考研英语阅读理解精读训练题目及答案解析 UNIT 17

Q1正确答案：C解析：impetus “动力，推动力”，所以C stimulus正确。

Q2正确答案：D解析：对应第一段第一、二句，政治的发展切断了欧洲通往南亚和东亚的陆路贸易路线，因此刺激欧洲通过建立新的海上贸易路线的方式来保证与亚洲的关系。

A错在finally隐含意义是之前中国没有同意与欧洲进行贸易，而这在原文中是没有提到的，另外原文第一句就提到了自从12世纪以来，欧洲通过陆路方式与东亚和南亚有贸易往来。

B错在原文没有体现这样的因果关系，只是说到这两个事情是同时发性的；C错在原文没有提到成本是否昂贵这一问题。

Q3正确答案：B解析：以main difficulty做关键词定位至第一句，提到主要的问题是技术问题，西方人怎么到达东方，之前欧洲航行只是局限于易于航行的海域，并非宽阔的海洋，因此需要需要新型的轮船、新的导航技术等，所以答案是B。

欧洲人非常想与亚洲人贸易，所以A和C的unwilling错误；D的commercial methods未提及。

Q4正确答案：A解析：原句的结构是scale反映了immensity，也就是投资的规模反映了能够获得利益的规模，所以答案是A。

B的对比关系错误，C的意思原文没有体现，D 的因果关系原文也没有体现。

Q5正确答案：B解析：dramatically“剧烈地，戏剧性地”，所以答案是B，表示程度大。

Q6正确答案：B解析：以spice做关键词定位至倒数三句话，提到香料最受欢迎，能用来给食物提味，也可以用来做香水和药材，接着又提到即使高价的香料也要大量运输才能平衡高昂的运输成本。

既然是运来的，就说明本地不产，所以答案是B。

A 原文没有提及大批量容易运输；C偷换原文概念，原文说香料能用来生产香水和药，不是用香料交换香水和药；D原文完全未提及香料能增值。

Q7正确答案：A解析：EXCEPT题，排除法，A的masts做关键词定位至第三段倒数第二句：made it possible to add multiple masts，能增加多个桅杆，说明caravel的mast比galley多，所以A与原文相反，可选；B的hull做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说caravel的hull更大更深，能装更多货物，B和C正确，不选；D的stable做关键词定位至倒数第二句，increased stability，所以D正确，不选。

2017年考研英语（一）阅读真题及答案解析2017年考研英语考试已经结束!店铺考研网在考后第一时间为大家提供2017年考研英语(一)阅读真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!2017年考研英语(一)阅读真题及答案解析英语(一)阅读最后一篇文章有一点升华了，有一点小高潮，谈最高法院，在视频当中反复强调过，一定关注今年考试，一定会关注的重点话题，第三篇文章谈经济，第四篇谈法律题材。

不能仅仅背几个单词，一定要关注这些词、这些概念背后背景，以及词和词之间、概念和概念连接。

美国最高法院，想到谁了，历史惊人相似，2013年第四篇文章，我们最高法庭驳回了奥巴马政府，用一模一样的内容。

他说最高法庭推翻了对于这个人的受贿指控。

但是后面考了一个句子题，下划线句子怎么样，类似2004年这个人再也没有咬他的指甲，当时经济低迷咬指甲显示出他精神紧张。

后面出现了一个but，前面大方向是积极向上的。

这道题同样如此。

我们第一句话说我们驳回了，推翻了有罪，受贿判决。

后面说但是，大方向是向下的。

这道题选择的是对于这个人行为本身，感到了非常的可耻。

令人感到鄙视。

其他选项再比较选项的时候，干扰选项你明白考研命题思路，可以帮你更快更准更高效抓住正确答案。

第二题是细节题，到第四段怎么样，问你的是一个条件，只要什么样情况下我们才认为受贿罪是成立的呢。

其中A选项，给你送礼物的人那里得到非常具体的实在的回报。

这是我们的答案。

对原文做了同义改写。

第三题是目前我们整个法庭宣判，是基于什么样的假设。

我们公共部门的官员们，应该干吗?也是一道细节题。

这是我们说了解美国选举体制，我之所以给你投票唯一原因是干吗?上任以后带来我的好处。

这是非常合理的。

你和我们中国的一些传统文化当中一定有相冲突的地方，我们觉得做公务员干吗叫大公无私。

美国环境里不是这样的。

选民之所以选你因为你能够给我们带来好处。

他认为处理、满足我们的背后这些支持人的需求是理所当然的，是正当的。

2017年考研英语一阅读真题及答案解析2017年考研英语考试已经结束!店铺考研网在考后第一时间为大家提供2017年考研英语一阅读真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!2017年考研英语一阅读真题及答案解析大家也做了题，也发现今年题目并没有传说中那么难，四篇阅读理解前面三篇中等，不是很难。

第四篇和法律有关的文章大家觉得有点难度。

我今年也去考试了，这就是我的证据。

但是我的反面抄了一些答案，当然有些监考不让抄答案，我很潦草地抄了一些，想看它的难度和我们平常所学的能否挂钩。

前三篇不难，第四篇难度和法律相关，有点像2013年的地四篇文章。

其实这篇文章我刚才查了一下原版出处是CNN里的，推翻了弗吉尼亚前州长贪污罪，他是无辜的。

都是英国美国文章居多。

美国有三篇文章。

第一篇是美国机场安检特别浪费时间。

今年特点是有七八个自然段，不是往年一样四五个自然段。

第一道题，这是一个力争题，往年考题也这么说，通过所谓关键词定位方法无效，一定要把握主要内容是讲什么。

这是讲我们目前为什么有必要进行严格的安全检查。

因为埃及航空公司受到了恐怖袭击，在地中海上空受到恐怖主义袭击。

所以现在要严格安检。

这道词选解释作用。

第二题是上面哪个能够解释为什么美国机场排队队伍很长很长。

这道题文章里给了好几个解释。

第一个原因是因为我们现在经济比较好，机票比较便宜，所以很多人愿意排队。

大家都愿意坐飞机，不愿意开车、不愿意坐火车。

导致排队队伍很长。

第二个原因是有些人要打包，第三段里说的，包裹需要检查，有些人打了好多包，为了逃避托运费。

导致排队比较长。

还有一个这里所说的安检效率降低。

但是我们按照前面的最重要的原因，还是因为美国政府没有注意到现在出行坐飞机的人增多了，导致速度减慢。

这是我们飞机出行人员增加。

23题是猜词题，我们不管上基础课、强化课还是单向课，有我的模糊阅读班，猜词题不能相信所谓构词法，按照EX这个单词是出去的意思。

这里EX给人错觉是出去的意思，但是根据上下文是希望安检越快越好。

研究生英语读写译第二版17课练习参考详细答案和参考译文————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：《研究生英语读写译教程》（第二版）练习参考答案及参考译文（注：第二版只有第六单元为全新单元，其余单元只是有些调整。

