第八讲非谓语动词
在句子里作为谓语出现的动词，称为限定动词；不作为谓语出现的动词称为非限定动词或非谓语动词。限定动词在句中作谓语受主语的人称和数的限制；非限定动词不可单独用作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，所以又称动词的非谓语形式。
非限定动词具有双重性质，即一方面保留着动词的某些特征，如可以有自己的宾语、状语等构成非限定动词短语，还可以有时态和语态的变化；另一方面又具有名词、形容词和副词的某些特征，在句中可以担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。
英语的非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词。其中-ed分词没有时态和语态的变
一、动词不定式
1. 动词不定式的句法功能
1) 作主语。多表示具体的或未来的动作。例如：
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
To err is human. 犯错误是人之常情。
To persevere means victory. 坚持就是胜利。
在现代英语中，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语动词不定式(或短语) 放在谓语之后。特别当句子的不定式主语太长时，为避免结构上的头重脚轻，多采用it 形式主语句。常见的这类结构有：
a. 形如It is easy (hard, difficult, right, wrong, necessary) to do sth.。如：
It is difficult to finish the work. 完成这项工作是困难的。
It must be hard to live only on your salary. 仅靠工资生活，日子一定很艰苦。
b. 形如It is a pleasure (an honour, a pity, fun, no easy job) to do sth.。如：
It is great fun to go swimming in the sea. 在大海里游泳很痛快。
c. 形如It takes sb. (some time) to do sth.。如：
It took me almost two hours to cover the whole distance. 走完全程花了我两个小时。
It costs nothing to be polite. 讲礼貌无需代价。
It always pays to tell the truth. 说实话总是不会吃亏的。
2) 与助动词一起组成谓语。例如：
The letter is to be handed to Mr. Wilson himself. 这封信将被交给威尔森先生本人。
I was just about to leave when the phone rang. 我正要离开时，电话响了。
I’m going to sell this old car and buy a new one. 我打算卖掉这部旧车，买辆新的。
3）作表语。例如：
His wish is to be a doctor. 他的愿望是当一名医生。
What surprised me most is to hear him ill. 最让我吃惊的是听说他病了。
4) 作宾语。有些及物动词常跟不定式作宾语，如agree, apply, ask, love, like, prepare, help, want, decide, hope, manage, plan等。例如：
He wanted to borrow my bike. 他想借我的自行车。
What do you plan to do for the weekend? 这个周末你打算干什么？
5) 作定语。放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。例如：
He was always the first to come and last to leave the office.
他总是第一个到办公室，最后一个离开办公室。
He has an important meeting to attend. 他有个重要的会议要参加。
6) 作状语。表示目的，原因，结果等。例如：
We eat to live, not live to eat. 我们吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。（目的）
He felt relieved to have solved the tough problem. 解决了那个难题，他感到欣慰。（原因）You wouldn’t do that to save your life. 即使为了救自己的命也不能那样做。（让步）
7）作补足语。例如：
I want you to be happy. 我要使你幸福。
The manager will leave me to attend the matter when he is out.
经理不在时会托我照管事务。
8) 作独立成分
能够作独立成分的不定式短语往往形成了固定的形式和用法，如to begin with (首先), to be frank (坦率地说), to be brief (简言之), to be exact (精确地说), to tell you the truth (老实说), to make / cut a long story short (长话短说), to put it another way (换句话说), to get back to the point (言归正传), so to speak (可以这么说)，等等。例如：
The rush work was completed in less one day——six hours, to be sure.
这一大堆活不到一天——确切地说只有6个小时就做完了。
To tell you the truth，the film was a great disappointment to me.
老实说，那部电影令我大失所望。
2. 动词不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定式由“not或其他否定副词never, hardly 等+ 动词不定式”构成。例如：Not to be moved by the story would require a heart of stone.
不为之所感只需要有铁石心肠。
He promised never to tell a lie again. 他保证今后绝不再说谎。
Fugitives were nowhere to be seen. 到处都看不到有逃亡者。
The changes in her personality are so trivial as hardly to be noticed.
她的个性中的变化很微小，几乎不能引起注意。
3.“疑问词+ 动词不定式”结构
构成这种结构的疑问词有who / whom, what, which等疑问代词和where, when，whether，
how等疑问副词。它在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语、补足语、同位语及双重宾语等。例如：
How to earn daily by my pen was then the problem.
如何靠我的笔吃饭在当时是个难题。（主语）
He did not know whether to go there or not. 他不知道是否该去那里。（宾语）
One of the main problems of this country is how to control the rapidly increasing population.
这个国家主要问题之一是如何控制快速增长的人口。（表语）
They exchanged views on the question of who to elect.
他们就选谁这个问题交换了看法。（介词宾语）
We dislike being told what to do and what not to do.
我们不喜欢被别人指使着做什么或不做什么。（主补）
Will you advise me where to stay? 你会建议我住哪吗？（宾补）
The problem how to put right the mistakes of the past is not our only problem.
如果纠正过去错误，并不仅是我们的问题。（同位语）
I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你在哪买这本书。（直宾）
此外，“介词+ 关系代词+ 不定式”结构还能用作定语。如：
She is a nice person with whom to work. 她是一个很好共事的人。
There is no key with which to open the door. 没有开这扇门的钥匙。
4. 使用动词不定式需要注意的一些问题
1) 不定式作使役动词let, make, have等和感官动词see, watch,, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to, feel等的宾语补足语时一般不带to：动词help后的不定式可以带to, 也可以不带to。在被动语态中作补语的不定式to不能省略。例如：
I saw him leave the room. 我看见他离开了房间。
He was seen to leave the room. 有人看见他离开了房间。
Could you help me (to) lift the box? 请你帮助我抬抬这个箱子好吗？
2) 介词except, but之后跟不定式作宾语时，如果介词前有动词do的某种形式，可以省略to；反之不定式要带to。例如：
She will do anything but help the boy with his lessons.
She wanted nothing except to stay here.
