第一单元名词
【复数词尾-s 或-es 的读音方法】
【名词所有格的用法】
第二单元代词
表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词，统称为人称代词。【人称代词的分类】
代词。
名词性物主代词二种。【物主代词的种类】
【物主代词的用法】
表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词，叫做反身代词。
【反身代词的种类】构成：由人称代词或物主代词加后缀-self 或-selves 构成。
【反身代词的用法】
表示相互关系的代词，称为相互代词。one another与each other两者的用法是差不多的。【相互代词的形式】
【相互代词的用法】
【人称代词的特殊用法】
第三单元数词
表示数目多少的词称为基数词。
【基数词的构成（一）】
【基数词的构成（二）】
【基数词的用法】
【序数词的构成】
【序数词的用法】
【百分数】百分数由per cent(或percent)表示，常常和by 连用。
况外，序数词都要用复数。
【分数词的作用】
【小数的读法】
【小数的用法】
【月份】月份的第一个字母要求大写，表示月份用介词in。
【日期】使用序数词来读，表示日期用介词on。
【时刻】通常使用基数词来读，表示时刻用介词at。
数学算式和编号表示法】
hundred, thousand, million 前面有具体数字时，用单数形式。但有时可以用复数形式。
【其他表示数字的词】
第四单元 限定词
【冠词】冠词分为不定冠词 a (an) 和定冠词the 两种。
【不定冠词的用法】不定冠词有a
和an 两种形式，a 用于辅音开头的词前，an 用于元音开头的词前。
思，只能修饰单数可数名词，侧重个体、个性。every指两个以上的人或物中的一个，是"
【其它限定词one 的用法】
其它限定词some, any 的用法】
其它限定词none, no 的用法】
【数量词many, much 的用法】
第五单元介词【介词的种类】
【表示"时间"的介词（二）】
表示地点，方向的介词（二）】
【表示材料的介词】
【表示原因、理由的介词】
【表示关于、涉及的介词】
【动词+ 介词】
现在完成时的讲解 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come-be go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead ……………… 1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill 3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 1“be＋on”代start,begin 2“be＋up”代get up 3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army
1. If the earth suddenly ________spinning, we would all fly off it. A. stopped B. had stopped C. has stopped D. would stop 2. “How should the city be run?” “If I ________a mayor, I would make the streets cleaner and hire more policemen.” A. would B. were C. would be D. should 3. If the whole operation _________ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned 4. Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she________ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often. A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 5. It is recommended that the project________ until all the preparations have been made. A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 6. Who would you rather his daughter ________ in the same office? A. going B. to go C. have gone D. went 7. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ________they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. A. be B. being C. were D. are 8. My pain ________ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“ Are you feeling all right?” A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be 9. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A. couldn’t have received B. ought to have received C. has received D. shouldn’t have received 10. You needn’t have come over yourself. As it turned out to be a small house party, we_______ so formally. A. needn’t dress up B. did not need have dressed up C. did not need dress up D. needn’t have dressed up 11. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we ________ during the day. A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done 12. Some women ________ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of family. A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made 13. He ________ another career but, at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend graduate school. A. might have chosen B. might choose C. had to choose D. must have chosen
Unit 1 Grammar 重点语法 1、一般现在时 形式： 肯定句：主语＋ do/does 主语＋ be (am/is/are) There be (is/are) + 主语＋其它成分. 否定句：主语＋do not / doesn’t do. 主语＋ be (am/is/are) not. There be (is/are) not + 主语＋其它成分. 一般疑问句: Does/Do ＋主语＋动词原形？ Be (am/is/are) ＋主语＋其它成分？ Be (is/are) + there + 主语＋其它成分.? 特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋ does/do＋主语＋动词原形？ 疑问词＋ be (am/is/are) ＋主语＋其它成分？ 疑问词＋ be (is/are) + there + 主语＋其它成分.? 概念： A)现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 B)经常性、习惯性动作。 C)客观事实和普遍真理。(主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态，其宾语从句的谓语动词一般也需用过去时态，但若该从句说的是客观真理，其谓语动词仍用一般现在时) D)表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词）。 E)在时间和条件状语从句里。(包括具有连词作用的副词immediately，the moment，the
