Chapter 19: Issuing Equity Securities to the Public
CONCEPT QUESTIONS - CHAPTER 19
19.1 ?Describe the basic procedures in a new issue.
1.Obtain approval of the Board of Directors.
2.File registration statement with the SEC
3.Distribute prospectus
4.Determine offer price
5.Place tombstone advertisements.
?What is a registration statement?
A document filed with the SEC containing information relevant to the offering.
19.3 ?Describe a firm commitment underwriting and a best-efforts underwriting.
In a firm commitment underwriting, the underwriter buys the entire issue and then resells it. In a best efforts underwriting, the underwriter is only legally bound to
use "best efforts" to sell the securities at the agreed upon offering price.
?Suppose that a stockholder calls you up out of the blue and offers to sell you some shares of a new issue. Do you think the issue will do better or worse
than average?
It will probably do worse because otherwise it would have been oversold and
there would be no need for the broker to try to sell it to you.
19.4 ?What are some reasons that the price of stock drops on the announcement of
a new equity issue?
1.Managers are disinclined to issue stock when the share price is below their
estimate of intrinsic value. Equity offerings signal that management considers
the share price high.
2.Equity offerings are more likely when the firm is over-levered.
19.5 ?Describe the costs of a new issue of common stock.
1.Spread: The difference between the offering price and what the underwriter
pays the issuing company.
2.Other direct expenses: Filing fees, legal fees and taxes.
3.Indirect expenses: Management time spent analyzing the issuance.
4.Abnormal returns: The drop in the current stock price by 1% to 2% in a
seasoned new issue of stock.
5.Underpricing: Setting the offering price below the correct value in an initial
new issue of stock.
6.Green shoe option: The underwriter's right to buy additional shares at the offer
price to cover overallotments.
?What conclusions emerge from an analysis of Table 19.5?
1.There are substantial financial economies of scale.
2.Direct costs are somewhat greater than indirect ones.
3.Higher costs for best efforts offers.
4.More underpricing for firm commitment than for best efforts offers.
5.Both direct and indirect costs are higher for initial offerings than for seasoned
ones.
19.6 ?Describe the details of a rights offering.
In a rights offering, each shareholder is issued an option to buy a specified
number of shares from the firm at a specified price within a certain time frame.
These rights are often traded on securities exchanges or over the counter.
?What are the questions that financial management must answer in a rights offerings?
1.What price should existing shareholders pay for a share of new stock?
2.How many rights will be required to purchase one share of stock?
3.What effect will the rights offering have on the price of the existing stock?
?How is the value of a right determined?
Value of one right
= Rights-on stock price - ex-rights stock price
= (Ex-rights price - Subscription price) / (rights/share)
= (Rights-on price - Subscription price) / (rights/share+1)
19.7 ?What are the several kinds of dilution?
1.Dilution of ownership
2.Dilution of market value
3.Dilution of book value
?Is dilution important?
True dilution, of ownership or market value, is very important because it is an
economic loss to current shareholders. Book value dilution, on the other hand, is irrelevant.
?Why might a firm prefer a general cash offering to a rights offering?
1.Underwriters provide insurance regarding the amount raised by the firm
regardless of true stock value.
2.Proceeds are available sooner.
3.Underwriters will provide wider distribution of ownership
4.Underwriters provide consulting advice.
19.8 ?Describe shelf registration.
It is registration allowed by Rule 415 of the SEC whereby a corporation registers stock that will be sold within two years of registration.
?What are the arguments against shelf registration?
1.The costs of new issues might go up because underwriters may be unable to
provide as much information to potential investors as would be true otherwise.
2.It may cause "market overhand" which will depress market prices.
19.9 ?What are the different sources of venture-capital financing?
Private partnerships and corporations, large industrial or financial corporation,
and wealthy families and individuals.
? What are the different stages for companies seeking venture capital financing?
Seed money, start-up, and then first through fourth round financing as the
company gets off the ground.
?What is the private equity market?
The private equity market involves the issuance of securities to a small number of private investors or certain qualified institutional investors.
?What is Rule 144A?
Rule 144A establishes a legal framework for the issuance of private securities to qualified institutional investors.
Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems
19.1 a. A general cash offer is a public issue of a security that is sold to all interested
investors. A general cash offer is not restricted to current stockholders.
b. A rights offer is an issuance that gives the current stockholders the opportunity to
maintain a proportionate ownership of the company. The shares are offered to the
current shareholders before they are offered to the general public.
c. A registration statement is the filing with the SEC, which discloses all pertinent
information concerning the corporation that wants to make a public offering.
d. A prospectus is the legal document that must be given to every investor who
contemplates purchasing registered securities in a public offering. The prospectus
describes the details of the company and the particular issue.
e. An initial public offering (IPO) is th e original sale of a company’s securities to the
public. An IPO is also called an unseasoned issue.
f. A seasoned new issue is a new issue of stock after the company’s securities have
previously been publicly traded.
g. Shelf registration is an SEC procedure, which allows a firm to file a master
registration statement summarizing the planned financing for a two year period.
The firm files short forms whenever it wishes to sell any of the approved master
registration securities during the two year period.
