Advanced English Book I
Lesson One The Middle Eastern Bazaar
Travel notes/ itinerary: a guide book for travelers; an account or a record of a journey.游记
The style: description
Do you like going windowshopping in Zhengzhou? Where do you always do shopping? What is a bazaar?
bazaar—coming from the Persian word (波斯语) ―bazar’：
A market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls, esp. one in the Middle East.
In 1461; in 1880: 4399shops, 2195 living rooms, 1 mosque, 12 strong rooms for keeping objects of value; 10 houses of prayer, 2 fountains, 116 drinking-water posts; 8 wells for the use of fire-pumps, 1 school
Tailors, traders in skins, knife sellers, makers of belts and bags, specialists in hand painting on cloth, shoe-makers, polishers, makers of looking-glasses, paper-makers, makers of jewel-boxes, money-changers, jewelers, armchair-makers, tent-makers, engravers, sculptors, etc.
Where is the Middle East? (Note No. 2)
Middle East—
region of Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa, stretching from Turkey through Iran, Iraq and Arabia to the Sudan and the countries bordering the East Mediterranean.
Iran Afghanistan Cyprus, Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman(阿曼), Qatar（卡塔尔）, Saudi Arabia, Syria（叙利亚）, the United Arab Emirates（阿联酋）, Yemen
The middle east in the world map
Cf: Far East: countries in Asia east of India: China, Japan, Korea, etc.
Near East: countries around Eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Paragraph 1
Q:
1. What is mainly described in this paragraph?
The entrance of a bazaar:
2. What is your impression on this particular bazaar?
old, long history, dark, noisy, busy, narrow, crowded, etc.
3. How are the characteristics of this bazaar shown by the writer?
History: How is the long history shown?
the topic sentence. It is built possibly centuries ago.
ancient architecture: Gothic arched (Note3)
Gothic buildings were popular style in Western Europe in the 12th-16thc, characteristics are:
pointed arches, tall thin pillars, arched roofs, and stained and colored glass windows. (show pictures of a gothic styled church)
arched—拱形 vaulted, curved roof structure of, like church, bridge, gateway, etc.
1.aged stone and bricks
Orleans（奥尔良(法国中部城市)） Church
Darkness How is the darkness shown?
2.glare: n. unpleasant brightness, bright sunlight : strong, fierce, unpleasant light, not agreeable and welcome 灼热耀眼
Eg. There is the glare of the sun on the water in summer.
Cf. brightness
3.cavern—a large-sized underground cave.洞穴
Here: a long narrow dark street of workshops and shops with some sort of roof over them.有顶棚的集市
4.shadowy—adj. dim, indistinct, full of shadow or shade模糊的
Notice the contrast made between the outside and the inside: heat vs cool glare vs dark open square vs cavern
Q: What is the writer’s pr eference here? How do you know?
(glare—unpleasant light, disagreeable sunlight)
5.losing itself in the shadowy distance:
the place is dark, so when the street is long, objects in the distance become unclear and indistinct.
6.eye—man’s power of seeing or eyesight
Eg. She has an eye for beauty.
(she is able to appreciate beauty.)审美力很强
He has an ear for music.
(he is sensitive to music.) 能欣赏音乐
to turn a blind eye to sb. or sth.
视而不见, 对….熟视无睹
to turn a deaf ear to sb. or sth.
根本不听, 对… 置若罔闻
Narrowness How is it shown?
7.thread the way
thread one’s way: to make one’s way care fully through a crowd, a street or a forest. Eg. He threaded dark alleys in those years.
Girls threaded through the throng.
8.throng: a stronger implication of movement and of pushing with density
Cf. crowds eg. a throng of people
赶会时成群的人流推着你往前自动走。--
Throngs of people force you to walk forward automatically in a fair.
little donkeys….. the donkeys went in and out among the crowds of people cautiously and from one side to another, they could not walk straight
throng—large moving crowd,
narrowed
9.stall—small, open-fronted shop, table, counter or booth. 货摊,摊位
Eg: a book stall, a flower stall
10.conceivable—that can be thought, imagined 可想像的
Eg: people of every ~ age/ nationality
buildings of every ~ shape
try every ~ way
11.goods of every conceivable kind… goods of every kind you can think of/imagine 各种各样的, 应有尽有的
12.clear a way—open a way
(How do you clear a way?)
