Information System Development and Database Development
In many organizations, database development from the beginning of enterprise data modeling, data modeling enterprises determine the scope of the database and the general content. This step usually occurs in an organization's information system planning process, it aims to help organizations create an overall data description or explanation, and not the design of a specific database. A specific database for one or more information systems provide data and the corporate data model (which may involve a number of databases) described by the organization maintaining the scope of the data. Data modeling in the enterprise, you review of the current system, the need to support analysis of the nature of the business areas, the need for further description of the abstract data, and planning one or more database development project.
1 Information System Architecture
In the information system planning, you can build an enterprise data model as a whole information system architecture part. According to Zachman (1987), Sowa and Zachman (1992) views of an information system architecture consists of the following six key components:
Data.
Manipulation of data processing.
Networks, which organizations and in organizations with its main transmission of data between business partners.
People who deal with the implementation of data and information and is the source and receiver.
Implementation of the events and time points.
The reasons for the incident and data processing rules.
1.1 Information Engineering
Information systems planners in accordance with the specific information system planning methods developed information system architecture. Information engineering is a popular and formal methods. Information engineering is a data-oriented creation and maintenance of the information system. Information engineering is because the data-oriented, so when you begin to understand how the database is defined by the logo and when information engineering a concise explanation is very helpful. Information Engineering follow top-down planning approach, in which specific information systems from a wide range of information needs in the understanding derived from (for example, we need about customers, products, suppliers, sales and processing of the data center), rather than merging many detailed information requested ( orders such as a screen or in accordance with the importation of geographical sales summary report). Top-down planning will enable developers to plan more comprehensive information system, consider system components provide an integrated approach to enhance the information system and the relationship between the business objectives of the understanding, deepen their understanding of information systems throughout the organization in understanding the impact.
Information Engineering includes four steps: planning, analysis, design and implementation. The planning stage of project information generated information system architecture, including enterprise data model.
1.2 Information System Planning
Information systems planning objective is to enable IT organizations and the business strategy closely integrated, such integration for the information systems and technology to make the most
of the investment interest is very important. Information engineering approach the planning stage include three steps, we in the follow-up of three sections they discussed.
1. Critical factors determining the planning
Planning is the key factor that organizational objectives, critical success factors and problem areas. These factors determine the purpose of the establishment of planning and environment planning and information systems linked to strategic business planning. Table 2 shows the Pine Valley furniture company's key planning a number of possible factors, these factors contribute to the information systems manager for the new information systems and databases clubs top priority to deal with the demand. For example, given the imprecise sales forecasts this problem areas, information systems managers in the organization may be stored in the database additional historical sales data, new market research data and new product test data.
2. The planning organizations set targets
Organizations planning targets defined scope of business, and business scope will limit the subsequent analysis and information systems may change places. Five key planning targets as follows:
●organizational units in the various sectors.
●organizations location of the place of business operations.
●functions of the business support organizations handling mission of the relevant group. Unlike business organizations function modules, in fact a function can be assigned to various organizations modules (for example, product development function is the production and sale of the common responsibility of the Ministry).
●types of entities managed by the organization on the people, places and things of the major types of data.
●Information System data set processing software applications and support procedures.
3. To set up a business model
A comprehensive business model including the functions of each enterprise functional decomposition model, the enterprise data model and the various planning matrix. Functional decomposition is the function of the organization for a more detailed decomposition process, the functional decomposition is to simplify the analysis of the issue, distracted and identify components and the use of the classical approach. In dealing with business functions and support functions of the full set, multiple databases, is essential to a specific database therefore likely only to support functions provide a subset of support. In order to reduce data redundancy and to make data more meaningful, has a complete, high-level business view is very helpful.
The use of specific enterprise data model to describe the symbol. Apart from the graphical description of this type of entity, a complete enterprise data model should also include a description of each entity type description of business operations and a summary of that business rules. Business rules determine the validity of the data.
An enterprise data model includes not only the types of entities, including the link between the data entities, as well as various other objects planning links. Showed that the linkage between planning targets a common form of matrix. Because of planning matrix need not be explicit modeling database can be clearly described business needs, planning matrix is an important function. Regular planning matrix derived from the operational rules, it will help social development activities that top priority will be sorting and development activities under the top-down view through an enterprise-wide approach for the development of these activities. There
are many types of planning matrix is available, their commonalities are:
●locations - features show business function in which the implementation of operational locations.
●unit - functions which showed that business function or business unit responsible for implementation.
●Information System - data entities to explain how each information system interact with each data entity (for example, whether or not each system in each entity have the data to create, retrieve, update and delete).