19.2 a. The Securities Exchange Act of 1933 regulates the trading of new, unseasoned
securities.
b. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates the trading of seasoned securities.
This act regulates trading in what is called the secondary market.
19.3 Competitive offer and negotiated offer are two methods to select investment bankers for
underwriting. Under the competitive offers, the issuing firm can award its securities to the underwriter with the highest bid, which in turn implies the lowest cost. On the other hand, in negotiated deals, underwriter gains much information about the issuing firm through
negotiation, which helps increase the possibility of a successful offering.
19.4 a. Firm commitment underwriting is an underwriting in which an investment banking
firm commits to buy the entire issue. It will then sell the shares to the public. The
investment banking firm assumes all financial responsibility for any unsold shares.
b. A syndicate is a group of investment banking companies that agree to cooperate in a
joint venture to underwrite an offering of securities.
c. The spread is the difference between the underwriter’s buying price and the offering
price. The spread is a fee for the services of the underwriting syndicate.
d. Best efforts underwriting is an offering in which the underwriter agrees to distribute
as much of the offering as possible. Any unsold portions of the offering are returned
to the issuing firm.
19.5 a. The risk in a firm commitment underwriting is borne by the underwriter(s). The
syndicate agrees to purchase all of an offering. Then they sell as much of it as
possible. Any unsold shares remain the responsibility of the underwriter(s). The
risk that the security’s price may become unfavorable also lies with the
underwriter(s).
b. The issuing firm bears the risk in a best efforts underwriting. The underwriter(s)
agrees to make its best effort to sell the securities for the firm. Any unsold
securities are the responsibility of the firm.
19.6 In general, the new price per share after the offering is:
P = (market value + proceeds from offering) / total number of shares
i. At $40 P = ($400,000 + ($40 x 5,000)) / 15,000 =$40
ii. At $20 P = ($400,000 + ($20 x 5,000)) / 15,000 = $33.33
iii. At $10 P = ($400,000 + ($10 x 5,000)) / 15,000 = $30
19.7 The poor performance result should not surprise the professor. Since he subscribed to every
initial public offering, he was bound to get fewer superior performers and more poor
performers. Financial analysts studied the companies and separated the bad prospects from the good ones. The analysts invested in only the good prospects. These issues became
oversubscribed. Since these good prospects were oversubscribed, the professor received a limited amount of stock from them. The poor prospects were probably under-subscribed, so he received as much of their stock as he desired. The result was that his performance
was below average because the weight on the poor performers in his portfolio was greater than the weight on the superior performers. This result is called the winner’s curse. The professor “won” the shares, but his bane was that the shares he “won” were poor
performers.
19.8 There are two possible reasons for stock price drops on the announcement of a new equity
issue:
i. M anagement may attempt to issue new shares of stock when the stock is over-
valued, that is, the intrinsic value is lower than the market price. The price drop is
the result of the downward adjustment of the overvaluation.
ii. W ith the increase of financial distress possibility, the firm is more likely to raise capital through equity than debt. The market price drops because it interprets the
equity issue announcement as bad news.
19.9 The costs of new issues include underwriter’s spread, direct and indirect expenses, negative
abnormal returns associated with the equity offer announcement, under-pricing, and green-shoe option.
19.10 a. $12,000,000/$15 = 800,000
b. 2,400,000/800,000 = 3
c. The shareholders must remit $15 and three rights for each share of new stock they
wish to purchase.
19.11 a. In general, the ex-rights price is
P = (Market value + Proceeds from offering) / Total number of shares
P = ($25 x 100,000 + $20 x 10,000) / (100,000 + 10,000) = $24.55
b. The value of a right is the difference between the rights-on price of the stock and
the ex-rights price of the stock. The value of a right is $0.45 (=$25 - $24.55).
Alternative solution:
The value of a right can also be computed as:
(Ex-rights price - Subscription price) / Number of rights required to buy a share of
stock
Value of a right = ($24.55 - $20) / 10 = $0.45
c. The market value of the firm after the issue is the number of shares times the ex-
rights price.
Value = 110,000 x $24.55 $2,700,000 (Note that the exact ex-rights price is
$24.5454.)
d. The most important reason to offer rights is to reduce issuance costs. Also, rights
offerings do not dilute ownership and they provide shareholders with more
flexibility. Shareholders can either exercise or sell their rights.
19.12 The value of a right = $50 - $45 = $5
The number of new shares = $5,000,000 / $25 = 200,000
The number of rights / share = ($45 - $25) / $5 = 4
The number of old shares = 200,000 x 4 = 800,000
19.13 a. Assume you hold three shares of the company’s stock. The value of your holdings
before you exercise your rights is 3 x $45 = $135. When you exercise, you must
remit the three rights you receive for owning three shares, and ten dollars. You have
increased your equity investment by $10. The value of your holdings is $135 + $10
= $145. After exercise, you own four shares of stock. Thus, the price per share of
your stock is $145 / 4 = $36.25.
b. The value of a right is the difference between the rights-on price of the stock and
the ex-rights price of the stock. The value of a right is $8.75 (=$45 - $36.25).
c. The price drop will occur on the ex-rights date. Although the ex-rights date is
neither the expiration date nor the date on which the rights are first exercisable, it is
the day that the price will drop. If you purchase the stock before the ex-rights date,
you will receive the rights. If you purchase the stock on or after the ex-rights date,
you will not receive the rights. Since rights have value, the stockholder receiving
the rights must pay for them. The stock price drop on the ex-rights day is similar to
the stock price drop on an ex-dividend day.