Noise How is it shown?
13.tinkling bells—onomatopoeia (imitation of natural sound)
tinkling—ringing sound
14.din—loud, confused noise that continues, clamor. a loud, continuous unpleasant sound, noise喧闹声
在火车站你可以随时听到喧闹声。---
In a railway station you can hear din at any time.
Cf. noise &sound
noise: intense, confused, unpleasant sounds
Sound: various sounds, including pleasant or unpleasant sound
Q: What is the din made up of?
15.din of--- stall-holders crying….
donkey-boys and porters clearing…
would-be purchasers arguing…(parallel structure)
16.porter—one who is employed to carry goods at markets
17.vigorously—energetically, loudly
18.would-be—likely, possible
19.bargain—v. talk about the conditions of a sale讨价还价
20.dizzy—feeling as if you or the things around you are turning round, esp. when you think you are going to fall
Q: What is the main structure of the last sentence?
What kind of sentence is it?
It is a periodic sentence(圆周句)/left branching sentence. (opposite to loose sentence(松散句)/right branching sentence)
In a periodic sentence, the main idea is put at the end of a sentence. Readers must remember all the information provided in the sentences before they really understand the whole meaning of the sentence.
Periodic sentence: (圆周句，掉尾句）
（中心意思出现在句尾的句子称为掉尾句．）
把主要意思留在句末讲，有时句子的结构也只有到句末才能完成。
Eg. 1)Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
2) By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learned maths all by himself. While in a loose sentence, the main and important meaning is put at the beginning of a sentence and other added information is put afterwards, so readers can understand the main idea of the sentence even without finish the whole sentence. The purpose of a periodic sentence is to create suspense and enhance the effect of the stressed part.
Here is to enhance the effect of being confused and dizzy.
What are the rhetorical devices used in this para？
onomatopoeia: tinkling
Repetition (parallelism): the last sentence
contrast: donkey’s bell vs. people’s din;
open square vs. carven etc.
periodic sentence: the last sentence
Useful expressions:
as far as the eye can see
lose itself in
conceivable
would-be sth
Para.2-4 Cloth-market
Para. 2 Questions：
1.How is this para. connected with the above one?
2. How is the contrast between the two places shown?
3. Why is the cloth-market muted?/ What make it muted?
4. How is the lack of vitality and vigor shown here?
Para.2-4 Cloth-market
Para. 2 Useful expression:
21.penetrate—v. pass into or through; 进入, 穿入, 通过
here: pass through a crowd and go deeper into the market
Eg. The knife penetrated his stomach.
The nail penetrated the wood two cm.
冷风刺骨：
The coldness penetrated our bones.
vi. Eg。The nail would not penetrate.
He managed to penetrate into high society
penetrating odour / voice
22.fade away — gradually disappear; go slowly out of hearing; vanish slowly 慢慢消失
eg. sound~ ；crowd ~ ； light ~ ；enemy ~ ；dream ~
减弱；走散；熄灭；接节败退；消失
23.muted —(of a sound) made softer than usual
Cf。 mute： I. a. unable to speak, unspoken; expressed without speech muted: there is noise, but it is deadened or absorbed.
Quiet & silent: there is no sound
Quiet: the environment
Silent: a person subjectively closes his mouth.
Eg. A mute appeal
II. 哑巴
Cf。 quiet： no sound （whether persons or animals）
Silent：对。。。保持沉默
24.earthen—made of earth deaden—weaken
25.vaulted--arched
(the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof are typical Moslem style of architecture) 26.measured- steady, slow, and deliberate rhythmical, regular, with rhythm; (有节奏的)
27.overwhelm—v. affect one’s emotion in a very powerful way; overcome completely(压倒)
28.sepulchral—adj. deep and gloomy; dismal; grave-like, sad and serious (阴沉的,忧郁的)
eg. ~ voice; ~ tone; ~ atmosphere, ~stone, ~ monument
sepulcher—n. stone tomb 坟墓
29.follow suit—do the same as sb. else has done (跟着做)
Pa.2 questions：
1.How is this para. connected with the above one?
