书法笔法（Calligraphy technique）书法笔法(Calligraphy technique)
Brushwork research
Song
The most exquisite art in China is the pen. In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Ziang said, "the pen is not easy to pass through the ages". It means that the rule of the pen is difficult to pass through the ages. It is highly emphasized on the importance of the writing style.
We understand that this rule is to use a brush to write a high quality, with little aesthetic expressive. This is the undisputed rule of the art of calligraphy.
In the method and technique of calligraphy, the technique of writing is the first one. Without the technique of writing, there is no way to talk about the word, Zhang Fa, and ink. Therefore, the study of brushwork is particularly important. Ancient calligraphers and calligraphy has a very in-depth research on the technique of writing, and give us a rich and wonderful exposition. Especially the "Wan Hao Qi" and "forceful" and "leaking marks", "cone sand painting", "folding hairpin unit", is still the important guide to guide us to learn calligraphy. It can be said that in the study of calligraphy techniques, the study of brushwork should be a long-term topic.
In view of this, we use today's point of view to study and discuss the problems in brushwork.
First, about the pen force and "front change""
The brush run on paper to leave traces, the traces of the Chinese characters is little. With the same brush, the same word is written by different people, and the result is one person. The reason is that each person has different ways of delivering pen and ink. When writing, the pen does not change because of the force of the arm. Therefore, there is a saying that "only pen is soft and strange, but it is still.". No pen when not in use, the cone shape is, once moisten the ink strokes, it becomes a front, write a variable. When writing, the pen is always in a state of change, which requires the book in writing force, control the front, adjust the front, in the control of the front and adjust the
front of the writing.
This kind of writing takes on a change in the front. We call it "front change"".
No matter what the font style of drawing, writing is in fact the "front" results. Research techniques, in fact, focus on how to control the "front change" at this critical point.
As we know, any stroke is accomplished by three skills, namely, entering and receiving. In order to enter, it is mainly to complete the front of the stroke; the line is to complete the middle of the stroke shape; to receive, is to complete the shape of the stroke tail. Force and change the front of a variety of skills, but also concentrated in these three small links. In these three links, each link will directly affect the shape of a stroke. Therefore, it is the most basic skill link
of the pen, and the study of the style of writing must focus on these three specific skills.
With the hand, wrist, arm of force to control and adjust it by leading front, to complete the three links, and stippling characterization, the key is to use a pen. The research achievement is the most classic style "permanent word eight", although it is still incomplete theory (such as: hook, hook heart goose, Na, these very important strokes, only a "Yong" word not included, that it is not a complete theory.) But its practical significance is indeed significant. We carefully analyze "policy, Le, crossbow, Ti, side, plunder, peck, zhe" eight, in fact is a pen controlled force problem.
Front due to force method is different, because the front result of different shapes of different points. Therefore, before the formation of the "script writing" and "Zhuanshu technique" and "script writing", writing "," writing cursive script "five strokes classification.
Five the main features of the font style, seal wire, the official script of "jade chopsticks" silkworm head tail "," permanent SCRIPT WORD eight ", cursive" twist turn rolling "is. In the same font style, regardless of how to change, in stipple characterization, or in the force method and the front, have a common and individual characteristics is very obvious. "Comparison" and "stele of Zhang Qian Cao Quan monument", "common zhe wave" and "silkworm head tail", is the difference between party a round, just a soft. Comparison of Liu Kai and Yan Kai,
is a common hidden head tail care "and" eight ", a distinction is a bar, a bone Jun park.
The formation of these differences is undoubtedly the result
of the change of the front. From this, we can infer that the
formation of personality style is largely based on personalized method
of writing and writing and personalized front. People called Mi Fu "brush" Dongpo "painting", "description", the valley is on the front of their personality skills most typical of the best description. It is precisely because of their respective unique "front change" skills, only to form their own book wind, and then formed the Song Dynasty "Shang Yi" book wind. This example can be found everywhere.
There is a direct relationship between the force method of amplitude and front heavy force, front amplitude, light force, thick strokes; the front range of small strokes slender; great force, and very soft strokes; slow force, stroke and Jin Park, with the front side front, side stroke center Jun; front Yuanhun strokes.
No matter how force and front, must be in order to describe the accurate and high quality for the purpose of drawing lines. For if the stipple line shape of the accurate, the first is to force and front accurately. Different points, different fonts, different styles,
different methods need to force and front change skills.
Two, the "linear" problem
The so-called "linear", refers to the works with unique front skills, at the same time, the line has properties and characteristics of certain regularity, the unity of the dots and lines shown.
Each department in the pen on the ancient book, almost all, is a concrete manifestation of individuality. As a specific book, the character of the front technique, form a distinctive and unique "linear" feature. Such as the odd works it is typical. He uses the pen force method of average, little weight by light, the front range is very small, the dots and lines uniform thickness, so his line has his own unique and distinctive features of the "linear". Do not look at the whole works, only one word, you can through the "linear" characteristics identified
as the odd handwriting. We can also do a test, Wang Duo, Zheng Xie, Zhang Ruitu, He Shaoji, Kang Youwei, Zhao Zhiqian all to pieces, mix
after separation, screening would not have what difficulty, because
their lines is very personalized, this personalized information is
stored in a linear piece of paper. Of them, is very easy to do.
Erwang, Ou Chu, yellow rice, Dong Zhao, like this. Therefore, it can be proved that "linearity" is the concentrated expression of the
stylistic features of individual brushwork.
"Linearity" is made up of five parts:
1, alignment
The alignment is the specific shape of the painting. It is the concrete embodiment of brushwork.
No matter what style of calligraphy and calligraphy fonts, every point, every picture has the exact shape. "Silkworm head tail", "Iron Hanging needle" is. Some comparison of the image, can be compared to some class, or a lot of stippling, it is
difficult to object is intended to, but every point has the exact shape. The other refers to the aesthetic style, rather than those of "meat pie" and "snake" flaw pencil.
2, line quality
The quality of the lines indicates the texture and texture of the painting. It is the expressive force of the brushwork.
The dotted lines of calligraphy should be very expressive. This expression is reflected in the texture and texture of the dots. It is a unique form of calligraphy, skills, language. Some flexibility, such as "wire"; some reflect Cangjin, such as "long live vine"; some elegant expression, such as "Ribbon"; some shows such as "vigorous, vigorous touches and fine strokes" etc.. It has aesthetic characteristics, and is used to express the style of the works. Not that "snake hanging tree", "boiled noodles" flaw texture.
3, line color
The line refers to the ink color, and the level of the line. It is the expression of brushwork.
Calligraphy is not only a little ink, a dense, dry run, shallow deep difference and change etc.. "If the clouds collapse, as light as a cicada's wings" is. It is important to the performance of the dotted
lines. The so-called "ink out expression" refers to the specific line color, ink levels change line will be more abundant, enrich the performance of power lines. Do not refer to the "ink pig", "blood loss" and
the like ink pen.
4, line to
Line to line, pointing towards the painting brush and look in the direction of drawing. It is the dynamic of writing.
In the writing process, if the point to have certain regularity,
will form a potential. This tendency will play a big part in style. Horizontal, vertical performance of stability and horizontal, vertical vertical tilt reflects danger. If used well, it will make the work more expressive. If it is not used well, it will become a habit pen disease.
5, line position
The position of the painting. It is also the dynamic style of writing.
Each word of a word has a relatively fixed position, which is the stipulation and restriction of the Chinese character itself. Different fonts have different regulations and rules, Zhuan, Li, Kai relatively strict symmetry, the position of the movable point range is very small. For the point position and grass degeneration is very large, there is a strong plasticity, randomness. As for mobile location, right or left on the grass dotted, the location of the staggered and shift points, will have everything, is quiet and close dynamic effect. And will directly
affect the overall shape of the word, will make the word potential of a unique change, so that the performance of the works more vivid. Not "any pen for the body, poly ink
forming" excessive Chinese characters that ravaged mixed chaos
coated wipe.
In the five aspects of linearity, line shape, line quality and line color are the core contents, in which the alignment is the first, because,
The rest are based on line type.
Three, center and side, round pen and square pen
At the moment of writing, the direction and the front of the stroke are always changing, and the handwriting always forms a short, long line, straight line and arc. Writing is often by the center and into the front side, and the front side and into the center, repeated such conversion. The purpose is to adjust the force, leading it to complete this transformation and characterization of stippling. People have paid much attention to the research of center side forward.
In the past, people judge on the center more consistent, "to lead
the painting in the bank" is the core technique of the skill center. We understand that the front refers to the brush master it, the main tone
is no collar, no front method using the main typical characterization points, both the writing center. But on the front side is the judge we think, the front side unable to agree on which is right, refers to the brush face, no front side depicts stippling, at the same time, also
included the tip characterization of stippling, both for the front side of the writing skills of the host.
In view of this, we judge the center and the side:
The core is the control center pen front of "no" and "center" variable skills.
The core of the side pen is to "Vice" and "tip" of the control front change skills.