19.14 a. Stock price (ex-right) = (13+2) / (1+0.5) = $10
Subscription price = 2 / 0.5 = $4
Right’s price = 13-10 = $3
= (10-4) / 2 = $3
b. Stock price (ex-right) = (13+2) / (1+0.25) = $12
Subscription price = 2 / 0.25 = $8
Right’s price = 13-12 = $1
= (12-8) / 4 = $1
c. The stockholders’ wealth is the same between the two arrangements.
19.15 If the interest of management is to increase the wealth of the current shareholders, a rights
offering may be preferable because issuing costs as a percentage of capital raised is lower for rights offerings. Management does not have to worry about underpricing because
shareholders get the rights, which are worth something. Rights offerings also prevent
existing shareholders from losing proportionate ownership control. Finally, whether the shareholders exercise or sell their rights, they are the only beneficiaries.
19.16 Reasons for shelf registration include:
i. Flexibility in raising money only when necessary without incurring additional issuance
costs.
ii. As Bhagat, Marr and Thompson showed, shelf registration is less costly than conventional underwritten issues.
iii. Issuance of securities is greatly simplified.
19.17 Suppliers of venture capital can include:
i. Wealthy families / individuals.
ii. Investment funds provided by a number of private partnerships and corporations.
iii. Venture capital subsidiaries established by large industrial or financial corporations.
iv. “Angels” in an informal venture capital market.
19.18 The proceeds from IPO are used to:
i. exchange inside equity ownership for outside equity ownership
ii. finance the present and future operations of the IPO firms.
19.19 Basic empirical regularities in IPOs include:
i. underpricing of the offer price,
ii. best-efforts offerings are generally used for small IPOs and firm-commitment offerings are generally used for large IPOs,
iii. the underwriter price stabilization of the after market and,
iv. that issuing costs are higher in negotiated deals than in competitive ones.
第16章资本结构：基本概念 16.1 复习笔记 资本结构是指企业资本的组成要素与比例关系，一般指公司资本中负债与股权所占的比例。总的来说，有众多的资本结构可供企业选择。企业可发行大量的或极少的债务，亦可发行优先股、认股权证、可转换债券、可赎回债券，还可计划租赁融资、债券互换及远期合约。 1．公司的价值 （1）公司价值的定义 公司价值是指公司全部资产的市场价值，即负债和所有者权益之和。它是以一定期间归属于投资者的现金流量，按照资本成本或投资机会成本贴现的现值表示的。公司价值不同于利润。利润只是新创造的价值的一部分，而公司价值不仅包含了新创造的价值，还包含了公司潜在的或预期的获利能力。根据定义，公司的价值V可以表示为： V≡B＋S 其中，B为负债的市场价值，S为所有者权益的市场价值。 （2）公司价值最大化目标 公司价值最大化目标是指企业的股东关注整个企业价值的最大化，即企业的负债和所有者权益之和最大化，而并不偏爱仅仅使他们的利益最大化的策略。 这种观点的优点包括：①考虑了货币时间价值和投资风险价值，有利于选择投资方案，统筹安排长短期规划，有效筹措资金，合理制定股利政策；②反映了资产保值增值的要求； ③有利于克服管理上的片面性和短期行为。
这一目标存在的问题在于：①对非上市公司不能用股票价格来衡量其价值；②对上市公司，股价不一定能反映企业获利能力，股票价格受多种因素的影响。 （3）企业价值最大化与股东利益最大化 追求股东利益的最大化和追求企业价值最大化是企业财务管理的两大基本目标，是企业理财活动所希望实现的结果，是评价企业理财活动的基本标准。 ①股东利益最大化。股东利益最大化目标存在两种不同的表现形式：一是企业利润最大化；二是股东财富最大化。前者是企业所有权与经营权没有分离情况下，作为企业的出资人，从而又是企业经营者，所确定的追求财产使用价值最大化的财务管理目标。在企业所有者与经营权分离的情况下，利润最大化的财务目标转变成股东财富最大化。股东的财富一般表现为拥有企业股票的数量与股票价格的乘积。在股票数量一定时，股东财富就与股票价格成正比。因此，股东财富最大化实质上可以看作股票市场价格最大化。 ②企业价值最大化。企业价值最大化目标强调财务管理目标应与企业多个利益集团有关，追求的是企业各个利益相关者集体利益的最大化。 ③目标的选择。追求企业价值最大化与追求股东利益最大化具有本质上的不同，集体利益的最大化并不等于个体利益能够最大化，反之亦然。经济理论已经证明，集体理性与个体理性存在冲突，前者要求将“蛋糕”做大，后者可以在“蛋糕”大小不变的情况下，通过对“蛋糕”的不同分割，使得一部分利益集团在损害其它利益集团利益的基础上实现自身收益的最大化。因此，企业的财务管理目标必然是各个利益集团共同作用和相互妥协的结果。 当且仅当企业的价值提高时，资本结构的变化对股东有利；相反，当且仅当企业的价值减少时，资本结构的变化损害股东。并且，对于不同种类的资本结构变化，这个结论仍然成立。因此，管理者应该选择他们所认为的可使公司价值最高的资本结构，因为这样的资本结构将对公司的股东最有利。