(penetrate)
2. How is the contrast between the two places shown?
(sound)
3. Why is the cloth-market muted?/ What make it muted?
1)the earthen floor;
2)mud-brick walls and roof;
3) people’ w ay of talking
4. How is the lack of vitality and vigor shown here?
(muted; deaden; overwhelmed; sepulchral atmosphere)
Para. 3
Q: 1. Usually how do shopkeepers try to avoid competition?
(They scatter to make it difficult for buyers to compare goods and prices.)
2. In what way is this bazaar different from other markets?
3. Why do shopkeepers here gather together?
1) for the convenience of the buyers;
2) to form a closely-knit- guilt against injustice (unfairness or persecution)
4. Who would persecute or treat them unfairly?
(tax collectors, officials, underground society, customers, etc.)
5. Why do you think the author uses the three words: ―clothes, curtain and chaircovers‖ as examples here?
(alliteration)
6. How do women do shopping?
going around; selecting, comparing prices
reducing choice
bargaining by cutting down prices
Hijab burka chador
Difficult words and useful expressions:
30.knit—v. unite firmly and closely (紧密连接)
31.guild—n. society of persons for helping each other (协会,行会, 互助会)
32.trestle table —wooden structure shaped like the letter A for supporting a board to make a 33.temporary table; or made by laying planks (flat piece of timber) on trestles (台架,搁板桌)
34.display: v. to present to view
Eg. The work was displayed.
画展受到批评，问题最好的画未被展示出来。--
The painting exhibition was criticized，since the best paintings were not well displayed.
cf. exhibit: the aim is to attract others’ attention.
Eg. She exhibited her painting at our school
35.the order of the day —normal way of doing things; sth that is very common in a particular place or time, sth that is suitable or expected (日常之事,司空见惯的事)
Eg: For doctors and nurses treating bloody wounded people or dying people was ~ at the emergency department of the hospital.
In our time, competition is ~.
36.Ｐｒｉｃｅ：ｖ．（Ｅｎａｌｌａｇｅ）
Ｅｇ。Ｉｓｐｅｎｔｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｄａｙｐｒｉｃｉｎｇｄｒｅｓｓｅｓ。
37.In measured tone：in steady， slow and rhythmical tone
38.narrow down their choices—reduce the number of their choices (缩小选择范围)
39.beat down—bargain with seller; cause seller to lower price; reduce price by bargaining(杀价,压价)
Price: v. (enallage 转品)
Eg. I spent the whole day pricing dresses.
40.preliminary—adj. coming first and preparing for what follows(开始的,初步的) Eg: ~ exam 初试
~ remark 开场白
~ action 初步行动
~ measures 初步措施
Oral work:
Give advice or suggestion to the freshmen if they want to go shopping in Yinji Building Market.
Para. 4
Q: How do buyers and sellers bargain with each other?
Expressions:
41.point of honor—sth. considered important for one’s self-respect 有关面子的大事
42.yield little—refuse to reduce the price by any significant amount拒绝降价
43.yield: 1) produce
Eg. The county yields good apples.
Talks between the two sides yield no results.
2) give up: to yield one’s purpose 放弃
to yield power to sb 让权
a. yielding
unyielding 不屈服，不让步
44.make a point of doing sth—
regard or treat it as necessary 认为有必要做某事
Eg: Our party made a special point of …
He always makes a point of rememb ering his wife’s birthday.
父母认为有必要严格要求学生。---
Parents make a point of setting strict demands on the students.
Tourists to Beijing make a point of visiting the Great Wall.
45.at intervals —from time to time
Interval —n. time between two events/actions间歇
Eg: buses leave at ~ 频繁开出
The noise would stop at ~ and then resume after a while.
They come to see each other at ~ of a year or two. 每隔一两年
at regular ~
每隔一阵儿
at weekly ~
每隔一周
at 6-month ~
每隔半年
Oral activity: 1.Make a dialogue of a bargain between a shopkeeper and a customer.
46. regard: n. respect, affection or esteem
eg. He has high regard for your work.
I always hold him in high regard. (respect)
你不顾我的情感.----
You have no regard for my feelings.
