2011年-2016年南开大学英语语言文学考研真题解析 考研专业课辅导

[考研类试卷]2011年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 acoustic phonetics2 allophonic variation3 back-formation4 government5 anaphor6 cognate7 spoonerism8 conversational maxim9 face validity10 negative transfer二、音标题11 Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions, and then give an English word that contains this sound.<u>phonetic description</u> <u>phonetic symbol</u> <u>English word</u>(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop [ ](2)palatal glide [ ](3)high back tense rounded vowel [ ](4)nasalized low-mid back lax rounded vowel [ ]12 In the African language Manika, the affix, the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffix -ing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to(1)give the two phonetic forms of the affix;(2)give the underlying form of the affix;(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix to its phonetic forms, using the words[dumuni]"eating" and[sungoli]"sleeping" to illustrate the process of derivation.bugo hit bugoli hittingdila repair dilali repairingdon come donni comingdumu eat dumuni eatinggwen chase gwenni chasingda lie down dali lying downfamu know famni knowingmen hear menni hearingsungo sleep sungoli sleeping三、简答题13 What is a "slip of the tongue"? What has research into "slip of the tongue" phenomena revealed about speech production process?14 Please give a brief account of the relevance theory.15 In your opinion, in what ways can corpus data contribute to lexical studies?16 Please describe error analysis procedures in second language research.四、分析题17 Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.(1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable18 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammatically in each of the sentences.(1)* Jack put his ball.(2)* I wonder Michael walked the dog.(3)* Frank thinks himself is a superstar.19 Phrases are considered to be syntactic units, or constituents. The phrases labeled in the sentence given below can be independently verified with the help of some special tests. You are required to use two tests as they apply to XP-level constituents for verification.You may draw a tree diagram for demonstration if you think it is necessary. [The children]NP will[stop[at the corner]PP]VP if they see us do so.20 The English sentence is given below. You are required to(1)give the Deep Structure of the sentence,(2)give all the rules relevant to Interrogative Transformation,and(3)transform the Deep Structure of the sentence into its Surface Structure by applying the rules you have given. Tree diagrams for DS and SS are necessary.What did John eat?21 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words). (1)In English, the plurality of countable nouns can be represented in several forms, or suffixes. The following are examples of some of such forms. Are these suffixes of plurality the allomorphs of one and the same morpheme, or are they different morphemes? State the reasons for your answer to the question.Singular Plural Singular Pluraldwarf dwarfs[s] stratum strata[]dogs dogs[z] thesis theses[i:z]wife wives[z] bureau buraux[z]oxoxen[n] stimulus stimuli[ai]22 State about any speech production model that you are familiar with. Use an utterance example to illustrate your understanding of the chosen model and explain how it accounts for the exchange error of "This is the happiest life of my day".。

2015年南开大学英语语言文学考研经验分享考研专业课重点答应几个妹子写书单的，结果昨晚网挂了。

实在是对不起。

开始列书单吧。

基础英语：《星火英语专业考研名校全真试卷--基础英语》。

这个其实就是做题，当时网上搜到了就买了。

集合了几个有名的学校的基础英语试题。

就是练手，我也不好说，也没做完。

《GRE》2008传说中最全的一版。

背单词用的。

但是考前没时间背，全忘了。

《英语专业考研核心词汇》这个见过别的考南开的推荐，说是考了好多。

大家参考着看吧。

专业英语：语言学：《语言学教程》，胡壮麟，2001版。

这一版是最全内容最多的，后期的版本都有删节。

但是南开貌似会考到以前的。

当然我也是听说。

《简明语言学教程》，戴炜栋。

没看完，因为我买的学姐的那个语言学资料上有总结到。

就直接看总结版的了。

不过名词解释考过这个书上的，胡的版本没有。

《南开大学语言学复习资料》，学姐给的，网上没卖的。

算是民间总结的笔记整理吧。

其实也就靠背这个了。

看过几遍书，发现还是不会做题，就买了学姐这本。

大题挺多的。

语言学大家一定要根据题型复习。

其实按照南开往年的路数也就考名词解释，语音描述跟大题。

那大家就集中背名词解释背语音描述多收集多做大题，多抓大题的点。

我是因为有学姐的那本集合笔记就没再收集了，同学们自己要多收集大题啊，平时多看看论述大题，不需要背，记住几个回答的关键点就行。

不要就一直看书，有时候看懂了书，题还是不会做。

英美文学：《美国文学简史》《英国文学简史》常耀信。

常老师的书很有文采，但是用的词也难，有时候看起来比较吃力，后来英国文学史又看了学校教过的《英国文学史》，刘炳善。

这本书简单易看，大家自己取舍。

《南开大学英美文学名词解释》。

这个也是民间大神的整理版本，网上也买不到。

一共有256个名词解释，英美文学的都全了。

名段选读我是在学校图书馆看的，看完了就还回去了也不记得书名。

但是这种选段的书都差不多，想买的同学去买，不想买的跟我一样在图书馆蹭蹭也行。

南开大学基础英语考研真题及详解（2011～2012）南开大学2012年基础英语考研真题Part I Vocabulary(本题共20分，每题l分)Fill in the blanks with the words given below:Change the form if necessary.Each word can be used only once.importune stamina efface topography empirical ramshackle gourmet appraise juxtapose consummate fritter covenant vacillate boycott impeach surveillance lurk hanker nepotism kindle1.Her parents left her nothing but a______old farmhouse.2.Police are keeping the area under constant______.3.The administration is still______over the Health Care issue.4.______sometimes occurs in politics.5.A man was______around outside the shop.6.Lucy had always______after a place of her own.7.Nothing could______the indignity of being publicly criticized.8.We______all products tested on animals.9.Scientists are hoping to find______evidence to confirm their theories.10.What he enjoys most in life is delicious food,and he is regarded as a______.11.When colors are______,they become affected in hue.12.The old man was______passers-by for money.13.His ambition was______when he won the first prize.14.The love of poetry was______in him by her teaching.15.You need____________to be a long-distance runner.16.The money was given to us by deed of______.17.The House Judiciary Committee voted that the President should be______.18.They______their pocket-money away on sweets.19.Students should know the______of our country,including the system of rivers,mountains,etc.20.A dealer came to______the furniture.【答案与解析】1.ramshackle ramshackle摇摇欲坠的，东倒西歪的。

第三轮复习：12 月中旬—考前一周这个时候的专业课复习主要是认真看第一轮和第二 轮复习时积累下来的读书笔记和听课笔记，不断加深印象，试着自己给自己出题并且结合本
年度的热点问题试图去猜一下专业考题，并想想该怎么答，训练一下解题思路和技巧。 复习的尺度方面，则是查阅本年度该专业最新的热点问题以及报考导师目前研究的主要
复习的尺度上，主要是将专业课教材精读两遍以上，这里精读的速度不宜太快，否则会 有遗漏，一般每天弄懂两到三个问题为宜。由于这段时间较长，考生完全可以把专业问题都 吃透。事实上，一本专业课的书，并非所有的东西都能够作为考试内容，但是重要的内容则 会不厌其烦地在不同年份的考卷中变换着面孔出现。所以，考生在第一遍精读的时候就需要 把这些能够成为考题的东西挖掘出来，整理成问答的形式。
其实考研不一定要天天都埋头苦干或者从早到晚一直看书，关键的是复习效率。要在持 之以恒的基础上有张有弛。具体复习时间则因人而异。一般来说，考生应该做到平均一周有 一天的放松时间。
四门课中，专业课（数学也属于专业课）占了 300 分，是考生考入名校的关键，这 300 分最能拉开层次。例如，专业课考试中，分值最低的一道名词解释一般也有 4 分或者更多， 而其他专业课大题更是动辄十几分，甚至几十分，所以在时间分配上自然也应该适当地向专 业课倾斜。根据我们的经验，专业课的复习应该以四轮复习为最佳，所以考生在备考的时候
2016 年南开大学英语语言文学考研·参考书目·考研笔记·内 部资料·主导教师·专业课复习方法
二外日语 二外德语 二外法语
二外俄语 专业英语
《新版中日交流标准日本语》初（上、
下），中级（上）
《大学德语》1—3 册
张书良总主 编
《大学法语》1—3 册
李志清主编

育明教育中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：1育明教育天津分校20152015年天津地区年天津地区年天津地区151515所高校考研辅导必备所高校考研辅导必备天津分校地址南京路新天地大厦天津分校地址南京路新天地大厦20072007专注考研专业课辅导专注考研专业课辅导88年天津地区专业课辅导第一品牌天津分校李老师与大家分享资料育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育天津分校李老师。

