环球卓越https://www.doczj.com/doc/7016198132.html,
2006同等学力申硕英语水平全国统考
考前辅导
基础班翻译写作讲义
（内部资料翻印必究）
主讲：颜炜
电话：010-********/21
网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/7016198132.html,
地址：北京市海淀区人民大学北路金桥写字楼102室
（本讲义仅供环球卓越学员内部使用）
06同等学力英语辅导基础班
翻译写作部分
翻译基础一、句子的种类与基本句型
1、句子的种类
1.1按照功能分析
1.1.1陈述句：说明事实或陈述说话人的看法
A. 描述事实（社会）
例句1：Along with the improvement of living standard, old people live longer.
练习1：随着我国社会经济的迅猛发展，我国老年人的数量明显增加。
_________________________________________________________________________________ B. 发表看法（观点、倾向）
例句2：Critics point out that we should take some measures in an effective way.
练习2：有识之士指出，我们应该正确看待这一问题。
_________________________________________________________________________________
1.1.2 疑问句
⑴一般疑问句:情态动词/助动词 + 主语 + 主要动词 + 其他句子成份（不带疑问词的）
例句1：Are you from China?
例句2：Are there any good news about?
例句3：Will you attend the party?
*例句4：Do you know who the winner in the game is? （从句）
练习1：情态动词
A: May I see your driving license and vehicle registration card, please?
B: ___________________________
A. Sorry, don’t write me a ticket.
B. Ok. But I was driving at 65 miles per hour.
C. Sure. Did I do anything wrong?
D. Yes. But I don’t think I am a bad driver.
练习2：助动词
Man: Did you tell Sally she has failed the exam again?
Woman: No. I didn’t have the heart to tell her.
Question: What does the woman mean?
A.She doesn’t like a heart to heart talk with Sally.
B.She thinks the topic is too serious for her.
C.She thinks the news is too bad for Sally.
D.She dares not to tell Sally the bad news.
⑵特殊疑问句: 疑问词+ 一般疑问句语序疑问句+ 陈述句语序
例1：What is the writer’s attitude towards g lobalization?
What is the passage mainly about?
例2：Which of the following could be the best title of the passage?
问题：He wonders whom the murder in the case is.（陈述句？疑问句？）
练习1：How much _________?
A. cost local phone calls
B. local phone calls cost
C. does local phone calls cost
D. do local phone calls cost
练习2：―My watch is broken.‖ ―Why don’t you _________?‖
A. it take to a jeweler
B. take it to a jeweler
C. take to a jeweler it
D. to a jeweler take it
练习3：―The foreman is not in favor of Jones’ promotion.‖
A. will he not be promoted
B. there will be no promoting
C. he won’t be promoted
D. no promoting him
练习4：―I am exhausted, but let’s go.‖―Why ________ rest a while?‖
A. don’t we
B. not let’s
C. not we
D. let’s not
练习5：为什么我们优秀的企业enterprise不采取同样same 明智sensible的做法idea呢？（反问）_________________________________________________________________________________
⑶选择疑问句：一般疑问句+ or + 一般疑问句或简略形式
例1：Do you like the red one or (do you like) the blue one?
例2：Are you a teacher/tutor or a student/leaner?
⑷反意疑问句：陈述句+ 一般疑问句的省略形式（逗号隔开），肯定和否定形式
例题1：You are a new student, aren’t you?
练习1：The concert was great, didn’t it / wasn’t it?
练习2: You haven’t finished already, haven’t you / have you?
练习3：There isn’t room for another person, isn’t t here / is there?
A: The experiment has been completed, hasn’t it?
B: __________________
A. Yes. We need another week to complete it.
B. Yes. It has been completed beautifully.
C. No. It was completed last week.
D. No. I have no idea about it.
疑问句的写作策略：
题目来源2005年写作真题
要求：写一篇不少于150字的作文，关于：
Whether College Students Should Be Allowed to Get Married
Outline:
1. Choose either of the two positions: College students should (not) be allowed to get married.
2. State your reasons for or against the issue
3. Conclusion
（首段疑问句—提出问题）
我们应该允许大学生结婚吗？一些人表示他们的担心，因为他们认为这对于大学生的发展不利。Should we allow college students to get married? Some people feel worried about the case, since they believe that it is detrimental to the growth of college students.
什么是大学生的任务，学习还是享受生活？人们对此持有不同的观点，并且彼此不能够相容。What is the principal task of college students, to study or to enjoy their life? Opinions vary from people to people, and they can hardly make an agreement with each other / agree with each other.
（过渡疑问句—承上启下）
在婚后，大学生真的能集中精力来学习吗？学生的父母表示怀疑。
Can college students really concentrate on their study after getting married? Their parents hold a suspicious attitude.
学生的父母是唯一的反对者吗？其他的人也包括学生的老师也表示反对。
Are a student’s parents only opponents? Other people including his or her teachers are against the idea. （结尾段疑问句—总结上文）
既然大学生还不足够成熟到管理他们自己，那么为什么我们不禁止他们过早的组成家庭呢？Now that college students are so mature to manage themselves, why do not we stop them building a family?