Regards: good wishes expressing respect, esteem or affection
Eg. Please send my best regards to your family.
II. V. respect She regards her teachers highly.
47. interval: a period of time between sth
eg. after a year’s interval
. 课间:
an interval between classes,
48. deprive of: to take away from
Eg. Poverty deprived him of his chance to go to school.
Para 5 Words and expressions:
49.picturesque—adj. striking, unusual, vivid, charming and interesting(引人注目的)
50.impinge on/upon—
1. strike on(冲撞)
2.have an effect on, make an impact on(影响)
eg. Rays of light ~ on the eye.光线射到眼上
I heard the rain ~ing on the earth.冲击
political forces that ~ on everyone’s daily life
对人们日常生活有影响的政治力量
The need to see that justice is done ~s on every decision made in the court.
51.dancing flashes—quick bright light moving up and down (personification)
52.burnish—v. polish by friction, make smooth and shiny磨光
53.brazier—open metal framework for holding coal fire 火盆
the dancing flashes are reflections of the unsteady lights from the lamps and braziers thrown on the polished copper.
54.vessel: v. 1) round containers: pot, bucket, bowls
2) ships
55.take a hand in doing sth.—help, play a part in
Eg Come and take a hand in the cleaning.
the national leaders also took a hand in planting trees.
56.charcoal—the black substance made by burning wood木炭
57.bellows—device for producing air current to make a fire burn faster风箱
a pair of ~s
Bellows
58.attach to—
1. fasten, join系上,贴上
to ~ a stamp to an envelop/a letter
to ~ a chain to the dog’s collar
to ~ the label to the luggage
2. sth is part of sth larger附属,附加
a house with a garage/garden/swimming pool ~ed
附有车房/花园/游泳池的房子
附属中学：attached school
be ~ed to sb/sth traditional: be bound to sb. by love爱慕,依恋
59.live—adj. ~ bomb/shell
(unexploded)未爆炸的
~ broadcast (not recorded)
现场直播
~ embers/ashes; ~ coal
燃烧的
60.rhythmically—marked by rhythm有节奏地
61.stroke—n. one of a series of regularly repeated movements 一动
the red of the live coals…..
the light of the burning coal becomes alternately bright and dim as the coals burn and die down, along with the repeated movements of the bellows
1. How does the author make this part impressive?
2.What is a fairy land? What is a fairy land like in your imagination?
3. In what way is it like a fairy land?
4. What methods are used to describe it as a fairy land?
Words used to appeal to ears to create sound images in this para.?
tinkling, banging, clashing, hammering. (onomatopoeia)
Words used to appeal to eyes to create visual images?
dancing flashes, lamp, braziers, vessels, fire, live coal, glowing, dimming Para. 6 Words:
62.engrave: vt. To crave, cut a design into; to impress deeply as if by carving Eg. 这次的经历铭刻在他的记忆里。-----
This experience was engraved into his memory.
63.intricate—adj. complicated, perplexingly entangled or involved复杂的
64.functional—adj. practical实用的
Here you can find bowls with fine, complicated and traditional designs, you can also get simple household utensils for daily use, which are pleasant to look at but also do not have any decoration on them and are strictly designed to serve useful purposes.
Para. 6
Q: 1. What are described in this para.? What are their characteristics?
2. What device is used to show different goods?
(contrast)
pots and bowls vs. kitchenware
beautiful vs. simple
delicate vs. everyday
intricate vs. undecorated
traditional vs. functional
Para. 7
1. What other markets can be found?
2. What are their characteristics?
carpet-market: color
spice-market: smell
food-market: variety
dye-market
pottery-market
carpenter’s market
Words:
65.profusion—n. plenty, great or too great amount
Eg. a profusion of new words
There is a profusion of flowers in the garden.