Some theorists have prejudices against the front side, the main difference is in the judgment and the front side and the front side of the. The essential difference is that the front side and the side, front and center, but also the excellent skills of brush technique, slant is bad. The linear and linear features of the front wing are rich in modeling and expression, and have many aesthetic qualities. It can fully express and express the style and flavor of the work. The front side of the front is a disease of the typical morphology of pen tip, and no deputy (pen belly) in the side of operation, the line was inevitable side smooth, the other side of the zigzag line, line, very poor quality. The front side and the slant is not to be confused with.
Through the research, we find that the author of the circle is
mainly portrayed by the center, and the author is mainly described by the side feng.
The square and circle of a stroke are mainly reflected at the two ends of the stroke and the turning point at the middle of the stroke. In addition, the round pen front is mainly reflected in the thickness,
length, and drawing on the front side; the pen is mainly reflected in the corners, side bend point.
The front side of the pen tips, the key is to have a sharp front and side edges are used to control point and front side have drawn sharp. In the Weibei brush technique, the front side of a large proportion of. The square pen that is regarded as "the pen of the pen and the pen of the pen" has to be changed with the technique of "side Feng Feng".
For example: the pen to cross the front side cut front door, then turn right front line, t cut front recovery. The pen is in front and the pen nib cut belly carved brush paint at the head of Bibi, turned to the front side from the front to center, the pen pen is cut to close without end edges depict the belly side. The sides and circles of the folding pen depend on the extent of the folding pen, the pen is a square pen, and the pen whose arc is folded is a round pen.
There is no doubt that the center pen is the dominant technique in the art of writing. In practice, we find that it is difficult for anyone to do the Bibi center at the end of the stroke. They are all in the middle of each other. Therefore, there is "take insurance" and "take Yan" theory.
In the classical book, any font has a radius of the existing pen. Your typical example: "Zhuanshu day God monument", "Chan" script,
official script stele of Zhang Qian "before the public statues". Zhao Zhiqian's script has obvious color pen. The cursive script is mainly round pen, and sometimes there is a small amount of square pen. A
typical example of the round pen very much, a lot of inscriptions, Xiaozhuan are almost round pen series, Li, Kai, mostly for a radius of both.
Four, the pen "force point" problem
In front of the front of the "change" and "force" problem, there is a very important issue is "force point" problem. The so-called "force point" refers to the pen in the process, the arm of the most heavy and the front of the biggest change.
The change of calligraphic style is extremely complex, especially
the cursive script, which is difficult to quantitative analysis. In the "force point" problem, the change is very complicated. We found that in the classical tradition in ancient cursive Fateh, very skillful in using organic force point techniques, means is also very diverse. We analyze general, conventional (or classical), balanced, and variant three "force points" techniques.
Conventional "force point" mainly at both ends of the stroke and straight fold, and its "force point" is relatively fixed. For example, Han Li and Tangkai typical. No matter how different the style is, it is very fixed in the position of each stroke. Where the official script "silkworm head" and "wild goose tail" will be part of force point; where the script "hide" and "meal", "broken pen" and "hook root" part will be "the force point" position. Wang Xizhi, Dong Qichang, cursive book of Zhao Ziang is a typical example, especially Zhao Ziang more classic, the
force point almost completely with Kai law. Its style is neat, smooth and elegant.
Balanced "force point", in fact, there is no clear point of force. A typical Xiaozhuan, especially a more typical. The characteristics of Zhu Da and Huai Su cursive character also
has obvious "force equilibrium point".
The variant "force 'may fall on any part of the drawing. This script has considerable Weibei characteristics clearly. Compared with the conventional classic "force point", we found that some of its regular "force point", "force", and more are not conventional "force point" force. As to the left as an example, the conventional "force" is extremely rare in the pen, will "force" down elsewhere, and left the "Tangbei force point" can be located in any part of the pen. The variation of this "force point" will directly lead to linear variation and stylistic differences. As a result, a stone, a Tangbei stone appearance of a phenomenon. In the running system, in the "force" variation obviously is Zheng Xie, Wang Duo and Zhang Ruitu, MI fu. Mi Fei, Zheng Xiehe, Wang Duo is from the classical type "transformation force" technique and the front and, while Zhang Ruitu's force point and front change is toward the offbeat.
When the brush balanced force when the front becomes smaller, and more significant differenee points and less weight difference, the rhythm is not clear; when the pen is not balanced force, front line
changes inevitable ups and downs, stipple rich, clear strong natural rhythm.
When evaluating the quality of the strokes,
The the force point is accurate and precise, the variation of force point is subtle and ingenious, should be a standard should not be ignored. Because it can directly reflect the publisher's skills and accomplishments.
Five, the writer
In the writing skill, the writer concept is strongly emphasized, especially the Zhuan, Li, Kai, the editor is very important.
It is called "writer", because it acts as the main character in the word. The editor has three main features:
1, occupies an important position, from the main role of a word support.
2, the longest strokes, writing the most difficult pen.
3, the most expressive pen.
Zhuan, Li, Kai's editor in chief is generally more stable, the variation rate is relatively small. For the writer, the grass is very unstable, the mutation rate is very large. So, in the Zhuan, Li, Kai creation, the editor is not failure phenomenon. If a bit harsh, a painting, or even a failure will not appear. If the writer to write the whole word, it will fail, the word has been lost, the whole day. When we look at a piece of calligraphy works, if there is a word made appear failure, then, we will find that the word is a word in the whole word
the most significant jump, especially bad exposure. So, a fragrance, and the creation of the writer and the Kai requirements are very strict and demanding.
Study on account of the ancients also have discussed, Liu Xizai in the "Yi" in the painting: "mountain will peak, the peak of the arch to; without word writer, is more than the pen to the arch. The editor has the difference, is more than the pen are defeated, so good a book for this".
Line, cursive writing, than Zhuan, Li, Kai is much more complicated in the grasp of the writer, also much more difficult. The reason is a complex variation, the editor can mutate into a pair of pen, writer
itself can also have variation in various shapes. The reason for the difficulty is that not only is it essential, but it also has a lot of expressive power.
For, not only made cursive variation, the greater variation of the auxiliary pen, pen side sometimes is more variable for the writer, its variation. When the features of pen and vice editorial changes, the variation of the auxiliary pen should be made to. As the creation of lines and cursive scripts is characterized by improvisation and randomness, "the same character, different looks, and the same pen and different shapes" are the important techniques for the creation of lines and cursive script. It must be the author should have a strong control ability, change ability, front strain ability, expressive force and the shape of the altarpiece ability etc..
Six, pen speed problem
In the technique of writing, the speed of pen writing is one of the techniques that can not be neglected. The pen speed is not a simple fast and slow, and it should be written in ink, font, to show the style and rhythm has a very close relationship. Pen speed itself can perfect these aspects, but also by these constraints.
1, pen and ink speed
The core technique of ink is "paper and ink," and the key technique for ink use is inking. As ink falls on paper, it has the characteristics of permeability. Therefore, when you apply ink, you must grasp the sense of propriety. Otherwise, you will lose ink and lose ink when you lose control.
Its rule is: "full pen, infiltration fast.",
Kebi calorized slow "(including ink water absorbent paper size and size can not be ignored). In order to make ink control accurate and satisfactory, how to grasp the speed of the pen is the key link.
The essentials are: "full pen shall be fast, slow Kebi".
For example, in cursive writing, when a brush dipped in ink, to continuous writing some words, the ink pen containing one from more and getting less, and the pen speed also has a fast and short process. It's a regular process. If you do not follow this rule brush pen, full anti slow movement, Kebi is faster, the ink on the paper must be in a complete mess. Some write is not clear, after some pale spent no color, ink for. Line, cursive shade, dry, dry ink to run the actual changes,
therefore, the pen speed is also put forward higher requirements. Must have high speed and low speed of the driving skills of ink ink pen, to show the cursive rhyme.
In the Zhuan, Li, Kai creation, pen speed and, under normal
circumstances contrast smaller, mostly used in the low speed. The reason is that this kind of font ink with low contrast, when writing
with pen in the ink should not be too full, too. Pen and ink is the speed for the performance of the mutual relationship, and mutual restriction relationship.
2, the relationship between pen speed and font
Different fonts have different requirements for pen speed. Zhuan, Li, Kai calligraphy is Bibi independent, and stronger strokes depict. So, in stipple writing, the pen is very difficult to speed up the speed. In addition, these types of fonts composition is basically in rows and columns, in a word, every independent, no mutual relationship between cotton entangles belt, between words. Therefore, it is difficult to express the quick shift pen pen.
For, cursive have much freedom to brush strokes, the length and the thickness of the random variable, straight line, arc can be any combination of gestures can be broken with words in cursive, words can
be lingering. All of these provide favorable conditions for speeding up the speed of the pen, or, in other words, providing conditions that can be speeded up and slowed down.
3, the relationship between pen speed and style
Skills, style, style, control skills. Pen speed is the skill in writing, therefore, pen speed and style are mutual performance and mutual restriction. Style quiet way, speed to be stable and the pen; kuangjuan way, to pen speed quick switch;
simple way, pen speed later astringent, etc.. In the line and cursive script, the diversity of this style coexists with the changeability of pen speed. A dynamic cursive font, style difference is great, the speed difference is especially obvious change pen. It requires writers must be able to control the speed of each pen, have a very strong and very skilled ability to control, in order to grasp the style. The same is Wang Xizhi's works, the pen speed is different, different styles. "Lanting Pavilion" pen speed is relatively slow, "month instrument" pen speed fast. These examples are too numerous to list.