●support functions - data in each functional entities in the data set for the acquisition, use, update and delete.
●Information System - target indication for each information system to support business objectives.
Such a matrix can be used for a variety of purposes, including the following three objectives:
1) identify gaps in the data entities to indicate the types of entities not use any function or functions which do not use any entity.
2) found that the loss of each functional entities involved in the inspection staff through the matrix to identify any possible loss of the entity.
3) The distinction between development activities if the priority to the top of a system development function for a high-priority (probably because it important organizational objectives related), then this area used by entities in the development of the database has a high priority. Hoffer, George and Valacich (2002) are the works of the matrix on how to use the planning and completion of the Information Engineering
The planning system more complete description.
2 database development process
Based on information engineering information systems planning database is a source of development projects. These new database development projects is usually in order to meet the strategic needs of organizations, such as improving customer support, improve product and inventory management, or a more accurate sales forecast. However, many more database development project is the bottom-up approach emerging, such as information system user needs specific information to complete their work, thus beginning a project request, and as other information systems experts found that organizations need to improve data management and begin new projects. Bottom-up even in the circumstances, to set up an enterprise data model is also necessary to understand the existing database can provide the necessary data, otherwise, the new database, data entities and attributes can be added to the current data resources to the organization. Both the strategic needs or operational information needs of each database development projects normally concentrated in a database. Some projects only concentrated in the database definition, design and implementation of a database, as a follow-up to the basis of the development of information systems. However, in most cases, the database and associated information processing function as a complete information systems development project was part of the development. 2.1 System Development Life Cycle
Guide management information system development projects is the traditional process of system development life cycle (SDLC). System development life cycle is an organization of the database designers and programmers information system composed of the Panel of Experts detailed
description, development, maintenance and replacement of the entire information system steps. This process is because Waterfall than for every step into the adjacent the next step, that is, the information system is a specification developed by a piece of land, every piece of the output is under an input. However shown in the figure, these steps are not purely linear, each of the steps overlap in time (and thus can manage parallel steps), but when the need to reconsider previous decisions, but also to roll back some steps ahead. (And therefore water can be put back in the waterfall!)
1.Enterprise Modeling
Database development process from the enterprise modeling (system development life cycle stage of the project feasibility studies, and to choose a part), Organizations set the scope and general database content. Enterprise modeling in information systems planning and other activities, these activities determine which part of information systems need to change and strengthen the entire organization and outlines the scope of data. In this step, check the current database and information systems, development of the project as the main areas of the nature of the business, with a very general description of each term in the development of information systems when needed data. Each item only when it achieved the expected goals of organizations can be when the next step.
One has already begun on the Information System project, the concept of data modeling phase of the information systems needs of all the data. It is divided into two stages. First, it began the project in the planning stage and the establishment of a plan similar to Figure. At the same time outlining the establishment of other documents to the existing database without considering the circumstances specific development projects in the scope of the required data. This category only includes high-level data (entities), and main contact. Then in the system development life-cycle analysis stage must have a management information system set the entire organization Details of the data model definition of all data attributes, listing all data types that all data inter-entity business linkages, defining description of the full data integrity rules. In the analysis phase, but also the concept of inspection data model (also called the concept behind the model) and the goal of information systems used to explain other aspects of the model of consistency categories, such as processing steps, rules and data processing time of timing. However, even if the concept is such detailed data model is only preliminary, because follow-up information system life cycle activities in the design of services, statements, display and inquiries may find that missing element or mistakes. Therefore, the concept of data often said that modeling is a top-down manner, its areas of operation from the general understanding of the driver, rather than the specific information processing activities by the driver.
2. Logical Database Design
Logical database design from two perspectives database development. First, the concept of data model transform into relational database theory based on the criteria that means - between. Then, as the design of information systems, every computer procedures (including procedures for the input and output format), database support services, statements, and inquiries revealed that a detailed examination. In this so-called Bottom-up analysis, accurate verification of the need to maintain the database and the data in each affairs, statements and so on the needs of those in the nature of the data.
For each separate statements, services, and so on the analysis must take into account a specific, limited but complete database view. When statements, services, and other analysis might be
necessary to change the concept of data model. Especially in large-scale projects, the different analytical systems development staff and the team can work independently in different procedures or in a centralized, the details of their work until all the logic design stage may be displayed. In these circumstances, logic database design stage must be the original concept of data model and user view these independent or merged into a comprehensive design. In logic design information systems also identify additional information processing needs of these new demands at this time must be integrated into the logic of earlier identified in the database design.