2014年南开大学英语语言学方向考研经验内部资料考录比两天的考试，半年的准备，感觉真够快的。

以前来这个论坛，感觉经济的什么专业分享的比较多，而我报的外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学，所以今天也大概说一下，我的准备及现场感受，虽然我准备的也不是很好，但是希望能给即将面向2015考研的你们一点帮助！首先，政治，因为我高中是文科生，当年政治都是狂背的节奏，考研期间对政治基本上就只把大纲过了一遍，然后跟随着肖秀荣的节奏，基本上他的书差不多都看过，但没有好好背过，但其实现场的感受就是也没什么，最后4套卷，8套卷什么的好好背背，掌握一下热点，基本上都能答到点上。

但是要想取得高分，那肯定是要下一番苦功夫的。

育明教育中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：2其次，二外法语，今年的题型有些小变化，总共4题。

第一题没什么变化，还是完型，两篇文章，考动词的时态跟介词搭配（en,de,dont,quelle,lequel,par...）,但是文章有点小难度，有些词对我来说不熟悉，文章读了好几遍才明白大概意思，时态就有些小混乱了。

第二题，跟往年不同，考介词的指代，8篇小短文，例如（类似于dont=demonpere，具体后面的名词忘了，主要考了dont,en,laquelle,lequel,personne,celle,celui,,,,反正就各种代词吧！），这道题不难。

天津考研网()南开大学英语语言文学专业考研真题及辅导南开大学英语语言文学专业考研复习都是有依据可循的,考研学子关注事项流程为：考研报录比-大纲-参考书-资料-真题-复习经验-辅导-复试-导师。

缺一不可，南开大学英语语言文学专业考研学弟学妹你们好，先说一下南开大学英语语言文学专业考研的考试科目为①思想政治理论②二外日语或二外法语或二外德语或二外俄语③基础英语④专业英语。

或许你才踏上考研这条路没有多久，很多资源不知道从那里能够找得到，我当初考研的时候也像你一样，虽然本着一颗考研的心，但除了有心以外，别的全没有。

于是我先从各个贴吧论坛和交流群中寻求本专业学长学姐的考研经验和二手资料，然而，说句实在的，没几个人的笔记是特别全面的。

或者说，他们圈画的重点在书上，书都翻坏了，笔记在最后一遍复习的时候已经画花了。

都不好意思给我用。

所以我就还是乖乖买了份全面一点的资料，也赶上从天津考研网公众号领优惠券省了点钱，到手的东西也挺全的，那什么，我这说乱了，从头说吧，是我搜索南开大学英语语言文学专业考研真题解析的时候搜到了免费真题解析视频，就顺着把资料给买了。

给你们挂一下，有用。

南开大学专业英语考研真题解析，然后，这些真题和解析都是出自天津考研网主编的《南开大学英语语言文学专业（基础英语+专业英语）考研红宝书-全程版》活动的时候入手的，现在贵了，但是资料很全面，赠送的公共课视频讲解对我来说也极为受用。

机会只留给有准备的人，如果你没有好的学习习惯和方法，就必须要去请教学长学姐了，加一些考研交流群啊或者贴吧里的联系方式，多问问。

我之前在的群是17年考研群，可能现在更名为南开大学考研学长--2018了。

如果在复习过程中感觉非常吃力，耐心也有限的话是可以考虑报名辅导班的。

让在读的本专业研究生给你做一对一辅导，把不理解的问题和思路都问明白，会节省很多时间，提高自身的复习效率还有反应速度，而这些将会体现在考试的那一刻，还有就是你要知道台上一分钟台下十年功这句话不是胡说的，。

2011年南开大学外国语学院251二外英语真题及详解一、用音标注明下列单词的正确发音。

5%1. window【答案】['wɪndəʊ]2. letterbox【答案】['letəbɔks]3. framework【答案】['freimwə:k]4. Thursday【答案】['θə:zdi]5. T able【答案】['teibl]6. earphone【答案】['iəfəun]7. closet【答案】['klɔzit]8. environment【答案】[in'vaiərənmənt]9. telephone【答案】['telifəun]10. dining【答案】['dainiŋ]二、将下列英语短语译成汉语。

15%11. look up【答案】仰视；（商业、某人的前景等）转好，改善12. watch out【答案】小心，戒备，提防（可能发生麻烦等）13. deal with【答案】解决，处理14. wear off【答案】（使某事物）逐渐消失或除去l5. give in【答案】屈服16. figure out【答案】计算出，想出（主意）17. take over【答案】接管18. go ahead【答案】进行，前进19. be exposed to【答案】暴露于，暴露在……中20. dedicate to【答案】致力于21. stick to【答案】坚持……22. get along with【答案】和……和睦相处；取得进展23. at ease【答案】自在24. On the way【答案】在路上25. keep up with【答案】紧跟……三、从A、B、C和D中选出一个正确答案。

20%26. I wish my uncle could give me _____.A. many adviceB. much advicesC. many advicesD. a lot of advice【答案】D【解析】advice是不可数名词，没有复数形式，也不能用many修饰。

目　录2016年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题（回忆版）（含部分答案）2015年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题（回忆版）（含答案）2014年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题（回忆版）（含答案）2013年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题（回忆版）（含答案）2012年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2011年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2010年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2016年南开大学357英语翻译基础考研真题（回忆版）（含部分答案）一、英汉互译1．ISO【答案】国际标准化组织2．document against acceptance【答案】承兑交单3．nuclear disarmament【答案】核裁军4．overhead pedestrian walk【答案】天桥5．US federal reserve system【答案】美国联邦储备系统6．alma mater【答案】母校7．leap year【答案】闰年8．plead innocent【答案】无罪答辩9．B/L【答案】海上运输提单10．WHO【答案】世界卫生组织11．紫外线【答案】ultraviolet ray12．食品添加剂【答案】food additives13．摩擦系数【答案】friction coefficient14．亚洲基础设施投资银行【答案】Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 15．驾驶证【答案】driver license16．民用工业【答案】civil industry17．农历【答案】lunar calendar18．常备军【答案】standing army19．大众传播【答案】Mass Communication20．室内装饰【答案】interior decoration二、段落翻译英译汉：关于戴安娜王妃的简略评价以及穿插了一点查尔斯王子的内容；汉译英：是散文，讲节日的真正含义（把平日因工作和利害关系而分开的人们重聚在一起享受真正的节日）。