Zhuan, Li, Kai is static font, but the style is very diverse. In order to Tangkai for example, Chu suiliang pen pen speed fast, able to slow, Yan Zhenqing pen. The speed of the pen has a direct influence on the performance of the style.
From this we can see that the style is very strict with the pen speed, and the speed of the pen is necessary for the performance of style.
4, the relationship between pen speed and rhythm
In a strict sense,
Any font must be rhythmic and rhythmic in its creation. From the
point of view of the dotted lines, thick and thin, heavy and light, long and short, smooth, steady and astringent late and unrestrained and so on, are the basic elements of rhythm. This is a strong contrast, rhythm is more tiaodang. The pen that is slow and steady is sure to be slow, and the flowing and bold pen must be quick.
Lines, cursive writing, speed, Xu Xu, heavy, light, thickness, size changes greatly, so it is not equal to the speed of the pen. This is a very important technique in cursive writing.
Seal, scribe, script writing, although not cursive rhythm contrast, which also has to grasp the rhythm problems. Or a word dignified, or a word elegant, must be in accordance with the needs of the rhythm of the atmosphere and change, the speed of the pen will also be followed by change.
Fast strokes and subtle characterizations are a contradiction, and
the faster the pen, the greater the chance that the force and the front will get out of hand. The so-called Lianbi, practice is to solve this contradiction, the practice is fast and precise, practice is to harness the stall pen to write speed fine stipple lines and other wonderful Chinese characters.
Seven, continuous writing control problem
Different fonts have different depth control techniques in writing. Zhuan, Li, Kai in writing the front process can be relatively free, that is to say, when the front or out of control is not ideal, can at any
time and allow the pause in the front cover, straighten out the inkstone. Because this kind of static font strokes is independent, a writing brush to leave the paper, then write down, there is a small amount of intermittent pauses, so in writing, the way to stop and no chance. This conditioning method without front, we call it "the front transfer paper".
For the adjustable front, cursive script and Zhuan, Li, Kai is
very different, because it is the conception of cohesion, through
its problems. Due to the restriction of this spirit with the requirements, so in the process of writing can not stop, otherwise, for gas will break Italy gas resistance. When writing lines and grass, it must be written continuously, so that the writing should be written and adjusted at the same time, and the process of adjusting the front should be completed at the moment of writing. We call this "spike up front"".
The technique of continuous writing in a cursive script is often entangled with other techniques. First of all, with pen speed. Without
pen speed, there is no question of continuous writing. Secondly, it is related to the skills of linearity. The lines of cursive and cursive are very complex. Continuous writing, flash paper, and up front are required to write high quality dots. Third, associated with the word method and Zhang Faxiang. Retables, gas line should pay attention to the shape of
the coherence and composition of harmony and so on. Fourth, closely
related to the art of ink. Pay attention to the script ink level, pay attention to dip the ink point line between air, only in the pen dipped
in ink is intermittent and no place. Frequently stop writing ink dipped,
it must disturb the rhythm of continuous writing. Fifth, closely related to style, style and so on.