）各单元练习答案UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH. COMPREHENSION1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.)2 Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal…3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer.4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future. (What you have learned/experienced might help in your future career.)5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again.6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure.7 Do the things we love to do.8 Open.9 Open.10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.)VOCABULARY AND STRUCTUREA1 naively2 curiosity3 combination4 let down5 vision6 baton7 creative8 mirror9 trap 10 inventionB1 drowned out2 tuition3 Commencement4 deposit5 typography6 make way for7 animation8 intuition9 destination 10 divergeC1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer, editorial writer5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzling SPEAKING: Open.TRANSLATIONA1热烈的鼓掌2波涛汹涌的海面3熟睡4烟瘾大的人5油腻而难消化的食物6烈酒7悲痛的消息8沉闷冗长的读物9〈化〉重水10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2007年Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a）certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b）winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c）soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d）none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after ab out 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expertperformers –whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.1. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.2. The word “mania” （Line 4, Paragraph 2）most probably means[A] fun. [B] craze. [C] hysteria. [D] excitement.3. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.4. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.5. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Unit 14（2007）Part 1试题解析：1．【正确答案】【C】【解析】结构题，题干中的“is mentioned to”表明本题是结构题。

EUROPE’S EARLY SEA TRADE WITH ASIA1.impetus推动，促进，推动力，所以C的stimulus正确。

原句说这种发展通过建立海上贸易提供了什么东西来保证东西方的直接关系。

想一下建立海上贸易能够怎么样保证东西方的直接关系，两者肯定是正向的关系，return和obstacle障碍不对；opportunity虽然有正向的意思，但与stimulus比意思差了一层2.以a new way做关键词定位至最后一句，这句信息太少，所以往前看，前句说没法维持传统的陆路贸易，但还是没说为什么，这时候可以使用排除法，也可以去看这段的开头，开头说政治因素切断了陆路贸易，所以答案是D3.以main difficulty做关键词定位至第一句，说主要的问题是技术问题，西方人怎么到达东方，也就是航行技术问题，而且接着也说欧洲传统的航路是在哪里哪里，所以答案是B。

欧洲人非常想与亚洲人贸易，所以A和C的unwilling说错；D的commercialmethods没说4.原句的结构是scale反映了immensity，也就是投资的规模反映了能够获得利益的规模，所以答案是A。

B的谓语发生改变，不是将两者进行比较；C的主语和宾语都不对，跟原文完全不搭；D的因果关系莫名其妙5.dramatically剧烈地，戏剧性地，所以答案是B，表示程度大，从单词本身看，drama戏剧，所以这个单词应该跟戏剧有关。

原文说辣椒不仅怎么样提高了欧洲食物的味道还能用来制造香水和药物，A人工提高和D经常提高都怪怪的，C立即提高不符合常识6.以spice做关键词定位至倒数三句话，说辣椒最受欢迎，能用来做这做那，接着又说即使高价的辣椒也要大量运输才能平衡高昂的运输成本。

既然是运来的，就说明本地不产，所以答案是B。

A是否容易运输原文没有信息；C偷换原文概念，原文说能用来生产香水和药，不是用来贸易；D增值原文完全没说7.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的masts做关键词定位至最后两句，都说caravel的mast比galley多，所以A说反了，选；B的hull做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说caravel的hul更大更深，能装更多货物，B和C正确，不选；D的stable做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说increased stability，所以D正确，不选8.以lateen sail做关键词定位至最后一句，说lateen sail能够挪到很多位置来操作这艘船，所以答案是D，引导船的能力。

考研英语阅读uｎit-17————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:Ｕｎiｔ１7Aｌl thinｇs are ｄiffｉcult befｏre theｙare eａsｙ.万事开头难。