2014年南开大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业全套复习资料（728基础英语+865专业英语）【适用对象】2014年报考南开大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业且初试科目为728基础英语、865专业英语的专业课基础不扎实、对院系内部信息了解甚少的同学，尤其适合跨校考生全程复习使用【适用专业】南开大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业【推荐理由】由本部签约的南开大学在读本硕博团队搜集整理精心编制成套，严格依照南大最新考研大纲及考研参考书目整理，目前为市面上最全面的资料，作为基础强化及冲刺全程使用，分售500余元，全套购买享受大幅优惠并有赠品【包含资料】第一部分考研真题及答案：1、南开大学基础英语1999-2012年考研真题（市场独家最全，全国独家推出，试卷均为原版，掌握最新试题动向先人一步），一般多年的试题就是一个小题库，试题总有重复来出的，所以历年试题一定要仔细研究，通过多年试卷可总结出出题重点及思路；2、南开大学基础英语2004-2012年考研试题参考答案，解决学生答题后勘误的困惑，本套答案为天津考研网签约团队独家主创，保证极高正确率，市面上的答案基本都有错误或模糊不清，请同学认真分辨市面一些低价劣质的资料，以免耽误考研；3、南开大学专业英语1999-2012年考研真题（市场独家最全，全国独家推出，试卷均为原版，掌握最新试题动向先人一步），一般多年的试题就是一个小题库，试题总有重复来出的，所以历年试题一定要仔细研究，通过多年试卷可总结出出题重点及思路；4、南开大学专业英语2007-2012年考研试题参考答案，解决学生答题后勘误的困惑，本套答案为天津考研网签约团队独家主创，保证极高正确率，市面上的答案基本都有错误或模糊不清，请同学认真分辨市面一些低价劣质的资料，以免耽误考研；5、南开大学专业英语2007-2012年考研真题解析由本院资深团队主创，视频格式（已加密，仅在购买者电脑中播放使用），光盘发送，对考研真题进行了详细讲解并做深度分析，总结出题规律，进行必要的答题技巧点拨，同时在关键时刻做考点预测，全国独家研发；6、（此项默认不含）南开大学二外日语、二外德语、二外法语、二外俄语2005-2012年试题（任选其一，其中二外日语2005-2010年含详细参考答案）第二部分其他重要资料：1、南开大学英美文学（英国文学)课件，A History of British Literature，PPT课件共160余张，e-mail发送；2、南开大学英美文学6本科笔记，手写版，145页，字迹清晰，南大课堂笔记，包括英国文学和美国文学，本校高分考研学生使用，按时代顺序、文学流派对此进行总结整理，一般每章包括时代背景、文学风格特点、代表作家及其代表作、涉及文学术语以及思考题等，对考研很有帮助；送另一年本科笔记；3、南开大学语言学本科课件(苏立昌)，南开大学本科教授课件，PPt格式，Email发送；4、南开大学语言学电子教案(苏立昌)，南开大学授课教案，电子版20余页，全英文；5、南开大学语言学本科笔记，手写版，字迹清晰，南大课堂笔记；6、南开大学翻译课件，南开大学外国语学院本科授课课件，ppt格式，e-mail发送，包括Describing the Translation Process、Questions A Translator Faces、英汉语差异、语法分析；7、南开大学翻译教案（苗老师），南开大学外国语学院本科授课教案，主讲人苗老师，打印版50余页，包括两个学期每周授课重点、作业及实践内容，同时有各周实践环节（英汉、汉英互译）的参考译文，重点推荐资料；8、南开大学翻译06内部辅导及翻译理论部分本科笔记，南大06内部辅导（方法、重点)，翻译理论本科课堂笔记（班内笔记最好同学处获得)针对王宏印《英汉翻译综合教程》；9、南开大学研究生上课资料，对考研非常有帮助，包括：吕世生老师翻译实践，可能会有翻译实践的考试题目出现；胡老师，中国翻译理论史，建议对中国翻译理论史有问题的同学们可以参考，并且09年真题答案在里面；马红旗老师的课件是美国文学的笔记，很系统，建议考生一定要看；还有一些是同学们在苗菊老师课上讲课时候自己整理的西方翻译理论；10、南开大学英美文学期末考试试卷1份，命题教师索金梅，内部资料，具有重要参考价值；11、南开大学英美文学期末考试试卷1份，命题教师索金梅，内部资料，具有重要参考价值；12、南开大学英国文学期末考试范围重点题，南开大学本科期末考试范围重点题数十道，手写版5页，内部资料；13、南开大学语言学本科期末考试范围，南开大学本科期末考试前老师所画范围，包括考试题型及重点题等，手写版8页，内部资料；14、南开大学基础英语全真考研模拟试卷1份，打印版，含详细参考答案，由签约硕博团队主创，作为冲刺阶段全真测试联系之用，市场独家研发；第三部分考研参考书及习题集部分：本科目考研参考书因版本问题较难收集，考虑到部分同学购买不便，天津考研网提供了参考书及配套习题集电子版供同学们参考使用，如需纸质版请于书店购买：1、《英语专业基础英语考研真题题解》，根据众多院校“基础英语”试题的结构和难易程度，从全国18所院校历年“基础英语”试题中挑选了37套近年试题，并提供了参考答案（2006年和2007年有详细的答案解析），研究生主创团队重点推荐书籍；2、30余本翻译经典书籍电子版，由本部独家收集整理，可作为参考使用,光盘1张发送；3、清华大学出版社出版、高文成主编的《语言学精要与学习指南》，本站签约优秀在读研究生团队强力推荐，此书对胡版语言学教材进行了深度挖掘和整合，细致区分对比了各章节所有易混和重要的术语，扩充了所有南开语言学考试必须的知识点，即全面又详细，是语言学备考一本不可或缺的好书；4、《英汉翻译综合教程（修订版）》王宏印主编，辽宁师范大学出版社，南开外语专业考研必备参考书；第四部分考研辅导班视频：南开大学基础英语、专业英语考研辅导冲刺班完整视频，权威师资，共44课时（注意：为防止恶意流传，视频采用加密格式光盘邮寄，仅能播放于本人电脑并有3次限制，不支持mp3或mp4播放），基础英语具体内容包括（20课时）：针对南开大学的基础英语的试题特点，本课程将主要通过20课时的时间帮助考生掌握考试的难点、重点和考点，最大限度地提高考生应试的技巧和能力，使考生不但能在最短时间内提升英语水平，而且达到驾驭基础英语之目的。

目　录2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2005年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2006年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2007年南开大学外国语学院专业英语真题及详解2008年南开大学外国语学院857语言学基础真题及详解2009年南开大学外国语学院857语言学基础真题及详解2010年南开大学外国语学院904语言学基础真题及详解2011年南开大学外国语学院866语言学基础真题及详解2012年南开大学外国语学院883语言学基础真题及详解2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解考试科目：应用语言学I. Illustrate each of the following terms briefly. (45 points)1． prescriptive linguistics【答案】Prescriptive linguistics: the linguistics that tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviors. It seeks to tell people how language ought to be used by those who wish to use it.2． Displacement【答案】Displacement: Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.3．IPA【答案】IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages.4．suprasegmental【答案】Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle Suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.5．blendings【答案】Blending is a process in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or byjoining the initial parts of the two words. For example, the word “smog” is blended from “smoke” and “fog”.6．denotation【答案】Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning, opposite to connotation.7．hyponymy【答案】Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example, the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.8．stem【答案】A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. For example, “friend-” in friends, and “friendship-” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.9．inflectional morpheme【答案】Inflectional morpheme: It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.10．back-formation【答案】It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, from “editor” the word “edit” was generated.11．c-command【答案】C-command: A c-commands B if and only if: 1) A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A; 2) The first branching dominating A also dominates B.12．Sapir-Whorf hypothesis【答案】Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts: linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around, they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far, many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.13．context of situation【答案】Context of situation: It refers to the linguistic and situational environment in which a word, utterance or text occurs. The meaning of utterances, etc., is determined not only by the literal meaning of the words used but also by the context or situation in which they occur.14．corpus linguistics【答案】Corpus linguistics: an approach to investigating language structure and use through the analysis of large databases to real language examples stored on computer. Issues amenable to corpus linguistics include the meanings of words across registers, the distribution and function of grammatical forms and categories, the investigation of lexico-grammatical associations, and issues in language acquisition and development. 15．CALL【答案】CALL: It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.II. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (10 points)1．[]【答案】voiceless postalveolar fricative2．[j]【答案】palatal approximant3．【答案】glottal plosive4．[w]【答案】bilabial approximant5．[x]【答案】voiceless velar fricative6．[υ]【答案】high back lax rounded vowel7．[æ]【答案】low front lax unrounded vowel8．[p]【答案】voiceless bilabial plosive9．【答案】voiceless aspirated affricate10．[d]【答案】voiced post-alveolar affricateIII. Read each of the following statements carefully and decide whether it is true or false. (10 points)1．Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct.【答案】T【解析】本题考查语义三角理论。

2011年南开大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分30,考试时间90分钟)1. 名词解释1. assonance2. transcendentalism3. medieval romances in England4. foot5. humanism2. 分析题Questions 1 to 6 are based on the following poem by Emily Dickinson. Because I Could not Stop for Death Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just Ourselves— And Immortality.We slowly drove—He knew no haste, And I had put away My labor, and my leisure too, For his Civility—We passed the School, where Children strove At Recess—in the Ring— We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain— We passed the Setting Sun—Or rather, He passed Us— The Dews drew quivering and chill— For only Gossamer, my Gown—My tippet—only tulleWe paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground— The Roof was scarcely visible—The Cornice—in a GroundSince then—" tis centuries—and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the horses" heads Were toward Eternity.1. Why did Death stop for me?2. Why couldn"t I stop for Death?3. What did the Death"s carriage hold?4. What three things did the speaker and Death pass?5. What is the "House" in the ground in Stanza 5? Why do the centuries seem shorter than the Day?6. What is the theme of the poem?Questions 7 to 10 are based on the letter written by Samuel Johnson to the Earl of Chesterfield.To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield February 7, 1755 My Lord:I have been lately informed by the proprietor of the World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honor which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address; and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre; that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged thatneither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.Seven years, my Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door, during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and found him a native of the rocks.Is not a patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labors, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favorer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, my Lord,Your Lordship"s most humble, most obedient servant, Sam. Johnson7. Why did Johnson first visit Lord Chesterfield? What was Johnson"s impression of Lord Chesterfield and how was he treated?8. How does Johnson define a patron?9. In the letter, Johnson wrote "The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and found him a native of the rocks. " What does the sentence mean?10. How does Johnson feel about the notice Lord Chesterfield had taken of his work after he had finished his Dictionary? What is the real purpose of Johnson"s letter?。

2006年南开大学外国语学院专业英语考研真题及详解第一部分英美文学、比较文学与比较文化试题I. Multiple choice: choose the one best answer. Please write all your answers on the Answer Sheets. (20 points)1. Four Quartets was written by ______.A. D.H. LawrenceB. T.S. EliotC. William Butler YeatsD. Robert Bums【答案】B【解析】本题考查《四个四重奏》的作者。