In addition, the technique of continuous writing is often
intertwined with other non-technical factors. The size of factors such as text and words, writing table width and paper mobile factors, etc..
It is known that the difficulty of continuous writing is not to be neglected.
硬笔书法28种基本笔画图解 1 横横画要写平稳 因为横在一个字中起平衡作用，横不平，则字不稳。横有长、短之长横的写法，下笔稍重、行笔向右较轻，收笔略向右按一下，整个笔画呈左低右高、向下俯势的形态。由于人的视觉的错觉，横画不能写成水平，而应写成左低右高，收笔时稍按一下笔，使笔画变重些，这样，看起来才显得平稳。所以，人们常说的“横平竖直”，不是指横水平书写，而是要求看卜去平稳的意思。如图： 短横的写法是，轻下笔，由轻到重向右行笔大约写到长横的一半时停笔即收。笔画稍向右上仰。如图： 2 竖竖画要写垂直 因为竖画在一个字中往往起着关键的支撑作用，竖不垂直，则字不正。竖有垂露、悬针和短竖之分。垂露竖的写法，下笔稍重，行笔垂直向下较轻，收笔稍重。如图：
悬针竖的写法同垂露，只是收笔时由重到轻，出锋收笔，笔画出尖。见下图： 短竖，写法同垂露竖，只是笔画较短，短竖要写得短粗有力。见下图： 3 撇撇画在一个字中很有装饰性 如能写得自然舒展，会增加字的美感，有时还与按画相对称起着平衡和稳定重心的作用。撇有斜撇、竖撇、短撇之分。斜撇的写法是，下笔稍重，由重到轻向左下行笔，收笔时出尖。如图：
竖撇，下笔稍重，由重到轻向下行笔，行至撇的长度三分之二处，向左下撇出，收笔时出尖竖撇，下笔稍重，由重到轻向下行笔，行至撇的长度三分之二处，向左下撇出，收笔时出尖尖。如图： 短撇，写法同斜撇，只是笔画较短。短撇在字头出现时，笔画形态较平，如“干、反、禾、后丢”等字；短撇在字的左上部位出现时，笔画形态较斜，如“生、禾、失、朱”等字。如图： 4 捺捺画粗细分明,书写难度较大 捺有斜捺和平捺之分。斜捺，下笔较轻(轻落笔)，向右下由轻到重行笔，行至捺脚处重按笔，然后向右水平方向由重到轻提笔拖出，收笔要出尖。如图： 平捺，写法同斜捺，但下笔时先要写一小短横，然后再向有下(略平一些)方向行笔。如图：
硬笔书法笔画的28种写法 帮大家整理了关于硬笔书法笔画的28种写法图解，希望能对大家练字有用。1、横画要写平稳 因为横在一个字中起平衡作用，横不平，则字不稳。 横有长、短之长横的写法，下笔稍重、行笔向右较轻，收笔略向右按一下，整个笔画呈左低右高、向下俯势的形态。 由于人的视觉的错觉，横画不能写成水平，而应写成左低右高，收笔时稍按一下笔，使笔画变重些，这样，看起来才显得平稳。 所以，人们常说的“横平竖直”，不是指横水平书写，而是要求看卜去平稳的意思。如图： 短横的写法是，轻下笔，由轻到重向右行笔大约写到长横的一半时停笔即收。笔画稍向右上仰。如图：
2、竖画要写垂直 因为竖画在一个字中往往起着关键的支撑作用，竖不垂直，则字不正。竖有垂露、悬针和短竖之分。垂露竖的写法，下笔稍重，行笔垂直向下较轻，收笔稍重。如图： 悬针竖的写法同垂露，只是收笔时由重到轻，出锋收笔，笔画出尖。见下图： 短竖，写法同垂露竖，只是笔画较短，短竖要写得短粗有力。见下图： 3、撇画一个字的装饰性笔画 如能写得自然舒展，会增加字的美感，有时还与按画相对称起着平衡和稳定重心的作用。撇有斜撇、竖撇、短撇之分。斜撇的写法是，下笔稍重，由重到轻向左下行笔，收笔时出尖。如图： 竖撇，下笔稍重，由重到轻向下行笔，行至撇的长度三分之二处，向左下撇出，收笔时出尖竖撇，下笔稍重，由重到轻向下行笔，行至撇的长度三分之二处，向左下撇出，收笔时出尖尖。如图：
短撇，写法同斜撇，只是笔画较短。短撇在字头出现时，笔画形态较平，如“干、反、禾、后丢”等字；短撇在字的左上部位出现时，笔画形态较斜，如“生、禾、失、朱”等字。如图： 4、捺画要粗细分明，比较有难度 捺有斜捺和平捺之分。斜捺，下笔较轻(轻落笔)，向右下由轻到重行笔，行至捺脚处重按笔，然后向右水平方向由重到轻提笔拖出，收笔要出尖。如图： 平捺，写法同斜捺，但下笔时先要写一小短横，然后再向有下(略平一些)方向行笔。如图： 5、点画在一个字中 就如同人的眼睛一样重要，是一个字的精神体现。点画有右点、左点、竖点和长点之分。右点，轻下笔，由轻到重向右下行笔，稍按后即收笔，不能重描，一次成画。写点关键要有行笔过程，万不可笔尖一着纸就收笔。 左点．写法基本同有点，但行笔方向往下略向左偏一些，收笔时要顿笔。如图:
笔法是书法学习中很重要的一点 笔法，顾銳思义，就是讲用笔的方法，包括执笔法、运笔法等。 掌握执笔是进入书写阶段的第一步，提笔写字即要对执笔法有一定的把握，对于 执笔法这里不再赘述。 书法最重要的是讲究运笔之法，我们称之为用笔法。有人将用笔法分解为起笔法、行笔法、收笔法等，较繁琐。章祖安先生将用笔要领归结为两个字：用锋。所谓能用笔，就是能“用锋”，体力转化为笔力，即转化为用锋之力。 那么如何用锋呢? 一、要学会中锋用笔。也就是笔锋始终在线条中间运行，这样写出的线条既圆润 又厚实，即前人所讲如屋漏痕、锥画沙的效果。中锋用笔首先执笔要稳，行笔要静(这 里的静，不是静止，是指行笔要神情专注，凝神静气)。出现偏锋及时调整，不然即使 是中锋，写出的线条也容易扁薄。所以，中锋用笔在笔法中占重要位置。等到中锋用 笔熟练了，也可用侧锋、逆锋等书写，以求线条有所变化。 二、要学会提按用笔。提按之法能表现出书写者对毛笔的控制能力，掌握了提按 技巧，可以说对用笔法就有了一定的把握。提，指用笔能提得起来，既要有往下压笔 的力量，更要有往上提的力量，提也要力到笔锋，不可如强驽之末。按，最能体现用 笔的力度，但控制不好，一味下按，往往使线条粗钝，形成墨猪。有人下笔就用笔肚，按笔有余，提笔不足，书写起来僵、结、板，这是对提按笔法缺少体会与实践的结果。关于提按用笔及产生的笔力效果，我们在以后的问答中再讲。 三、要学会调锋。笔锋在书写过程中会再现各种各样的变化，如果不及时调锋， 便会出现偏锋、绞锋、散锋等现象，这样既影响线条的质量又给运笔带来很多困难。 所以在行笔的过程中，我们要时刻进行笔锋的调整，使之达到中锋用笔。怎样进行调 锋呢?一方面，我们要注意笔锋的不同变化，灵活把注意笔锋的提按使转;另一方面， 要仔细体会笔锋在行进中所产生的力量感，以表现线条质量为目的进行笔锋调整。要 表现迟涩、徐疾、燥润等不同的感觉，就要求我们对笔锋的使转进行不同的把握与调整。 有人写字不知用偏锋，往往写一笔或一字便在砚边调整一下，不知一擒一纵快速 反应而调锋。周星莲在《临池管见》中说：“作字须提得笔起，稍知书者皆知之，然往 往手欲提，而转折顿挫辄自偃者，无擒纵故也。'擒纵’二字，是书家要诀。有擒纵方有
书法行笔笔法 所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法”。书法笔法安笔性质的不同，分为软笔笔法和硬笔笔法。 一、软笔笔法 （一）软笔执笔法 在了解笔法之前，对于初学者而言，怎样执笔则是需要最新掌握的。通常所使用的执笔方法是“五指执笔法”，即五根手指全都作用到笔上。用“按、压、钩、顶、抵”的方法把笔执稳，使手指各司其职。具体为：大拇指的第一节内侧按住笔身的一方，大拇指略处于水平的横向状态。食指的第一节或与第二节的关节处由外往里压住笔杆。中指紧挨着食指，钩住笔杆。无名指紧挨中指，用第一节指甲根部紧贴着笔杆顶住食指、中指往里压的力。小指抵住无名指的内下侧，帮上一点劲。这样形成五个手指力量均匀地围住笔的三个侧面，使笔固定，手心虚空。如图2-27所示。 图1五指执笔法 对于初学者来说，掌握和习惯执笔的方法，在临习法帖时将大有裨益。且掌握了执笔的方法，在运笔过程中就会更加得心应手。 除了掌握执笔方法之外，执笔时的手腕的姿势也是把握书写动作的关键，手腕摆的位置和姿势主要有枕腕、悬腕与悬肘。 1.枕腕 枕腕是执笔的手腕枕在桌面上或枕在左手背上书写的方法。用枕腕法书写毛笔字，因手腕在桌上手很平稳，适宜于写小楷或一寸见方的中楷，但也因手腕搁死难于移动。如图2-28所示。 2.悬腕 悬腕是执笔的手腕悬起，离开桌面，肘臂仍在桌上的书写方法。这种方法，手腕活动范围比枕腕法大一些，臂和肘关节还是在桌上，仍然比较平稳，可写二三寸大小的大楷字。如果写对联或擘窠大字，就要用悬肘法来书写。如图2-29所示。
