导名词性从句，只能引导状语从句，所以选ever 就一定对。 考点四：建议、命令、要求类+宾从 The doctor suggested that an operation (should)be done immediately on the patient. 初中讲过当主句是一般过去时态的宾语从句：主过去，从句也过去。当主句的动词是建议、命令、要求类的动词时，后面的宾从必须是should+动词原形且should可以省略。此时不管。主语是谁，不管主句是什么时态都不能改变动词是原形的要求.once表示建议、命令、要求类的动词suggest,advise,propose,demand,require,insist,request,ask,command,order后面如果后
高考总复习：主语从句及宾语从句 真题再现 1. The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but _______he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. A. where B. whether C. that D. why 2. It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike. A. how B. which C. that D. what 3. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have expressed it differently. A. why B. how C. that D. whether 4. We promise _____ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 5. It doesn’t matter _____ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. A. how B. whether C. what D. why 6. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter ____ you have lived there for a short or a long time. A. why B. how C. whether D. when 7. It suddenly occurred to him ___ he had left his keys in the office. A. whether B. where C. which D. that 8. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for _____ he could find about Mark Twain. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever 9. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _____ suits you best. A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever 1. B。首先把插入语generally speaking删掉。but后的并列分句中，whether he reaches these limits（作为句子主语）will depend on his environment. 2. D。此处it是形式主语，what引导的是主语从句，作真正的主语，what作do的宾语。句意：总统采取什么行动结束这次罢工一点也不清楚。 3. C。宾语从句不缺少成分用that引导。 4. C。首先本句考查的关键短语是promise sb. sth.（向某人承诺某事），本句指的是向参加聚会的人提供一个和电影明星合影的机会，不定式做chance的定语，然后就是参加聚会的任何人（whoever=anyone who）。 5. B。此处it是形式主语，后面whether...or…引导的主语从句是真正的主语，whether...or…意为：是…还是…都行。句意：在这个商店中用现金或信用卡支付都可以。 6. C。根据空后的or可知为“whether … or”短语。
主语从句用法小结 勉县第二中学高二（7）班郭恬 指导老师：李艳 请观察下列句子, 注意主语从句的特点。 1. That the earth travels round the sun is a well-known fact. 2. Whether the artist can do it or not is uncertain. 3. Who will act the lead in the play has not been decided yet. 4. Where the young man has gone is not known. 5. When and where the test will be given is not yet decided. 【归纳总结】主语从句必须有引导词；主语从句用陈述句语气。 1. 引导主语从句的词有： 连词: that, whether； 连接代词: who, whose, whom, whoever, what, which等； 连接副词where, when, whenever, wherever, how, why等。 主语从句引导词的选择： 1).连接词: that, whether (1) That he will win is certain. (2) It has been reported that sales of beef in China will increase. (3) Whether we shall raise ducks or geese remains to be decided. (4) Whether he ’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance. 2) 连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 等。 (1) It is clear who is afraid of having a change in land ownership. (2) Whose bag it is cannot be told. (3) What India needs is a law to make land ownership fairer. (4) It is not yet decided which cash crop will be produced next year. (5) Whatever he said was right.
高考英语主语从句 定义：用作主语的从句叫主语从句，它是名词性从句之一。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。引导主语从句的连接词有： 从属连词: that, whether； 连接代词: who (whoever), whom, whose, what (whatever)和which (whichever)； 连接副词: when, where, how和why。 连接词： 1. 从属连词：that，whether 1）that引导主语从句只起引导作用，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，that本身无实际意义，但不能省略。2）whether意为“是否”，放在句首句末皆可。由whether引导的名词从句做主语，表语，介词宾语，同位语时！不可用if代替。 a.That price will go up is certain. b. Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 2. 连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever (Who, whom, which, what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起到强调作用。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序，既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。 Which side will win is not clear. Whoever breaks the law will be punished. Whatever he did is right. Who killed the scientist remains a question. 1）What和that引导的主语从句的区别：that 只起引导作用，不充当任何成分，没有意思。What 不仅起引导作用，还要充当一定成分(主语、宾语或表语)，意思是：“什么”。 What we need is money. That he will come is certain. 2）whatever / whoever的用法（~ever=no matter ~---让步状语从句中） whatever / whoever可以引导主语从句,并在句中作主语、宾语、表语等,不含疑问意义。whatever相当于anything that; whoever 相当于anyone who。例如: Whoever(Anyone who) wants to enter into this school must take the exam. Whatever(Anything that) she did was right. 3. 连接副词when，where，how，why等。既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。How this happened is not clear to anyone. When he will be back depends on the weather. When we’ll start tomorrow will be told soon. Where the test will be given is not yet decided. 4. 主语从句后置：为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it 作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. 例: That we shall be late is certain. -- It’s certain that we shall be late. 1）用it 作形式主语的结构 A. It + be + 形容词+ that 从句 (obvious, true, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) 如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. B. It + be + 名词词组+ that 从句(an honour, a fact, a pity, etc）如： It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是…… It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是… It is a fact that… …是事实It is common knowledge that… …是常识 It’s a pity that we can’t go. C. It + be + 过去分词+ that 从句(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, etc。）如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. D. It + 不及物动词或短语+ that 从句( seem，happen, doesn’t matter ,turn out）。如： It happened that I was out that day. It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以使用形式主语代主语从句,也可直接在句首使用主语从