第三章财务报表分析与长期财务规划 1.由于不同行业的公司在财务比率上存在很大的差异，财务比率本身提供的信息有限，分析公司的财务比率有两种基本方法：时间趋势分析法和同类公司分析。为什么这些方法会有用呢？每种方法能够告诉你哪些关于公司财务健康状况的信息？ 答：时间趋势分析描绘了公司财务状况随时间而变化的图景。通过公司本身的跨期比较分析，财务经理可以评价公司的经营、融资或投资活动的某些方面是否已经发生了变化。同类公司比较分析涉及到将某一特定公司的财务比率和经营绩效与同一行业或业务相同的其他公司进行比较。通过同类公司比较分析，财务经理可以评价公司的经营、融资或投资活动的某些方面是否越出常规，从而为调整这些比率采取恰当的行动提供指南，如果这种调整合适的话。两种方法都从财务的视角研究一个公司究竟有什么不同，但两种方法都不能告诉我们这种不同是积极正面的还是消极负面的。例如，假设一个公司的流动比率是随时间而提高，这可能意味着该公司在过去一直面临流动性问题，一直在纠正这些问题；或者它也可能意味着该公司已经在管理流动资产和负债方面变得更低效。同类公司比较分析中也存在类似的争论。一个公司的流动比率低于同类公司，也许是它在管理流动资产和负债方面更具效率，也可能是它面临流动性问题。没有哪种方法告诉我们某个比率是好还是坏。两种方法只是表明有些东西存在差异，并告诉我们去哪里寻找。 2.所谓的“同店销售”是像沃尔玛和希尔斯之类的十分分散的公司的
一项重要指标，顾名思义，分析同店销售就是比较同样的店铺或餐馆在两个不同的时间点上的销售额。为什么公司总是关注同店销售而不是总销售？ 答：如果一家公司通过开设新店来不断增长，那么可以推测其总收入将上升。比较两个不同时点的总销售额可能会误导。同店销售方法只看在特定时期开设的店铺的销售额控制了这一误差。 3.为什么多数长期财务计划都从销售预测开始？或者说，为什么未来销售额是关键？ 答：理由是，最终，消费是商业背后的驱动力。一个企业的资产、雇员，事实上，几乎企业经营和融资的所有方面都是直接或间接地支持销售。换种说法，一个企业对资本资产、雇员、存货以及融资的未来需求都由它的未来销售所决定。 4.本章利用Rosengarten公司说明EFN的计算，Rosengarten的ROE 约为7.3%，利润再投资率约为67%，如果你为Rosengarten计算可持续增长率，会发现它只有 5.14%，而我们在计算EFN时所使用的增长率为25%，这可能吗？（提示：有可能。如何实现？） 答：可持续增长公式的两个假设是，公司并不想出售新的股票，以及财务政策是固定的。如果公司增加外部股权，或提高其债务权益比率，它的增长速度可以比可持续增长率更高。当然，如果公司改变其股利政策，提高留成比例，或其总资产周转率提高，它的增长速度也可以快于它的销售净利率提高的速度。 5. Broslofski公司每年都维持一个正的留存比率，并保持负债权益比
CHAPTER 2 Financial Statements & Cash Flow Multiple Choice Questions: I. DEFINITIONS BALANCE SHEET b 1. The financial statement showing a firm’s accounting value on a particular date is the: a. income statement. b. balance sheet. c. statement of cash flows. d. tax reconciliation statement. e. shareholders’ equity sheet. Difficulty level: Easy CURRENT ASSETS c 2. A current asset is: a. an item currently owned by the firm. b. an item that the firm expects to own within the next year. c. an item currently owned by the firm that will convert to cash within the next 12 months. d. the amount of cash on hand the firm currently shows on its balance sheet. e. the market value of all items currently owned by the firm. Difficulty level: Easy LONG-TERM DEBT b 3. The long-term debts of a firm are liabilities: a. that come due within the next 12 months. b. that do not come due for at least 12 months. c. owed to the firm’s suppliers. d. owed to the firm’s shareholders. e. the firm expects to incur within the next 12 months. Difficulty level: Easy NET WORKING CAPITAL e 4. Net working capital is defined as: a. total liabilities minus shareholders’ equity. b. current liabilities minus shareholders’ equity. c. fixed assets minus long-term liabilities. d. total assets minus total liabilities. e. current assets minus current liabilities. Difficulty level: Easy LIQUID ASSETS d 5. A(n) ____ asset is on e which can be quickly converted into cash without significant loss in value.