学习内容题材词数建议时间得分统计做题备忘Ｐａr ｔA Texｔ１商业经济425 /１0Ｔｅxt2科普知识3９7 ／10 Text 3 社会生活413 /10 Text４文化教育391 /1０Part B 社会生活602 ／10PaｒｔC 科普知识442 /10P art ADirｅｃtions：Read ｔhe ｆolｌowing tｅxｔs. Answer the ｑｕeｓtioｎs ｂloｗeaｃｈｔｅxt by ｃｈoosｉｎg[A],［Ｂ],[C］ｏr [D]．Ｔeｘt 1The Unitｅd Ｓtaｔes Iｎteｒsｔａte HｉghwaｙＳyｓｔem ｉs an inｆrastｒuctuｒe feat of unｐreｃeｄenｔed ｐropｏrtｉons．Not onlyｄｏes iｔjoiｎａｌl ｆifty ｓtaｔｅs in the union togｅther allｏwing fｏr raｐid trａnsport of goｏdｓａnd peopｌe, but iｔaｌｓo hａｓlegitiｍaｔe cｌaｉｍto ｔhe tｉtleｏｆthe largｅｓｔｐublic worker progｒaｍin histｏrｙ．Thｅｐｒojｅｃt wａs mｏtivaｔed by bｏth m ｉliｔaｒyａnd econoｍｉｃgｏalｓ. Intｅrest iｎthｅｐrｏject exiｓtｅd ｓinｃe ｔhｅeａrｌy 19４０ｓ,ｂｕt wａs ｄelａyed by thｅoutbｒeaｋof World War I Ｉ,ｆｏｌlowｅd by the postwar rｅcoｖｅｒy. Although appｒoved by Conｇｒess in １９44, ｔhe ｂuｉldinｇdid not actually beｇin ｕntil１9５６.Tｈｅpostｗaｒｐroｓpeｒｉty in Ａｍerica ａｃcenｔuatｅd thｅneedｆor sucｈa mａｓｓiｖe ｉnfｒastructuｒe prｏｊeｃt.Aｆｔer Ameｒｉca’s ｓｕｃcess ｉn ＷorlｄWar IＩand ｒecoｖｅry oｆｉtｓeconomy frｏｍthe GrｅatＤepressｉｏｎ，thｅｐopｕlatｉon’s diｓposable ｉncｏme ｓｏaｒｅd,allｏｗｉnｇmosｔｆaｍiｌiｅs tｏpurchaｓe automobiles，ｐreｖiouｓlyｔhoｕgｈｔｏｆａsｌuｘu ｒy ｉｔeｍs. Ｗith the sｕdｄen bｏoｍof carｓ, a more efｆｉciｅｎt roaｄｏn which tｏtraveｌwaｓdespｅｒａｔely neｅｄed, ａnd the inｔerｓtaｔｅｈｉgｈwaｙsystｅm pｒovｉｄed thａt, allowing ｔｒａvｅlerｓto safｅｌｙand reliａbly viｓit otherｓｔates oｒdestinatiｏns closｅr to ｈoｍｅ.Thｅsamｅsurge iｎcaｒoｗnersｈiｐｔhat created tｈe need for ｔhe ｉnterstate highｗay system alｓoｐroｖided thｅmeansｂy whiｃh to pａy for the ｐrｏｊｅｃｔ.A neｗｔａx oｎgasoline ｐｒoviｄed 9０pｅrcｅnt of ｔｈe fｕｎding for thｅprojｅｃt, and stａｔe ｔａxes covereｄthe reｍaining １0ｐeｒｃenｔ．With the new highway systeｍin pｌａｃe, ｎｏt only cｏｕld tｒavelｅｒs ｖisｉt ｐreviouslyｕnfeａsiblｅdesｔinaｔｉons ｏn tｈｅir holidays anｄvaｃａｔions,ｂut bｕsinesse ｓcｏuld tｒaｎｓpoｒt their prodｕｃts to mａｒkｅts in ｏｔhｅr states, increasｉｎg competitｉｏn acroｓｓthe coｕnｔry, ｔo tｈe beｎefit oｆｃoｎsumerｓand prｏduct ｑuality alｉke.The militaｒy had a keen eye on the syｓtem as well. Troｏｐｔransporｔwas now possiｂle to aｌl corners of Ａmeriｃa iｎａｒapid anｄefｆicｉenｔmanneｒ, ａnd ｔhe long stｒｅtches of ｓtraｉgｈt highways instantly ｐrovｉｄｅd rｕnwａys foｒm ｉlitａry aｉrcraft in timｅs oｆeｍｅrgｅncy. The cｏuｎtry,ｌｉnked toｇeｔhｅｒby a neｔｗorｋ,of rｏａｄs thatｇｒeatly reduceｄtravel tｉｍe, coulｄｎｏｗｍｏre efficientｌy ｂe ｄeｆended.In the last forty years ａlｏne, 1７tｒillion miｌｅs ｈａve ｂeｅｎtrａveｌedｏｎthe US Inｔeｒstaｔe HighwaｙSyｓtem．Tｈose miles can ｂe eqｕated ｔo thrｅｅtri ｐs ａround the worlｄfor eveｒy Ameｒｉｃan, ａtrｉp ｔo tｈe ｍoon for 75 mｉｌlion people,or three light yeａrs iｎsｐａce. Nｏmattｅｒwhat figｕrｅiｓused，tｈe numｂers ａrｅｓtunning．The interstate higｈway ｈasｇotten anｄｃｏntinuｅsｔo ｇeｔｐeople wｈere thｅy nｅｅｄtｏｇｏｉn Ａmerｉｃa，ａnd aｔａfrac ｔｉon of thｅｔimｅit ｗｏuld ｏtherwise take．１. ThｅoｕtｂreaｋoｆWorld Wａr II[A] wasｔed preciｏus time ｂy delayiｎgｔhe Inｔerｓtate Higｈwａｙｐrojｅct.[B] ｈad a ｐositiｖe impactｂy coｎtributing to the ｍeａns ｂy which tｈe InterstaｔｅHｉghwａy Ｓystem ｗaｓbｕiｌt.[C］dｅlayed ｔｈｅstaｒｔof thｅprｏject but rｅsｕlted in more ｍoｎey bｙwｈｉcｈｔoｆｕnd it.［Ｄ]spｕrred the mｉlｉｔａry to throw ｔheｉr sｕpporｔin ｆavor of the Inｔｅｒstａte Ｈｉghｗaｙｐrojeｃt．２. ThｅUＳIntｅｒstate Ｈigｈwａy Ｓyｓtem ｗas built mainly[A] to respond to urgeｎt ｎeeｄs tｈat ｈad aｒisen．[B] in oｒder ｔo ｂｅtter ｄｅfenｄａｃouｎtｒy iｎa timｅｏf ｗａｒ.［C] ｗiｔｈeconomicａnd busineｓｓes in miｎd.［D] from staｔｅtaxｐayer dollars.３．What cａnｗｅinfｅｒｆroｍthｅＰaraｇraph3？［Ａ］Tｈe tａx oｎgasolinｅｗas ｔhe moｓtｅfｆicｉent wａy byｗhich toｆund ｔhe building ofｔhｅiｎtｅrstate highｗay system．［Ｂ］The intｅrstate highｗay systｅm wasａｎｉｍmense finaｎcial burden thａt rｅｑuireｄhuｇｅaｍoｕnｔs of ｒｅsources to cｏmpｌeｔe．[C] Ｗithｏut thｅposｔwar surge in car owｎershiｐ, fundｉｎｇfｏr the inｔerstaｔe ｈig ｈｗａy sysｔｅｍwoｕld have been iｎsufｆicieｎt.[D]Thｏse wｈｏstｏｏd ｔo bｅnefｉｔｍosｔfrｏm ｔhe ｉｎteｒｓtａte higｈway systｅｍｐｒovided ｔｈe mａjority of the ｆｕndｉng ｆor its cｏｎstruction.４. By “Ｔhose miles…in spａce”(Ｌinｅ２－3,Pａra.5)，thｅautｈｏr intends ｔo ［A] sｔresｓthe efｆｅcts of the inｔerstate hiｇｈway sｙｓtem tｈat cｏnｔｉnuｅｔｏthis day．[B] ｈighliｇht ｔhｅincrediblｅｄistaｎces tｈａt haｖe beeｎｔｒaveled on the interstatｅhiｇｈwaｙsystem．［C] state the ｄistａnces traｖｅlｅd on ｔhｅinｔerstate hｉｇhway sｙｓｔemｉnｍoｒe cｏmpａrａｂle teｒmｓ．[D]make ａfinａｌｓtａteｍｅｎt attｅsｔingｔo tｈｅgreａｔness of the intｅｒstａｔe higｈway systeｍ.5. Tｈe autｈor viｅｗs tｈe UniteｄStatesＩntｅrstate HighwaｙSｙstem ｗｉth ［Ａ］whｏle－heartｅd appｒｏval.[B] a judgmｅnt of tｈｅgood outweigｈing tｈe bad.[C］ｐｏｓｉtivｅｆｅeｌｉnｇs on ｉtｓｅcoｎomｉｃiｍｐａct.[D] critical sｕpporｔ．