3) 当主语是all或是what引导的名词性从句，主语受only, first, one, least或形容词最高级修饰，且主语部分有实义动词do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可带也可不带to。例如：What I want to do is (to) give them more help. 我想做的就是给予他们更多的帮助。
The only thing you have to do is (to) stay home and sleep all day.
All he does is gossip about others.
The least you can do is help up a little.
4) 在had better, would rather /sooner (…than), cannot but, cannot help but, do nothing but, might (just) as well, why (not)…等结构中不定式to也要省去。例如：
They would rather die than surrender. 他们宁死也不投降。
She can’t do anything but ask silly questions. 她一个劲地问一些傻问题。
Why leave the door open? 为何让门开着？
Why not try again? 何不再试一次？
5) 不及物动词的不定式作后置定语与被修饰词有动宾关系时，其后该加上一个结构上或含义上所需要的介词。例如：
I need a pen to write with.（与pen呼应，表工具）
Give me some paper to write on.（与paper呼应，表位置）
There are some things to be grateful for.（与things呼应，表对象）
He has a small room to live in. (与room呼应，表场所)
6) 动词不定式的复合结构常用“for + 名词或代词+ 不定式”。如果句中的形容词表示某人的属性，则用“of + 名词或代词+ 不定式”。例如：
It is important for us to learn English.
She is not a person for one to rely on.
It is clever of the boy to work out the problem in such a short time.
5. 常用带有不定式的结构用法举例
in order to, so / such…as to, only to, enough to, too…to…等是较为常用的带有不定式的结构，现举例说明其主要用法，供大家了解和掌握，并能举一反三地运用。
In order to make a study of the Kangaroo, he came to Australia.
为了研究袋鼠，他来到了澳洲。
The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower. 这房子又高又窄，像一座塔。
He is such a fool as to trust Geoffrey. 他如此傻，竞相信Geoffrey。.
For five hours she drove, stopping only to rest her horse.
连着走了五个小时，她停下来歇一歇马。（only to 可表目的）
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。（only to 表结果）
We have enough money to but a house. 我们有足够的钱来买房子。
The tea is too hot to drink. 茶太热，不能喝。（表结果，too…to…, 太…而不能）
It’s never too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。（not / never too…to…表结果，意为“并不过于…以致不能…）
He is too smart not to understand you.
他非常精明，不会不明白你的意思。（too…not to…表结果，意为“非常…不会不…”）I’m only too glad to stay at home. 我太想留在家里啦。
I’m just too anxious to help you. 我正想帮你哩
You’re too ready to find faults in other people. 你就爱找别人的岔儿。
He is but too pleased to join us. 加入我们当中，他非常高兴。
I shall be only too glad to get home. 我回到了家里，我非常高兴。
(上述两句“but / only too…to…”结构表示原因，意为“非常…，因为…”)
6. 习惯接动词不定式的动词
1）通常只接动词不定式（而不接-ing形式）作宾语的动词。如agree, aim, arrange, afford, apply, attempt, ask, appear, beg, choose, claim, care, decide, decline (拒绝)，demand, determine, desire, expect, fail, hope, hurry, hesitate, intend, long (渴望)，learn, manage, neglect, offer, prepare, plan, promise, require, struggle, swear, seek (寻求)，seem, threaten, tend, volunteer, venture, vow, want, wish, wait等。例如：
He promised to keep the secret. 他承诺保守秘密。
She couldn’t afford to displease her boss. 她得罪不起她的上司。
We always desire to live in peace with our neighbors. 我们总希望与邻邦和平相处。
2) 常跟“宾语+ 不定式”的动词。如ask, advise, allow, assist, beg, cause, caution (告诫)，challenge（挑战），consider, command（命令），direct (指引)，drive (强迫)，enable, encourage, entitle (使有权利)，expect, forbid, force, get, help, invite, order, permit0,promise, persuade, recommend, remind, request (要求)，show, teach, tell, tempt (引诱)，urge, warn, want等。例如：Learning allows us to maintain assurance of ourselves. 学习让我们对自己保持信心。
The teacher encourages his students to speak English whenever there ’s a chance.
老师鼓励他的学生们一有机会就讲英语。
Constant supply of water enabled them to survive. 不间断的水供应使他们能够存活下去。
二、动名词
1. 动名词的句法功能
动名词同时具有动词特征和名词特征，因此它可以有自己的宾语和状语，在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、补语和定语等。例如：
1）作主语
Taking exercise in the morning is good for your health. 早上锻炼对我们的健康是有益的。
Traveling abroad can be very exciting. 出国旅游会是很激动人心的。
动名词短语作主语时，往往可以放在谓语的后面，而由it作形式主语。例如：
It is good for your health taking exercise in the morning.
It can be very exciting traveling abroad.
2) 作宾语
Would you mind waiting for a while? 你不会介意等一会儿吧？
He is not used to working at night. 他不习惯在夜间工作。
Do you find it interesting living here?
你觉得住在这里有意思吗？（it为形式宾语，living here为真正的宾语）
3）作表语
The only thing that interests her is dancing. 唯一使他感兴趣的是跳舞。
What he likes is playing chess after supper. 他的爱好是晚饭后下下棋。
4）作补语
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。（宾补）
This is called turning things upside down. 这就叫做把事物弄颠倒了。（主补）
5) 作定语
He may be in the reading room, for all I know. 他说不定在阅览室里。
There is a swimming pool in our school. 我们的学校里有一个游泳池。
2. 动名词的否定形式
其否定形式由“not + 动名词”构成。例如：
I suggest not spending too much time on it. 我建议别在这件事上花太多时间。
I’m sorry for not being able to come here on time. 我很抱歉，没能准时到达这里。
3. 动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由“物主代词或名词的所有格+ 动名词”构成。这种结构中，物主代词或名词的所有格是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词的复合结构在句中多用作主语或宾语。例如：
Sophia’s having seen them did not surprise us.