五、计算题 1．ABC公司是某杂志出版商，它发行的可转换债券目前在市场上的售价是950美元，面值为1000美元。如果持有者选择转换，则每1张债券可以交换100股股票，债券的利息为7%，逐年支付，债券将在10年后到期。ABC的债务属于BBB级，这个级别的债务的标价收益率为12%。ABC的股票正以每股7美元的价格交易。 （1）债券的转换比率是多少？ （2）转换价格是多少？ （3）债券的底线价值是多少？ （4）期权价值是多少？[山东大学2017研] 答：（1）转换比率是指一份债券可以转换为多少股股份。由题干可知，每1张债券可以交换100股股票，即债券的转换比率为100。 （2）由于可转换债券的转换比率是用每份可转换债券所能交换的股份数，它等于可转换债券面值除以转换价格。 故转换价格＝可转换债券面值/转换比率＝1000/100＝10（美元）。 （3）可转换债券的底线价值取决于纯粹债券价值和转换价值二者孰高。纯粹债券价值是指可转换债券如不具备可转换的特征，仅仅当作债券持有在市场上能销售的价值。转换价值是指如果可转换债券能以当前市价立即转换为普通股所取得的价值。转换价值等于将每份债券所能转换的普通股股票份数乘以普通股的当前价格。 纯粹债券的价值＝1000×7%×（P/A，12%，10）＋1000×（P/F，12%，10）＝717.5（美元）。 转换价值＝转换数量×可转换股票市价＝100×7＝700（美元），717.5美元＞700美元。 故可转换债券的底线价值为717.5美元。
（4）由于可转换债券价值＝可转换债券的底线价值﹢期权价值。故可转换债券的期权价值＝950﹣717.5＝232.5（美元）。 2．假定GT 公司可取得永续现金流EBIT＝$100000，权益资本成本为25%，企业所得税税率40%，如果企业没有债务，根据MM 定理，这时的企业价值是多少？如果企业借入$500000的债务并回购相应数量的权益资本，债务资本成本为10%，根据MM 定理，企业价值是多少？[华中科技大学2017研] 答：若企业没有债务，则该企业是无杠杆公司。无杠杆公司的价值为： ()0(1)10(140%)2425% C U EBIT t V R ?-?-===万美元若企业借入50万美元的债务，那么该公司是杠杆公司，根据有税情况下的MM 定理： 0(1)C C B L U C B EBIT t t R B V V t B R R ?-=+=+则此时企业的价值为：V L ＝V U ＋t C B＝24＋40%×50＝44（万美元）。 3．去年支付的股利为2美元，预计未来股利以10%的固定比率增长，股东要求的回报率为20%。求股票今天的价格。[西南财经大学2017研] 答：根据股利增长模型（DDM），股票当前的价格P 0＝D 1/（R－g），其中D 1为股票1期后的预期股利，R 为股东要求的回报率，g 为股利增长率。 在本题中，R＝20%，g＝10%，D 1＝2×（1＋10%）＝2.2（美元）。 因此，股票今天的价格＝2.2/（20%－10%）＝22（美元）。
1. The financial statement showing a firm's accounting value on a particular date is the: A. income statement. B.balance sheet.资产负债表反应公司在某一特定日期的账面价值 C. statement of cash flows. D. tax reconciliation statement. E. shareholders' equity sheet. 2. A current asset is: A. an item currently owned by the firm. B. an item that the firm expects to own within the next year. C. an item currently owned by the firm that will convert to cash within the next 12 months.在一年内能够变现的资产 D. the amount of cash on hand the firm currently shows on its balance sheet. E. the market value of all items currently owned by the firm. 3. The long-term debts of a firm are liabilities: A. that come due within the next 12 months. B.that do not come due for at least 12 months.偿还期限在一年以上 C. owed to the firm's suppliers. D. owed to the firm's shareholders. E. the firm expects to incur within the next 12 months. 4. Net working capital is defined as: 经营运资本 A. total liabilities minus shareholders' equity. B. current liabilities minus shareholders' equity. C. fixed assets minus long-term liabilities. D. total assets minus total liabilities. E.current assets minus current liabilities.流动资产-流动负债 5. A(n) ____ asset is one which can be quickly converted into cash without significant loss in value. A. current B. fixed C. intangible D. liquid速动资产 E. long-term 6. The financial statement summarizing a firm's accounting performance over a period of time is the: A. income statement.利润表反应公司一段时间内的经营成果 B. balance sheet. C. statement of cash flows. D. tax reconciliation statement. E. shareholders' equity sheet. 7. Noncash items refer to: 非现金项目 A. the credit sales of a firm. B. the accounts payable of a firm. C. the costs incurred for the purchase of intangible fixed assets. D. expenses charged against revenues that do not directly affect cash flow.