Logical database design is based on the final step for the formation of good data specifications and determine the rules, the combination, the data after consultation specifications or converted into basic atomic element. Most of today's database, these rules from the relational database theory and the process known as standardization. This step is the result of management of these data have not cited any database management system for a complete description of the database map. Logical database design completed, we began to identify in detail the logic of the computer program and maintenance, the report contents of the database for inquiries.
3. Physical database design and definition
Physical database design and definition phase decisions computer memory (usually disk) database in the organization, definition of According to the library management system for physical structure, the procedures outlined processing services, produce the desired management information and decision support statements. The objective of this stage is to design an effective and safe management of all data-processing database, the physical database design to closely integrate the information systems of other physical aspects of the design, including procedures, computer hardware, operating systems and data communications networks.
4. Database Implementation
The database prepared by the realization stage, testing and installation procedures for handling databases. Designers can use the standard programming language (such as COBOL, C or Visual Basic), the dedicated database processing languages (such as SQL), or the process of the non-exclusive language programming in order to produce a statement of the fixed format, the result will be displayed, and may also include charts. In achieving stage, but also the completion of all the database files, training users for information systems (database) user setup program. The final step is to use existing sources of information (documents legacy applications and databases and now needs new data) loading data. Loading data is often the first step in data from existing files and databases to an intermediate format (such as binary or text files) and then to turn intermediate loading data to a new database. Finally, running databases and related applications for the actual user maintenance and retrieval of data. In operation, the regular backup database and the database when damaged or affected resume database.
5. Database maintenance
During the database in the progressive development of database maintenance. In this step, in order to meet changing business conditions, in order to correct the erroneous database design, database applications or processing speed increase, delete or change the structure of the database. When a procedure or failure of the computer database affect or damage the database may also be reconstruction. This step usually is the longest in the database development process step, as it continued to databases and related applications throughout the life cycle, the development of each database can be seen as a brief database development process and data modeling concepts arise, logical and physical database design and database to achieve dealing with the changes.
2.2 Information System developed by other means
System Development Life Cycle minor changes in law or its variant of the often used to guide information systems and database development. Information System is a life-cycle methodology, it is highly structured approach, which includes many checks and balances to ensure that every step of produce accurate results, and new or alternative information system and it must communications or data definitions consistent existing system needs consistency. System development life cycle because of the regular need to have a working system for a long time been criticized because only work in the system until the end of the whole process generated. More and more organizations now use rapid application development method, it is a includes analysis, design and implementation of steps to repeat the rapid iterative process until convergence to users the system so far. Rapid Application Development Act required the database has been in existence, and enhance system is mainly to the application of data retrieval application, but not to those who generate and modify database applications.
The most widely used method of rapid application development is one of the prototype. The prototype system is a method of iterative development process, analysts and users through close co-operation, continuing to revise the system will eventually convert all the needs of a working system. Figure 6 shows prototype of the process. In this diagram we contains notes, briefly describes each stage of the prototype of the database development activities. Normally, when information systems problems were identified, tried only a rough concept of data modeling. In the development of the initial prototype, the design of the user wants to display and statements, and that any new database needs and define a term prototype database. This is usually a new database, copy the part of the existing system, but might also added some new content. When the need for new content, these elements are usually from external data sources, such as market research data, the general economic indicators or industry standards.
When a prototype of a new version to repeat the achievement and maintenance of database activities. Usually only a minimum level of security and integrity control, because at this time the focus is as soon as possible to produce a prototype version can be used. But document management project also deferred to the final, only be used in the delivery of user training. Finally, once constructed an acceptable prototype, developers, and users will be the final decision of whether to prototype delivery and the use of the database. If the system (including database) efficiency is very low, then the system and database will be re-programming and re-organization in order to achieve the desired performance.
Along with visual programming tools (such as Visual Basic, Java, Visual C + + and fourth generation language) increasingly popular use of visual programming tools can easily change the user interface with the system, the prototype is becoming the choice of system development methodology. Customers using the prototype method statements and show changes to the content and layout is quite easy. In the process, the new database needs were identified, so it is the development of the use of the existing database should be amended. There is even the possibility of a need for a new database system prototype method, in such circumstances, when the system demand in the iterative process of development in the ever-changing needs access to sample data, the construction or reconstruction of the database prototype.
3 database development of the three-tier architecture model
In this article on the front of the database development process mentioned in the interpretation of a system development project on the establishment of the several different, but related database
view or model:
●conceptual model (in the analysis stage of the establishment).
●external model or user view (in the analysis phase and the establishment of logical design phase).
●physical model or internal model (in the physical design phase of the establishment).
Figure 7 describes the database view that the relationship between the three, it is important to remember that they are the same organizations database view or model. In other words, each organization has a database of the physical model, a concept model and one or more users view. Therefore, the three-tier architecture model using the same data set observe the different ways definition database.