索菲亚看见了他们并不使我们感到惊呀。（主语）
Do you mind my turning on the radio? 你不介意我打开收音机吧？（宾语）
关于动名词复合结构中的名词和代词用什么格的问题现说明几点供参考：
①据一位美国语法学家统计，动名词复合结构在美国英语中，名词用属格，代词用宾格的较多。
②动名词复合结构作主语时，其名词或代词一般用属格(在口语中也有用名词通格和代词宾格的情况)；用作宾语时，在当代英语中，其名词多用通格，代词用宾格的情况也不少见。例如：
My daughter staying up so late worried me. 我的女儿睡得很晚令我担心。
Does us singing in the room above disturb you? 我们在楼上唱歌吵你吗？
It ended in the doctor being sent for. 结果是去请大夫来。
You say nothing of us calling. 你不要说我们来拜访的事。
I’m so afraid of you being angry. 我生怕你生气。
③动名词的复合结构的逻辑主语是it时，多用its。例如：
I had no doubt of its being highly agreeable to her. 我对它很适合她的口胃深信不疑。
④当动名词前有all, both时，或者动名词被看作名词化的动名词时，其前的代词多用所有格。例如：
She insisted on their both accepting the invitation. 她一定要他们两个人都接受邀请。
He prided himself upon his dancing.
他为自己的舞技感到自豪。（名词化的动名词dancing不再具有动作意义而被看作名词）
4. 习惯接动名词的动词(短语) 或结构
1) 通常只接动名词作宾语的动词。如admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, allow, anticipate, consider, complete delay, deny, dislike, discuss enjoy, escape, endure, escape, excuse, explain, fancy (喜爱)，finish, forgive (原谅)，favor, imagine, keep, mention (提及)，miss, mind, practice, postpone, quit, pardon (饶恕)，prevent, resist (抵制)，resent (怨恨), report, recall (召开), risk, suggest, stand, prohibit, tolerate, understand等。例如：
He still didn’t admit stealing the jewels. 他仍不承认偷了珠宝。
I don’t fancy going for a walk in the snow. 我可不爱在雪中散步。
Susan denies having said anything. 苏姗否认说过什么。
Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow? 明天打电话给我好吗？
2）通常只接动名词作宾语的短语动词或结构。如give up, look forward to, can’t help, put off, feel like, keep on, carry on, burst out, set about；be used to, be busy doing，be worth doing；have difficulty / trouble (in) doing, spend / waste time (in) doing, stop sb./ sth.from doing sth，talk sb. into doing sth；it’s no use / good doing, there’s no point (in) doing等等。例如：The audience burst out laughing. 听众们大笑起来。
The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这个表几乎不值得一修。
I’m sure you’ll have no difficulty passing the exam. 我敢肯定你考试及格没问题。
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
三、不定式与动名词的比较
1. 用不定式或动名词意思上的差别
1) 不定式通常指某一具体情况，而动名词指一般的或经常的情况
I’d love to show him the picture. 我想把那幅画给他看。（具体的动作）
I’d love watching the sunset. 我喜欢看落日。（一般情况）
2) 不定式的逻辑主语常是句子的主语，而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语，也可能是泛指一般人
I hate to be sitting idle. 我不愿闲坐着。（句子主语自己）
I hate saying one thing but doing another.
我讨厌说一套做一套。（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）
3) 不定式表示将要发生的事，动名词表示已经发生的事
I can’t help to do it. 我不能帮助做这件事。（待做的事）
I can’t help doing it. 我不能不做这件事。(已经做过的事)
4）有时不定式表一次性动作，现在分词则表示动作的重复性
She felt the tears roll down her cheeks. 她感到眼泪流下来了。（一次性动作）
She felt the tears rolling down her cheeks. 她感到眼泪不断地流下来。（表重复性动作）5）有时不定式叙述一个事实而现在分词具有描写色彩
We saw the sun rise. 我们看见了日出。
We saw the sun rising behind the trees. 我们看见太阳从树后升起。
6) 有些动词如need, want, require, be worth之后可用-ing分词的主动形式表示被动意义，这相当于用不定式的被动态
The letter needs signing by the manager. 这封信需要经理签名。
(= This letter needs to be signed by the manager.)
Your car required repairing. 你的车需要修理了。
(= Your car required to be repaired.)
2. 既能接不定式，又能接动名词作宾语的动词
1) 意义上几乎无差别的动词。主要有begin, continue, can’t bear / stand，hate, like，prefer, start等等。例如：
He started to do /doing his experiment right after dinner. 他一吃过晚饭就开始做实验。
John hates to walk / walking to school. 约翰不喜欢步行去学校。
We prefer having / to have some Chinese food. 我们更喜欢吃中餐。
如果“深层”地去探求它们的区别的话，仍然不外乎上面叙述的几个方面的细微差别。
2) 意义上有显著区别的动词。这类动词包括：
try to do…试图或企图干…try doing 试着做…mean to do 打算做…mean doing 意味着
be used to do…被用于做…be used to doing…习惯于…propose to do 打算干…propose doing 建议做…can’t help to do 不能帮助干…can’t help doing 不禁要做…
go on to do 接着干…(另一件事）stop / quit to do 停下来干（另一件事）stop / quit doing停下（正在做的事）remember to do 记住做…
remember doing记得做过…
forget to do 忘记了做…forget doing 忘记做过…
regret to do 遗憾未能做…
regret doing 后悔干过…
remain to do 留待、尚待（去做）remain doing继续保持（某种状态不变）go on doing 继续干(同样的事）
例如：
I mean to go and nothing is going to stop me. 我决意要走，什么也阻拦不了我。
His words mean refusing us. 他的话意味着拒绝我们。
We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.
我们遗憾地通知你，你的申请没有成功。
He regretted having mentioned it. 他后悔提到了这件事。
四、现在分词和过去分词
分词兼有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以做定语、表语和状语等。现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思；在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作的完成。
1. 作定语
作定语的现在分词或过去分词，如果是单个词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是分词和其附加成分一起构成的分词短语则放在后面，其功能相当于一个定语从句。例如：China is a developing socialist country. 中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家。
They lived in a house facing the street. (= which faced the street)
他没住在临街的一幢房子里。
The students are doing their written exercises. 学生们在做书面练习。
The TV sets made in this factory are of high quality. 这家工厂生产的电视机质量很高。
2. 作表语
The story is very touching. 这个故事很感人。
I was much touched by the sight. 我被这景象深深地打动了。
3. 作状语
分词（或分词短语）作状语，可以表示时间、原因、方式或伴随状况等。其中，现在分词与句子的主语具有逻辑上的主动关系，过去分词与句子的主语具有逻辑上的被动关系。
Sitting on the lawn, some young people are chatting. 一些年轻人坐在草地上聊天。
People stood at the bus stop waiting for the bus. 人们站在公共汽车站上等车。
Written in simple English, the short story is easy to read.