与收入像配比的费用，并不影响现金流量 E. all accounts on the balance sheet other than cash on hand. 8. Your _____ tax rate is the amount of tax payable on the next taxable dollar you earn. A. deductible B. residual C. total D. average E. marginal边际税率指多赚一美元需要多支付的税金 9. Your _____ tax rate is the total taxes you pay divided by your taxable income. A. deductible B. residual C. total D.average平均税率 E. marginal 10. _____ refers to the cash flow that results from the firm's ongoing, normal business activities. A.Cash flow from operating activities经营活动现金流 B. Capital spending C. Net working capital D. Cash flow from assets E. Cash flow to creditors 11. _____ refers to the changes in net capital assets. A. Operating cash flow B. Cash flow from investing投资活动产生的现金流 C. Net working capital D. Cash flow from assets E. Cash flow to creditors 12. _____ refers to the difference between a firm's current assets and its current liabilities. A. Operating cash flow B. Capital spending https://www.doczj.com/doc/7f10673154.html, working capital净营运资本是流动资产与流动负债之差 D. Cash flow from assets E. Cash flow to creditors 13. _____ is calculated by adding back noncash expenses to net income and adjusting for changes in current assets and liabilities. 非现金费用加净利润，根据流动资产和流动负债的变化做出调整 A. Operating cash flow B. Capital spending C. Net working capital D.Cash flow from operation s经营活动产生的现金流 E. Cash flow to creditors
第一章 1.在所有权形式的公司中,股东是公司的所有者。股东选举公司的董事会,董事会任命该公司的管理层。企业的所有权和控制权分离的组织形式是导致的代理关系存在的主要原因。管理者可能追求自身或别人的利益最大化,而不是股东的利益最大化。在这种环境下,他们可能因为目标不一致而存在代理问题。 2.非营利公司经常追求社会或政治任务等各种目标。非营利公司财务管理的目标是获取并有效使用资金以最大限度地实现组织的社会使命。 3.这句话是不正确的。管理者实施财务管理的目标就是最大化现有股票的每股价值，当前的股票价值反映了短期和长期的风险、时间以及未来现金流量。 4.有两种结论。一种极端,在市场经济中所有的东西都被定价。因此所有目标都有一个最优水平，包括避免不道德或非法的行为，股票价值最大化。另一种极端,我们可以认为这是非经济现象,最好的处理方式是通过政治手段。一个经典的思考问题给出了这种争论的答案:公司估计提高某种产品安全性的成本是30美元万。然而,该公司认为提高产品的安全性只会节省20美元万。请问公司应该怎么做呢?” 5.财务管理的目标都是相同的,但实现目标的最好方式可能是不同的,因为不同的国家有不同的社会、政治环境和经济制度。 6.管理层的目标是最大化股东现有股票的每股价值。如果管理层认为能提高公司利润，使股价超过35美元,那么他们应该展开对恶意收购的斗争。如果管理层认为该投标人或其它未知的投标人将支付超过每股35美元的价格收购公司,那么他们也应该展开斗争。然而,如果管理层不能增加企业的价值,并且没有其他更高的投标价格,那么管理层不是在为股东的最大化权益行事。现在的管理层经常在公司面临这些恶意收购的情况时迷失自己的方向。 7.其他国家的代理问题并不严重,主要取决于其他国家的私人投资者占比重较小。较少的私人投资者能减少不同的企业目标。高比重的机构所有权导致高学历的股东和管理层讨论决策风险项目。此外,机构投资者比私人投资者可以根据自己的资源和经验更好地对管理层实施有效的监督机制。 8.大型金融机构成为股票的主要持有者可能减少美国公司的代理问题，形成更有效率的公司控制权市场。但也不一定能。如果共同基金或者退休基金的管理层并不关心的投资者的利益，代理问题可能仍然存在,甚至有可能增加基金和投资者之间的代理问题。
第十章：风险与收益：市场历史的启示 1. 因为公司的表现具有不可预见性。 2. 投资者很容易看到最坏的投资结果，但是确很难预测到。 3. 不是，股票具有更高的风险，一些投资者属于风险规避者，他们认为这点额外的报酬率还不至于吸引他们付出更高风险的代价。 4. 股票市场与赌博是不同的，它实际是个零和市场，所有人都可能赢。而且投机者带给市场更高的流动性，有利于市场效率。 5. 在80 年代初是最高的，因为伴随着高通胀和费雪效应。 6. 有可能，当投资风险资产报酬非常低，而无风险资产报酬非常高，或者同时出现这两种现象时就会发生这样的情况。 7. 相同，假设两公司2 年前股票价格都为P0，则两年后G 公司股票价格为 1.1*0.9* P0，而S 公司股票价格为0.9*1.1 P0，所以两个公司两年后的股价是一样的。 8. 不相同，Lake Minerals 2年后股票价格= 100(1.10)(1.10) = $121.00 而SmallTown Furniture 2年后股票价格= 100(1.25)(.95) = $118.75 9. 算数平均收益率仅仅是对所有收益率简单加总平均，它没有考虑到所有收益率组合的效果，而几何平均收益率考虑到了收益率组合的效果，所以后者比较重要。 10. 不管是否考虑通货膨胀因素，其风险溢价没有变化，因为风险溢价是风险资产收益率与无风险资产收益率的差额，若这两者都考虑到通货膨胀的因素，其差额仍然是相互抵消的。而在考虑税收后收益率就会降低，因为税后收益会降低。 11. R = [($104 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = .1462 or 14.62% 12. Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58% Capital gains yield = ($104 – 92) / $92 = .1304 or 13.04% 13. R = [($81 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = –.1038 or –10.38% Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58% Capital gains yield = ($81 – 92) / $92 = –.1196 or –11.96% 14.