time，directly等引导的状语从句) 在时间和条件状语从句里，用一般现在时表示将来。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。 例如: She is always like that. 她总是那样。 He often helps others. 他经常帮助别人。 I knew the moon moves round the earth when I was a little child. 在我儿时，就知道月球围绕太阳转。 The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. 下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。 I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year. 我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。 This baby seldom cries unless it is tired. 这个婴儿除非疲倦了，否则很少哭。 When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours. 等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了大约3个小时了。 2、现在进行时 形式 肯定句: 主语＋ be（am/is/are）+ 现在分词 否定句: 主语＋ be（am/is/are）not + 现在分词 一般疑问句: Be（am/is/are）主语＋现在分词? 特殊疑问句: 疑问词＋ be（am/is/are）+ 主语 + 现在分词? 概念： A)表示说话人在说话时刻正在进行的动作，可与now, at present, at this moment, these days 等时间状语连用。
LESSON EIGHT 四种完成时态 主系表 现在：You are rich. 过去：You were rich. 将来：You will be rich. 过去将来：You would be rich. There be 现在：There is a book on the desk . 过去：There was a book on the desk. 将来：There will be a book on the desk. 过去将来：There would be a book on the desk. 主谓宾状 现在：You study English in the school. 过去时：You studied English in the school. 将来时: You will study English in the school. You are going to study English. You are to study English. You are about to study English 过去将来：You would study English in the school You were going to study English. You were to study English. You were about to study English. You are studying English. You were studying English. You will be studying English. You woud be studying English. 课堂练习 1：你知道你们老师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他？ 2：你知道你们班的那个女孩子怎样成为你们班最好的学生吗？3：你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬bit bite你吗？ 4：我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.
初中英语学习材料 madeofjingetieji Grammar(语法归纳) 一、写出下列动词的过去式 1. be ________ 2. bring ________ 3. buy ________ 4. come ________ 5. find ________ 6. drive ________ 7. fly ________ 8. give ________ 9. go ________ 10. hear ________ 11. leave ________ 12. let ________ 13. make ________ 14. put ________ 15. sing ________ 16. read ________ 17. take ________ 18. teach ________ 19. spend ________ 20. cost ________ 二、用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. Tom and Mary _________ (come) to China last month. 2. Mike __________ (not go) to bed until 12 o’clock last night. So he _______ (get) up late. 3. My mother ___________ (not do) housework yesterday. 4. She watches TV every evening. But she ___________ (not watch) TV last night. 5. ________ your father ________ (go) to work every day last year? 6. The boy_______ (not go) to school yesterday. He _______ (be) ill in bed. 7. What _________ (make) him cry just now? 8. Last year the teacher ________ (tell) us that the earth moves around the sun. 9. There ___________ (be not) any hospitals in my hometown in 1940. 10. I was afraid when I _______ (hear) a whisper. 三、完形填空。 Can flowers sing? You must be 1 to find the answer is ‘YES’. And the plants can sing, 2 . Flowers are beautiful and they 3 nice. Most people 4 to plant them. If they can sing for us, it's really wonderful. In fact, the flowers or plants in vases really can sing. 5 can they sing? That's because there is a speaker system (音响系统) inside the vases . The speaker system uses the flowers or plants to make 6 . If you like the music or song very much, you can 7 the music or the song 8 the plants in your garden. Music and plants are 9 for you .Do you like to 10