Concept models on the full database structure, has nothing to do with the technical specifications. Conceptual model definition do not involve the entire database data stored in the computer how the secondary memory. Usually, the conceptual model by entities - links (E-R) map or object modeling symbols such a graphical format to describe, we have this type of concept model called the data model. In addition, the conceptual model specification as a metadata stored in the database or data dictionary.
Physical models including conceptual model of how data stored in computer memory in the two specifications. Analysts and the database design is as important to the physical database (physical mode) definition, it provides information on the distribution and management of data storage and access of the physical memory space of two full database technology specifications.
Database development and database technology database is among the three models divided into basis. Database development projects may have a role to only deal with these three views of a related work. For example, a beginner may be designed for one or more procedures external model, and an experienced developer will design the physical model or conceptual model. Database design issues at different levels are quite different.
4 three-tier structure of the database positioning system
Obviously, all the good things in the database are, and the "three"!
When designing a database, you have to choose where to store data. This option in the physical database design stage. Database is divided into individual databases, the Working Group database, departmental databases, corporate databases and the Internet database. Individuals often by the end-user database design and development of their own, just by database experts to give training and advice to help, it only contains individual end-users interested in the data. Sometimes, personal database from the database or enterprise Working Group extracted from the database, such circumstances database prepared by some experts from the regular routine to create local database. Sector Working Group database and the database is often the end-user, business experts and the central database system experts development. The collaborative work of these officers is necessary because in the design of the database to be shared by a large number of issues weigh: processing speed, ease of use, data definition differences and other similar problems. Due to corporate databases and the Internet database broad impact, large-scale, it is normally concentrated in the database development team has received professional training to develop a database of experts.
1. Customers layer
A desktop or notebook also known as that layer, which specialized management user interface and system localization data in this layer can be implemented on the Web scripting tasks.
2. Server / Web server
HTTP protocol handling, scripting tasks, the implementation of computing and provide data access, the layer known as processing services layer.
3. Enterprise Server (Minicomputer or mainframe) layer
The implementation of complex computing and inter-organizational management from multiple data sources of data integration, also known as data services layer.
In an organization, hierarchical database and information system architecture for distributed computing and the client / server architecture of the concept of correlation. Client / server architecture based on a LAN environment, including servers (referred to as database server or database engine) database software implementation from the client workstation database orders, each customer applications focus on their user interface functions. In fact, the whole concept of the database (as well as the application of these databases to handle routine) as a distributed database or the separate but related physical database distribution in the local PC workstation, server intermediate (working group or sector) and one center server (departments or enterprises ). Simply said that the use of client / server architecture for:
●it can handle multiple processors on the same application at the same time, improve application response time and data processing speed.
●It can use each computer platform of the best data processing (such as PC Minicom Advanced user interface with the mainframe and computing speed).
●can mix various client technology (Intel or Motorola processor assembly of personal computers, computer networks, information kiosks, etc.) and public data sharing. In addition, you can change the technology at any layer and other layers only a small influence on the system module.
●able to handle close to the data source to be addressed to improve response time and reduce network traffic.
●accept it to allow and encourage open systems standards.
For database development, the use of a multi-layered client / server database architecture development is the most meaningful of the database will be easy to develop and maintain database module to the end-user and that the contents of the database information system module separated. That routine can be used as PowerBuilder, Java, and Visual Basic language to provide this easy-to-use graphical user interface. Through middleware that routine interaction between layers can be passed to access routine, the routine visit to the necessary data and analysis of these data in order to form the required information. As a database developers and programmers, you can in this three-tier level of any of the work, developing the necessary software.