这个短篇小说是用简单的英语写成的，所以很容易读懂。
He lay on the bed, troubled with a headache. 他躺在床上，头很疼。
4．作补足语
I saw him crossing the street. 我看他在过马路。
I found the door shut when I came back. 回来时我发现门关着。
注意：
1）现在分词作补足语时着重说明动作的正在进行，而不定式仅仅说明动作发生了，指事物的全过程。试比较：
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你听见有人在敲门吗？（正在敲门）
Do you hear someone knock at the door? 你听见有人敲门了吗？（已敲过门）
2）在“have / get + 宾语+ 过去分词”的结构中，过去分词所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的。如：
He had his hair cut. 他理了发。
When are you going to have your television set repaired? 你准备和时请人修理电视机？五、分词独立结构
从上述的讲解中我们知道，非谓语动词的各类形式可以以主句中的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句，这就是非谓语动词的复合结构。但当非谓语形式有自己的逻辑主语时，这就是传统语法所称谓的“独立结构”(Absolute Construction)（又叫独立主格结构）。独立结构由“逻辑主语（名词或代词）+ 分词”构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步，方式或伴随状况等。按其结构形式，主要有不定式独立结构、现在分词独立结构、过去分词独立结构和无动词独立结构等。它在结构上与主句不发生关系，但本质上还是一种从属分句，在整个句子中起状语分句的作用。例如：
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员尾随黄帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带，等等。
We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.
我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot. 天气允许的话，我们可以步行去那儿。
This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。
Health and persistence given, one can do great things.
有健康的身体和顽强的毅力的话，一个人能做出伟大的事情。
注意：
①非谓语动词的独立结构采用哪种形式，依不定式，现在分词和过去分词各自的意义和用法定。
②独立结构多用于书面语体中，在口语中较少使用。其在句中的位置比较灵活，它可位于句首、句中获句尾。
③独立结构可变为由介词with（表肯定意义）或without (否定意义) 引导的介词词组。例如：
With a lot of work to do, he decided to delay his vacation. 有许多工作要做，他推迟了假期。
With the night coming on, they went home. 夜幕降临了，我们就回家了。
She is now a beggar, with all her fortune gone. 全部财产付之东流，她如今成为一个乞丐。
He started on the journey without anyone accompanying him. 他开始了旅途，没有人陪着他。
Without a word more spoken, she left the room. 她没再说一句话就离开了房间。
④独立结构除用不定式或分词外，还可以用形容词、介词短语或副词等，这就是独立结构的第四种形式“无动词独立结构”。例如：
She told me the whole story with eyes red. 她红着眼睛把事情的全部告诉了我。
The teacher came in, with a book in his hand. (也可用较文气的用法book in hand )
With the sun up, they continued their journey. 太阳升起来了，他们继续旅行。
六、考点聚焦和点拨
非谓语动词在每年的PET考试中占的比重相当大，应引起重视。特别提醒同学们注意以下几个方面的考点：
1. 牢记哪些动词或结构只能接动名词，哪些动词或结构只能接不定式，哪些两种形式都能接配。
2. 非谓语动词之间的意义和用法的区别。如在作定语时，一般来说，现在分词表示主动或强调动作正在进行，过去分词表示被动或强调动作已发生过，不定式一般表示动作尚未发生；在作补足语时，现在分词着重说明动作正在进行，过去分词表示被动或强调动作已发生过，不定式则强调动作的全过程。非谓语动词作状语时，其用法更为复杂。应从以下角度来考虑其变化形式：1）语态。非谓语动词与句子主语是主动关系时，用现在分词，反之，要用过去分词。2）时态。若非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，用非谓语动词的完成时。3）逻辑主语。若非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子主语不是同一个主语时，就要考虑用分词独立结构。
3. 应特别注意形如have sb. + do sth., have sth. + done, the key to + v-ing, need doing, be worth doing, make oneself + done，anything / nothing but等结构中的动词变化形式。
[真题回放]
1. It’s said that the agreement _____ between the two companies last month will become effective from May 1st. (05.6A)
A) to sign B) signing C) to be signed D) signed
2. _____ how to deal with the trouble of the computer, Martin had to ask his brother for help.
(05.6A)
A) Not know B) Not known C) Not to know D) Not knowing
3. He doesn’t feel like _____a picnic in the park this weekend, and he suggested watching the football match instead. (05.6A)
A) have B) to have C) having D) had
4. I felt so embarrassed that I couldn’t do anything but _____ there when I first met my present boss. (0
5.1A)
A) to sit B) sitting C) sat D) sit
5. ______, we went swimming in the river. (03.12A)
A) The day being very hot B) It was a very hot day
C) The day was very hot D) Being a very hot day
6. We appreciate (work) _____ with him, because he has a good sense of humor. (02.12A)
7. Most of the people (invite) _____ to the dinner party yesterday were my friends. (02.6A)
8. We formally invited the General Manager of the Panda Group (attend) _____ our opening
ceremony. (01.12A)
[答案解析]
1. 正确答案为D）。作定语时，不定式表示动作即将发生，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作的完成。从句中的时间状语last month可知“协议已经签订”，故此。
2. 正确答案为D）。分词（或短语）作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、方式或伴随状况等。现在分词与句子的主语具有逻辑上的主动关系，过去分词与句子的主语具有逻辑上的被动关系。本题的句子主语Martin与know具有逻辑上的主动关系，因此用现在分词。
3. 正确答案为C）。feel like 表示“想要…”，其后接v-ing形式或名词。
4. 正确答案为D）。此题中but表示“除了”。当but作此解释且前面有实义动词do的某种形式时后面应该加动词原形。
5. 正确答案为A）。独立结构。分词短语在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致；若不一致时就要在分词短语前加上一个逻辑主语。