Exercise 12 Identify participles or participle phrases and point out their grammatical function in each of them. 1.H e?d be in that, too, right at the front of it, as Grand Marshal or something, on a white horse hired from a livery stable.past participle phrase as attributive 2.They?d cook food there and drink beer and sit about listening to his stories.present participle phrase as accompanying adverbial 3.I knew we had them licked.past participle phrase as object complement 4.An orderly riding by had told him, because the orderly knew how thick he was with Grant.present participle phrase as attributive 5.I?m all covered with mud.past participle phrase as predicative 6.if there wasn?t anything to eat in the house, he?d go off visiting around at farmhouses.infinitives as attributive 7.She?d never say a word about all the weeks he?d been away, not leaving us a cent for food.present participle phrase as adverbial 8.once I heard her speaking to a woman in our street.object complement 9.As though some man….maybe a Congressman, had married my mother, thinking his wife was dead and then it turned out she wasn?t.present participle phrase as adverbial 10.He found me alone in the house, reading by the kitchen table.present participle phrase as accompanying adverbial 11.He sat and looked at me for a long time, not saying a word.present participle phrase as accompanying adverbial 12.It was still raining hard and there were flashes of lightning followed by thunder.past participle phrase as attributive Rewrite the sentences using participles where possible. 1.They talked to her for a good hour and tried to persuade her to stay on. They talked to her for a good hour, trying to persuade her to stay on. 2.when she read the book again, she discovered that she had missed a lot in the reading. Reading the book again, she discovered that she had missed a lot in the reading. 3.Anything that is grown in new ground like this has a better flavor. Anything grown in new ground like this has a better flavor.
English grammar English grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. There are historical, social, and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammar described here occur in some dialects of English. This article describes a generalized present-day Standard English, the form of speech found in types of public discourse including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government, and news reporting, including both formal and informal speech. There are certain differences in grammar between the standard forms of British English, American English, and Australian English, although these are inconspicuous compared with the lexical and pronunciation differences. Contents [hide] ? 1 Word classes and phrases o 1.1 Nouns ? 1.1.1 Noun phrases o 1.2 Determiners o 1.3 Pronouns ? 1.3.1 Personal pronouns ? 1.3.2 Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns ? 1.3.3 Relative pronouns ? 1.3.4 There as pronoun ? 1.3.5 Other pronouns o 1.4 Verbs ? 1.4.1 Verb phrases o 1.5 Adjectives ? 1.5.1 Comparison ? 1.5.2 Adjective phrases o 1.6 Adverbs ? 1.6.1 Adverb phrases o 1.7 Prepositions o 1.8 Conjunctions ? 2 Negation ? 3 Clause and sentence structure