主语从句 （一）主语从句的标记主语从句通常由连词that和whether (if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导。 1. that引导 That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着，真是奇迹。 That we shall be late is certain. 我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。 That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 他忽视工人阶级是很自然的。That she is still alive is a consolation. 她还活着是使人感到宽慰的。 That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence. 她成为画家可能是受她父亲的影响。 That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 你将来伦敦是好久以来我听到的最好消息。 That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. 她被挑选上，在她村子里引起很大轰动。 2. whether引导 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。 Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 3. 连接代词引导 Whoever (=anyone who) fails to see this will make a big blunder. Whatever(=anything that) she did was reasonable. 无论什么 Anything that she did was reasonable. Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. 无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。Whichever(=anything that) you want is yours. 你要哪个哪个就是你的。 What do you need? What you need is a good rest. I don’t know what you need? 4. 连接副词引导 When we arrive doesn’t matter. 什么时候到没有关系。 When do we arrive? How it was done was a mystery. 这是怎样做的是一个谜。 How was it done? How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 How did this happen? How many people we are to invite is still a question. 邀请多少人还是一个问题。How many people are we to invite? Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。 Where do i spend my summer? 5. 连接代词型what引导 What(=the thing that) we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。What do we need? What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。What’s done is done. 事已成定局。 What=the thing that he says is not important. 他说的话并不重要。What does he say? What I am telling you is mere impressions. 我和你说的都不过是一些印象而已。What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water. 为河水增色的是水里的荷花。What you need is a good-sized canvas bag. 你需要的是一个比较大的帆布袋。 What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal. 我担心的是他们把他带到葡萄牙去。What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot. 给我很深印象的是他们都受过很多苦。（二）
表语从句与主语从句 表语从句和主语从句以及宾语从句都要用陈述语序。 Ⅰ.表语从句 在复合句中，位于系动词之后作表语的从句称为表语从句。它位于主句的系动词之后， 最为重要的是我们应该为牛找到足够的水。 The doubt is who has taken away the valuable vase. （主语，人） 疑点是谁拿走了那只贵重的花瓶。 My topic today is what most scientists are researching.（宾语，物，没有选择范围） 我今天的话题就是大多数科学家正在研究的课题。 The problem is which school will be chosen.(which在从句中作定语) 问题是哪一所学校将被选中。 All this was over twenty years ago，but it’s as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 表语从句中应注意的问题 (1)because，why引导的表语从句。 because引导表语从句时，表示“因为”，why引导表语从句时，表示“……的原因”，相当于the reason why。 That’s because he didn’t understand me. (That’s because...强调原因) 那是因为他不理解我。 That’s why he got angry with me. (That’s why...强调结果) 那正是他对我生气的原因。 (2)what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。 What cost him his life was that he was too careless. 使他丧命的原因是他太粗心了。 The reason why I was sad/for my being sad was that he didn’t understand me. 我难过的原因是他不理解我。 (3)使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词需用“should＋动词原形”表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea，request，requirement等。 My suggestion is that we (should) have a discussion about this matter instead of just laying it aside. 我的建议是我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不应该把它放在一边。 （4）as if/as though引导的表语从句常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be，become等后面，常用虚拟语气，即形式常用过去式的某种时态。
主语从句( if除外) 一定义：在复合句中充当主语的句子，叫主语从句；位于句首。 二：读例句，理解句意，思考，分析，总结。 1：连接词that 引导的主语从句： EG:1）That you are so angry bothers me. 你如此生气使我很烦恼。 2）That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。 3）It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the talk.很遗憾你没有去听报告。 4）That he has moved to New York is not true.= It is not true that he has moved to New York. 5）That the earth is round is true.= It is true that the earth is round. 总结：在连接词that 引导的主语从句中，that ___含义，在句子___做成分，__省。EX: 1)______ he will succeed is certain. 2) ________ you didn’t go to the park was a pity. 3) ______ you will win the medal seems unlikely. 2: 连接词whether引导的主语从句。 EG: 1）Whether wild life can be well protected is of great importance. 2）Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful. 3）Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。 4）Whether he will come hasn’t been decided.= It hasn’t been decided whether he will come. 总结：在连接词whether 引导的主语从句中，whether__含义，____做成分，__ 省。EX: 1) ______ she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much. 她来不来都无关紧要。 2) ______ they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 3) _______ to hold the meeting has not been discussed. 3：在连接代词（who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever）引导的主语从句中。 EG: 1）What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation. 2）Who will be sent to carry out the task has been settled. 3）Whom she borrowed money from still puzzled me. 4）Which side will win is not clear. 5）What I want to know is this. 6）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.( _____ 从句) = Anyone who breaks the law will be punished . ( _____ 从句) 比较：Whoever breaks the law , he should be punished. ( _____ 从句) = No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ( _____ 从句) 总结：在连接代词引导的主语从句中，连接代词__含义，___成分，做___语、___语、___语，_____ 省。