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7f3689357.html, 浅析书法创作中的墨法运用 作者：王运来 来源：《颂雅风·下半月》2019年第01期 摘要：在书法创作当中，墨法的运用往往起着画龙点睛的作用，一直被书法家们所重视。墨法与书法中的笔法、字体、行气等彼此交融，构成了整体的脉络。然而，墨法在书法创作中的运用仍有更大提升空间，书法家或学习者们在谈到墨法时，总能说说一二，但通常缺乏深入系统的了解。人们在书法创作中，通常只是使用单一的墨法，缺少多样化的运用，在创作实践中鲜有多种墨法综合运用的成功案例。本文对多种墨法在书法创作中的运用进行探究，为当代书法创作提供一定的有益经验。 关键词：书法创作墨法运用 一、浓墨 浓墨法是众多墨法的基础和根源，书法由墨加水经笔在纸上呈现，而墨色浓淡的变化既可通过墨和水在本源上控制，又可在笔和纸上下功夫。其中，最浓重的墨是书法创作中最根本的颜色。墨分五色“浓淡”“干”“湿”“黑”，也有人加上“白”，合称“六彩”，但无论怎样变化，却也须得有这最浓重的墨色，才能演化出黑白世界的万千颜色。书法中墨色的浓淡深浅，实际上也是不同墨色之间的对比所形成的。因此，一幅书法作品中必须要有一个最深浓的墨色作为基调，方能衬托出其他墨色的深浅浓淡。同时，由浓墨法写出的书法作品，往往精气神极佳。 以《寄扬州韩卓判官》一诗为例，全诗为：“青山隐隐水迢迢，秋尽江南草未凋。二十四桥明月夜，玉人何处教吹箫。”笔者在构思之时，为了更加淋漓尽致地表达诗人对故人旧景的思念之情，选用了长锋兼毫的毛笔，以浓墨法为主，七分墨三分水，在行笔之时追求流畅而不失灵活，主要采用濃墨法，同时也加入了少量枯墨，在“凋”“箫”二字上体现地更为明显，不仅与整体的浓墨形成了微妙的对比，也切合了该诗的意境，增强了整幅作品的感染力。 浓墨法为墨法之基础，但如果只用浓墨法，作品会显得平淡而少于变化，需要更多的墨法来配合，才能凸显出黑与白的关系，达到相得益彰的效果。 二、枯墨 枯墨法是将笔上浓墨写到墨水慢慢耗尽时，就着笔中残余的一些笔墨继续进行书写的一种墨法。“于浓墨、淡墨之间，运以渴笔，视若枯燥，意极华滋。”在书法作品中，同时运用枯墨法和浓墨法，可以在纸上起到鲜明的对比作用。落笔之时，墨浓而重，随着水墨在书写过程不断消耗，这时就可以使用枯墨法继续书写，呈现出一个水墨自然消耗的渐变过程。枯墨法在整幅书法作品中能够起到调控节奏、对比黑白的作用，但运用的难度也比较大，笔上的墨水越少，就越容易散锋，越难以行笔，想要形成麻点般的线条时需得降慢速度，但过慢的话，又会
中国书法笔法论 首先就“一阴一阳之道”展开。笔法，即书法的运笔方法，线条制作方法，线条为中国书画最基本的表达形式。中国书画选择了线条作为其基本表现手段和形象组织。线条之哲学意义来于“一阴一阳之道”。中国人认为世界是由元气构成，元气由阴阳二气构成，二气又生成万物。 道即道路途径，即线条。书画选择线条作为基本表现形式是具有其极为深刻的。这把握了事物的最终与根本，线条有其特质：一为简单。《周易》之易，意为“简单”、“变化”和“不易”。与西方相比，在刻画物象上可能有不足，但传神上则过之。客观世界是复杂的，因此选择了与之相对的最为简单的线条来表示。二为自由：相对于面与块来说，线条要自由的多，线条为中国书画最大的特征，其笔法制作并不简单。笔法是由有限到无限，由形象到抽象的要。书法之艺术价值和生命价值在哪里呢？在形式上说，这既非象征，也非再现，现时是一种纯粹的表现艺术，比任何艺术都有更纯粹的表现艺术，形式美极为突出。 在如何由形下达到形上，笔法也起极为重要的作用。 笔法之所以为要律，原因在于：一、书法技法简单，可谓“至简”。正因其技法简炼，决定了某技法的某种特定性。这反映了中国一个典型的审美原则：“切中肯，把握内涵”，“减迹象以增内含”。奉戈尔曾经说过，中国文化是“为道日报”的文化，西方文化是“为学日益”的文化。 二、书法创作的对象也是简单的汉字。书法创作好明不能超出汉字，所谓“以心所欲而不逾矩”。这两个简单决定了中国书法笔法，特殊性与重要性。这是要谈一下“矩”的概念。有了矩，就可以在有限的范围内进行无限的表达。今天进行书法创作就是在有限的空间内，陶冶人的情操，净化人的心灵，使人得到艺术享受。 繁多只能描绘事物的外在形象，是“小巧”“小美”而已，是“世俗浅薄”之美，是一种感观性之乐，是有限的、容易破灭的。真正的艺术是一种简单，少，纯。叫做“高贵的单纯性和平凡的伟大”。 线条可以产生出一种内部的动人力量，具有独立的审美价值，可以表现出比我们感观更广阔的东西。 笔法的物质基础是毛笔。毛笔的一个最大特点，柔。柔能生刚，柔能胜刚。笔法的粗细虚实实相对藏出，毛笔都可以轻易完成。毛笔还有弹性，弹性在笔划上就体现出“柔能生刚”。辜鸿鸣说过，毛笔可作为中国人精神的象征。再谈一下笔法的基本内容与要求。如何使用笔法呢？书法以笔法为基本技术，“骨力形似皆在于写意而归于用笔”。“字中有笔如禅字句中有眼”。赵孟钏担 帽饰 Ч挪灰啤！吧剖檎哂帽剩 簧剖檎呶 仕 谩！笨涤形 苍 担菏榉ㄖ 盍⒃谟帽省Ｈ绾斡帽誓兀恳弧⒁ 时试似浔痉郑 馐怯帽实淖钪饕 奈侍狻：挝 痉郑勘实搅Φ揭獾剑 时仕椭粒 荒苌帘苋∏桑 豢尚疟省Ｒ 龅秸庖坏悖 丶 谟诟鋈说闹鞴郯盐眨 谐渥愕木 窳α亢桶盐彰 实哪芰Γ 誓 嗟谩Ｃ 始慈幔 钟小胺妗保 帽室 锏礁咧柿康谋驶 Ｖ泄 榉ㄊ恰靶础背隼吹模 皇腔 隼矗 龀隼矗 璩隼吹摹！靶础奔础靶骸保 锤星榈匿中埂? 二、要中锋用笔，这是用笔的基本规律。符合中庸之道的用笔精神。中庸并非中间，而是追求最佳、最适合。 三、要有藏出，藏锋与出锋要合理的搭配。“书贵藏锋”，但不能以模糊为藏锋。“藏则含其气味，出则耀其精神”。王羲之说：要十藏九出、十曲九直、十起五伏。以劲
下列哪种笔法就是指笔毫不离开纸面并且书写出由粗到细变化的线条 A、提笔 B、按笔 C、蹲笔 D、挫笔 正确答案: A 我的答案:A 2 下列哪种笔法就是指顿笔后,笔毫不提不按,只做微小的位置移动 A、提笔 B、按笔 C、蹲笔 D、挫笔 正确答案: D 我的答案:D 3 下列选项不属于汉字笔画组成部分的就是 A、起笔 B、提笔 C、行笔 D、收笔 正确答案: B 我的答案:B 4 顿笔用笔时比较轻而蹲笔比较重 正确答案:×我的答案:× 5 《颜勤礼碑》就是初学楷书书法的人很好的范本 正确答案:√我的答案:√ 1 《麻姑仙坛记》点画用的最多的一种写法就是 A、左侧点 B、右侧点 C、短横点 D、短竖点 正确答案: B 我的答案:B 2 《麻姑仙坛记》就是谁的作品 A、柳公权 B、褚遂良 C、张旭 D、颜真卿 正确答案: D 我的答案:D 3 在《麻姑仙坛记》中主要采用篆法入楷 正确答案:√我的答案:√
在永字八法中被成为勒的笔画就是()。 A、点画 B、竖画 C、横画 D、撇话 正确答案: C 我的答案:C 5 在《麻姑仙坛记》中横画起笔为方笔,收笔为圆笔 正确答案:√我的答案:√ 1 在《麻姑仙坛记》中折画主要以什么形式为主 A、圆折 B、方折 C、外方内圆 D、先横后竖 正确答案: A 我的答案:A 2 《麻姑仙坛记》中楷书字体哪个部分比较密集 A、左上 B、右上 C、左下 D、右下 正确答案: D 我的答案:D 3 下列选项中不属于折画的表现形式的就是 A、内外皆圆 B、外圆内方 C、外方内圆 D、先横后竖 正确答案: C 我的答案:C 4 勾画在永字八法里称为趯 正确答案:√我的答案:√ 5 《麻姑仙坛记》中的勾画主要采用行书入楷 正确答案:×我的答案:× 1 在唐朝建国初,书法并没有得到重视,而就是在中唐后才逐渐得到重视并将书法作为国学之一正确答案:×我的答案:× 2 柳公权最初就是得到哪位皇帝的赏识 A、唐宪宗 B、唐穆宗
书法三要素：笔法、墨法、章法书法，翻开古今书论，什么利剑长戈、千里阵云、龙跳天门等。一些之乎者也，玄之又玄的高论，让人看了望而生畏，迷惑至今 书法，翻开古今书论，什么利剑长戈、千里阵云、龙跳天门等。一些之乎者也，玄之又玄的高论，让人看了望而生畏，迷惑至今。细品之，这些也不外乎笔法、墨法、章法在书写过程中的应用、变化而已，没什么神奇之术。那么，笔法又是什么呢？其实，所谓笔法不过就是书写每一种字体的基本笔画时所用的书写方法。墨法，也就是每一个字的笔画、墨色的变化。章法，不过也就是一个字的结构及通篇字的安排罢了，没有什么可高深莫测的。