第9章 股票估值 9.1 复习笔记 1．普通股估值 （1）股利与资本利得 ①股票价格等于下期股利与下期股价的折现值之和。 ②股票价格等于所有未来股利的折现值之和。 （2）不同类型股票的估值 ①零增长股利 股利不变时，股票的价格由下式给出： () 12 02 11Div Div Div P R R R = ++= ++ 在这里假定Div 1＝Div 2＝…＝Div 。 ②固定增长率股利 如果股利以恒定的速率增长，那么一股股票的价格就为： ()()()()()() 23 023********Div g Div g Div g Div Div P R R g R R R +++=++++= +-+++ 式中，g 是增长率；Div 是第一期期末的股利。 ③变动增长率股利 分阶段进行折现，注意折现的时间点。
【例9.1】假设某企业每年净利润固定是4400万元，并且该企业每年将所有净利润都作为股息发放给投资者，该企业共发行了1100万股的股票，假设该企业股息对应的折现率是10%，并且股息从一年后开始第一次发放，那么该企业股票今天的价格是多少？（）[清华大学2015金融硕士] A．4元 B．44元 C．400元 D．40元 【答案】D 【解析】该企业每年发放的固定股息为：4400÷1100＝4（元/股），利用零增长股利模型，该企业股票今天的价格为：4÷10%＝40（元）。 【例9.2】A公司普通股刚刚支付了每股2元的红利，股票价格当前为100元每股，可持续增长率为6%，则该公司普通股的资本成本为（）。[中央财经大学2015金融硕士] A．6.4% B．7.3% C．8.1% D．8.8% 【答案】C 【解析】根据固定增长股票的价值模型：
精研学习>网>>>免费试用百分之20资料 全国547所院校视频及题库全收集 考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>历年真题>全收集 本书是罗斯的《公司理财》（第11版）（机械工业出版社）的学习辅导书。本书遵循该教材的章目编排，包括8篇，共分31章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记；第二部分为课（章）后习题详解。本书具有以下几个方面的特点： （1）浓缩内容精华，整理名校笔记。本书每章的复习笔记对本章的重难点进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授罗斯的《公司理财》的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。 （2）精选考研真题，强化知识考点。部分考研涉及到的重点章节，选择经典真题，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。 （3）解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。国内外教材一般没有提供课（章）后习题答案或者答案很简单，本书参考国外教材的英文答案和相关资料对每章的习题进行了详细的分析。 （4）补充相关要点，强化专业知识。一般来说，国外英文教材的中译本不太符合中国学生的思维习惯，有些语言的表述不清或条理性不强而给学习带来了不便，因此，对每章复习笔记的一些重要知识点和一些习题的解答，我们在不违背原书原意的基础上结合其他相关经典教材进行了必要的整理和分析。 本书提供电子书及打印版，方便对照复习。 第1篇概论 第1章公司理财导论 1.1复习笔记 1.2课后习题详解 第2章会计报表与现金流量 2.1复习笔记 2.2课后习题详解 第3章财务报表分析与长期计划 3.1复习笔记 3.2课后习题详解 第2篇估值与资本预算 第4章折现现金流量估价 4.1复习笔记 4.2课后习题详解 第5章净现值和投资评价的其他方法 5.1复习笔记 5.2课后习题详解 第6章投资决策 6.1复习笔记
CHAPTER 2 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND CASH FLOW Answe rs to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions 1. True. Every asset can be converted to cash at some price. However, when we are referring to a liquid asset, the added assumption that the asset can be quickly converted to cash at or near market value is important. 2. The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues, and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be ―booked‖when the revenue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is collected or bills are paid. Note that this way is not necessarily correct; it‘s the way accountants have chosen to do it. 3. The bottom line number shows the change in the ca sh balanc e on the balance sheet. As such, it is not a use ful number for analyzing a company. 4. The major difference is the treatment of interest expense. The accounting statement of cash flows treats interest as an operating ca sh flow, while the financial ca sh flows treat interest as a financing cash flow. The logic of the accounting statement of cash flows is that since interest appears on the income statement, which shows the operations for the period, it is an operating cash flow. In reality, interest is a financing expense, which results from the company‘s choice of debt and equity. We will have more to say about this in a later chapter. When compa ring the two c ash flow statements, the financial statement of cash flows is a more appropriate measure of the company‘s performa nce because of its treatment of interest. 5. Market values can never be negative. Imagine a share of stock selling for –$20. This would mean that if you placed an order for 100 shares, you would get the stock along with a check for $2,000. How ma ny shares do you want to buy? More generally, because of corpora te and individual bankruptcy laws, net worth for a person or a corporation cannot be negative, implying that liabilities cannot exceed assets in market value. 6. For a successful c ompany that is rapidly expanding, for example, capital outlays will be large, possibly leading to negative c ash flow from assets. In general, what matters is whether the money is spent wisely, not whe ther cash flow from assets is positive or negative. 7. It‘s probably not a good sign for an e stablished company to have negative cash flow from operations, but it would be fairly ordinary for a start-up, so it depends.