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
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毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
快速外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e11789384.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e11789384.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e11789384.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e11789384.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
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估计技术和规模的希腊商业银行效率：信用风险、资产负债表的活动和 国际业务的影响1 1.介绍 希腊银行业经历了近几年重大的结构调整。重要的结构性、政策和环境的变化经常强调的学者和从业人员有欧盟单一市场的建立，欧元的介绍，国际化的竞争、利率自由化、放松管制和最近的兼并和收购浪潮。 希腊的银行业也经历了相当大的改善，通信和计算技术，因为银行有扩张和现代化其分销网络，其中除了传统的分支机构和自动取款机，现在包括网上银行等替代分销渠道。作为希腊银行（2004 年）的年度报告的重点，希腊银行亦在升级其信用风险测量与管理系统，通过引入信用评分和概率默认模型近年来采取的主要步骤。此外，他们扩展他们的产品/服务组合，包括保险、经纪业务和资产管理等活动，同时也增加了他们的资产负债表操作和非利息收入。 最后，专注于巴尔干地区（如阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚）的更广泛市场的全球化增加的趋势已添加到希腊银行在塞浦路斯和美国以前有限的国际活动。在国外经营的子公司的业绩预计将有父的银行，从而对未来的决定为进一步国际化的尝试对性能的影响。 本研究的目的是要运用数据包络分析（DEA）和重新效率的希腊银行部门，同时考虑到几个以上讨论的问题进行调查。我们因此区分我们的论文从以前的希腊银行产业重点并在几个方面，下面讨论添加的见解。 首先，我们第一次对效率的希腊银行的信用风险的影响通过检查其中包括贷款损失准备金作为附加输入Charnes et al.(1990 年)、德雷克（2001 年）、德雷克和大厅(2003 年)，和德雷克等人（2006 年）。作为美斯特(1996) 点出"除非质量和风险控制的一个人也许会很容易误判一家银行的水平的低效；例如精打细算的银行信用评价或生产过高风险的贷款可能会被贴上标签一样高效，当相比银行花资源，以确保它们的贷款有较高的质量"(p.1026)。我们估计效率的银行和无此输入调整为不同的信用风险水平和对效率的影响。 第二，以往的研究中，希腊银行业，我们考虑资产负债表活动期间估计的效率得分。几个最近的研究审查效率的DEA 或随机前沿技术的银行，承认银行在非传统的活动中更多地参与，包括任何非利息（即费）收入（e.g. Lang和Welzel，1998年；德雷克，2001 年；托尔托萨Ausina，2003年）或资产负债表项目（例如阿尔通巴什等人，2001 年；阿尔通巴什和查克，2001年；架和Hassan，2003a、b ；Bos 和Colari，2005 年；饶， 1原文出处及作者：巴斯大学管理学院2007年硕士毕业论文，作者Fotios Pasiouras
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 JSP JSP (JavaServer Pages) is initiated by Sun Microsystems, Inc., with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards. JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology, it is in the traditional HTML web page document (*. htm, *. html) to insert the Java programming paragraph (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), thus JSP documents (*. jsp). Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux, is also available for other operating systems. JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets, to produce dynamic pages package processing logic. Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic. JSP page logic and web page design and display separation, support reusable component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy. Web server in the face of visits JSP page request, the first implementation of the procedures of, and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer. Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites, in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function. JSP and Java Servlet, is in the implementation of the server, usually returned to the client is an HTML text, as long as the client browser will be able to visit. JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components. The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser. Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to
Research Article Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Containing Surfactant Y oo-Jae Kim, Jiong Hu, Soon-Jae Lee, and Byung-Hee Y ou Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Y oo-Jae Kim, yk10@https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e11789384.html, Received 21 June 2010; Accepted 24 November 2010 Academic Editor: Tarun Kant Copyright ? 2010 Y oo-Jae Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete (FALC) was developed to reduce concrete’s density and to improve its fire resistance, thermal conductivity, and energy absorption. Compression tests were performed to determine basic properties of FALC. The primary independent variables were the types and volume fraction of fibers, and the amount of air in the concrete. Polypropylene and carbon fibers were investigated at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% volume ratios. The lightweight aggregate used was made of expanded clay. A self-compaction agent was used to reduce the water-cement ratio and keep good workability. A surfactant was also added to introduce air into the concrete. This study provides basic information regarding the mechanical properties of FALC and compares FALC with fiber reinforced lightweight concrete. The properties investigated include the unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and toughness index. Based on the properties, a stress-strain prediction model was proposed. It was demonstrated that the proposed model accurately predicts the stress-strain behavior of FALC. 1. Introduction In the last three decades, prefabrication has been applied to small housing and tall building construction, and precast concrete panels have become one of the widely used materials in construction system. Recently, much attention has been directed toward the use of lightweight concrete for precast concrete to improve the performances, such as dead load reduction, fire resistance, and thermal conductivity, of the buildings. Additionally, the structure of a precast building should be able to resist impact loading cases, particularly earthquakes, since resisting earthquakes of these buildings under the performances is becoming an important consideration [1, 2].Many efforts have been applied toward developing high performance concrete for building structures with enhanced performance and safety. V arious types of precast concrete products, such as autoclaved aerated lightweight concrete (AALC), fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), and lightweight concrete, have been developed and experimentally verified. A number of them have been applied in full-scale build-ing structures. AALC is well known and widely accepted, but its small size and weak strength limit its use instructural elements [3]. Lightweight aggregate concretes offer strength, deadload reduction, and thermal conductivity,