6. 正确答案为working。appreciate表示“喜欢，欣赏”的意思，其后只能接动名词作宾语，不接不定式。
7. 正确答案为invited。过去分词作定语时与其所修饰的词具有被动关系。本题中invite 修饰的是people，而客人是被邀请的，表被动。
8. 正确答案为to attend。“invite sb. to do sth.”结构表示“邀请某人做某事”。
七、专题训练
I）Choose the best from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
1. As a matter of fact, they would rather leave for Beijing than _____ in Shanghai.
A) stay B) staying C) stayed D) to stay
2. The May Day Holiday _____ over, we must now get down to work.
A) be B) being C) to have been D) to be
3. He was very sorry _____ her at the airport.
A) not to meet B) to not meet C) to have not meet D) not to have met
4. She gave up her job as a nurse because she found the children too difficult _____.
A) look after B) to look after C) looking after D) be looked after
5. If ____ in the fridge, the fruit can remain fresh for more than a week.
A) keeping B) be kept C) kept D) to keep
6. At the international conference, the famous scientist gave an excellent report _____ on his recent experiment.
A) basing B) based C) to be based D) to base
7. Because of the reduction of air pollution, this city now is a good place _____.
A) where to live B) which to live C) to live D) to be lived
8. Thousands of products _____ from crude oil are now in daily use.
A) to make B) be made C) making D) made
9. Jane always enjoys _____ to popular music at home on Friday evenings.
A) listening B) being listening C) to be listening D) to listen
10. I stayed up all night _____ to find a new solution to the problem.
A) trying B) have tried C) try D) tried
11. _____ with the developed countries, some African countries are left far behind in terms of people’s living standard.
A) Compare B) To compare C) Compared D) Comparing
12. _____ more time, the scientists will be able to work out a good solution to the problem.
A) To give B) Giving C) Given D) Be given
13. It is easy to think that a witness who saw a crime _____ will be able to give all the answers.
A) to be committed B) commit C) committing D) being committed
14. The workers went on strike against the government’s plan _____ the prices of daily necessities.
A) raise B) raises C) raising D) to raise
15. I prefer to live in the country rather than _____ in a city.
A) to live B) living C) live D) lived
II) Fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in the brackets.
1. He always has great trouble (understand) _____ what the teacher says in class.
2. I’m going to get my friend (drive) _____ me to the airport.
3. Oh, I forgot (send) ______ my sister a birthday card and it’s her birthday tomorrow.
4. Education is regarded as the key to (make) _____ progress.
5. Do you think it is important to make yourself (understand) ______?
6. There (be)_____ nothing to do, we left.
7. I got to the station, only (find) _____ that the train was pulling out.
8. The medical team did more than (complain) _____ about the poor working conditions and started working immediately.
9. There is no use (bargain) _____ any more. It’s a fixed price.
10. (take) _____the financial difficulties into consideration, we’d better put off the plan till next year.
11. In some parts of the city, missing a bus means (wait) _____ for another hour.
12. Most of the people (invite) _____ to the dinner party yesterday were my friends.
13. (see) _____ from the top of the hill, the village is very beautiful.
14. Mark was a little upset, for the manager didn’t allow him (take) _____ his holiday the following week.
15. The weather (be)_____ fine, we went out for a walk.
非谓语动词考查特点及解题点拨 非谓语动词在英语语言中使用率很高，同时也是中考考考查热点。近几年对非谓语动词的考查更加强调语句的复杂性，综合考查时态、语态、逻辑主语一致性的题目较多。因此，考生必须学会在复杂的语境中选用非谓语动词的适当形式。 【例1】Charles Babbage is generally considered _____the first computer． A．to have invented B．inventing C．to invent D．having invented 解题点拨：这是一道把动词的用法和非谓语动词的用法结合起来的考题。关键一：表示心理活动的动词在带不定式作宾补时常用to be或to have done，极少用to do sth．的形式。关键二：注意consider的两种用法，consider doing sth．意为“考虑做某事”，consider sb．／sth．to be 或consider sb．to have done或其被动式be considered to be／to have done意思是“认为某人／物如何(做了什么)”。依题意可知本题考查第二种用法。 练一练：1)The patient was warned ______oily food after the operation． A．not eat B．eating not C．not to eat D．not eating 【例2】Do let your mother know all the truth．She appears _______everything． A．to tell B．to be told C．to be telling D．to have been told 解题点拨：这是一道把语态、时态、和非谓语动词结合起来考查的题目。解这类题一定要注意时态和语态的变化，先于谓语动作发生的非谓语用完成形式。前半句说“一定要告诉你母亲全部真相”，后半句说“看上去她好像已被告知所有情况”，因此选不定式完成形式的被动语态。 练一练：2)The old man is said _____a sailor when he was young． A．to have been B．that he was
翻译练习2 非谓语动词 1.It is necessary_____________________________________(我们赶上) the world’s advanced levels. 2.His remarks left me ___________________________________________(想知道 他的真实目的) 3._____________________________________________________(在高速公路上 抛锚), his car was carried away by the police. 4.She felt nervous with ___________________________________________________. (众多的目光聚集在她身上) 5.When I __________________________________________,(发现他骗我) I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. 6.He raised his voice in order to _________________________________________________. (为了让观众能听到) 7._______________________________________________(在市区超速) violates traffic regulations. https://www.doczj.com/doc/7817271943.html,st week, Tom and his friends celebrated his twentieth birthday, _________________________________________________.(尽情地唱歌跳舞) 9.It’s no good _____________________________________________________. (试图说服他不干那件事情) 10. ____________________________________________(一切准备就绪)，they began to make a new experiment.