这里要指出，书法无神秘，尚需要练功，中国有句老话：“没有规矩不成方圆。”因为每一种字体都有它的不同书写方法，不练怎能行？不就是涂鸦了吗？这就是如运动员做每一项运动及练声乐、学唱歌一样。都需在正确的方法指导下认真训练，越熟越好。笔法也是如此，熟能生巧，巧能生乖。只有熟练地掌握了每一种字体的书写方法，也叫“技法”，才能把字写得更好。 墨法，是关于能否写出线条墨色的变化，《润味》古人云：“墨分五色，即：浓、淡、干、湿、焦。”这五色，主要是墨与水的运用而产生的。如写：“战地黄花分外香，春风杨柳万千条。”这两个文字内容不同的作品时，你就要考虑用怎样的墨色去写才能表现出这两种不同文字内容能要达到的效果。但这些都是在长时间的书写实践中观察、摸索、总结出来的。
张国强四尺横幅《题李凝幽居》 章法，这里说的也就是结字。由一个字，到一篇字或更多的字。中国汉字由甲骨到正楷。经历了漫长的历史阶段，已经成熟了，我们现在的人只能在前人的基础上去发展，前人有甲骨、金文、石鼓、小篆、简书、隶书、楷书、行书、草书，各有风格，不但如此，每一种体都有多种风格，这个风格就是发展。我们要发展，也必须如此。不发展，不创新，就是书奴，就是写字匠。只有发展了，书法才能有生命力，但这个发展，要合乎规律，不可随意涂抹，只有达到了法中无法才是上层，因为法是人创造出来的，新风格的字体也是人创造出来的，只要我们下功夫按着正确的方法去练，去研究更多的新方法、新风格的字体一定会出现的。一个百花争艳的书法春天也一定会来到的，这就是规律。前人给我们留下了宝贵的文化遗产，我们是否能在前人的基础上去写、去创新，我们能留给后人什么？这就是我们的责任。
智慧树知到《笔尖上的艺术-书法基础与赏析》章节测试答案绪论 1、金文属于（） A:小篆 B:大篆 C:甲骨 D:隶书 答案: 大篆 2、（）字体圆润均匀，结构匀称 A:秦大篆 B:秦隶书 C:秦小篆 D:汉隶书 答案: 秦小篆 3、下列说法错误的是（） A:颜真卿——楷书 B:张旭——草书 C:王羲之——行书 D:孙过庭——草书 答案: 颜真卿——楷书 4、下列说法正确的是（） A:王羲之——行书
B:王羲之——草书 C:张旭——行书 D:张旭——楷书 答案: 王羲之——行书 5、并称“二王”的是( ) A:王次仲、王羲之 B:王羲之、王献之 C:王旷、王羲之 D:王导、王羲之 答案: 王羲之、王献之 6、王羲之因在书法领域的造诣被后世誉为( ) A:“草圣” B:“书圣” C:“初唐四杰”之一 D:“唐宋八大家”之一 答案: “书圣” 7、行书是楷书的草化，“行者，流行或行走之意”他最大的特点是（）。A:动 B:行 C:走 D:草 答案: 行
8、《大盂鼎》是西周（）的代表 A:早期 B:中期 C:晚期 D:后期 答案: 早期 9、欧阳修关于书法的说法正确的是（） A:笔为心像 B:学书为乐 C:一分耕耘一分收获 D:用笔在心，心正则笔正 答案: 学书为乐 10、怀素练字刻苦，后人盛传他的事迹是( ) A:池水尽墨 B:白漆写字 C:早起研磨直至写干 D:书法独特 答案: 白漆写字 11、古时期中“六艺”中，与书法有关的项目是（）A:礼 B:御 C:书
D:乐 答案: 书 第一章 1、下列说法中，哪种说法是正确的（）。 A:书法是中国传统艺术的象征。 B:在中国艺术史上，书法是其次取得重要艺术地位的。 C:汉字是“物象之本”。 D:中国传统书画艺术在审美内涵上同西方绘画艺术是一脉相承的。 答案: 汉字是“物象之本”。 2、下列说法中，哪种说法是正确的（）。 A:书法是最纯粹的中国本土艺术。 B:人的内心情感也能在中国书法中表现出来，其他民族写字是没有这种境界的。 C:毛笔是汉字书写能成为艺术的又一关键因素。 D:中国书画艺术不求形似而求神似，追求气韵生动。 答案: 书法是最纯粹的中国本土艺术。,人的内心情感也能在中国书法中表现出来，其他民族写字是没有这种境界的。,毛笔是汉字书写能成为艺术的又一关键因素。,中国书画艺术不求形似而求神似，追求气韵生动。 3、王献之的什么书体略胜其父王羲之( ) A:行草 B:楷书 C:篆书 D:隶书 答案: 行草
行书运笔的27种方法 1、中锋笔尖运行的轨迹在笔画的正中点，特点是点画厚实圆满。 2、偏锋侧锋特点形方单薄。 3、藏锋笔画运行将终时，将笔尖往复逆收，使笔锋势发而不露。 4、露锋笔画运行将终时，按笔后逐渐提笔出锋，锋尖渐离纸面，在纸上留下剑尖和刀斜口似的墨迹，也就是锋芒毕露。 5、落笔笔刚刚向下按压着纸，多为运笔之始。 6、收笔一笔画或一字完成时，笔锋要离纸而去，多是运笔之末。 7 、顿笔按笔于纸上，又稍加上下运动，势如敲钉入木。 8、蹲笔按笔向下如顿笔，但用力较轻，有如蜻蜓点水，人之轻轻下蹲。 9 、提笔拔笔高起，但不离纸，使写出的笔画轻细。 10 、按笔将笔用力压下，使写出来的笔画粗重，与顿笔，蹲笔不同之处是不含轻微的上下运势。 11、方笔下笔时笔尖朝笔画相反的方向运动，即竖画横下笔，横画竖下笔。收笔时，逆去逆收，笔画留在纸上呈方形。 12、圆笔运笔时，笔杆垂直，笔毫平铺纸上，万毫齐力，笔画呈圆形。 13、过笔笔锋由此到彼，提笔直道而行，不曲不折，亦称走笔。 14、顺笔从上向下，从左向右行笔。 15、逆笔与顺笔方向相反。 16、留笔行笔终末嘎然煞住，不使飘忽，不顿，不蹲。 17、折笔笔锋随棱角写出而带方角的点画，称为折笔，即所谓“折似成方”。 18、转笔笔势随圆势圆转回旋，写出不带棱角的点划，称为转法，即所谓“转以成圆”，古称此为围法。 19、回笔去左而返右，去下而返上，用半圆形转返提离叫回笔。 20、衄笔笔向与回笔相同，亦是转返，只是回笔用圆转法，衄笔是逆向拉回，缩而不折，势如蜗牛入壳。 21、抢笔悬空作一折笔，然后迅速落纸，也就是悬空摇掷而落，即虚抢。 22、峻笔行笔快而有力。 23、涩笔行笔慢而有力，笔势艰涩，如以锥画沙，泥路推车。 24、挫笔笔顿后稍提，使之转动微离顿处，多用于点画之转角处，笔势慢且涩，壮似错齿。 25、驻笔行笔中间稍停即走，即少驻。此法与顿、蹲不同的是，前者按下停住，而后者稍停即走。 26、纵笔过笔与提笔相结合，即在过笔中渐渐将笔提起，凡竖、撇、捺等收尾出锋而不藏者皆为纵笔。如纵鸟出笼去而不返。 27、战笔在长的笔画途中加力，似遇阻力而又抖擞、战栗地
楷书的笔法行笔文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
山东书法老师谈楷书的笔法—行笔 我的书法启蒙老师是一位山东的书法老师，记得他对我说行笔，也叫走笔、过笔，是点画用笔起收之间的中间环节，也即是行笔过程。他对我说书法其用笔起、收固然关键，但是行笔也十分重要。 有一次在山东书法加盟大会上，他还举例清代书法理论家包世臣就看到了古人之所以在用笔上取得不可企及的成就，正在于不仅仅重视起笔与收笔，使笔画两端“雄厚恣肆”，同时也在中间行笔的过程中下功夫，使笔画“丰而不怯，实而不空”，骨势洞达，神盈一体，力贯始终。 山东书法历史资料： 那天他首先说了下山东书法历史资料简述： （一）原始陶文：从文字画到文字。大汶口文化出土陶片文字，莒县陵阳河、大朱村、前寨；龙山文化陶片文字，城子崖、青岛白沙赵村；龙山文化晚期，邹平丁公村，龙山陶文（与甲骨文、金文一体系）。 （二）金文：青铜器铭文，如寿光古城乡；梁山；临朐；邹县；临沂；枣庄等地出土文物。
（三）碑刻：秦刻石：峄山、琅琊、泰山石刻；汉碑：济宁；摩崖石刻：邹城等。山东书法重要代表，反映了书法的演变和风格特征。很多碑文也是书法史上稀有或艺术水平很高的代表作，并列入中小学书法教材，如张猛龙碑。 主要介绍石刻文字，包括碑刻文化知识背景的介绍，和山东古代碑刻代表遗迹，产生背景、历史地位、书法创作学习价值。（碑刻包括碣、碑、石经、造像、画像、建筑器物刻字等） 1、秦石刻：峄山、琅琊、泰山石刻等，记载着政治与书法之间的联系，也是学习小篆的重要摹本。 2、 汉碑：山东汉碑数量多，质量高的文化背景；山东汉碑的内容、历史价行笔这一过程，用笔的方法主要是中锋与侧锋，另外，为了加强笔画的粗细变化及行笔方向改变后的转折，还要在行笔过程中辅之以提按、顿驻、疾涩等动作。在他讲解山东书法悠久的历史时，脸上那种自豪感真是一种幸福。 行笔的内容： 紧接着他又带领学生们去了一个很好的山东书法教室，又详细的讲解了行笔的内容：
下列哪种笔法是指笔毫不离开纸面并且书写出由粗到细变化的线条 A、提笔 B、按笔 C、蹲笔 D、挫笔 正确答案：A 我的答案：A 2 下列哪种笔法是指顿笔后，笔毫不提不按，只做微小的位置移动 A、提笔 B、按笔 C、蹲笔 D、挫笔 正确答案：D 我的答案：D 3 下列选项不属于汉字笔画组成部分的是 A、起笔 B、提笔 C、行笔 D、收笔 正确答案：B 我的答案：B 4 顿笔用笔时比较轻而蹲笔比较重 正确答案：×我的答案：× 5 《颜勤礼碑》是初学楷书书法的人很好的范本 正确答案：√我的答案：√ 1 《麻姑仙坛记》点画用的最多的一种写法是 A、左侧点 B、右侧点 C、短横点 D、短竖点 正确答案：B 我的答案：B 2 《麻姑仙坛记》是谁的作品 A、柳公权 B、褚遂良 C、张旭 D、颜真卿 正确答案：D 我的答案：D 3 在《麻姑仙坛记》中主要采用篆法入楷 正确答案：√我的答案：√