他们给我们提了大量建设性建议。-----
They have proposed a profusion of constructive suggestions。profuse—adj. abundant, plentiful 挥霍的
eg. a profuse spender 挥金如土的人,
Varied: cf. different:
Varied: stresses the idea of full of changes or varieties, having numerous forms or types
66.rich (color)—deep, strong and beautiful 色彩丰富
67.texture—n. arrangement of threads, in textile fabric质地
68.bold—adj. strongly marked, clearly formed, very bright, clear or strong in color so it is easy to notice醒目的
69.pungent—adj. sharp, stinging 刺鼻的
~aroma;刺鼻的香味
~ remarks/criticism; 尖刻的
~ speech 措词尖刻的
70.exotic—adj. strikingly unusual, strangely beautiful, not only foreign, but also out of the ordinary, excitingly different 奇异的
Eg: ~ food; plants; birds; 外来的
~ pleasure; design; ideas古怪的, 新奇的, 奇异的
奇装异服：----exotic costumes
Cf. strange
异国情调
exoticism
71.sumptuous—adj. costly and magnificent, rich and costly, suggesting lavish expenditure; expensive and of high quality 奢侈的,豪华的
~ banquet/feast/dinner vs. humble meal
~ mansion
Cf. humble：（of things）poor， mean， low in rank， quality or station
Eg。 A humble cottage；
出身低微：
humble origin
72.maze—n. labyrinth, a set of intricate windings, a confusing network of paths 迷宫
73.honeycomb—n. bee’s house, beehive蜂房
v. to fill with holes, cells, cut bazaar into small sections like the honeycomb 使成蜂房状
74.mosque—n. Muslim temple清真寺
75.caravanserai—n. inn with a large inner courtyard客栈
In the Orient, a kind of inn with a large central court, where caravans stop for the night. 东方商队的客栈
76.Caravan: n. a company of travelers journeying together, as across a desert or
through hostile territory. 旅行队：结伴一块旅行的一群游客，如在穿过沙漠或通过危险地带时结成的旅行队
77.disdain: （fml.）
I. n. dislike of sb./sth.
他显得对外国艺术家很轻蔑。----
He showed his disdain for/ of the foreign artists.
II. Vt. to look down upon,tr eat with scorn, consider unworthy of one’s notice Eg. We disdain his selfishness.
She disdains our help.
那个时髦的邻居不屑与我们讲话。---
The fashionable neighbor disdained to talk with us.
Q: 1. what is your impression about camels?
2. Why does the writer use the wo rd ―disdainfully‖ for the camels?
3. What rhetorical devices are used in this para. ?
metaphor—honeycomb
contrast—camels vs. people
4. What expressions are used to add local color to the writing?
mosque, caravanserai, camel, desert
Para 8-9 Oil workshop
Para. 8 Words:
78.linseed—n. seed of flax亚麻籽
79.somber(B.E.)/ somber (A.E.)—adj.
1. dark, gloomy; 阴沉的 ~ place; ~ color; ~ house
2. serious, grave; 阴森的, 黑暗的
~ voice, ~ eyes, ~ face, ~ fate,
It is a room that is like a dark cave. (metaphor)
A of B=
B is like A
Eg: He was a tyrant of a landlord.=He is a landlord who is like a tyrant.
They live in a palace of a house.=They live in a house which is like a palace. Sombre(B.E.)/ somber (A.E.)
Cf. sober:
clear-minded
Q: what is this place like?
How is it shown?
vastness somberness
30 feet high cavern
60 feet square dimly visible
massive thick dust
huge
80.Constantly: stresses firmness, steadiness and devotion. Continuously
eg. Hester constantly helps women to do sewing.
cf. endlessly:
stresses weariness and monotony
eg. As to a housewife, there’s always endless housework waiting for her.
81.massive: not only large, but also impressive
82.superb—adj. very high quality, excellent
~ actor, ~ view, ~ idea,
杰出的; 美好的景色 ; 好主意
~ style ~ hotel; ~ intelligence
高雅的风格高级的超人的智慧
83.muscular—adj. strong looking
Cf. feminine
stately—adj. graceful, impressive, dignified高贵的,庄重的,
Eg: It was a ~ apartment, with purple chairs and curtains, a Turkey carpet.
富丽堂皇的
She was a tall, blond woman, slender and ~ and beautiful.
雍容华贵的
Ballet began as a grand, ~ entertainment in the court of early Renaissance Italy.高贵的
Compare vast and huge
vast—suggests immensity of extent. 面积
~ expanse of sky; a ~ territory
It stresses range, scope or variety, extent.