Non- finite Verbs in writing StepⅠPre-writing : 学生原作赏析： Our Spring Outing National College Entrance Examination is coming. To relax ourselves, our class had a meeting to discuss where to go for our spring outing. Having a barbecue is our choice. The next day, we set off early in the morning. We climbed the mountain, talking and laughing. When we arrived, we began to barbecue. Having had a big dinner,we enjoyed the warm sunshine and the beautiful view. We were tired but happy. 找出非谓语动词，并判断成分 ? 1. Making o ur city greener is everyone’s duty. ? 2. The government is determined to continue the green program. ? 3. I found my hometown changed so much. ? 4. Having fresh air, trees can reduce air pollution. ? 5. Every effort to the program makes a difference. Proof-reading: 1．Looking from the top of mountain, the city is beautiful . 2. In my opinion, climb mountain is an enjoyable thing. 3. —Which team is good at cooking? —A team called itself the supper cook. Summary:________________________________________ StepⅢ: While-writing Activity1： ①It is high time we took part in some activities. ②We wanted to make ourselves more healthy. → ____________________________________________________ ①Wangqi climbed so hard that she lost her temper. ②She complained about the long walk. → ____________________________________________________ ①The monitor has set a good example for us . ②The monitor deserves the honor and we should learn from her .
用非谓语动词翻译下列句子（Spring编辑） (A) 1、我钱不够，不能买这房子。 Being short of money/Not having enough money, I can't buy the house. 2、我比你强，我会跑得比你快。 Being stronger than you,I can run faster than you. 3、发现屋里没人，他便留了一张纸条。 Finding no one in the room, he left a note. 4、经理设法用蹩脚的英语让别人明白了他的意思。 The manager managed to make himself understood with his broken English. 5、你觉得不舒服就别去游泳了。 Not feeling well, you'd better not go to swim. 6、吃太多的肉，你会变胖的。 Having too much meat, you'll get fatter. 7、我们这儿禁止抽烟。谁让你抽烟来着？ We forbid smoking here. Who has permitted you to smoke here 8、看见我穿得破烂，那售货员拿出最便宜的衣服给我。 Seeing me dressed in rags, the assistant showed me the cheapest suit. 9、浇太多的水花会死的。 Watered too much, the flower will die. { 10、我昨天挨雨淋了，感冒了。 Caught in the rain,I got a bad cold now. 11、他们说说笑笑地向我们走来。 They went to us ,talking and laughing. 12、身在异国他乡，一个人会很快改变旧习惯。 Being in a foreign country, one may soon change his old habits. 13、在那跳舞的那个女孩也很会唱歌。 The girl dancing there sings well. 14、在警察包围之下，绑架者无路可走只得放弃。 Surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had nothing to do but give up. 15、今天他病了，没来学校。 Being ill,he doesn't come to school today. (B) ￥ 1、双手在身后紧握(clasp)着，父亲在房间里来回踱了十分钟。(with) My fahter walked up and down the room for ten minutes, with his hands clasped behind him. 2、因为在又大有拥挤的超市里迷了路，可怜的Jack突然大哭起来了。 Lost in a big and crowded supermarket, poor Jack burst out crying. 3、两个战犯进入了那间废弃的屋子，后面有两个手里拿枪的士兵紧跟着。 The two prosoners of war came into the abandoned house, followed by two soldiers, gun in hand.
非谓语动词之动词ing 1．A new law will go into effect on August 1st.According to this law，people found ______“harmful”advertisements in the streets will be punished strictly. A．putting up B．to put up C．being putting up D．having put up 2．Time should be made good use of ______ our lessons well. A．to learn B．learning C．learn D．learnt 3．With trees and grass ______ 39.6%of the urban area，the city of Weifang has taken on a new look. A．covered B．covering C．to be covered D．being covered 4．______ alone in the large house，the little boy had to learn to survive by himself. A．To leave B．Leaving C．Left D．Being left 5．The firm was successfully run and ______，he owed his success to the support of his friends. A．looking back B．looked back C．to look back D．when looked back 6．Taiwan leader Ma Ying-jeou estimated on Friday that more than 500 people had died in floods a nd mudslides ______ by Typhoon Morakot. A．caus ed B．causing C．being caused D．to be caused 7．The scientist was rewarded by the government for ______ such a great contribution to the country. A．make B．making C．being made D．having made 8．Nearly half a million people are believed ______ their homes as a result of the disaster. A．to leave B．to be left C．to be leaving D．to have left 9．—Why are you looking pleased? —Oh，I’ve just had a job______. A．to offer B．offering C．offered D．to be offered 10．After the party，most guests left，with only two of them ______ in the host family，______ him cleaning up. A．remaining；helped B．remaining；helping C．remained；helped D．remained；helpi ng 11．For English teachers ______ a more effective role in teaching，they must make every effort to raise students’ cross-cultural awareness. A．to play B．playing C．having played D．play 12．Something as simple as _____ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life. A．to eat B．eating C．to be eating D．eaten 13．When I went in，my pet happened ______ on my bed，______TV. A．to be lying；watching B．to have lain；watch C．to lie；and watched D．to be laying；watching 14．Friends are like leaves，______ everywhere，but true friends are like diamonds，precious and rare. A．to find B．finding C．found D．being found 15．_____at my classmates’faces，I read the same excitement in their eyes. A．Looking B．Look C．To look D．Looked 16．The next thing he saw was smoke ______ from behind the house. A．rose B．rising C．to rise D．risen 17．Look over there—there’s a very long，winding path ______ up to the house. A．leading B．leads C．led D．to lead 18．Recently a sur vey_____ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated deba te among citizens. A．compared B．compari ng C．compares D．being compared 19．Bats are surprisingly longlived creatures，some______ a life span of around 20 years. A．having B．had C．have D．to have 20．Sit down，Emma. You will only make yourself more tired，______ on your feet. A．to keep B．keeping C．hav ing kept D．to have kept 21．Do you wake up every morning ______ energetic and ready to start a new day? A．feel B．to feel C．feeling D．felt 22．More highways have been built in China，______ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. A．making B．made C．to make D．having made 23．On receiving a phone call from his wife ______ she had a fall，Mr.Gordon immediately rushed home from his office. A．says B．said C．saying D．to say 24．Sarah pretended to be cheerful，______ nothing about the argument.