第17章 财务杠杆和资本结构政策 ◆本章复习与自测题 17.1 EBIT和EPS 假设BDJ公司已经决定进行一项资本重组，它涉及到将现有的8 000万美元债务增加到12 500万美元。债务的利率是9%，并且预期不会改变。公司目前有1 000万股流通在外，每股价格是45美元。如果预期重组可以提高ROE，那么，BDJ的管理当局必定预期EBIT至少达到什么水平？解答时不考虑税。 17.2 MM第二定理（无税） Habitat公司的WACC是16%，债务成本是13%。如果Habitat的债务权益率是2，它的权益资本成本是多少？解答时不考虑税。 17.3 MM第一定理（有公司税） Gypco公司预期永远都有每年10 000美元的EBIT。Gypco可以以7%的利率借款。假设Gypco目前没有债务，它的权益成本是17%。如果公司的税率是35%，公司的价值是多少？如果Gypco借入15 000美元，并用它来回购股票，公司的价值是多少？ ◆本章复习与自测题解答 17.1 要解答这个问题，我们可以计算临界EBIT。在超过这一点的任何EBIT上，提高财务杠杆都将提高EPS。在原有 的资本结构下，利息费用是8 000万美元×0.09 = 720万美元。因为有1 000万股股票，因此，不考虑税，EPS为：（EBIT-720万美元)/1 000万。 在新的资本结构下，利息费用是：12 500万美元×0.09 = 1 125万美元。并且，债务增加了4 500万美元。这个金额足够买回4 500万美元/45 = 100万股股票，剩下900万股流通在外。因此，EPS是：（EBIT -1 125万美元)/900万。 既然我们知道如何计算这两种情况下的EPS。我们假定它们彼此相等，求出临界EBIT： (EBIT -720万美元)/1 000万= (EBIT-1 125万美元)/900万 (EBIT -720万美元) = 1.11×(EBIT-1 125万美元) EBIT = 4 770万美元 可以验证，在两种情况下，当EBIT是4 770万美元时，EPS都是4.05美元。 17.2 根据MM第二定理（无税），权益成本是： R E = R A + (R A -R D )×(D/E）= 16% + (16% -13%)×2 = 22% 17.3 在没有公司税的情况下，Gypco的WACC是17%。这也是不利用杠杆的公司的资本成本。税后现金流量是：10 000美元×(1-0.35) = 6 500美元，因此，价值就是：V U = 6 500美元/0.17 = 38 235美元。 发行债务之后，Gypco的价值将是原来的38 235美元加上税盾的现值T C ×D，也就是0.35×15 000美元= 5 250美元。因
CHAPTER 8 Making Capital Investment Decisions I. DEFINITIONS INCREMENTAL CASH FLOWS a 1. The changes in a firm's future cash flows that are a direct consequence of accepting a project are called _____ cash flows. a. incremental b. stand-alone c. after-tax d. net present value e. erosion Difficulty level: Easy EQUIVALENT ANNUAL COST e 2. The annual annuity stream o f payments with the same present value as a project's costs is called the project's _____ cost. a. incremental b. sunk c. opportunity d. erosion e. equivalent annual Difficulty level: Easy SUNK COSTS c 3. A cost that has already been paid, or the liability to pay has already been incurred, is a(n): a. salvage value expense. b. net working capital expense. c. sunk cost. d. opportunity cost. e. erosion cost. Difficulty level: Easy OPPORTUNITY COSTS d 4. Th e most valuable investment given up i f an alternative investment is chosen is a(n): a. salvage value expense. b. net working capital expense.
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 12e (Ross) Chapter 5 Introduction to Valuation: The Time Value of Money 1) Andy deposited $3,000 this morning into an account that pays 5 percent interest, compounded annually. Barb also deposited $3,000 this morning at 5 percent interest, compounded annually. Andy will withdraw his interest earnings and spend it as soon as possible. Barb will reinvest her interest earnings into her account. Given this, which one of the following statements is true? A) Barb will earn more interest in Year 1 than Andy will. B) Andy will earn more interest in Year 3 than Barb will. C) Barb will earn more interest in Year 2 than Andy. D) After five years, Andy and Barb will both have earned the same amount of interest. E) Andy will earn compound interest. 2) Nan and Neal are twins. Nan invests $5,000 at 7 percent at age 25. Neal invests $5,000 at 7 percent at age 30. Both investments compound interest annually. Both twins retire at age 60 and neither adds nor withdraws funds prior to retirement. Which statement is correct? A) Nan will have less money when she retires than Neal. B) Neal will earn more interest on interest than Nan. C) Neal will earn more compound interest than Nan. D) If both Nan and Neal wait to age 70 to retire they will have equal amounts of savings. E) Nan will have more money than Neal at any age. 3) You are investing $100 today in a savings account. Which one of the following terms refers to the total value of this investment one year from now? A) Future value B) Present value C) Principal amount D) Discounted value E) Invested principal 4) Christina invested $3,000 five years ago and earns 2 percent annual interest. By leaving her interest earnings in her account, she increases the amount of interest she earns each year. The way she is handling her interest income is referred to as: A) simplifying. B) compounding. C) aggregating. D) accumulating. E) discounting.