~ knowledge, ~ interests
huge—suggests immensity of bulk. 体积
a ~ mass of earth; a ~ leather bellows
It stresses greatness of sb. capacity. a ~ eater
Para. 9 Words:
84.ramshackle—adj. shaky, unsteady, like to collapse摇摇晃晃的, 欲倒塌的
~ fence, ~ building
85.apparatus—a set of instruments
86.pulley—grooved wheel on which a rope or chain is pulled, used to lift heavy loads 滑轮
87.tower: vi. to be very tall in relation to the surroundings
Eg。 Skyscrapers tower over this city.
这个孩子高于其他同龄人。--
The boy towers above his contemporaries.
88.dwarf: n. 矮人
dwarf—v. make look small by contrast or distance 使渺小
Eg: The spacious room and high ceilings ~ his desk.
g. The new building dwarfs all the surrounding shops.
89.shovel—v. lift with a shovel铲
90.vat—n. tank or great vessel大桶
91.nimbly: deftly 麻利地
a. nimble: quick, light or agile in movement or action, deft
eg. nimble fingers, as nimble as a squirrel
2)quick, clever and acute in understanding
eg. a nimble reply 机智的：nimble-witted
他能说会道-----a nimble tongue,
92.throw one’s weight on to –
use all one’s strength to press down
93.set sth in motion—get sth operating
94.ancient girder—large horizontal beam, old in age and also in fashion大梁
95.creak—v. sound like an unoiled door-hinge咯吱声
96.groan— n. 1) sound of suffering
2) sound of a heavily loaded machine
97.trickle: n. a small flow or stream of sth 细流
II. Vi. Dribble, to flow or fall in drops
Eg. Blood trickled from the wound.
98. ooze: vi. flow or leak out slowly 渗出，慢慢流出
eg, Blood oozed from his wound.
泉水从岩石里渗出----------
The spring oozes out of a rock.
2) to disappear or ebb slowly
Eg .His courage oozed away.
used cf. old:
Used: not new, but not necessarily be old.
99.runnel: a small water course 小溪，小沟，小槽
100.taut: tightly stretched, as a rope 拉紧的，绷紧的
101.squeak: to make a short, very high sound, not very loud
Eg. These new shoes squeak.
102rumble: n. deep, continuous, rolling sound隆隆声 tank, thunder, train ~ II.vi.to make a deep, long, rolling sound
eg. 卡车沿着大街隆隆驶过。-------
The truck rumbled through the street.
The thunder (big guns) rumbled in the distance.
My stomach is rumbling.
The heavy cart rumbled down the rough road.
Para 9
Q: How is the sound image created here?
(creak, groan, squeaking, rumbling, grunts, signs, protesting) Questions about the text:
1. What markets has the writer described?
2. How has the writer described the bazaar?
The outside – the inside
the far place– the near one
Appearances; sounds; smells;
3 .What are the language features of it?
Vivid, many figures of speech. Eg.
4 what are the writing style of this text?
Description
Objective description
Writing features:
1. type of writing: description of a place in space order
2. combination of detailed description and general description for different markets:
detailed descriptions: general descriptions:
entrance other markets
cloth-market
copper smith market
oil workshop
3. present tense is used to make readers feel they are following the writer who acts as a tour guide to lead them going shopping from one market to another
4. using rhetorical devices to create vivid images of sight, sound and smell:
visual image: lightness, darkness, color, design, metaphor
sound image: onomatopoeia
smell: pungent, exotic, spice
5. using special terms to add local color:
bazaar, veiled women, copper vessels, carpet, spice,
mosque, camels, caravanserai, desert
6. making contrast to impress readers:
square vs. entrance
muted cloth-market vs. noisy entrance
tiny boy vs. huge bellows
delicate pots vs. simple kitchenware
busy human activity vs. indifferent camels
7. using topic sentence to tell reader the characteristic of each market
8. focusing on describing people’s activities in different markets Homework:
Write a composition to describe a market you have
visited in detail by using the writing skills you have learned from Lesson 1. (at least 300words)
Requirements:
1. Print in the other lines to leave space for correction.
2. Write with details.
3. Write in a clear organization in space order.
4. Try to use more specific words to make writing vivid.
5. Be consistent in verbal tense in writing.
6. Check carefully before handing in. Drafts are not accepted. Thanks
key words in Lesson 1
1. glare:
2.din:
3.fade away:
4. penetrate:
5.muted:
6.would-be:
7.the order of the day:
8: make a point of :
9. His personal regard for:
10. Take a hand in:
11. Live coals:
12. A profusion of rich colors:
13.Sumptuous dinner:
14.Bold color:
15.Exotic smells:
16.Humble origin:
17.He looked at me disdainfully.
18.A sombre room:
19.A sober person:
20.She is attached to her grandson.
21.The apparatus dwarfs the hippo.
22.nimbly:
23.Glistening oil:
一．词语修辞格 (1) simile 明喻 它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils )我像一朵浮云独自漫游。They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。 His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 ① “Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“C an I have these old quilts?” ② Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ③ My skin is like an uncooked（未煮过的）barley pancake. ④ The oratorial（雄辩的）storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools… ⑤ I see also the dull（迟钝的）, drilled（训练有素的）, docile（易驯服的）, brutish（粗野的）masses of the Hun soldiery plodding（沉重缓慢地走）on like a swarm（群）of crawling locusts（蝗虫）. （1）metaphor 暗喻 暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。 All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Yeats )教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。 ① It is a vast（巨大的）, sombre（忧郁的）cavern（洞穴）of a room,… ② Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ③ main artery（干线）of transportation in the young nation's heart ④ The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind. ⑤ Her voice was a whiplash（鞭绳）. ⑥ We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke（枷锁）. （2）metonymy 借代，转喻 用一事物的名称来代替另一事物，当然这一事物与另一事物是有关联的。 The White House has denied the report that more troops will be sent to Iraq. He lives by the pen. (=writing). 他以写作为生。 He is too fond of the bottle (=drinking). 他太贪杯了。 ① The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's" ② ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe（镐） （3）synecdoche 提喻 以部分指代整体
高级英语课文修辞总结（1-7课） 第一课Face to Face With Hurricane Camille Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (comparing the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire) 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train) Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. (comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea) 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.) Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (The hurricane acted as a
常用修辞手法： 1. 比喻 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 2. 换喻(metonymy) 用一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。如the White House 代美国政府或总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol。 His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。 3. 提喻(synecdoche) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 4. 拟人(personification) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如： My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 5. 委婉(euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如： 用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代to die 用senior citizens代替old people 用a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil 用weight watcher代替fat people 6. 双关(pun) 用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如： A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器) 一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。 “Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer. “Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以试穿一下橱窗里的那件睡袍吗？ Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。 7. 反语(irony) 使用与真正意义相反的词，正话反说或者反话正说，从对立的角度运用词义来产生特殊的效果。 8. 头韵(alliteration) 两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如： proud as a peacock
Unit 1 Where Do I Go from Here? 1.Antithesis: 1)···so that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. 2)As long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free. (mind vs. body, enslaved vs. free) 3)Let us be dissatisfied until···will be judged on the basis of content of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. 4)There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed into the fatigue of despair. 5)Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterday of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrow. 2.Parallel structure: 1)The tendency to ignore the Negro’s contribution to American life and to strip him of his personhood is as old as the earlier history books and as contemporary as the morning’s newspaper. (Para.5) 2)Let us realize that William Cullen Bryant is right: “Truth crushed to```” Let us go out to realizing that··· 3.Metaphor： 1)The negro will only be free when he reaches···and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own emancipation proclamation 2)We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in life’s marketplace. 3)Personal conflicts among husbands，wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated. 4)Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps pf history, and every family is living in a decent sanitary home. 5)He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate reality. 6)There will be still rocky places of frustration and meandering points of bewilderment. 7) A high blood pressure of creeds 8)The battering rams 4.Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love.------Parallel structure and Antithesis 5.It is something like improving the food in the prison which the people remain securely incarcerated behind bars.------ simile 6.Without recognizing this we will end up solutions that don’t solve, answers that don’t answer and explanations that don’t explain.-------Paradox and Parallel structure 7.Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery.-----Metaphor(compare the long history of slavery to a long night)、Antithesis (psychological freedom vs. physical slivery) 8.Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice.