Tｅxt ２The ｗｏrd sciencｅiｓhｅａrdｓo oｆｔｅn ｉn modeｒｎtimes that almoｓt everybody has sｏｍe ｎotion ofｉtｓｍeaniｎg. Ｏｎtheｏtheｒhaｎd, its ｄefi ｎｉtion ｉsｄiｆｆicult foｒmａny people. Thｅｍeaning of ｔhe teｒm iｓconfuｓed, but everｙonｅsｈｏuｌd understand its meａｎing ａnｄoｂｊｅctiｖｅs. Just to maｋe ｔｈｅexplanａtiｏｎas simplｅaｓpｏｓsｉｂle,supｐosｅsｃieｎcｅis defined as claｓsifieｄknowleｄgｅ(ｆacts).Even ｉn the true sciｅnceｓdistinguishiｎg fact from fiｃｔiｏn is not aｌways eａｓy. For thisｒeasｏn great care should be taken tｏｄistinguiｓh betweeｎｂeｌiefs aｎd ｔruths.There ｉs ｎo daｎgｅr as ｌong as a cｌｅａr diffeｒence iｓmadｅｂetween tempoｒary anｄprｏved explanａｔions. Foｒeｘampｌe, hｙpotheses and theｏrｉｅs are atｔemptｓto ｅｘpｌaｉｎnaｔｕｒal ｐｈenｏｍenａ. From these ｐｏsi ｔｉons the scienｔｉｓt ｃontｉｎｕesｔo eｘperimenｔａnｄoｂseｒｖｅuntiｌthey areｐrｏｖed oｒdｉｓcrｅｄited. The exact statｕs of any explanation should be cｌearly ｌabeleｄｔｏａvoid coｎｆuｓioｎ.Ｔhｅｏbjｅctivｅｓof sｃｉｅnｃe aｒe primarｉlｙｔhｅdiscｏvery and ｔhe suｂsequenｔｕnderｓｔａndｉｎg oｆtｈe unｋnowｎ. Ｍan canｎot be ｓａｔisｆｉｅd ｗith recoｇｎｉｚiｎg thａt sｅcrets exｉst in nature ｏｒthaｔｑｕesｔｉｏｎs ａre unanｓｗerａbｌe；he ｍust solve thｅm．Towａrd tｈat eｎd spｅcｉaliｓts iｎthe fielｄof ｂioｌｏgｙanｄrelａted fｉelｄｓofｉｎｔｅｒｅst aｒｅdirectiｎｇmuch of tｈeir time and enerｇy.Ａctuallｙ, ｔwｏbａsiｃapprｏachｅs lead to tｈe dｉsｃoveｒy of neｗinｆormａt ｉon.Ｏnｅ,aimeｄat saｔisfyinｇcuriositｙ, iｓrefeｒｒｅｄto as pｕre ｓcieｎce.Tｈｅotｈer is aｉｍｅd at usinｇknowｌeｄgｅfor spｅcifiｃpuｒｐoses—for instance, ｉｍprovinｇhｅalth, ｒａisinｇstanｄarｄs of ｌiving, or creating new consuｍｅr pｒoｄucts. In thiｓcase kｎowlｅdｇｅiｓput tｏｅcoｎｏｍic ｕse．Ｓｕch aｎａpproach iｓreferｒed to aｓappｌiｅd science.Sｏmetiｍesｐrａcｔical-minｄed peｏple miss thｅpoiｎｔoｆpure scieｎce in thinｋing onｌｙｏf itｓimmediａtｅapplicatiｏn ｆor ｅｃonoｍic reｗarｄs. Cheｍi ｓｔs responsｉbｌｅfｏｒmanｙofｔhe diｓcoｖerieｓｃoulｄｈarｄlｙhａve antｉｃｉpated that their fiｎｄinｇｓwoｕld ｏｎｅｄaｙresｕlt ｉn appｌｉcation ｓof such ａpractiｃal ｎaturｅas tｈｏse diｒeｃtly relateｄｔo life and deaｔh. Thｅdisｃoveｒies oｆoｎeｂｉt oｆinformatioｎoｐeｎs thｅdoｏｒtｏtｈe diｓcｏveｒy of anotｈer．Ｓoｍeｄｉscoveriｅs seeｍｓo simpleｔhat one is amａzed they were not mａdｅｙears agｏ; howeｖeｒ，oｎe shouｌd remｅmｂeｒthａtｔhe conｓtrucｔiｏn of tｈe ｍicroscoｐｅhad tｏprｅcede the discovｅrｙof thｅceｌl. Ｔheｈostｓof sｃiｅntists dedicａｔｉnｇtheｉｒlｉves to purｅsｃiｅnce ａre no ｔapｏlogetｉc ａbout iｇnoｒiｎｇｔhe pracｔicaｌｓide of theｉｒdiscoveｒies; they know fｒom exｐerｉeｎce tｈａt mｏｓt kｎowｌedgｅis evｅntualｌy applied.6. Ｗe mayｓimply defiｎe sｃieｎcｅａｓ[A]ｔhe stｕdy of unrelaｔｅd sｕbｊeｃts.[B］aｎａtteｍpt to explain ｎａturaｌpｈｅｎｏｍenａ.[Ｃ]tｈe ｓtudy oｆｒｅｌatｅd fields.[Ｄ］ｌabelled knowlｅdge．7． A sｃiｅnｔisｔintｅrｅstｅｄin ａdding to our geｎeral kｎoｗlｅdge ａbout o ｘygen woulｄprobablyｃall hｉｓａｐproａｃh［A] ａpplieｄsciｅncｅ.[Ｂ]aｇｒiculｔｕｒe scｉence.[C] pure scienｃｅ.[D] environｍental scienｃe．1８. Purｅｓｃienｃｅ,ｌｅadinｇto thｅcｏnstｒuｃｔionｏｆa mｉcrｏscｏpe, ［A]may lｅａｄto antｉsｃienｔiｆic，“iｍpｕre”resｕlｔs．［Ｂ］necessａｒily ｐｒｅcedｅs aｐpliｅｄｓcienｃe, leading to ｔhe discoveｒｙｏf ａcell.[C] is not alwａｙs as pｕre as we suｐposｅ.[D] ｎecesｓaｒily reｓults fｒｏm applｉｅd ｓcience ａnd the discovｅry oｆａcell. ９.Oｎｗｈｉcｈof ｔｈｅfoｌlowing stａｔeｍenｔｓwould tｈｅauthor most ｐrobaｂly agreｅ?[Ａ] Scientiｓtｓengａged in thｅoretical research shouｌd notｂe blameｄｆｏrｉｇn ｏrinｇtｈe practical sｉde ｏf theｉr discovｅrieｓ.［B]Ｔoday ｆew people ｈaｖｅaｎｙnｏtioｎs of ｔｈe mｅanｉｎｇof scｉence.[Ｃ］In ｓciencｅ,it is nｏt dｉffｉcult ｔｏdistinguｉsh ｆact fｒoｍｆiction. [D］Pracｔｉcal-miｎdeｄｐeｏｐｌe can ｕnderstand the meaｎing andｏbｊｅctives o ｆｐｕｒe scieｎｃｅ.10. Whiｃhｏｆthe followｉng woulｄbe ｔhe besｔtitｌe foｒthｅtext?[A] The Ｎaｔure of Sｃience and Scientiｓts[B］Biology anｄｔhe ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅandＳcientｉｓt[C] Hypothｅses ａnd Theorieｓ[D] Ｏn ＤistinguｉshinｇFact frｏm ＦiｃtioｎText 3Gｒeａt emoｔiｏnal ａnd inteｌlｅｃｔuａl resｏｕrces arｅdemａndｅｄiｎquａｒｒels；sｔaｍina helps, as does a capaｃｉty for oｂsessiｏｎ. Ｂｕt nｏｏｎe iｓb ｏrｎa good quarｒelｅｒ，the craft musｔbeｌeaｒned.There aｒｅtwｏｇeneralｌy recogｎizｅｄaｐprｅｎtiｃｅｓhｉｐs. Fiｒst, and uｎiｖｅｒsalｌy pｒeferｒed,ｉｓａlｏnｇchiｌdhood spent in ｔhe company of ｆrａc ｔious siｂlings. After ｓeveral yearｓｏf ｒａｉny ａｆtｅｒｎooｎ，ｂｒotheｒs and s ｉsteｒs develop a sｕrｅｆeｅl fｏr the tａｃtiｃs oｆattrition and the ｎicｅtｉes of st ｒaｔegｙso necessａry iｎfirｓt-rａte quarrｅling．Ｔhe onlｙｃhild，or ｔhｅchild oｆpｅacefｕl or repｒｅsｓed ｈoｕsehｏlds, is likelｙｔo grow up fａｉｌingｔo unｄｅrｓｔanｄｔhat ｑuａｒｒels, uｎliｋｅargｕｍｅntｓ, arｅｎot abｏut anythiｎg, lｅast oｆａｌl thｅpursuiｔof ｔｒuth．Thｅaｐｐarent subjｅｃｔof a quarrel ｉｓ a meｒe pretｅｘｔ; ｔhe reaｌbusineｓs is the qｕａrrel iｔｓelf.Ｅssｅntiaｌly，aｄversａｒｉes in ａquａｒrel ａrｅｏut to ｅstablish oｒresc ｕe theｉr diｇnｉty；heｎce tｈｅelｅmｅnｔarｙｐrincｉple: anythiｎｇmａy be said.The uｎschoｏｌed, mａy spend aｎhour with knｏｃkｉng ｈeart,sｉftiｎg tｈｅｃonseqｕenceｓof calｌｉnｇｔhｉs ｏld aｃｑuainｔance a lｙingｆraud.Ｔｈｏｓｅwho miｓｓtheir ｆirsｔaｐｐrentｉcｅsｈip ｍay care tｏenrolｌin the seｃｏｎd，ｔhe bad marｒiａge，Ｔhｉs cａn bｅpeｒiloｕs for thｅneopｈytｅ；theｍutｕａl intimａcy of spouses mａkeｓthem at oｎcｅmore vｕｌneｒable aｎdｍｏre dangerouｓiｎaｔtack. Oｎce ｓｅx is involvｅｄ, tｈe stakesａre higher all roｕnd. And thｅｒｅiｓａn unspokｅn rule thaｔｔｈose who love, ｏｒhaｖｅloved，oｎe anｏｔhｅr areｇraｎted a licenｓe for unlimitｅd beastliness as iｓdenieｄtｏｍerｅｓwoｒn eｎemieｓ.Fｏｒall thａｔsomｅｏf ｏｕｒmost tenａｃious blaｃk belｔｑuａrｒelｅrｓhａve comｅto itｌａte iｎｌife anｄmastｅｒedｅvery throｗ.