《四个四重奏》是艾略特的作品。

2. Nineteen Eighty-four is ______.A. H.G Well’s last literary attempt to predict the futureB. a novel depicting life in a completely authoritarian stateC. a Blake-like poem replete with apocalyptic visionD. an account of an atomic war【答案】B【解析】本题考查《1984》的相关知识。

《1984》是英国左翼作家乔治·奥威尔于20世纪40年代末所著小说。

此书是经典的反乌托邦小说。

奥威尔刻画了一个令人感到窒息和恐怖的，以追逐权力为最终目标的假想的极权主义社会，通过对这个社会中一个普通人生活的细致刻画，揭示了任何形式下的极权主义必将导致人民甚至整个国家成为悲剧。

3. The experience which William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, and Edmund Spenser had in common was the following: ______.A. They all wrote poems on the subject of Venus and Adonis.B. They all wrote sonnet sequence.C. They all dedicated poems to the earl of Southampton.D. They all wrote tragedies.【答案】B【解析】本题考查莎士比亚，锡德尼和斯宾塞三人文学的共同点。

2011年南开大学883语言学考研真题及参考答案考试科目：语言学基础Part I (20分)1. Define the following terms. (本题20分)(1) acoustic phonetics【答案】Acoustic phonetics: It is one of the three branches of phonetics，it is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.(2) allophonic variation【答案】Allophonic variation: The phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different positions is called Allophony or Allophonic variation.(3) back-formation【答案】Back-formation. It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, from “editor”the word “edit”was generated.(4) government【答案】Government: In the traditional approach, it refers to a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. (5) anaphor【答案】Anaphor: The term anaphor is used in a narrow sense to include onlyreflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.(6) cognate【答案】Cognate: cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. For example,length, height, width, breadth and depth, are cognates of the cover terms.(7) spoonerism【答案】Spoonerism: A spoonerism is an error in speech or deliberate play on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched.(8) conversational maxim【答案】Conversational maxim: A conversational maxim is any of four rules which were proposed by Grice 1975, stating that a speaker is assumed to make a contribution that follows the four maims of quantity, quality, relevance and manner.(9) face validity【答案】Face validity: Unlike the other three forms of validity, face validity is based on the subjective judgment of an observer. If the test appears to be measuring what it intends to measure, the test is considered to have face validity.(10) negative transfer【答案】Negative transfer: In the view of Lado and his followers, language learners attempt to transfer the features of their mother tongue to the second language. When the structures of the two languages are different, negative transfer or interference occurs and results in errors.Part II (30分)2. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions, and then give an English word that contains this sound.(本题8分) phonetic descriptionphonetic symbolEnglish word(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop→[ ]【答案】[b]; speak(2) palatal glide→[ ]【答案】[j]; yes(3) high back tense rounded vowel→[ ]【答案】[u]; good(4) nasalized low-mid back lax rounded vowel→[ ]【答案】[ɔ] ; not3. In the African language Manika, the affix, the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffix-ing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to:(1) give the two phonetic forms of the affix;【答案】The two phonetic forms are: [ni] and [li].(2) give the underlying form of the affix;【答案】The underlying form is [ni].(3) write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix toits phonetic forms, using the words [dumuni] “eating”and [sungoli]“sleeping”to illustrate the process of derivation.（本题12分）【答案】[ni] →[ni] / [-vowel] ______[ni] →[li] / [+ vowel, -u] ______In the word sungo, the last sound [o] is vowel so -ing form of the word is sungoli. While the last sound of the word dumu is [u], which is quite an exception, the -ing form of the word is dumuni.4. Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.（本题10分）(1) gentlemanliness【答案】(2) unlockable【答案】Part III（30分）5. The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（本题6分）(1) *Jack put his ball.【答案】*Jack put his ball. Because of the word “put”, the sentence lacks a complement, which should be a PP. Therefore, it should be “Jack put his ball under the chair.”(2) *I wonder Michael walked the dog.【答案】*I wonder Michael walked the dog. The sentence is ungrammatical, for what follows the word “wonder”should be a clause. The correct form is “I wonder if Michael walked the dog.”(3) *Frank thinks himself is a superstar.【答案】*Frank thinks himself is a superstar. In English, the pattern of the word “think”is that think pluses a clause or a complement. So the correct form should be “Frank thinks himself as a superstar.”or “Frank thinks he is a superstar.”6. Phrases are considered to be syntactic units, or constituents. The phrases labeled in the sentence given below can be independently verified with the help of some special tests. You are required to use two tests as they apply to XP-level constituents for verification. You may draw a tree diagram for demonstration if you think it is necessary. (本题10分)[The children]NP will [stop[at the corner]PP]VP if they see us do so.【答案】(1) The first test of the phrase of “the children”. It is a noun phrase and it can be verified by the substitution of a simple noun word such as “they”. Then the sentence will become “They will stop at the corner…”(2) The second way of testing “stop at the corner”. It is a verb phrase and the head is “stop”, which is the maximal projection of the verb “stop”. The phrase can serve as a sentence fragment, illustrated as the following.。

南开大学基础英语考研真题讲解笔者是去年参加南开大学基础英语科目研究生入学考试的一员，如今的我已经是南开大学研究生群体中的一员了。

之所以现在这个时候还要写下面的这些文字，是因为笔者好几个学弟学妹最近有问我真题资料用的什么？有些学弟学妹是对自己之前买的资料不满意，有的是进度比较慢，笔者建议进度慢的同学抓紧时间，把进度赶上。

笔者自己备考时用的资料是：《南开大学英语语言文学专业（基础英语+专业英语）考研红宝书》，由天津考研网主编的。

真题资料中关于南开大学基础英语这一科目主要包含了以下内容：南开大学基础英语1999-2016年考研真题；南开大学基础英语2004-2012年考研试题参考答案；南开大学基础英语2007-2012年考研真题解析，“南开大学基础英语考研真题解析（答案+讲解视频）”。

下面是笔者从资料中摘抄的部分答案，以供参考：南开大学基础英语2012年考研试题参考答案Part 1.Cocabulary1.ramshackle 摇晃的，句意：他父母只给他留下一所不很结实的旧农舍2.surveillance 监督，监视。