完成时篇（一）——现在完成时 [提问] 请问在句子“Working in London has been the best decision I have made so far. （Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page71）”中，为什么时间状语是完成时的情况下，主句仍然可以使用现在完成时呢？ 答：完成时态通常表示已完成或已经开始从事的动作，它可以分为现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时以及完成进行时。根据定义我们可以了解到，除了表示到现在为止动作已经完成或已经开始以外，还有多种情况可以用现在完成时来表达。 一、动作从过去某个时间开始发生，延续到现在，并且说话前已经完成。 例如：The mission has been carried out well.任务已经很好地完成了。 Those girls have eaten two big cakes.女孩们已经吃了两个蛋糕了。 二、某个动作或状态发生在过去，持续并影响现在，有可能会继续保持下去。 例如：My brother has been abroad for several years.我哥哥已经出国好几年了。 It has rained all morning.雨下了一个早晨。 Up to now, parents have accepted the pop music youths prefer to.现在，家长们 已经接受了年轻人喜欢的流行音乐。 I have known him since the summer in 2001.自2001年的那个夏天，我就认识他了。 三、动作发生在现在之前的某个时间，可能是多次动作的集合，也表示习惯性的动作或 状态。 例如：Xiao Qin has come over here three times in the daytime.白天小覃已经来过三次了。 Which countries have you traveled recently?最近你都去过那些国家？ How many papers have you read today? 你今天看了几篇论文？ 四、动作过去曾发生过一次或多次，也可能是一种经历。 例如：Students are very pride that the president has once visited their school. 学生们为总统曾访问过他们学校而骄傲。 Accidents like this have happened more than 20 times these years.这几年此类事故发生不下20起。 在现在完成时态的句子中，常伴随的时间状语有：already，yet，ever，never，just，before，lately，recently，till/until，always，now，since，today; in past years，all morning，all one’s life，up to now，these days，this week/month/year，for a long time。 现在完成时中有几点语法点要注意的： 1）for引出的时间状语只能修饰表示延续性动作的动词。不能用来修饰表示瞬间、短 暂动作或位置转移的动词。如John has come to China for three years，此句错误，come这个动作是短暂性动词，不可能持续发生，因此可改为John has been in China for three years，约翰已经爱中国生活了3年。短暂性动词有appear, begin，borrow，buy，come，close，die，fall，find，finish，join，kill，leave，lend，lose，see，start，stop。 2）在表示时间或条件的状语从句可以用现在完成时表示将来完成的动作。 例如：He will not quit my job until his parents have permitted.父母允许后他才会辞职。 I will arrive at 6 o’clock if the car h as been prepared then.如果到时车准备好了，我能在6 点到达。 3）It is the first/second time that…这个结构中，that从句要用现在完成时。 例如：It is the first time that I have heard of his deeds.这是我第一次听说他的事迹。
M3 Unit 3 Grammar and Usage 宾语补足语 英语的五个基本句型结构： S 十V 主谓结构He runs quickly．他跑得快。 S 十V 十P 主系表结构The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来有趣。 S 十V 十O 主谓宾结构They built a house last year．他们去年建了一所房子。 S 十V 十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构He offered me his seat / his seat to me．他把座位让给我。S 十V 十O 十C 主谓宾补结构 They found her happy that day．他们发现那天她很高兴。 I found him out．我发现他出去了。 They named the boy Charlie．他们给这个男孩起名为查理。 I saw him come in and go out．我见他进来又出去。 They felt the car moving fast．他们感到汽车行驶得很快。 He found the door of study closed to him．他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。 说明： S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语 一、可以充当宾语补足语的词和词组有： 1、名词： We made him our monitor. They thought this good advice. They named their daughter Jenny. 注①：常用名词充当宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, elect, make, think, appoint, choose, find, consider, keep, wish, feel等。 注②：充当宾语补足语的名词若表示正式的或独一无二的头衔、职位时，前面一般不用冠词。 They elected John chairman of the committee. 2、形容词： You should keep your room clean and tidy. We’d better leave the door open. 注：常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有：believe, think, get, keep, make, find, set, like, wish, see, consider, prove, have, leave, 以及paint, drive, turn, cut 等。 3、现在分词： I’m sorry to have you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. At this moment she noticed the teacher coming in. 二、宾语和其补足语之间的逻辑关系： 1、当名词、形容词、副词和介词短语充当宾语补足语时，它们和宾语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系（或称表语关系），若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。宾语补足语说明宾语的情况、性质、特征、状态、身份或属类等。试比较： We made him our monitor. (He is our monitor.) You should keep your room clean and tidy. (Your room is clean and tidy.) We could hear the children playing outside. (The children are playing outside.) 3、当过去分词充当宾语补足语时，它与宾语之间有着动宾关系，即：宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，如： I once heard this song sung in Japanese. (This song was once sung in Japanese.) I didn’t want the children taken out in such weather. (The children were taken out in such weather.)