Ａquarrel mａy last years. Aｍong ｂｒoｏdｉnｇtypes wiｔｈtime on their hanｄs，likｅwｒｉｔerｓ，half a lｉfetiｍｅｉs notｕｎｃｏmmｏn. Ｉnｉtｓmost refineｄfoｒｍ, aｑｕａｒrel may ｃｏnsist ｏf the parｔicipants nｏt talking ｔo ｅach ｏｔher. They wｉll neeｄto scｈeme laｂoｒiｏuｓｌy to aｐｐear ｉn pubｌic togetheｒｔo regiｓtｅr their sｉlenｃe.Brｉeｆ, vｉolｅnt quaｒrels ａrｅalso known as rows. In ａll caｓｅs thｅeｓｓentｉal iｎｇredient reｍａins the saｍe;the origiｎal cause mｕst be forgｏtｔenａs soｏn as ｐossible. Froｍhｅre ｏｎ,dｉgｎity, ｐｒｉde, ｓelf-esteｅm,honor ａｒｅquarreｌling, likｅｊealouｓy, ｉs an ail-conｓｕｍiｎg bｕsiｎeｓs,virtｕally ａpr ｏfessｉｏn. Ｆｏr thｅquarrelｅr’s vｅry selｆｈood is on the linｅ. Ｔo losｅan aｒgument iｓ a ｂriｅf ｄｉｓappointment, ｍucｈｌｉkｅｌosing a gaｍe of ten ｎis;bｕt to ｂe cruｓhｅd in a quaｒrel,raｔｈeｒbiｔe off your ｔoｎgｕｅaｎd spread ｉt aｔｙour opponent’s feeｔ.11. The ｅxｐresｓｉｏn“ｒａiny afｔerｎoon”（Liｎｅ3,Parａ.2) impliｅs a tiｍｅwhｅn[A］bｒothｅrs anｄsiｓtｅrs had to ｐlaｙat homｅ.[B]brothｅrs and siｓterｓfelt dｅpｒessｅd.[C] famiｌy members need money．[D]it is raiｎing ｉn the ａfteｒnoon.12. Ｔｈｅdiｆference betweｅn ａquarrel and an ａrｇumeｎt is[A]thｅfoｒｍer iｎvｏlvｅs individuａl ｐride.［B］the fｏrmeｒconcｅrns strong pｏiｎｔｓof ｖieｗ．[Ｃ]theｌａｔｔer ｈａs weｌl-ｅsｔablisheｄｒules．[D] ｔhe ｌatter cｏncerns trivial ｉssueｓ.13. Dｕrｉnｇthｅqｕａrrel,ｅｉtｈerａmong ｃｈildrｅn or betｗeen spｏuｓｅs［A］bｒutaliｔy ｉsａpparent.[B]poliｔeｎesｓis ｕsｅｄas a wｅａpon．[C]ｓｋillｆul tacｔicsａrｅeｍｐloyed.[Ｄ] feelｉｎｇｉs exaｇｇerated.１4. The wｏrd“registｅｒ”（Ｌine 5,Pra.6) means[Ａ］shoｗ．［B］eｎｒoｌl. [C] cｏnｃeａｌ．[D]reｃoncilｅ. 15．Ｗhａt does the ｐassａge maiｎlｙｔａｌkａbout?［A]Thｅｒeａｓon why quaｒrel is bitter.[B]How to miｎd your wｏrds wｈｉle arｇuing.[C］Ｔhe cｈaraｃteristｉcｓｏf a qｕaｒrel.[D]How to maｋe ａgｏod quarｒeｌ.Text 4Aｆter tｈｅir 2０-year-old son hanged himｓeｌf duｒing ｈis ｗinｔｅr brｅak ｆrom the Unｉｖersiｔy of Arizona fiｖｅyears ａｇo, DｏnｎaａｎｄPhil Ｓatow woｎd ｅred what signs tｈｅy had overｌooked,ａnｄｓｔaｒteｄasｋｉng otｈeｒstudents for anｓwers.What gｒｅw froｍthis soｕl seａrchinｇwas Ulifeline (ｗww．ulifelｉnｅ, ｏrg)，ａｗebsｉte where ｓtudeｎts can get answers to ｑuestions ａｂout deprｅsｓioｎby ｌoggｉng ｏn thｒoughｔhｅiｒｕniversities.Tｈe siｔe ｈａｓｂeeｎａｄopted as a ｒesourcｅbｙovｅr １20 ｃｏllｅges, ｗｈich caｎcuｓtomizｅｉtｗith loｃaｌinfoｒｍatiｏn, and ｏｖer １.３mｉllioｎｓtudeｎtｓｈave logged ｏnｗｉth thｅiｒcollege IDs.“Ｉt’s a vｅrｙsolid webｓｉtｅｔhａｔraｉseｓawarｅｎeｓs of ｓｕicide, de-stiｇmatizes ｍentaｌｉｌlｎesｓand encourａgeｓpｅｏple to seeｋｔhe ｈelp they need，”said Paul Ｇraｙson, ｔhe director of cｏｕnseｌing seｒｖiｃes aｔNew Yo ｒk Univeｒｓiｔｙ, whｉch started ｕｓing tｈe sｅrvicｅneａrly ａyear agｏ.Thｅmain component of tｈｅｗebsitｅiｓtｈe Seｌf-E－Valｕaｔoｒ, ａｓelf-scr ｅeninｇprogｒam ｄevelopｅd ｂy Ｄｕke Universｉｔy Medicａl Cｅnter tｈａｔtestｓstudｅｎtｓtoｄｅtｅrmine whether theｙarｅat rｉｓk for ｄepreｓｓion, ｓuicide ａｎd ｄisordeｒs lｉkeａnoreｘiａand drug depenｄence. Besides hｅlpiｎg students, ｔhe service compileｓaｎｏnyｍｏus stｕｄenｔdａta, oｆferｉnｇａdminiｓtrａtors an impoｒtaｎt wiｎdｏw onｔo tｈe mｅntal health ｏf ｉts ｃampus.Thｅsitｅｐｒｏｖiｄｅｓuｎiｖerｓitｙｕｓers with lｉnkｓｔｏｌocal mentａl health services, a ｃataｌoｇoｆｉnformatioｎon ｐreｓcｒiptiｏｎdruｇs ａnd side eｆfeｃts, aｎdａccｅss tｏGo Aｓk Aｌice, ａｖast ａrｃhiｖｅdeｖｅloped by Ｃolｕmbia Univｅrsity with hｕndreds ｏf responsｅs to anｏnyｍously ｐosted ｉｎｑuｉrｉes ｆrｏm cｏｌlｅgｅsｔuｄｅnｔs worldｗide．Ｆor sｔudeｎts coｎcerneｄａbout their fｒiends, ｔhere iｓa sectioｎtｈａt descｒibes ｗarninｇsignsｆor suiｃidal behavｉor aｎd depｒｅssion．Yｅt it is hａrd ｔo ｄeterminｅhｏw effｅctive the service is．The anｏnymity of thｅoffｌｉne serｖice caｎeven play out as a negatｉve．“There is ｎｏsuｂstitｕｔｅfｏｒpｅrsｏnal ｉｎterａcｔion，”ｓaiｄDr．Ｌaｎｎy Ｂｅｒｍａn, executive direｃtｏr of the AmericａｎAssｏciaｔioｎof Suｉcidology，based in Waｓhington．Uliｆeline wｏuld be the firｓt ｔo say that itｓｓervｉｃｅis nｏrepｌacement for an actuａl therapist.“Ｔhe purpose ｉs tｏfind ｏut iｆｔheｒe are signs ｏf deｐrｅssｉon ａｎd thｅn direcｔpｅopｌe to the ｒight places,” said ＲoｎＧibｏrｉ, ｅxecｕtive dｉrecｔor of Ulifeliｎe.Mrs. Ｓatｏｗ，ｗho is ｓtill ｉnｖolved with Ulifelinｅ,caｌlｅｄit “aｋnowlｅｄge ｂaｓe” thaｔmighｔｈaveｐrevenｔed thｅdeａth ｏｆher son，Jed.“If Jed’s frienｄｓｈａｄknown ｔhe sigｎs ｏf depｒeｓsioｎ, ｔhｅy might havｅsｅen soｍething,” shｅsaid．1６．Ｔhe soｎｏf Mｒ．ａnｄＭrｓ. Satｏｗis meｎtioｎed tｏ[A]introduｃe ｔhe ｔｏpic of a wｅbsｉｔe calleｄUｌifeliｎｅ［B]show thｅsuｆferinｇｏf Mr．ａnd Mrs. Ｓａｔｏw[C] ｄescribｅthe Satows’ ｃonfusｉon over ｔheir son’ｓdeaｔh[Ｄ］report ｔhe suicide oｆa youｎｇmaｎ1７．Wｈyｄｏmany colｌeges adｏpt tｈe ｗebｓitｅUlifelinｅ?[A] Ｉt providｅs theｉr stuｄentｓwith cａmpｕs information[Ｂ] It oｆfｅrs medｉcal treａtment to sｔuｄentｓin mental dｉsｏrder[C] Ｉｔencouｒａges their studenｔs to seeｋadvｉｃｅaｂouｔdeｐrｅｓsion[Ｄ］It givｅs theiｒstudenｔs vａriｏus helｐthey maｙnｅeｄ1８．Which oｆthe folｌｏｗiｎg iｓtrue ｏf Go Ask Alｉｃe?[A] It is a kind of ｓide eｆｆｅct cａuseｄbｙｓoｍe ｐrescription drugs．［B] It couｎsels cｏlleｇe studeｎtｓｏn mentａl proｂlems［C] Iｔis ａcollectiｏn of medical respｏnsｅｓfroｍstｕｄenｔs tｈe ｗorlｄover ［D] Ｉt dｅscribes the varioｕｓsｉgns of mｅｎtaｌdisｏrdｅｒs１9.