在永字八法中被成为勒的笔画是（）。 A、点画 B、竖画 C、横画 D、撇话 正确答案：C 我的答案：C 5 在《麻姑仙坛记》中横画起笔为方笔，收笔为圆笔 正确答案：√我的答案：√ 1 在《麻姑仙坛记》中折画主要以什么形式为主 A、圆折 B、方折 C、外方内圆 D、先横后竖 正确答案：A 我的答案：A 2 《麻姑仙坛记》中楷书字体哪个部分比较密集 A、左上 B、右上 C、左下 D、右下 正确答案：D 我的答案：D 3 下列选项中不属于折画的表现形式的是 A、内外皆圆 B、外圆内方 C、外方内圆 D、先横后竖 正确答案：C 我的答案：C 4 勾画在永字八法里称为趯 正确答案：√我的答案：√ 5 《麻姑仙坛记》中的勾画主要采用行书入楷 正确答案：×我的答案：× 1 在唐朝建国初，书法并没有得到重视，而是在中唐后才逐渐得到重视并将书法作为国学之一正确答案：×我的答案：× 2 柳公权最初是得到哪位皇帝的赏识 A、唐宪宗 B、唐穆宗
硬笔书法28种基本笔画的书写方法 汉字笔画书写的运笔规律，一般是横竖撇的起笔较重，点捺的起笔较轻；转折处要略顿笔，稍重、稍慢；提和钩，开始要略顿笔、稍重，尔后逐渐转为轻快，收笔出尖；所有笔画都是一笔写成，不能重描。这些笔画在组成汉字时，有的形状会略有变化，因此在书写时，要注意多观察，把笔画形状写准确。 (一)横 横画要写平稳，因为横在一个字中起平衡作用，横不平，则字不稳。横有长、短写法，下笔稍重、行笔向右较轻，收笔略向右按一下，整个笔画呈左低右高、向下俯势的形态。由于人的视觉的错觉，横画不能写成水平，而应写成左低右高，收笔时稍按一下笔，使笔画变重些，这样，看起来才显得平稳。所以，人们常说的“横平竖直”，不是指横水平书写，而是要求看上去平稳的意思。如图： 短横的写法是，轻下笔，由轻到重向右行笔大约写到长横的一半时停笔即收。笔画稍向右上仰。如图：
(二)竖 竖画要写垂直，因为竖画在一个字中往往起着关键的支撑作用，竖不垂直，则字不正。竖有垂露、悬针和短竖之分。垂露竖的写法，下笔稍重，行笔垂直向下较轻，收笔稍重。如图： 悬针竖的写法同垂露，只是收笔时由重到轻，出锋收笔，笔画出尖。见下图： 短竖，写法同垂露竖，只是笔画较短，短竖要写得短粗有力。见下图： (三)撇 撇画在一个字中很有装饰性，如能写得自然舒展，会增加字的美感，有时还与捺画相对称起着平衡和稳定重心的作用。撇有斜撇、竖撇、短撇之分。斜撇的写法是，下笔稍重，由重到轻向左下行笔，收笔时出尖。如图： 竖撇，下笔稍重，由重到轻向下行笔，行至撇的长度三分之二处，向左下撇出，收笔时出尖。如图：
短撇，写法同斜撇，只是笔画较短。短撇在字头出现时，笔画形态较平，如“千、反、禾、后、丢”等字；短撇在字的左上部位出现时，笔画形态较斜，如“生、禾、失、朱”等字。如图： (四)捺 捺画粗细分明，书写难度较大。捺有斜捺和平捺之分。斜捺，下笔较轻(轻落笔)，向右下由轻到重行笔，行至捺脚处重按笔，然后向右水平方向由重到轻提笔拖出，收笔要出尖。如图： 平捺，写法同斜捺，但下笔时先要写一小短横，然后再向有下(略平一些)方向行笔。如图： (五〕点 点画在—个字中就如同人的眼睛一样重要，是一个字的精神体现。点画有右点、左点、竖点和长点之分。右点，轻下笔，由轻到重向右下行笔，稍
书法笔法中笔锋运用二十例 书法笔法中笔锋运用二十例＜br＞＜br＞在书法的学习中，用笔使墨，结构布局，形式章法等均为其中尤以笔法为其核心，而书法之中又首推笔锋的运用，对如何利用毛笔的笔锋来写出高质量的线条，自古便有界定，最早似可上溯到蔡邕的《九势》，东汉是书法走向自觉的时期，许慎从文字学立场讨论书法艺术，赵壹以儒家的卫道立场反对批评对书法艺术的追求，崔瑗从书法本体出发，直接讨论书法之“势”，基点较高，而蔡邕也主要本于书法立场，讨论了一系列关于书法艺术的话题，具体到笔锋的运用，他说到： ＜br＞藏锋，电画出入之迹，欲左先右，至回左亦尔。” ＜b藏头，圆笔属 纸，令笔心常在点画中行。 ＜br＞护尾，画点势尽力收之。＜br＞又云： 藏头护尾，力在其中，下笔用力，肌肤之丽。” ＜b这应该说是最早的关于 如何运用笔锋的讨论。自此开始，后世便生发出许多关于用锋的技巧。最为重要的如中锋、露锋、藏锋、逆锋等，对后世书法及技法理论产生了深远的影响。＜br＞到初唐，用锋理论的得到了较为完善的发展，如在中锋理论的背景下，人们通过对自然界和生活的体悟“锥画沙”印印泥”折钗股”屋漏痕”之类的形象比喻，把用笔和纸上的效果合二而一，细细品味确实能令人琢磨，但在后世发展中各种用锋名称十分丰富多采，然而正因其过于“多彩”而显得尤其混乱，导致一些书法理论家在论述时相互矛盾，如对“侧锋”一词的理解与阐释，历来就有许多争议，在《翰林辞言》中说： “侧锋取妍，此钟王不传之秘”，将其奉为极高的“秘诀”，而冯武却在《书法正传》中谓“今以侧锋取妍者，皆异端也。学书断断乎不可不使邪魔外道盘踞胸中，使终身陷于妖俗而不自知也，戒之哉！戒之哉！”还有，明王世贞《艺苑评》中曰： 正锋偏锋之说古今无之…??苏黄全是偏锋，旭素时有一二笔，即右军行草中，亦不能尽废。盖正以立骨，偏以取态。”凡此种种，可举出许多。愚以为究其原因，当归结为对术语界定的混乱，或说使用术语的混乱，过于随意而缺乏一种共识的学术背景。笔者研习书法多年，每感这类现象的混乱给叙述带来非 常多的问题，故不揣浅陋，在古代书论中抽出二十种对用锋技巧的描述，并结合自己的实践和理解，试归纳如下，就教于方家。
诚如前述，最早提出的 运锋理论当为中锋、藏锋、提出者为蔡邕。中锋即是指“笔心常在点画中行”，即笔要提
用启功先生的瘦金体去写毛泽东的《沁园春·雪》完全体现了内容与形式的统一性×毛笔的特点是柔软、弹性，因此在书写书法作品时很难体现出字体的各种形态×法国总统观看了中国书法中的哪个汉字后称中国书法是艺中之艺舞 什么使中国书法具有很强的艺术性对比 因为中国书法与音乐一样寓杂多于统一，具有对称与呼应、节奏与韵律，因此中国书法也被称为无声之音√ 法国画家毕加索认为艺术在中国√ 书法作品中只要存在共性就一定是优秀的作品× 谁认为各种美术以写字为最高梁启超 书法艺术性要求书家的艺术造诣要高于诗词作者的艺术造诣√ 艺术来源于什么，又高于什么生活 书法鉴赏的正确学习方法是学习书法史，以什么样的观点去鉴赏唯物主义 书法的成熟期大概时间段为东汉至唐朝之间× 中国最早的文字是甲骨文，而中国书法开始于甲骨文 下列各种文字不属于书法发展期时期的文字的是楷书 王羲之的《兰亭序》书法作品是用什么样的毛笔在剪纸上创作出来的鼠须笔 下列不属于书法鉴赏的所具备的条件的是对书家社会地位的调查 张怀瓘的哪部书品作品对后世的影响最大《书断》 书法和写字是相同的× 书法审美的标准从技术角度上来说是看其是否符合大自然的择优原则√ 书法作品中只有对立没有统一×
下列哪位历史人物的书法作品没有流传下来秦侩 下列哪个选项不属于“势”的审美看层次 甲骨文的欣赏 谁通过找出出土甲骨文的地址，推论出河南安阳小屯村就是商晚期国都遗址“殷墟”的所在地罗振玉 谁第一次将甲骨文从私藏变成文献公开的资料刘鹗 第一次发现甲骨文的人是谁王懿荣 甲骨文是对刻在甲骨上的刻辞和占辞的统称× 下列哪种类型不属于甲骨文的风格特征流放型 奇肆型甲骨文与后世的那种文体书法具有相似的特点金文 《殷契粹编》的作者谁在该书中从书法角度对甲骨文进行了赞美和赞赏郭沫若甲骨文作为一种成熟的文字系统，奠定了书法美学的坚实基础√ 浑厚典雅的金文 大盂鼎属于青铜器中的什么器件礼器 大盂鼎是左宗棠转赠给潘祖荫√ 祭祀猎手涂朱牛股刻辞是从哪出土的安阳 祭祀猎手涂朱牛股刻辞正面刻了几条甲骨文 4条 金文大多数是和器物一起浇铸出来的√ 大盂鼎记载的是西周哪位国王时期的事件康王 毛公鼎记载的是西周哪位国王时期的事件宣王 毛公鼎出土于哪里陕西
间架，指字的各部分的比例大小；结构，指汉字笔画的组合规律。 汉字结构： 独体字：天、木；左右结构：说、你；上下结构：忠、秀； 左中右结构：谢、做；上中下结构：意、喜； 全包围结构：国、园； 半包围结构：同、凶；品字结构：森、晶。 一、重心平稳 重心平稳，就是要将字写得平正、均衡，把整个字稳定在支撑点上，不失重心。在汉字形体中成轴对称形只是少部分，而大部分则是不对称形，在书写过程中可以运用以下方法达到重心平稳。 （一）左右对称 这类字左右两部分几乎完全相同，以平分线为中轴对折，可以重叠。 1、中平水未幸常 这类字主笔是正中的长竖或竖钩，书写时把主笔定在中心不偏不斜，支撑点对正中心。 2、大天父谷爽 这类字撇捺为主笔，书写时把撇捺的交点落在中心，撇捺的高度、斜度基本相同、对应。 3、伞全金余舍 这类字上部人字头撇捺的交点落在中心,下部的竖或竖钩对准撇捺交点