句意：警察对该地局实行实时监控3.vacillating 犹豫，踌躇，摇摆。

句意：政府在医疗问题上仍旧踌躇不定4.nepstism 裙带关系句意：裙带关系有时发生在政治里5.lurking 潜伏，潜藏，埋伏。

句意：有个人潜伏在商店外面基础英语旨在考大家英语基础能力。

南开大学的英语语言文学真题有的题型难度在专八以上，能考上的同学基础英语分数都在110左右，所以同学们要以这个分数为目标，高标准要求自己，认真对待基础英语。

基础英语庞大的题量是有目共睹的，从2005 年到2007年，第一大题20道单选选择，其中15道题左右考察单词，单词难度比较大，剩下5道考察语法和搭配，难度较小。

之后是20个完形填空、阅读理解5篇，难度在专四水平。

下面是压轴题翻译，难度适中但题量很大，英汉互译各三篇。

最后是一篇500字作文。

南开大学728基础英语2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题南开大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目：基础英语专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学Part one Vocabulary(20分)Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form if necessary. Eacheconomy by ___national debts2 She proposed that___should be recognized as one of the major disciplines in her school.3 The pirates made ___along the coast.4 One of them put forward a(n) ___proposal for putting up the white flag.5 Facts are recorded in the annals with the coloring of prejudice and___.6 The American national character was___sharp during the westward Expansion.7 The scientists carried out an audio-visual___of the beginning of the universe.8 The management offered us a(n)___3% salary increase.9 Henry ___between accepting and refusing.10 This battle-field is ___to the memory of the soldiers who died here.11 The pianist was applauded for his incredible____.12 Sales____by 20% last year.13 The Church has no____power in the modern country.14 He could never be a film star; he’s got no____15 No one would claim that the film is morally____16 He insisted on his own way and ___all advice and objections.17 As soon as the drug took effect, she started____18 Some kid threw a(n)___in the middle of the store.19 Fashions are by nature fickle and____20 The hurricane caused terrible____Part two Cloze(10分)To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the__1__production of goods, and then relied on“persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then __2__them into money.Marketing__3__,focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analysing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods __4__will satisfy them.This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that__5__trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given __6__over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction---the firm and customer---and each must be satisfied__7__trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and __8__customers. In mid-1985, Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. A significant portion of the public did not accept the new flavor, bring about a __9__ restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed_10_the new, King Customers ruled.1 A productive B efficient C affluent D proficient2 A convert B transform C switch D modify3 A on the contrary B in the meantime C however D on the other hand4 A what B then C that D and5 A ahead of B while C prior to D instead of6 A superiority B privilege C prejudice D priority7 A before B after C while D then8 A looking up to B adjusting to C catering to D adapting to9 A proper B prompt C prominent D profound10 A by B with C alongside D asPart three Reading Comprehension (50分)Question 1-5 are based on the following passageHistorically, the primary responsibility for the rearing of young children belonged almost exclusively to the parents, especially the father. It was not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth century that the State was willing to remove a young child from direct supervision of negligent or abusive parents. Even so, in order to reduce welfare costs to the rest of the community, a destitute family in early America, incapable of supporting its own members, was sometimes broken up and the children placed in other households.During the eighteenth and nineteenth century the mother’s role in the upbringing of children was enhanced: Women became the primary providers of care and affection; a nd as men’s church membership declined, women also became responsible for the catechizing and education of young children, even though they often were less literate than men. While childrearing manuals continued to acknowledge the importance of the father, they also recognized that the mother had become the major figure in the care of the young.Throughout much of Western history, as long as children remained in the home, parents exercised considerable control over them, even to the extent of arranging their marriages and influencing their career choices. Children were expected to be obedient and to contribute to the well-being of the family. And, perhaps more in Western Europe than in America, children were often expected to turn over almost all of their earning directly to the parents---sometimes even after they had left home.By the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century some of this control had been eroded, and the rights of children as individuals were increasingly recognized and acknowledged. Inter estingly, the development of children’s rights has proceeded so rapidly and so far that we may now be in the midst of a backlash, as efforts are being made to re-establish parental responsibility in areas such as the reproductive behaviour of minor children.Clearly there have been major changes in the way our society treats children; but it would be very difficult for many of us to agree on the costs and benefits of these trends----whether from the viewpoint of the child, the parents, or society. Why many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within the family, other lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline. A historical analysis of parents and children cannot settle such disputes, but it can provide is with a better appreciation of the flexibility and resilience of the family as an institution for raising the young.1 Before the late nineteenth century in America, the rearing of children was the responsibility ____A solely on the part of the household communityB mainly on the part of the householdC solely on the part of the fatherD solely on the part of the mother2 The word “destitute” can best be replaced by____A poorB bigC richD irresponsible3 It can be learned from the second paragraph that during the 18th and 19th century___A women enjoyed equal education with menB women’s social status was greatly improvedC men maintained their key role in child raisingD women’s education was still less than men’s4 As mentioned by the author, efforts to re-establish parental responsibility are___A to share community welfare burdenB in concern of minor children’s creative behaviour.C in concern of teenage parentsD to better control minor children’s expenditure5 Regarding the way American children are treated, the author is apparently___A in favor of itB worried about itC upset about itD against itQuestion 6-10 are based on the following passageRichard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual” or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners.“With virtual reality we’ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench,” said Satava. He envisage a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although Satava’s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D images. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path the tumor. Zamoramo is also using technology that attacks a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain taken before surgery.During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are manoeuvre ---surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.”6 According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine___A will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield7 Richard Satava has vision of____A using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD setting up mobile surgical units overseas8 How is virtual reality surgery performed?A It is performed by a computer-designed high precision deviceB Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computerC Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to themD A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.9 During the virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because___A he is looking at the cuts on a computer screenB the cuts can be examined from different anglesC the cuts have been highly magnifiedD he is wearing 3-D glasses10 Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they___A cause less pain to the woundedB are done by robot surgeons with greater precisionC will make human surgeons’ work less tediousD allow the patient to recover more quicklyQuestion 11-15 are based on the following passageWhen student complete a first draft, they consider the job of writing done—and their teachers too often agree. When professional writers complete a first draft,they usually feel that they are at the start of the writing process. When a draft is completed, the job of writing can begin.That different in attitude is the difference between amateur and professional, inexperience and experience, journeyman and draftsman. Peter F.Drucker, the prolific business write r, calls his first draft “the zero draft”---after that he can start counting. Most writers share the feeling that the first draft, and all of those which