Ｔhe ｓｅｎtence “Ｙet iｔis…ｔhe ｓｅrviｃe is.”（Liｎe1, Pａｒa.６) sｈows that[A]ａthｅｒaｐist’s offiｃe is the ｆirst pｌaｃe for ｔｈe depresｓed to go．[B] the ｈelp gｉven by thｅweb sｅrｖice is doｕbtｆul．[C] doｃtors have expｒesｓed a nｅgaｔive view of the sｅrvice.[D] only ａctｕal ｔheｒaｐisｔcａｎensure adeｑuatｅtreａｔment.２0. Ｔo whｉch oｆthｅfolloｗing is Mｒs. Satowｌｉkｅly tｏａｇrｅe?[Ａ] Ｊeｄ’ｓfrienｄs caｎｐrｅvenｔher sｏn’s ｄｅath[B] Hｅｒson’s suicide is unavoｉdａbｌｅ［Ｃ] Uｌifeliｎeｉs a ｗoｒtｈｗhilｅwebsite［D]Ｄepｒessｉon ｉｓｔｈｅｆinaｌｃause of sｕｉcｉdesＰart BDiｒｅｃtｉons：You are goｉng ｔｏｒead aｌist ｏｆhｅaｄingｓand ａｔexｔabout Ｃiｔy Onwarｄs and Outｗards．Choｏse tｈe mｏst sｕitable heaｄinｇfrom thｅlist [A]-[F]for each nuｍberｅd pａragrａph （21－25). The fiｒｓt and last ｐａrａgraｐhs of the teｘt are ｎｏt nuｍｂered.Tｈere iｓoｎｅeｘtｒa hｅadiｎg wｈich you do not needｔo usｅ.[A］Thｅvague ｆｕｔure sｉｔuatioｎof ciｔy sprawl[B] Tax－bａse cｏmｐｅtitioｎｅｎcourages cｉtyｓprawl［Ｃ] Ｒeasons ｆor citｙspraｗl[D] Theｄｒawbacks oｆcｉty ｓpraｗl［Ｅ] Tｈe contｉｎｕing prｏcｅsｓof city sｐrawls[F] Ｔhｅgoｖeｒnｍent’ｓrｏｌe iｎtｈｅprｏcess of city sprawｌ.Eveｎon pａper, urban sｐrawl looks ｕｇly. Iｔｌooks moｒe so froｍｔｈｅ１10tｈｆloor of Chiｃagｏ’s SearｓToweｒ. Frｏm tｈere you cａｎsuｒｖey, inｔｏthe mｉsty distaｎcｅ, a mｅｔroｐoｌitaｎａrｅa thaｔnow ｅncompasses no fｅｗｅr ｔhａn 2６５seｐaratｅmuniｃｉpａlｉties aｎｄcovers3,800 square mileｓin six norｔheasteｒn Ilｌinois coｕｎtiｅｓ. Ｔhｅｅｘpaｎｓioｎｏｆthe ｒｅgion iｓsomｅｔｉmes dｅｓcribｅdａs growth. More acｃuｒatｅｌy,Chicａｇo hａs simｐｌｙspreaｄoｕt. Bｅtween１970 aｎｄ１９９０tｈｅpopuｌａtion of ｔhe metrｏareａiｎｃreａseｄｂyｏｎlｙ4%, while laｎd used foｒhoｕsing ｉnｃｒeaseｄby 46%. Ｍore ｔeｌlinｇ，ｌａnd useｄfor ｃommerciaｌdｅveloｐmenｔinｃrｅased b ｙａwｈoppiｎg 74％.２1.A reｃentｓｅries ｉn ｔｈe ＣｈiｃagoＴｒibunｅ，“The Gｒaying ｏf Ｓub ｕrbia”，docｕmenteｄthｅpopulatｉoｎdecliｎe of ｉnneｒ-rｉｎg tｏwns ranｇing from ｄilapidated Dｏlton anｄＨａｒvey to relａtiｖｅｌｙup maｒkeｔEｌｍhurst anｄＳｋokiｅ.Inｔhe harｄer-ｈｉｔcaｓｅs, pｏpｕlaｔioｎlｏss haｓbee ｎcｏmpoundeｄby falliｎg prｏｐeｒｔyｖａｌueｓaloｎg wｉth riｓinｇcrime ａｎd uｎeｍpｌoｙmｅｎｔ. Lｅss mｏｂiｌe aｎd ｐoorｅr ｇroｕpｓlive iｓｏlaｔｅｌｙｉn tｈeｉnner cｉtieｓ,aｎｄtｈe city’ｓｉnfｒａstｒｕcture is aｂandｏｎｅd. Worse, thｅｓe probｌems are noｗovertａking thｅverｙsuburｂs that ｗｅｒｅoｎｃe supｐｏseｄto esｃapｅtheｍ.22．The ｅxpandinｇtoｗnｓon ｔhｅeｄges makｅｎｏapology ｆor theiｒpｒos ｐerity.Sprawl iｓnａturａｌ,ｔheｙargue; Aｍeriｃaｎs ｌｉvｅin smａｌlｅｒｈouｓeholdｓand they want bigger housｅs. Ｂusinｅsses in ｔurｎfolｌowｔhe ou ｔwarｄly mobiｌe workerｓ．Thｅy ａlsｏappreciatｅthe cheａｐer land anｄbeｔｔｅr roads. Ａs a ｃａseｉｎpoiｎt, ａｓk Sears．Ｔhe veｒy comｐaｎｙｔhａｔb ｕilt the magnifiｃent dowｎｔｏｗn skｙsｃrapｅr reｌoｃateｄ５,０00 wｏrkerｓto the outer suｂurb oｆHofｆｍanＥｓtateｓｉｎ1992.2３.Ａn artｉｃlｅpｕｂｌisｈed ｔhis summeｒby the Fedｅral Rｅserve Bank of Cｈic ａgo shｏws ｔｈａt varioｕs incｅｎtｉves ｉn the fedｅral ｔａx cｏde, ｉｎclｕｄing tｈｅｄeｄucｔibility ｏf mｏrtgage pａymenｔｓ,proｍote over-consumpｔion of housｉｎg．The code also allowｓtaxpayeｒs to ｄeｆer ｃaｐitａl-gaiｎs taxes ｉｆthey ｂuｙa ｎew ｈome ofｅqｕａｌor greaｔer valｕe,wｈicｈpuｓhｅsｂｕyerｓtoｗarｄs higher-prｉceｄhｏuses—ｍoｓt of tｈemｏn tｈe edｇeｓofｃitiｅs. Aｎｏth ｅr subsiｄy is pｒoｖided for cars，the sｉnｅquａnon oｆsuburbanｌife．B ｙsoｍｅestimateｓ, exｉsting ｔaxes on motoｒｉsts ｃoveｒonly ６0%oｆｔhe r ｅａl cosｔs of gｏvｅrnment road-relａtｅd ｓerviｃｅs.24.Fａｒfrｏｍexpanｄinｇunder onｅcentral authｏｒitｙ, almost all metro areaｓare tenｄed by a hoｔch-potch oｆｃiｔｙ，town ａｎd otｈer sｍalleｒgovernmeｎts. The qｕaliｔy oｆtｈｅsｅrvices proｖidｅd by tｈeｓｅｇoｖernmenｔｓdepｅnds on t ｈe qｕaｌiｔy ｏf the loｃaｌpropertｙthat they have to tax；ｓo aggreｓsiｖｅj ｕrisdictiｏnｓoffeｒrｅbates or ｓｕbsidies to wｉn jｕicy new develｏpｍents. Ｔhｅouｔcomｅ, on oｎｅfｒoｎt, isｏfteｎtheｐreｍature dｅveｌopｍent of neｗlaｎd. T ｏwns on thｅｏｕtsｋirｔｓ，armed withｓubsｉdies ａnd pｌenｔy ofｓpaｃｅ, lure ｄeｖelopment aｗay fｒom thｅceｎtｅr.２5.Ｏvｅr thｅlong ｔeｒm, therｅis a ｃhaｎcｅthａt sｐrａwｌｗill ｎｏt go ｕｎmａnagｅdｆｏｒeveｒ：that thｅpriｃｅof inner-ｃity declｉne will eventuaｌl ｙbｅｃｏme tｏo ｈiｇh. Bｕｔit hａｓnot ｒeacｈｅｄtｈaｔpoiｎｔyet. The ｉnnｅｒareas woｕldｌikｅｔo ｓeｅａregioｎally coorｄｉnated eｆｆorｔｔo pursuｅeconomiｃdeveｌopｍent （ｔo ｄiｍinｉｓh tａx-baｓｅcｏmpetitｉon），or a rｅgion-wｉde sharing oｆcommｅrciaｌｔax rｅvenｕｅs, as has ｂeen ｔrieｄt ｏｇoｏd ｅffect in thｅMinneapolis-ＳｔＰaul meｔｒｏpｏlitaｎarea. But thｅdeep ｅr iｎcentiｖes to sｐｒaｗl ｗｉｌｌｓtill reｍain．Sｕbsidies for hｏme ｏwnｅrshi ｐaｒe ｗell guardｅｄby ｌoｂbyiｓts in Wasｈｉngton, and locaｌgovernmentｓaｒe rｉghtｌy jealous oｆtｈｅir self-dｅｔeｒminatiｏｎ. For the ｔime ｂeｉng, ｍｅtrｏp ｏlｉtan areaｓｌike Cｈｉcaｇo ｗill jusｔkeeｐexｐandｉｎg.ParｔＣＤirectionｓ：Read the ｆｏｌlowinｇtext carefully and tｈen tｒaｎｓｌaｔe the uｎｄerlｉned ｓegｍents iｎｔｏCｈiｎese.Iｎthe latｅ2０th ceｎturｙ, infｏｒmaｔion haｓacquireｄtwo ｍajｏr utilitａrian cｏnｎｏtatiｏns. On the ｏnｅhand, ｉｔis ｃonｓiｄeｒeｄaｎeｃonomiｃreｓouｒcｅ，sｏmewhat ｏｎａpａｒｗiｔhｏther resouｒcｅｓｓucｈas ｌabｏｒ,mａｔeｒｉaｌ, aｎｄcapiｔaｌ. 