非谓语动词的用法总结 李靖 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。不定式表目的，表将来；动名词表主动，表进行；过去分词表被动，表完成。 一．作主语( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数) 1）不定式、动名词都可做主语，但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。如： Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。（泛指玩火） To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。 2）用动名词做主语的句型: It’s no use/no good/pleasure doing sth 做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣 It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间 It is worth doing sth 值得做某事 It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收 It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。 3）不定式做主语的句型. It is + adj +for sb to do sth. 比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel /wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单词出现 时。 It is silly of you to say so. It is important for us to learn English well. It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language. 4) “Wh- + to 不定式”可做主语。如： When to leave hasn’t been decided yet.什么时候动身还没定呢。 Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem.是自驾车还是乘火车仍是一个问题。 5）一般情况下，不定式和动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如： Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe 眼见为实。 . Planting flowers needs constant watering. 但and连接的多个动名词作主语，谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致， 谓语一般用单数）。如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的。 6) 动名词前面可以加上形容词性物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如： ----- What made him angry? ------ Mary’s /My/His/Her /Their/ The boy’s/ The president’s being late（made him angry. 7being，构成动名词，做主语。如： . Being examined twice a year , driver must obey in this city. 经典练习：
非谓语动词翻译练习： I. Complete the sentences. 1) Success means ___________________________________________(非常努力地工作). 2) John meant ____________________________________(开车去那儿，但他的车出了故障). 3) I heard him ______________________________________________(在跟他的母亲谈话). 4) I heard him ______________________________________________(跟他的母亲谈了一个小时). 5) He jumped into the pool to save the child ______________________________________ (结果却摔断了自己的腿). 6) He jumped from the burning house, __________________________________(摔断了双腿). 7) He was happy _____________________________________________________(看到父母很健康). 8) _______________________________________(看到父母安然无恙), he issued a sigh of relief. 9) ________________________(跟随着它的脚印), the zoologists spotted the hungry panda. 10) The pop, _______________________________(后面跟着两个保镖), came to meet his fans. II. Translate the Chinese into English. (请在句子划线部分使用非谓语动词或者独立主格结构) 1、我钱不够，不能买这房子。 2、我比你强，我会跑得比你快。 3、发现屋里没人，他便留了一张纸条。 4、经理设法用蹩脚的英语让别人明白了他的意思。
非谓语动词共分为三种，构成形式如下： 1.动词不定式(Infinitives)： 2.现在分词和过去分词(present participles & past participles): 3. 动名词(gerunds) 下面我们依据句子的成分，来具体分析非谓语动词的不同用法。 1.非谓语动词做主语和表语 主语、表语和同位语在句子中用名词来担当，非谓语动词中动词不定式和动名词均可以用作名词，因此，动词不定式和动名词可以用来担当这三种成分。 1）非谓语动词做主语 一般情况下，用动名词来做主语的情况比较多，动词不定式用作主语的情况比较少。通常来说，在表达将来的要发生的事情时用不定式来作主语，而表达一般情况习惯性的动作时用动名词来作主语。 例如：Teaching is a tiring but satisfying job. Swimming is a good kind of exercise. To be an astronaut is Johnson’s desire. 在用it做形式主语的句子中通常用动词不定式来做真正的主语。 例如：It is necessary (for you) to give up smoking. It is everyone’s duty to protect the environment.
但是值得注意的是在各别情况下，即使是It做形式主语，真正的主语也必须用动名词，这些情况很少，所以希望同学们能单独记忆下来，以下是此类情况的一个总结。 It is/was no use/good doing sth. It is/was not any use/good doing sth. It is/was of little use/good doing sth. 2)非谓语动词做表语 非谓语动词作此成分的时候跟作主语时的规则基本一致。 在表示“目的，愿望，梦想，需求”等名词做主语时其表语应该用不定式. 例如：Her wish was to become an artist.她的愿望是成为一位艺术家 Our aim is to help them，not to teach them a lesson.我们的目的是帮助他们，而不是教训他们。 动名词做表语，表示抽象概念。动名词做表语一般用来表示“身份，职业”等.大部分时候主语与表语可以互换。 例如：My job is teaching.(Teaching is my job.) 此外，还要注意主语与表语的一致性。 例如：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。 To see is to believe.
Teaching Plan for Test Techniques For Nonfinite Verbs Class 27 Senior 3 Nong Zhiying I. Lesson type （课型）: Grammar lesson, a review lesson. II. Teaching aims（教学目标）: Enable students to understand and use the nonfinite verbs correctly in grammar filling and errors correction. III. Teaching focus（教学重点）: 1. Enable students to judge the predicate verbs in a sentence. 2.Get students to master the steps of doing nonfinite verbs exercise. IV. Difficult points (教学难点): 1.How to make students understand and use nonfinite verbs correctly. 2.Develop students creativity to create their own ways to remember grammar rules. VI. Teaching aids（教具）: A computer, a blackboard VII. Teaching methods (教学方法) ： 1.Task-based teaching approach 2.Discussion 3.Exploration IX. Teaching procedures（教学过程）:
非谓语动词 一、非谓语动词作状语 1．动词不定式作状语 ①I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.(2013·山东高考) 由于感到累了，我就停下车稍微休息了一下。 ②George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.(2012·山东高考) 乔治战后归来，却被告知他的妻子已经离他而去。 ③You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday. 你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。 ④This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012·辽宁高考) 这台机器很容易操作。在几分钟内任何人都能学会使用。 [规律总结] (1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。 (2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。 (3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy, lucky, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right等。 (4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。
英语中非谓语动词的三种形式和用法 在谓语以外的句子成分中使用的动词一定要变词形(不能用动词原形)，把动词原形变成不定式、-ing式或者过去分词，所以我们把这三种动词形式称为非谓语动词。 非谓语动词在保留动词特征(能带宾语、状语等)的同时，又兼有其他几种词类的特征，比如： 1.作主语、宾语时-兼有名词性质,相当于一个概念名词、意群(名词词组)或者名词性从句。 相当于一个名词： Reading is great fun. 阅读很有趣。 相当于一个意群： Reading extensively is very necessary. 广泛阅读是很必要的。 相当于名词从句： For him to be dishonest is not easy. 让他变得不诚实可不容易。 2.作定语时-兼有形容语性质，相当于一个形容语、形容词词组或者定语从句(形容词性从句)。 相当于一个形容词：
We love moving movies. 我们喜欢动人的电影。 There are some fallen leaves on the ground now. 现在地上有些落叶了。 相当于一个形容词词组： China will be a highly developed country in dozens of years. 再过几十年中国将成为一个高度发达的国家。 相当于一个形容词从句： She saw a small bird wounded in one wing. 她看见一只有个翅膀受伤的小鸟。 作状语时-兼有副词性质，相当于一个副词、副词词组或者副词从句(状语从句)。 相当于一个副词： She was happy to come. 她很高兴地来了。 相当于一个副词词组： To be frank (frankly),I disagree with you. 坦率地说，我不同意你的话。 相当于一个副词从句： Being late for class (=Because he was late for class), Tom was afraid to enter the classroom.