follow, are opportunities to discover what they have to say and how best they can say it.To produce a progression of drafts, each of which says more and says it more clearly, the writer has to develop a special kind of reading skill. In school we are taught to decode what appears on the page as finished writing. Writers, however, face a different category of possibility and responsibility when they read their own drafts. To them the words on the words on the page are never finished. Each can be changed and rearranged, can set off a chain reaction of confusion or clarified meaning. This is a different kind of reading, which is possibly more difficult and certainly more exciting.Writers must learn to be their own best enemy. They must accept the criticismof others and be suspicious of it; they must accept the praise of others and be even more suspicious of it. Writers cannot depend on others. They must detach themselves from their own pages so that they can apply both their caring and their craft to their own work.Such detachment is not easy. Science fiction writer Rau Bradbury supposedly puts each manuscript away for a year to the day and then rereads it as a stranger. Not many writers have the discipline or the time to do this. We must read when our judgment may be at its best; when we are close to the best moment of creation.Most people think that the principle problem is that writers are too proud of what they have written. Actually, a greater problem for most professional writers is one shared by the majority of students. They are overly critical, think everything is dreadful, tear up page after page, never complete a draft, and see the task as hopeless.Therefore, the writer must learn to read critically but constructively, to cut what is bad and reveal what is good. At the end of each revision, a manuscript may look worked over, torn apart, pinned together, added to, deleted from, words changed and words changed back. Yet the book must maintain its original freshness and spontaneity.11 What is the difference between a student and a professional writer toward their first draft?A A professional thinks his first draft is better plannedB A student is less confident than a professional about the first draftC A student will read his first draft more seriously than a professional.D A student sees the draft as his final work, while professional sees it as the initial of his work.12 What might the word “journeyman” in paragraph 2 mean?A apprenticeB touristC experienced while undistinguished workerD journalist13 Why does Ray Bradbury put each manuscript away for a year before he rereads it?A Because he does not like his own workB Because he feels writing is dreadfulC Because he is a person of principleD Because he needs to detach himself from his own work.14According to this passage, which of the following statement is UNTRUE?A Both professional writers and students may feel writing a dreadful work.B Reading draft is different from reading finished writing.C Professional writers should be suspicious in revising their drafts.D Professional writers may always depend on other’s criticism in order to better their work.15 What is the author’s advice for those in the process of draft progression?A Be tolerant one’s workB Tear up any page that betrays the original spontaneityC Keep it away and take it up again after at least a yearD Be both critical and constructive.Question 16-20 are based on the following passageIt was so hard to keep her eyes open. She had cleaned all day and now must rock the cradle into the night. Behind her slept the infant’s mother. Before her, the baby. Her hand rocked, and rocked, ever a little slower. She could force her wary eyes no longer. Her head dropped. And the cradle stopped.A moment later her brief repose was shattered by a flash of fiery pain as an angry lash whipped across her neck. The infant had begun to cry when the cradle stopped. The mother had woken. And Harriet Tubman, the slave girl, was for a reason wide awake as adrenaline flooded her aching body.Little did anyone realize it, but those cruel lashes would ultimately work against those who imposed them; for in her trials, Harriet was learning the endurance she would need in later years as she spent many sleepless nights leading hundreds of slaves to freedom.Harriet’s own escape took place when she was in her early twenties. Rumour had it she and two of her brothers would be separated from their family and sent further south the following day, never to return. That night, Harriet and her brothers ran, guided only by the North Star and hearsay that “lovely white ladies” waited in the North to receive fugitives.Some distance into the night, Harriet’s brothers grew frightened. There was no logical basis for hope that they would make it. The North was so far away, and search parties would be after them in the morning. Harriet’s brothers gave up and turned back. She could not convince them to press on, but press on she did. Along. Hiding by day and moving by night, appealing for food from those she prayed would be friendly---and were---Harriet crossed into free territory many days later.“I had crossed the line of which I had so long been dreaming,” Harriet recalled, “I was free;”but there was no one to welcome me,…I was a stranger in a strange land, and my home after all was down in the old cabin quarter, with the old folks, and my brothers and sisters. But to this solemn resolution I came; I was free, and they should be free also; I would make a home for them in the North, and the Lord helping me, I would bring them all there.”And this she did. She endured hunger and hardship, danger and difficulty, returning nineteen times to lead three to four hundred slaves to freedom—including all her family except one sister and her three children. When the Civil War began, Harriet severed as a scout and hospital nurse for the Union Army without pay, helping to free hundreds more of her people. Aptly she came to be known as “Moses” among northerner and southerner alike.Toward the end of her life, as the first biography of Harriet Tubman’s life was being written, one of those who knew her well summed up Harriet’s characte r, saying “…Harriet’s willingness to endure hardship and face any danger for the sake of her poor followers was phenomenal.”16 When freeing slaves, Harriet endured all the following except___A hungerB dangerC hardshipD desolation17 Harriet’s brother s turned back because___A they thought the freedom impossibleB they were starving and had no foodC they missed the rest of their familyD they were frightened of being lost18 According to the text, Harriet’s experience as slave could be a better basis for her ___later.A healthB optimismC enduranceD bravery19 From the sixth paragraph, we can see that___A Harriet was very happy because she was not freeB Harriet felt a little isolated, but she was strong-minded to free other slavesC Harriet was disappointed with the NorthD Harriet lost heart20 After reading the whole passage, we can safely guess that it is a___A news reportB novelC biographyD critiquePart four Translation(50分)1 Translate the following passage into Chinese (20分)A：The spring of life, and the spring of the year were alike meant to be cradled in the green lap of Nature. To us, in the town, spring brings but its cold winds and drizzling rains. We must seek it amongst the leafless woods, and the brambly lanes, on the healthy moors, and the great, still hills, if we want to feel its joyous breath, and hear its silent voices. There is a glorious freshness in the spring there. The scurrying clouds, the open bleakness, the rushing wind, and the clear bright air, thrill one with vague energies and hopes. Life, like the landscape around us, seems bigger, and wider,and freer—a rainbow road, leading to unknown ends. Through the silvery rent that bar the sky, we seem to catch a glimpse of the great hope and grandeur that lies around this little throbbing world, and a breath of its scent is wafted us on the wings of the wild March wind.B:Vanity is motive of immense potency. Anyone who has much to do with children knows how they are constantly performing some antic, and saying “Look at me”.“Look at me” is one of the most fundamental desires of the human heart. It can take innumerable forms, from buffoonery to the pursuit of posthumous fame. One of the troubles about vanity is that it grows with what it feeds on. The more you are talked about, the more you will wish to be talked about. The condemned murderer who is allowed to see the account of his trial in the press is indignant if he finds a newspaper which has reported it will be with the one whose reports are meager. Politicians and literary men are in the same case. And the more famous they become, the more difficult the press-cutting agency finds it to satisfy them. It is scarcely possible to exaggerate the influence of vanity throughout the range of human life, form the child of three to the potentate at whose frown the world trembles. Mankind have even committed the impiety of attributing similar desires to the Deity, whom they imagine avid for continual praise.2 Translate the following passages into English. (30分)A:北京的道旁多植槐树，当槐花挂满枝桠香飘四溢的时候，夏日就带着炎热和浓绿向人们来了。