26)Thｉs ｖiｅw stems ｆrom eviｄeｎｃe thaｔt ｈｅpossｅsｓioｎ, manipuｌaｔion, ａnd use of informａｔionｃａn ｉncreasｅtｈｅcｏst-efｆｅctiveness on many phｙsｉcａl aｎd coｇnitive pｒoｃｅsses. The rｉse in in ｆorｍaｔion-proceｓsing activitiesｉｎｉｎｄｕstｒial mａｎufacｔuring as weｌl ａs in huｍan prｏbleｍsoｌving has ｂeen ｒemaｒkａbｌe.Anａlysis oｆone ｏf the th ｒeｅtraｄｉtional dｉｖｉsioｎs of ｔhe ｅcｏnomy, thｅｓｅｒvｉce sｅctor,shｏwsａshａrｐincreａsｅiｎiｎfｏｒmatioｎ-intｅnsive activiｔies since the ｂeginniｎg of ｔhe ２0th cｅnturｙ. Bｙ1９7５theseａcｔivitiｅs accouｎted foｒhalf oｆthe labor forcｅof the UnｉteｄStates, giｖiｎg rｉse to the sｏ-callｅd infoｒmation society.Aｓａn ｉｎdｉviｄuaｌａｎd soｃiｅtaｌｒeｓｏuｒce,iｎｆormａtｉon haｓｓome inｔerｅstｉｎg charactｅristics thatｓｅparatｅit ｆrom ｔhｅtrａｄitiｏna ｌnotions oｆeconomｉcｒeｓｏurｃｅs．2７）Unlikｅother ｒesoｕrｃes, infｏrmａtion ｉs eｘpansｉvｅ, with ｌiｍｉts appareｎｔly impoｓed only bｙtime andｈumaｎc ｏgnitive caｐａbilitiｅs. Iｔｓeｘpansivｅneｓs ｉs aｔtributabｌeｔo tｈe followiｎg: (１) it is naturally diffusivｅ;(2)iｔrｅpｒoduｃes rａｔherｔhaｎｂeiｎg con ｓumed thｒough usｅ;anｄ(3) it ｃan be sｈａred ｏnly, nｏｔexchangeｄin tranｓactiｏns.At the same time,informａtioｎiｓｃoｍｐressiblｅ, boｔh syｎｔacｔicaｌly and sｅmaｎtｉcally．２8)Ｃouplｅd wｉth iｔs aｂｉｌityｔo be suｂstｉtｕtｅｄfor oｔher ecｏnｏmｉｃreｓoｕrces, itｓtranｓｐortabilｉtｙａt very high ｓpeｅds,aｎｄitｓabilｉty ｔo ｉmpaｒｔadｖａｎtaｇes to ｔhｅhｏldeｒof infｏrmａtion，thｅse charaｃteriｓtics aｒe aｔthe basｅoｆsｕch ｓoｃｉetａｌindustrｉes as rｅｓearｃh, edｕcａｔion, pubｌishing, marketiｎg, and eveｎpｏliticｓ.Ｓocｉｅtal cｏncｅrn witｈthe ｈusbandingｏf informaｔiｏn ｒeｓources has eｘteｎｄｅd frｏm the tｒａdｉtioｎal ｄoｍain of librａrｉes ａnd ａrchｉves to encompａss ｏｒganiｚａｔionａl, ｉnｓt ｉtｕtionａｌ,ａnd goverｎmeｎtａｌｉnformaｔionｕnder the umbrellａoｆｉnformａtｉｏn reｓource ｍaｎagementＴhe secｏｎd percｅption ｏｆｉｎｆoｒmatiｏn iｓthａtｉt iｓaｎeｃｏno ｍicｃommodｉty, which helｐs tｏｓtｉmｕlatｅthe woｒlｄwiｄe growth of a new segment of nａtional econoｍｉes—the infｏrmatｉon seｒvice seｃtoｒ. 29)Ｔaking ａdvantagｅof the proｐeｒtｉeｓoｆinforｍation ａｎd ｂuilding on ｔｈe ｐerｃepｔiｏn ｏf ｉts iｎdiｖidual aｎd soｃｉｅｔalｕtility and vａlue，this sector pｒoｖiｄeｓa brｏad range oｆinfｏrｍation proｄuｃts aｎd sｅrvｉｃｅs. By 1992 the markｅｔｓhare ｏf tｈｅU．S. infoｒmatｉon service sectｏr had gｒown to aｂouｔ＄２5 ｂill ｉon．Ｔhis was eｑuivａlent to abｏut one-seventh of the cｏｕntｒy’s compuｔｅr ｍar ｋeｔ，which, in turn, represｅnted rｏｕｇhｌy 40 perｃent ｏf the glｏｂａl mａrket in comｐuters ｉn tｈat year. 30）However，ｔｈe pｒobably ｃｏnｖeｒgence oｆcｏmputers and teｌeｖisｉｏn which constituｔes a market share１00tｉmes larger ｔha ｎcompｕteｒs aｎd itｓimpａｃt on ｉnfoｒmａtion serｖiceｓ，entertaｉｎmeｎt, and eduｃatｉon ａre likeｌy to restruｃtuｒｅｔhe resｐｅcｔiｖｅmarkeｔｓｈares oｆｔhｅinformatiｏｎｉndusｔｒｙbｅfoｒe thｅonset of thｅ21sｔcenｔury．做题点拨与全文翻译Part ＡTexｔ1语境词汇１.infｒastructure n.基础结构,基础设施2.feaｔn.业绩，功绩3.unpｒｅcedenteｄa．无前例的;空前的4．ｌeｇitimate a．合理的;法定的5.ａｃｃeｎtuatｅv．强调，使更突出6．ｄｉspｏsablｅa.可支配的;一次性的７．surｇe n.急剧上升，猛增;（感情等的)洋溢8.unfeasible a.不能实行的,难实施的9.sｔunniｎｇa.令人震惊的；出色的难句突破1.[Ｗitｈｔhe sｕddｅn ｂooｍof cars], (a moｒe eｆｆicient)road (ｏｎｗhiｃh to trａvel) was [deｓperately］needｅｄ, and the iｎterstatｅhighway sysｔem provided t ｈａｔ, [aｌloｗiｎg ｔｒaｖｅlers to saｆeｌｙanｄｒeｌｉaｂly viｓitｏtｈｅr states ｏr deｓtinatioｎｓcloｓer to home].【分析】本句是由anｄ引导的并列句。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence? That's the question behind this new research.I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligence might be. This is12the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 1, not merely how much of it there is. 1819question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive[C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being ________.A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be ________A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. "ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to ________A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ________?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's ___________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one's birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution haveconsistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -- a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S workforce has a better education[D] the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read themagical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single originand passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled inlinguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of thefittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, suchas initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage,categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep asociety functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested,on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution "is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to give your opinions briefly andmake two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。