英语语法现在完成时的 基本例句 SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
现在完成时的基本例句： 1．I have worked here since 1970. 自1970 年以来我就在这儿工作。 2．He has been to the Great Wall twice. 他已经去过两次长城了。 3．Mike has just finished his homework. 迈克刚做完他的作业。 现在完成时是描述过去发生的而与现在情况有关的事或状态（例2， 例3），或是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间中发生的情况（例1），换言之，现在完成时是表现从过去到现在的事情。2 现在完成时的用法现在完成时的形式皆以“ have(has)+过去分词”来表示，有“继续”、“完了”、“结果”、“经验”等用法。 继续 I have studied English for three years. 我已经学习英语三年了。 She has been sick since last month. 她从上个月就生病了。 经验 I have visited Beijing many times. 我访问过北京好多次了。 Have you ever been to Hawaii 你曾经去夏威夷吗 完成 I have just finished my homework. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。 Has he finished his work yet 他作好工作了吗 结果 My brother has become a teacher. 我哥哥已经成为一名教师了。 I have lost my watch. 我手表弄丢了。（我现在仍旧没有表）
Grammar 1st basic sentence pattern Everybody laughed. People suffered. The sun sets in the west. Google becomes one of the most admired companies. Ipad2 looks gorgeous! My face turned red. They fall in love. 常见系动词：look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall (ill/asleep), stand/sit (still), become, turn等Tips： of + 名词 It is of + 名词，意思等同于it is + 该名词的形容词形式，是很地道的说法。 例：This book is of great help to me. 这本书对我很有帮助。= This book is greatly helpful to me. Oil hits its highest price since September 2008. Premier Wen Jiabao made a report on the work of the government. Beijing impose d house purchase restriction policy. 常见动词总结： pass, give, show, tell, lend, take (to) buy, cook, get, sing, make (for) I gave him my address. Give me your bank card. => Give your bank card to me. buy me a big house. . => Buy a big house for me. to 表示动作方向或for 表示动作目标 I found the box empty. On Facebook, How to Keep Your Group Secret The Technology Made Mobile Payments a Reality I find it sensible 【that you are participating in the South Stream project】. 常见动词：make, keep, find, see, leave 注意：感官动词（see hear notice watch feel observe）后跟宾补，有两种形式。 动词不定式：某一次的，具体的；现在分词：经常的，反复的 I hear somebody singing somewhere. I often hear him sing in the next room.
现在完成时 现在完成时 一、结构： have / has +动词过去分词 haven’t / hasn’t + done Have / Has + 主语+ done 二.用法：表示到说话时刻为止已经做或尚未做过的动作。常用already, yet, so far, by now, since two days ago, for a few days 等词语作状语。 注：give, see, come, arrive, leave(离开)，begin, start, finish, join, become, borrow, lend, die, end 等点时间动词可以用于完成时，但在肯定句中不能与表示一段时的since和for 短语连用，因为点时间动词不能延续，而在否定句中可以与表示一段时间的for短语连用，因为否定的点时间动词可以看作是一种可延续的状态。 Mike has come for a year.( 〤) Mike has been here for a year( √) Mike hasn’t come for a year.（√） 过去完成时 表示截止到过去某一时刻或在过去的动作之前（过去的过去）已经做或尚未做的动作。 B y (=up to )last weekend we hadn’t got any information. When he appeared, we had waited for 30 minutes. 现在完成时考点 考点一：考查基本概念 例Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know 考点二：考查时间状语 例1. He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still 例2. Have you met Mr Li ______？ Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago 例3. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written 例4.—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better 例5. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
Grammar Challenge: Present Continuous 15 May 09 The present continuous is a verb form which we use to talk about things that are happening at the moment of speaking and for things that are happening around now. We challenge Bilal from Syria to form correct sentences using this grammar. Grammar Challenge: Questions with 'like' 22 May 09 'Like' is a word frequently used in English - in different ways. We challenge Lorenzo from Italy to listen to answers and produce the correct question forms. Grammar Challenge: Forming question tags 29 May 09 We challenge Juliana to form correct question tags (also called tag questions). Will she succeed? And what on earth is a question tag anyway? Grammar Challenge: Pronouncing question tags 5 Jun 09 We find out about two different intonation patterns you can use with question tags. Our challenger Giovanni can hear the difference - but can you? Grammar Challenge: '-ed' and '-ing' adjectives 12 Jun 09 Do you sometimes get confused about whether to use an adjective ending in '-ing' or '-ed'? Don't worry, lots of people have trouble with these words. We are challenging Deniz from Turkey to make correct sentences using this grammar.