Lesson 1 1．"We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4)metaphor 2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.、metaphor simile 4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed:“ Get us through this mess, will You”(Para. 17)alliteration 5. It seized a 600,000-gallon personification Gulfport oil tank and dumped it miles away. 6.Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. simile 、onomatopoeia( 拟声 ) 7.Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point.（Para. 20）transferred epithet 8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished. （P ara. 20） simile 、 personification 9.and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads. simile and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphor Lesson 4 1. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2)Transferred epithet 2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3)Synecdoche
英语修辞手法 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
高英修辞手法 Personification: 1. The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you... 2. dancing flashes 3. the beam groan ... and protesting 4. where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, 5. life dealt him profound personal tragedies... 6. the river had acquainted him with ... 7. ...to literature's enduring gratitude... 8. ...an entry that will determine his course forever... 9. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 10. Personal tragedy haunted his entire life. Hyperbole 1) ... takes you ...hundreds even thousands of ye ars 2) innumerable lamps 3) with the dust of centuries 4) I see the ten thousand villages … 5) ...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... 6) America laughed with him. 7) . The trial that rocked the world 8) His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world. 9) Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over.
一、Metaphor Para.3 Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans. torch指responsibility 在本文中指的是责任已经传到我们这一代人了 Para.7 But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom-and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. 将riding the back of the tiger和seek help and aids from socialist countries 做比较 Para.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge--to convert our good words into good deeds--in a new alliance for progress--to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. 将in casting off the chains of poverty 比作get rid of poverty Para.9 But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. Para.10 to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak--and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run. Para.19 And if a beach-head of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved. Para.24 The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it--and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. 二、Antithesis Para.6 United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do--for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. Para.8 If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.
英语修辞手法 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力 气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
Lesson1 1. Wind and rain now wiped the house. ----metaphor(暗喻) 2. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ----simile (明喻) 3. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. -----simile 4. …it seized a 600,00 gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles a way. ----personification(拟人) 5. We can batten down and ride it out. -----metaphor 6. Everybody out the back door to the cars!—ellipsis (省略) 7. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. -----simile 8. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point-----transferred epithet移就 9. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads----metaphor; simile Lesson2
一、词语修辞格 （1）simile 明喻 ①...a memory that seemed phonographic ②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?” ③Most American remember M. T. as the father of... ④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. ⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake. ⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her. （2）metaphor 暗喻 ①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,… ②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A ④the last this intermezzo came to an end… ⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse… ⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me … ⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... ⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart ⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up... ?When railroads began drying up the demand... ?...the epidemic of gold and silver fever... ?Twain began digging his way to regional fame... ?Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...
simile 明喻；metaphor 隐喻，暗喻；metonymy 转喻personification拟人；hyperbole 夸张；parallelism 排比,平行；euphemism 委婉；Irony 讽刺反语antithesis 对比对照synecdoche 提喻alliteration头韵allusion 典故anti-climax 渐降climax渐升pun双关语 Passage 1： 1.The middle eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds-even thousands of years--------(Personification,Hyperbole ) 2.You pass from the heat and glare of a big,open square into a cool,dark cavern which extends as far as you can see. (metaphor) 3.It grows louder and more distinct,until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes,as the burnished copper catches the light of lamps. (metaphor, Personification) 4.The dye-market lies elsewhere in the vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar.A doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard. (2个Personification) Passage 2: 1.......,as the fastest train in the world shipped to a stop in Hiroshima station. ( alliteration头韵PS：我也不知道为什么） 2.Because i had a lump in my throat and sad thoughts on my
Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar 1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned. e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1) 2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9) 2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using ―as‖ or ―like‖. e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1) 2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7) 3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2)…make a point of protesting 4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc. e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7) a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis. e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…(Para. 5) 2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 5) 6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. e.g. 1)…as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5) 2) Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels. (Para.9) 练习题： 1. … little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. (hyperbole) 2. The machine was operated by one man, who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes,… (transferred epithet) 3. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…. (personification)