Q1正确答案：B解析：conspicuous“明显的，显而易见的”，所以B的noticeable正确。

原句提到一种颜色模式可能在一种光线下不太容易分辨而在另一种光条件下_____。

这里出现了对照，肯定另一种是比较容易看见的，所以答案是B。

Q2正确答案：A解析：以members of its own species做关键词定位至第二段第一句，说动物给自己的同类发信号的时候必须同时避免被天敌看到，所以答案是A，动物的信号也会被捕食者看到。

B的confuse members，C的beyond the visual range和D的mistakenly signal aggression原文都未提及。

Q3正确答案：C解析：signal做动词是“用信号沟通；发…信号”的意思，因此选C communicate。

原句意思是：通过这种方式（变色），它们向同伴_____攻击程度或交配意愿。

可以推测出来此处应该是沟通。

选C。

Q4正确答案：A解析：EXCEPT题，A在原文没有对应点，所以A错，选；B的signal others做关键词定位至第二段倒数第三句，正确，不选；C的light做关键词定位至第一句，说根据不同的光线环境不断改变自己的颜色，所以C正确，不选；D的hide from predators做关键词定位至倒数第四句，说camouflage themselves，所以D正确，不选。

Q5正确答案：C解析：根据关键词spots of sunlight定位到第三段最后两句：某些蝴蝶飞到落在森林地面的太阳光点处，在明亮的光点中扇动着带有美丽图案的翅膀来展现自己。

它们还会互相争夺最佳的光照位置。

对应C选项，运用森林地表良好的光线条件。

AD没有提到，B错在竞争是手段，不是目的，而题干问的是目的。

Q6正确答案：D解析：根据关键词light that reaches ground定位到第一句后半句：at those level the yellow-to-green wavelengths predominate。