一、表格的用法 1.doing 的用法 （1）在要求动词后（作宾语）：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认 admit 承认advocate提倡/主张consider 考虑 can't help不禁 can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白 dislike不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得 delay 延迟 deny否认 dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶 enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅 fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌 imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许 postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止 resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受
worth值得 You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. （4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. （5）表性质；特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her.
非谓语动词有3种形式：不定式、动名词和分词 （一）不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的性质。 动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”，不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可做主语、宾语、状语、标语和定语，但不能单独做谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for/of +名词或代词宾格”构成。 一作主语。不定式做主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it做形式主语。 1. To see is to believe. 2. It’s difficult (for us) to learn English. 3. It’s foolish of her to believe him.= She is foolish to believe him. 二作表语 1. His aim is to win the first prize. 2. All we can do is (to) wait. One’s dream / aim / ambition / wish / The first step / What I want to do is to… 三作宾语 1. He demanded to be told the truth. 2. He pretended to be doing his homework / to have fallen asleep when Mother came in. （decide / fail / manage / refuse / pretend / choose / agree / hope/ plan / promise / make up one’s mind + to do） 3. I don’t know what to do. （decide / find out / know / learn / consider etc + 疑问词+ to do） 4. Anyone can become a better scholar if he wants to. 5. ---Are you on holiday? ---No, but I’d like to be. 四作宾补或主补 1. I’ll have him say something at the meeting. have sb do = get sb to do feel; hear / listen to; let / have / make; see / watch / look at / notice / observe sb do 但被动语态要+ to, let 例外 Listen to me read the text. He is often listened to sing the song. He was let go by the police. 2. He ordered his men to fire.
词法：非谓语动词之动词的－ed形式 1.动词的-ed形式的结构特征 动词的-ed形式，又称过去分词，通常是动词原形后加-ed构成的，但也有不规则的形式（详细参阅词法之动词）。动词的-ed形式仍保留着动词的许多特征，因此在句中可以有自己的状语和逻辑主语，带双宾语的及物动词构成的动词的-ed 形式还可以有自己的宾语，其否定形式是在其前加not。 Given enough care , the children can cooperate better .（带有自己的宾语）如果给予足够的关心，孩子们会合作得更好。Greatly encouraged , we made up our mind to carry on the hard work .（带有自己的状语） 2.动词的-ed形式的语法功能 动词的-ed形式既有副词的特征也有动词的特征，在句中可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、状语等成分。（1）作表语 动词的-ed形式作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。 ①状态性动词的-ed形式作表语 The shops have remained shut for a week . All the people present were already seated , waiting for the conference to open . All of us were moved to tears at the sorrowful story . ②形容词性的动词的-ed形式作表语 作表语的动词的-ed形式表示事物的性质，这些词往往被视为形容词，可以用very进行修饰（详细参阅词法之形容词）。Most of middle school students are interested in pop stars and NBAstar players . I was very surprised to see little Jimmy run so fast in the game . N：有些表示位置移动的不及物动词的-ed形式也可作表语。 Spring is gone and summer is come . The sun is already set . （2）作定语 动词的-ed形式作定语有的置于被修饰词的前面，有的置于被修饰词的后面。 ①置于被修饰词的前面 单个的-ed形式作定语往往置于被修饰词的前面，通常为及物动词的-ed形式，表示被动和完成意义。 We only sell used books in our bookstore . She is wearing an excited expression today . 今天她脸上一直带着兴奋的表情。 The lost time can never be found again . N：少数表示位置移动和状态改变的不及物动词的-ed形式也可作前置定语，但不表示被动，只表示完成。 the changed situation 改变了的形势 a retired teacher 退休的教师 the fallen leaves 落叶 a returned overseas Chinese 归国的华侨 a developed country 发达国家 ②置于被修饰词的后面 单个动词的-ed形式作定语时偶尔也可置于被修饰词的后面，但大多数作后置定语的动词的-ed形式是短语形式，此时它更具有动词的某些性质，常起逻辑谓语的作用，在句法上相当于定语从句。 Things seen are mightier than things heard . 眼见为实，耳听为虚。 The story written by a middle school student is popular in schools .（相当于The story which was written by a middle school student is popular in schools .） C：有些动词的-ed形式可作前置定语，也可作后置定语，有的意义相同，但大多数意义不同。 All the broken windows have been repaired . = All the windows broken have been repaired . 所有坏了的窗户都已经修理好了。 We've collected a large quantity of used books . You should put all the books used at hand and the others in order on the shelf . ③特殊的动词的-ed形式作前置定语 有些经常不单独用作定语的动词的-ed形式，在加上前缀un-或与某些副词、名词和形容词构成复合语后，可作前置定语。有些名词，特别是当其前面有修饰语时，可加-ed形式构成复合形容词作定语。 untold sufferings 说不尽的痛若newly laid eggs 刚下的鸡蛋deep-set eyes 深陷的眼睛unfinished work 没完成的工作