2011年南开大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分：110.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、选词填空(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form if necessary. Each word can be used only once.（分数：40.00）(1).The new government pledged to make every effort to stabilize its ailing economy by 1 national debts.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(2).She proposed that 1should be recognized as one of the major disciplines in her school.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(3).The pirates made 1 along the coast.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(4).One of them put forward a(n) 1proposal for putting up the white flag.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(5).Facts are recorded in the annals with the coloring of prejudice and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(6).The American national character was 1 sharp during the Westward Expansion.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(7).The scientists carried out an audio-visual 1 of the beginning of the universe.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(8).The management offered us a(n) 13% salary increase.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(9).Henry 1between accepting and refusing.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(10).This battle-field is 1to the memory of the soldiers who died here.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(11).The pianist was applauded for his incredible 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(12).Sales 1by 20% last year.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(13).The Church has no 1power in the modern country.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(14).He could never be a film star; he"s got no 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(15).No one would claim that the film is morally 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(16).He insisted on his own way and 1 all advice and objections.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(17).As soon as the drug took effect, she started .（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(18).Some kid threw a(n) 1in the middle of the store.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(19).Fashions are by nature fickle and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________(20).The hurricane caused terrible 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、完形填空(总题数：1，分数：20.00)To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the【C1】______production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then【C2】______them into money. Marketing, 【C3】______, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods【C4】______will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that【C5】______trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given 【C6】______over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction—the firm and customer—and each must be satisfied【C7】______trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and【C8】______customers. In mid-1985 , Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. A significant portion of the public did not accept the new flavor, bring about a【C9】______restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed【C10】______the new, King Customers ruled.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.productiveB.efficientC.affluentD.proficient(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.convertB.transformC.switchD.modify(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.on the contraryB.in the meantimeC.howeverD.on the other hand(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.thenC.thatD.and(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.ahead ofB.whileC.prior toD.instead of(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.superiorityB.privilegeC.prejudiceD.priority(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.beforeB.afterC.whileD.then(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.looking up toB.adjusting toC.catering toD.adapting to(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.properB.promptC.prominentD.profound(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.byB.withC.alongsideD.as三、阅读理解(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Historically, the primary responsibility for the rearing of young children belonged almost exclusively to the parents, especially the father. It was not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth century that the State was willing to remove a young child from direct supervision of negligent or abusive parents. Even so, in order to reduce welfare costs to the rest of the community, a destitute family in early America, incapable of supporting its own members, was sometimes broken up and the children placed in other households. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century the mother"s role in the upbringing of children was enhanced: Women became the primary providers of care and affection; and as men"s church membership declined, women also became responsible for the catechizing and education of young children, even though they often were less literate than men. While childrearing manuals continued to acknowledge the importance of the father, they also recognized that the mother had become the major figure in the care of the young. Throughout much of Western history, as long as children remained in the home, parents exercised considerable control over them, even to the extent of arranging their marriages and influencing their career choices. Children were expected to be obedient and to contribute to the well-being of the family. And, perhaps more in Western Europe than in America, children were often expected to turn over almost all of their earnings directly to the parents—sometimes even after they had left home. By the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century some of this control had been eroded, and the rights of children as individuals were increasingly recognized and acknowledged. Interestingly, the development of children"s rights has proceeded so rapidly and so far that we may now be in the midst of a backlash, as efforts are being made to re-establish parental responsibility in areas such as the reproductive behavior of minor children. Clearly there have been major changes in the way our society treats children; but it would be very difficult for many of us to agree on the costs and benefits of these trends—whether from the viewpoint of the child, the parents, or society. While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within the family, others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline. A historical analysis of parents and children cannot settle such disputes, but it can provide us with a better appreciation of the flexibility and resilience of the family as an institution for raising the young.（分数：10.00）(1).Before the late nineteenth century in America, the rearing of children was the responsibility______.（分数：2.00）A.solely on the part of the household communityB.mainly on the part of the householdC.solely on the part of the fatherD.solely on the part of the mother(2).The word "destitute" can best be replaced by______.（分数：2.00）A.poorB.bigC.richD.irresponsible(3).It can be learned from the second paragraph that during the 18 th and 19th century______.（分数：2.00）A.women enjoyed equal education with menB.women"s social status was greatly improvedC.men maintained their key role in child raisingD.women"s education was still less than men"s(4).As mentioned by the author, efforts to re-establish parental responsibility are______.（分数：2.00）A.to share community welfare burdenB.in concern of minor children"s creative behaviorC.in concern of teenage parentsD.to better control minor children"s expenditure(5).Regarding the way American children are treated, the author is apparently______.（分数：2.00）A.in favor of itB.worried about itC.upset about itD.against itRichard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners. " With virtual reality we"ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench, " said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U. S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier. Although Satava"s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic-instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound. These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient"s brain taken before surgery. During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, "We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine______.（分数：2.00）A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield(2).Richard Satava has visions of______.（分数：2.00）ing a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD.setting up mobile surgical units overseas(3).How is virtual reality surgery performed?（分数：2.00）A.It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.B.Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.C.Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.D.A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.(4).During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because______.（分数：2.00）A.he is looking at the cuts on a computer screenB.the cuts can be examined from different anglesC.the cuts have been highly magnifiedD.he is wearing 3-D glasses(5).Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they______.（分数：2.00）A.cause less pain to the woundedB.are done by robot surgeons with greater precisionC.will make human surgeons" work less tediousD.allow the patient to recover more quicklyWhen students complete a first draft, they consider the job of writing done—and their teachers too often agree. When professional writers complete a first draft, they usually feel that they are at the start of the writing process. When a draft is completed, the job of writing can begin. That difference in altitude is the difference between amateur and professional, inexperience and experience, journeyman and draftsman. Peter F. Drucker, the prolific business writer, calls his first draft "the zero draft"—after that he can start counting. Most writers share the feeling that the first draft, and all of those which follow, are opportunities to discover what they have to say and how best they can say it. To produce a progression of drafts, each of which says more and says it more clearly, the writer has to develop a special kind of reading skill. In school we are taught to decode what appears on the page as finished writing. Writers, however, face a different category of possibility and responsibility when they read their own drafts. To them the words on the page are never finished. Each can be changed and rearranged, can set off a chain reaction of confusion or clarified meaning. This is a different kind of reading, which is possibly more difficult and certainly more exciting. Writers must learn to be their own best enemy. They must accept the criticism of others and be suspicious of it; they must accept the praise of others and be even more suspicious of it. Writers cannot depend on others. They must detach themselves from their own pages so that they can apply both their caring and their craft to their own work. Such detachment is not easy. Science fiction writer Rau Bradbury supposedly puts each manuscript away for a year to the day and then rereads it as a stranger. Not many writers have the discipline or the time to do this. We must read when our judgment may be at its best; when we are close to the best moment of creation. Most people think that the principal problem is that writers are too proud of what they have written. Actually, a greater problem for most professional writers is one shared by the majority of students. They are overly critical, think everything is dreadful, tear up page after page, never complete a draft, and see the task as hopeless. Therefore, the writer must learn to read critically but constructively, to cut what is bad and reveal what is good. At the end of each revision, a manuscript may look worked over, torn apart, pinned together, added to, deleted from, words changed and words changed back. Yet the book must maintain its original freshness and spontaneity.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the difference between a student and a professional writer towards their first draft?（分数：2.00）A.A professional thinks his first draft is better planned.B.A student is less confident than a professional about the first draft.C.A student will read his first draft more seriously than a professional.D.A student sees the draft as his final work, while professional sees it as the initial of his work.(2).What might the word "journeyman" in Paragraph 2 mean?（分数：2.00）A.apprenticeB.touristC.experienced while undistinguished workerD.journalist(3).Why does Rey Bradbury put each manuscript away for a year before he rereads it?（分数：2.00）A.Because he does not like his own work.B.Because he feels writing is dreadful.C.Because he is a person of principle.D.Because he needs to detach himself from his own work.(4).According to this passage, which of the following statements is UNTRUE?（分数：2.00）A.Both professional writers and students may feel writing a dreadful work.B.Reading draft is different from reading finished writing.C.Professional writers should be suspicious in revising their drafts.D.Professional writers may always depend on other"s criticism in order to better their work.(5).What is the author"s advice for those in the process of draft progression?（分数：2.00）A.Be tolerant to one"s work.B.Tear up any page that betrays the original spontaneity.C.Keep it away and take it up again after at least a year.D.Be both critical and constructive.It was so hard to keep her eyes open. She had cleaned all day and now must rock the cradle into the night. Behind her slept the infant"s mother. Before her, the baby. Her hand rocked, and rocked, ever a little slower. She could force her wary eyes no longer. Her head drooped. And the cradle stopped. A moment later her brief repose was shattered by a flash of fiery pain as an angry lash whipped across her neck. The infant had begun to cry when the cradle stopped. The mother had woken. And Harriet Tubman, the slave girl, was for a season wide awake as adrenaline flooded her aching body. Little did anyone realize it, but those cruel lashes would ultimately work against those who imposed them; for in her trials, Harriet was learning the endurance she would need in later years as she spent many sleepless nights leading hundreds of slaves to freedom. Harriet"s own escape took place when she was in her early twenties. Rumor had it she and two of her brothers would be separated from their family and sent further south the following day, never to return. That night, Harriet and her brothers ran, guided only by the North Star and hearsay that "lovely white ladies" waited in the North to receive fugitives. Some distance into the night, Harriet"s brothers grew frightened. There was no logical basis for hope that they would make it. The North was so far away, and search parties would be after them in the morning. Harriet"s brothers gave up and turned back. She could not convince them to press on, but press on she did. Alone. Hiding by day and moving by night, appealing for food from those she prayed would be friendly—and were—Harriet crossed into free territory many days later. " I had crossed the line of which I had so long been dreaming, " Harriet recalled, " I was free; but there was no one to welcome me, ... I was a stranger in a strange land, and my home after all was down in the old cabin quarter, with the old folks, and my brothers and sisters. But to this solemn resolution I came; I was free, and they should be free also; I would make a home for them in the North, and the Lord helping me, I would bring them all there. " And this she did. She endured hunger and hardship, danger and difficulty, returning nineteen times to lead three to four hundred slaves to freedom—including all her family except one sister and her three children. When the Civil War began, Harriet served as a scout and hospital nurse for the Union Army without pay, helping to free hundreds more of her people. Aptly she came to be known as "Moses" among northerners and southerners alike. Toward the end of her life, as the first biography of Harriet Tubman"s life was being written, one of those who knew her well summed up Harriet"s character, saying "... Harriet"s willingness to endure hardship and face any danger for the sake of her poor followers was phenomenal. "（分数：10.00）(1).When freeing slaves, Harriet endured all the following except______.（分数：2.00）A.hungerB.dangerC.hardshipD.desolation(2).Harriet"s brothers turned back because______.（分数：2.00）A.they thought the freedom impossibleB.they were starving and had no foodC.they missed the rest of their familyD.they were frightened of being lost(3).According to the text, Harriet"s experience as slave could be a better basis for her______ later.（分数：2.00）A.healthB.optimismC.enduranceD.bravery(4).From the sixth paragraph, we can see that______.（分数：2.00）A.Harriet was very happy because she was not freeB.Harriet felt a little isolated, but she was strong-minded to free other slavesC.Harriet was disappointed with the NorthD.Harriet lost heart(5).After reading the whole passage, we can safely guess that it is a______.（分数：2.00）A.news reportB.novelC.biographyD.critique四、英译汉(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Translate the following passages into Chinese. The spring of life, and the spring of the year were alike meant to be cradled in the green lap of Nature. To us, in the town, spring brings but its cold winds and drizzling rains. We must seek it amongst the leafless wood, and the brambly lanes, on the heathy moors, and the great, still hills, if we want to feel its joyous breath, and hear its silent voices. There is a glorious freshness in the spring there. The scurrying clouds, the open bleakness, the rushing wind, and the clear bright air, thrill one with vague energies and hopes. Life, like the landscape around us, seems bigger, and wider, and freer—a rainbow road, leading to unknown ends. Through the silvery rents that bar the sky, we seem to catch a glimpse of the great hope and grandeur that lies around this little throbbing world, and a breath of its scent is wafted us on the wings of the wild March wind.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________2.Vanity is a motive of immense potency. Anyone who has much to do with children knows how they are constantly performing some antic, and saying "Look at me. " "Look at me" is one of the most fundamental desires of the human heart. It can take innumerable forms, from buffoonery to the pursuit of posthumous fame. One of the troubles about vanity is that it grows with what it feeds on. The more you are talked about, the more you will wish to be talked about. The condemned murderer who is allowed to see the account of his trial in the press is indignant if he finds a newspaper which has reported it inadequately. And the more he finds about himself in other newspapers, the more indignant he will be with the one whose reports are meager. Politicians and literary men are in the same case. And the more famous they become, the more difficult the press-cutting agency finds it to satisfy them. It is scarcely possible to exaggerate the influence of vanity throughout the range of human life, form the child of three to the potentate at whose frown the world trembles. Mankind have even committed the impiety of attributing similar desires to the Deity, whom they imagine avid for continual praise.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、汉译英(总题数：2，分数：4.00)3.Translate the following passages into English. 北京的道旁多植槐树，当槐花挂满枝桠香飘四逸的时候，夏日就带着炎热和浓绿向人们涌来了。