4、只贝共具典 这类字下部两足分开,以其脚点支撑整个字，重心在两支点正中，书写时两个交点落地要齐平，切勿一高一低。 5、王皿亚旦豆 这类字主笔是下部托底的长横，要把长横的中点落在中心位置，左右长短一致。上部的中竖或中心与其对正。 6、六立亩言容赛 这类字上部有点，须把与在中心位置，下部的中心要与上点对齐。7、英茶幕 这类字为上下或上中下结构，书写时把中部撇捺的交点、下部的竖或竖钩与上部草字头的中心对齐。 （二）、左右不对称 这类字为左右结构或半包围结构。它们有的左小右大，有的左长右短，有的主笔不位于字的中心，左右不对称。书写中其重心的平稳须要根据字的结构，调整安排。 1、巧吟珍晓峰魄 这类字左部偏旁短小，书写时要将左偏旁写在中部偏上位置，否则重心则不平稳。 2、加仁扫阳杠徊 这类字右部偏旁短小，书写时要将右部写在中部偏下位置,以使重心平稳。 3、红细初叔取甜
书法创作中的笔法核心 ——速度、力度、角度、长度 一、迟速与疾涩之关系——速度 “决谓牵掣，子知之乎？”曰：“岂不谓为牵为撆，锐意挫锋，使不怯滞，令险峻而成，以谓之决乎。”牵掣，讲的是行笔速度。“迟”与“速”是根据行笔速度做出的区分，行笔速度的快慢与笔毫的顺逆相结合，体现在行笔中就成为“疾、涩”，疾则相对快，涩则相对慢，但疾涩不仅仅是速度上的快慢，更侧重的是行笔运笔的势态。这种在笔画中看不到，却影响笔画呈现的形态且能根据笔画形态推测出来的挥运法度，书法中称 为“笔势”。疾、涩是相对而生，相对而存的。 “疾势：出于啄磔之中，又在竖笔紧趯之内。”“掠笔：在于趯锋峻趯用之。”“涩势：在于紧駃战行之法。”“横鳞：竖勒之规。” 说明了疾势、涩势在哪些笔画中运用。讲完疾势紧跟着讲掠笔；讲完涩势后紧跟着讲横鳞。由此透露出，掠笔是用疾势，竖勒笔画所用的“横鳞”是涩势。疾涩二势是书法的根本：“臣父造八分时，神授笔法，曰：“书有二法，一曰疾；二曰涩。得疾涩二法，书妙尽矣。夫书禀乎人性。疾者不可使之令徐，徐者不可使之令疾。”“行笔之法，十迟五急，十曲五直，十藏五出，十起五伏，此已曲尽其妙。然以中郎为最精，其论贵疾势涩笔。” “把笔抵锋，肇于本性，力圆则润，势疾则涩。”揭示出疾和涩的辩证联系。“八体之中有疾有涩。宜疾则疾，不疾则失势。宜涩则涩，不涩则病生。疾徐在心，形体在字，得心应手，妙出笔端。”强调了疾与涩运用要恰如其分，只有心法的自如才能有技法的自由。疾涩笔法的自如运用被后来的刘熙载生动地描绘出来，“古人论用笔，不外疾、涩二字。涩非迟也，疾非速也。以迟速为疾涩而能疾涩者，无之！用笔者皆习闻涩笔之说，然每不知如何得涩。惟笔方欲行，如有物以拒之，竭力而与
书法基础：基本技法运笔的通常方法 1、起收 运笔的起与收，即书写开始和终止的运作，自然是运笔的首要方法，所谓“一画之法，妙在起止”，理应特别重视。起笔也称发笔、 落笔、下笔。起笔要意在笔前，“慎终于始”，要将笔提起，按照字 体幅度大小，先凌空活动作势;下笔折搭藏露，逆顺翻转，都要稳准果断，干净利落。如有不惬意处，可回笔或在下笔补救，而不能易笔重改，更不能笔卧纸上，失去活意.董其昌说：“发笔处便要提得笔起， 不使自僵，乃是千古不传语。”收笔的基本原则如米带所说的“无垂 不缩，无往不收”。还须注意虚实迟速，缓去疾回，回锋实抢，出锋 空抢。无论是存结下带，还是藏露出回，都要留得住笔，收得纵敛适度，虚实分明，气势恢弘，浑然天成。至于起收的具体方法，自当结 合一定的字体、书体研讨学习，以免误解错用。 2、阴阳 因为书法起源于象征哲理，又正好与太极图的黑白两色相对应， 所以书法圣贤都十分重视书法与阴阳的内在联系。蔡岂和王羲之都假 托神授书法，揭示书法达道通理的理法，即阴阳相生相克、互补互藏 的理法，并指明以“阳气明而华壁立，阴气大而风神生”的理法， “把笔抵锋”，实行书法写作，以体现其艺术特征。历代的书贤也都 认为，书法是“近取诸身，远取诸物”的天人合一的艺术。因而，阴 阳相生相克的辩证理法，不但成为书法的重要范畴，而且也成了笔法 辩证运笔的主要因素。运笔的起收、顺逆、提按、迟速、藏露等方法，也都具有鲜明的辩证性质。这表明运笔的方法，不是机械的死法，而 是辩证的活法，也恰如书法圣贤阐明和体现的那样：“达险夷之情， 体权变之道。”“起不孤，伏不寡;面迎非近，背接非远。”“违而不犯，和而不同;留不常迟，遣不恒疾……穷变态于毫端，合情调于纸上。”可见研讨学用运笔方法，理应深切领悟阴阳辩证理法的意义和 作用，以便由写字上升至书法艺术的境界。如果仅从“阴为内，阳为
书法艺术之笔法技法 在书法方法技巧中，笔法是占第一位的，没有笔法，就无从谈字法、章法、墨法。所以，对笔法的研究就显得尤其重要。鉴此，我用今天的视角，与大家交流笔法中的一些问题。 一、关于用笔的发力与“ X変” 毛笔在纸上运行要留下痕迹，这痕迹就是汉字的点画。用同样的一支毛笔，由不同的人来写相同的一个字，结果是一人一面。其原因是因为每个人的运笔发力方法不同。写字时，笔毫由于手臂的发力会发生各种各样的变异，这种书写过程中的锋毫之变，我们称之为“锋变”。 无论何种字体书体中的点画，其实就是书写时“锋变”的结果。研究笔法，实际上，就是要集中在怎样控制“锋变”的这一关键点上。 我们知道，任何一个笔画，都是由入、行、收三个技巧环节来完成的（点，一入即收）。入，主要是完成笔画前端的造型；行，是完成笔画中部的造型；收，是完成笔画尾部的造型。发力和锋变的各种技巧，也就集中体现在这三个细小环节之中。在这三个环节中，每一个环节都会直接影响一个笔画的造型。因此，它是用笔最基本的技巧环节，对笔法的研究也就必须着眼于这三个具体的技巧环节。 用手、腕、臂的发力来控制和调领锋毫，利用锋变来完成这三个环节，并进行点画的刻画，就是用笔的关键。古人研究笔法最经典的成果莫如“永字八法”，虽然它还是残缺的理论（如： 心钩、鹅钩、之捺等，这些极为重要的笔画，只一个“永”字无法包含其中，说明它还是一个不完整的理论。），但其实践指导意义确是重大的。我们仔细分析“策、勒、弩、趯、侧、掠、啄、磔”八字，实际上讲的就是一个控笔发力的问题。 由于发力方法的不同而导致锋变的不同，又由于锋变的不同而导致点画的形状不同。故而才形成了“楷书笔法”、“篆书笔法”、“隶书笔法”、行书笔法”、“草书笔法”的五种笔法分类。 五种字体各有各的主要笔法特征，篆书的“铁线玉箸”、隶书的“蚕头雁尾”、楷书的“永字八法”、行草书的“绞转连绵”等既是。在同一种字体之中，无论其风格
书法创作技法和要领 一、三大创作原则 1.线条坚而浑——激情原自线条的熟练。线是力和势的组合，行笔要沉着痛快，做到稳健、轻便，重笔势（即趋向），根据字形大小排字的走向，线条斜势，整体纵向走势。 2.结体奇而稳——注意重心。欹侧、擒纵、疏密、高低。 3.章法变而贯——竹节式（几个字一节）节数间有空隙；贯珠式（中心线）；蛇行式（左右摆动）；疏影式（疏疏朗朗）。 二、七大布局要点 1.一字不能成行。 2.字与字之间有呼应，上承下启，左映右带，行距和字距不能相等。书眼放中央，可大些，字与周边气贯。 3.整体上展出适合墨迹浓重的作品。挂家中适合疏淡的作用。 4.作品中不能有错别字，异体字不过于冷僻。 5.作品整体布局上面重下面轻。 6.评作品好坏主要看总体视觉效果：节奏、墨色、用笔。 7.三三两两，似散还续，气脉一贯，此布局之妙也。 三、十个书写关键 1.八面出锋。借助于八面出锋，自然显出墨色浓淡，湿中有干，干中有湿，浓中有淡，淡中有浓，变化千万，使作品
富有节奏感。 2.刚柔相济。刚力-----铁划银钩（粗）：柔力-----行云流水（细）。 3.惜墨如金。楷书要求蘸一次墨写一个字，甚至数字；行草一笔写3-5字，每笔结束笔毛复原，要求纸上调锋。 4.豁然开朗。留白处有宽有窄，宽处给人以忽然开朗之感。艺术是制造矛盾，到解决矛盾的过程。 5.中侧并用。中锋得法立骨，侧锋得势求变。中锋是理性的要求，是书法审美的核心所在；侧锋是情性的化身，是书法通神的手段。 6.深思熟虑。创作前要深思熟虑，反复推敲，做到“胸有成竹”。 7.一气呵成。书法是感情的流露，不是技巧的表现。要在身体与心情皆好的状态下写字。书写时随意挥洒，一气呵成。 8.错落有致。一般情况下，作品的行距要宽，字距要紧。字忌并列，要错开。节数间有空隙，排列组合要有节奏，大小字参差，突出中间书眼。 9.笔情墨趣。书法是无声的音乐，无形的舞蹈。求变化中有呼应，使整体和谐，有强烈的节奏和视觉冲击力。用好拙笔，用笔略慢，动中有静，写出墨趣。 10.重视贯气。书法的气，是指点划与不同字之间的呼应，字与字之间的趋向。