南开大学2011年翻译硕士英语考研真题试卷科目：211翻译硕士英语(专业学位)科目代码：211科目名称：翻译硕士英语专业领域：翻译硕士考生须知：答题必须使用黑(蓝)色墨水(圆珠)笔；不得在试题(草稿)纸上作答；凡未按规定作答均不予评阅、判分。

I. Vocabulary and Grammar(30 points，1 for each)Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part．For each sentence there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence．Then mark the Corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet．1．Professor Wu traveled and lectured throughout the country to education and professional skills so that women could enter the public world．A．prosecute B．acquire C．proclaim D．advocate2．Even if they are on sale，the refrigerators are equal in price to，if not more expensive thanat the other store．A．anyone B．the others C．the ones D．that3．Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious，as well as worldly，flame of reference．A．is to be analyzed B．has been analyzedC．be analyzed D．should have been analyzed4．Because we had eaten turkey on Thanksgiving for so many years，we never wondered whether some other dish might be an equally tasty ．A．alternative B．altercation C．alteration D．allusion5．The basic theory of government rests on the assumption that men have naturallyinterests．A．competitive B．conflicting C．contentions D．combative6．Most substances contract when they freeze so that the density of substance’s solid is of its liquid．A．than the higher density B．higher than the densityC．the density is higher than that D．the higher the density7．The bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday．A．to be robbed B．robbed C．to have been robbed D. having been robbed 8．The terrified hunter，in the arms of a huge bear，fought desperately to loosen its grip.A．clutched B．clasped C．grasped D．seized9．Too much to X-rays can cause skin bums，cancer or other damage to the body．A．disclosure B．exhibition C．contact D．exposure10．Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning butslightly in the afternoon．A．recovered B．restored C．regained D．retained11．Women’s central role in managing natural resources and protecting the environment has been overlooked more often than it has been ．A．acknowledged B．emphasized C．memorized D．associated12．The neighbors became suspicious when they noticed that his car was for twoweeks．A．stationary B．stationery C．immobile D．unmoved13．During World War II the Allies suffered a long of defeats before they finally achieved victory．A．suppression B．compulsion C．succession D．compression14．The silk that spiders for their webs has a stretching strength superior to moat flexible products made by people．A．spin B．split C．spray D．spoil15．The English language contains a(n) of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation．A．altitude B．latitude C．magnitude D. scope，16．Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now．A．must have been B．would have been C．were D. would be17．The project requires more labor than because it is extremely difficult．A．has been put in B．have been put in C．being put in D. to be put in18．Joseph Was very lucky with his life；he almost did not get out of the room.A．to escape B. to have escaped C．to escaping D．to be escaping19．Henry forgot to bring his admission card with him he was allowed into the hall totake the examination．A．Moreover B．Certainly C．Consequently D．Nevertheless．20．The number of the people who cars increasing．A．owns，are B．owns，is C．own，is B．own，are21．Workers in this country ale getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not the test of international competition．A．put up with B．stick with C．stand up to D．face away22．Several unpopular decisions the governor’s popularity．A．decayed B．diminished C．distorted D．dissolved23．Skilled technicians and advanced technologies enable us to build uncompromised quality into all our cars，because our first is bringing you pleasure for years to come．A．prestige B．benefit C. privilege D．priority24．A man’s is best when he can forget himself and any reputation he may have required and Can concentrate wholly on making the right decisions．A．anticipation B．acknowledgment C．expectation D．judgment25．Before the mechanic started work, I asked him to give an of the cost of repairing the roof of the car．A．assessment B．estimate C．announcement D．evaluation26．the English examination 1 would have gone to the concert last Sunday．A．In spite of B．But for C．Because of D．As for27．Gloves have been worn since prehistoric time for protection，for ornamentation，social status．A．and as an indication of B．for they indicate C．indicating D．to indicate and28．One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are as more alert，dependable，confident and responsible．A．referred B．perceived C．recommended D．presumed29．The physical shape and coloring of many animals are the result of gradual to particular circumstances．A．modification B．variation C．application D．adaptation30．Over the centuries, various theories have been to explain the origin of alphabetic writing．A．advanced B．subjected C．released D．abandonedII．Reading Comprehension(40 points)Section One：Read and Make the Best Choice (20Points, 2 for each)Directions：There are two passages in this part．Each passage is followed by somag questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choicesmarked A，B，C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet．Passage OneBill Clinton wrestles with the complexities of his economic plan，a surprising trend that could ultimately make life a lot easier for the new president may be developing．A handful of analysts believe that technology is beginning to help improve productivity in the service sector．If they are right，middle-class living standards which have stagnated for the past 20 years could start to improve．The service sector gets little attention in most popular discussions of America’s economic problems．Manufacturing，where US workers go head-to-head with foreign competitors，is supposed to be the crucial area；services，which are mostly sheltered from international competition，are regarded as secondary at best．If anything，the growth of the service sector is seen as a symptom of our manufacturing decline，as steelworkers lose their high-paying jobs and become minimum-wage hamburger flippers．But serious analysts know that it is our performance in services not manufacturing that is the bigger economic problem．In fact，US manufacturing performed reasonably well during the 1980s，with productivity growing at 2.9％per year．That was almost as fast as manufacturing productivity grew during the“good years”in 1950s and 1960s，and it was faster than productivity growth in most other advanced countries．So why didn’t we feel better? Because near stagnation in service productivity-growth at only about 1.0％annually—held our living standard down．Dominant service sector．The truth is that modern America is primarily a service economy．Currently，70％of US workers are in the service sector，versus only 20％in manufacturing．If we could eliminate our persistent trade deficits in manufacturing，the prosperity would shih，but only slightly：A rough estimate is that completely eliminating our current trade deficit would raise the share of manufacturing in employment by only about 0.5％．In other word，like it or not，most Americans will work in the service sector for the foreseeable future．That means，in turn，that the productivity of the US work force as a whole depends mostly on the productivity of service workers．But it is really possible to raise service productivity? Some service jobs，like housecleaning and hair cutting，seem resistant to technological change at least until we learn to build robot maids and barbers．In the past，however，we have seen major improvements in service productivity．During the 1950s and 1960s，for example，a linked set of technological and social changes-widespread availability of private cars and home refrigerators，the growth of supermarkets and an improved road system—led to huge increases in retail productivity．An earlier era saw a surge in office productivity because of such revolutionary innovations as typewriters，carbon paper and vertical file cabinets．Indeed the most significant Americanbusiness Success story of the late 20th century may well be Wal-Mart，which has applied extensive computerization and home-grown version of Japan’s“just-in-time”inventory methods to revolutionize retailing．Analysts like Stephen Roach of Morgan Stanley now believe that additional productivity gains in the office are possible．Computers，it seems, are finally being used to eliminate paperwork：back offices are shrinking，and corporate hierarchies are getting flatter．If you squint，you can see these micro changes starting to show up in the macro numbers．We are now officially a year and a half into an economic recovery，yet unemployment remains stubbornly high．One of the reasons for this lingering joblessness is that productivity is rising faster than expected，primarily in the service sector．If America eventually returns to full employment．the total economy could be bigger and more productive．Technology investment is helping to fuel these changes．Preliminary data show that while overall investment in this recovery is weak by historical standards，computer-related investment is soaring．It looks as if the service sector has decided that it now really knows how to make information technology work．Like any radical change，the coming revolution in service productivity will have its victims．Skilled weavers were impoverished by the power loom，and small food stores were savaged by the rise of the supermarket．This time，it’s the middle managers who will lose．The past recession took an unprecedented toll of skilled，white-collar workers，and many of these jobs may never come back．But most of America could benefit from rising service productivity in the 1990s and that would be welcome news for Bill Clinton．1．The passage suggests that the new trend of the rising service productivity may ．A．turn out a great help to President Clinton with his policy makingB．turn out a serious trouble to President Clinton with his policy makingC．have nothing to do with Clinton’s decision makingD. initiate Clinton to make some reform policies in economy2．The development of technology in the service sector is largely beneficial to ．A．top wealthy people B．average peopleC．middle managers D．skilled workers3．Which of the following statements illustrates that modern America is primarily a service economy? A．Service technology is developing fast.B．The demand of modern people for various services promotes the development of a service economy. C．The significance of manufacturing to the national economy has declined.D．High employment mainly depends on the development of the service industry．4．The author appreciates the development of manufacturing in the 1980s for the following reasons EXCEPT that ．A．US manufacturing productivity developed at a comparatively high speed in historyB．the US manufacturing industry is rather competent in the worldC．the growth speed of the US manufacturing industry is among the highest in the worldD．the growth speed of the service sector is not as fast as the manufacturing industry5．At present investors like to venture their money in all of the following EXCEPT ．A．information technology B．manufacturing industriesC．the service industry D．computer related productsPassage TwoThe evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals，the hunting carnivores and theherbivores that they hunted．The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions；however，certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others．The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive，free floating awareness to a highly focused，active fixation．The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system，a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem．From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased．The organism is, more awake，more vigilant；this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings．The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction．Arousal is at first general，with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem；then gradually the activation is channeled．Thus begins concentration，the holding of consistent images．One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience．Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes．The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey．Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing．Although in both kinds of animal，arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands，the effect in herbivores is primarily fear，whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression．For both，arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead．Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it，but the animal does experience something like it．The predator is searchingly aggressive，inner-directed，tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones，but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than，say，a hungry lizard’s instinctive snap at a passing beetle．Using past events ills a framework the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food，sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds-and yesterday’s unforgotten lessons．The herbivore prey is of a different mind．Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system．1．The author is primarily concerned with ．A．disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivoresB．establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern counterpartsC．describing a relationship between animals’intelligence and their ecological rolesD．analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores2．The author refers to a hungry lizard (para 4)primarily in order to ．A．demonstrate the similarity between the hunting。