1.1.3祈使句第二人称祈使句，第一、三人称祈使句
Look out! Be careful!
Don’t be late!Never give up!
Be cautious of theft and robbery!
Let me know if you come to Beijing.
Don’t leave your children alone in your home.
1.1.4感叹句强调名词、形容词、副词或动词
例题1： What a lovely day we spend! (We spend such a lovely day.)
例题2： How cold it is getting! (It is getting so cold.)
例题3： How fast they run! (They run so fast.)
例题4： How the price grew! (The price grew sharply.)
1.2按照结构分析
1.2.1 简单句：由一个主语和一个动词组成，不含从句
例题1：和其他成年人一样，大学生也有权利选择他们的生活方式。（形容词作状语）
Similar to other adults, college students have the right to choose their lifestyle.
练习1：与工作中的成年人不同，大学生的主要任务就是学习。
_________________________________________________________________________________ 例题2：伴随着社会的发展，更多的大学生明确了自己的生活目标。（介宾短语作状语）Along with social development, an increasing number of college students clarify the goal of their lives. 练习2：伴随着周围世界的变化，很多大学生开始感到迷惘。
_________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2.2 并列句：由并列连词连接两个以上的并列从句而成
1、连词--- 其作用是连接语法作用相同的单词、短语或从句。通常在连接句子时，需要用逗号隔开。
① and（as well as）表并列，引出相似的观点或对句意进行补充。当and连续出现两次时就是―排
比句‖。此时要用分号替代。
要避免连续使用and的尴尬状况。I like pets, like cats and dogs and chickens and….
② or 表示并列。可以翻译成―或者‖，―否则‖。可以用来提供选择或表现问题的严重性。
nor表示否定意义的补充说明。翻译为―也不‖。
③ but, yet 表示转折。可以翻译成―但是‖，―而是‖。这是西方人最喜欢的一种表达形式。
④ for (as, since, because) 表示原因。―因为‖通常都不放在句首。
⑤ so表示结果。翻译成―因此‖。
⑥ while表示对比。翻译成―当‖。
补充：关联连词not only…but also, either…or…, neither…nor…, both…and…, not...,but…与连词使用方法一致。可连句子和词。但要注意：否定词置于句首前，要倒装。
改错练习
练习1：Professor Deneau teaches both anthropology人类学as well as sociology each fall.
练习2：The firemen were unable to determine exactly what caused the fire, when they said that they would continue the investigation.
练习3：When he was a little boy, Mark Twain would walk along the piers, watch the river boats, swimming and fish in the Mississippi, much like his famous character, Tom Sawyer.
练习4： The Russians serve tea in glasses instead of cups and sweetening the beverage with a spoonful of jam or a lump of sugar.
练习5： Because of its strong record during earlier recessions, the mutual fund has and will continue to be attractive to small investors.
练习6： When science, business, and art learns something of each other’s methods and goals, the world will have come closer to cultural harmony.
练习7：Providence, Rhode Island, is a busy manufacturing city and seaport, as well the state capital.
2、连接性副词--- 与并列连词作用相同，这类词也是在句中起连接作用，但是更加正式。同时，要注意它仅仅是句中的一个成分，因此标点符号以及摆放的位置应该注意。
①表并列（besides, in addition, additionally）
②表递进（furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is better, what is worse, particularly, in
particular, especially, surprisingly）
③表转折（however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, even though）
④表因为（seeing that, due to, owing to, thanks to, due to, as a result of, on account of）
⑤表所以（admittedly, naturally, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, hence）
⑥表对比（on the other hand, otherwise, in contrast, on the contrary）
练习部分：（请标出连接词的位置，尝试用不同的词或词类进行替换）
并列、递进关系
例1：Television presents a vivid world in front of us. No newspaper has shown so clearly what is happening right now in the world. Transforming information, television gives the news instantly. Additionally it shows it in pictures more powerful than words. In particular, important events like
Olympics are often broadcast live so that the audiences feel as if they are participating. In fact, TV has brought reality to the mass.
转折关系（含对比）
例1：Almost every day we see something in the papers about the latest astonishing development in the space exploration. Pictures are regularly flashed to the earth from thousands and even millions of miles away. They are printed in newspapers and shown on television screens as a visible proof of the man’s newest outcomes. However, what we can see is just an indistinguishable ―light circle‖ which is supposed to represent a planet and what we get is only a few stones which are behind glass in museums.
例2：Should we allow the government to set up a new university in our community? Many people strongly oppose the idea, while others insist that locating the university in our area would benefit the local people in many ways. Personally, I side with the later one.（政府）
因果关系
例1：As the competition for higher education becomes severe, more and more parents begin to pay special attention to their children’s early education. As a result, kindergarten children are forced to learn foreign languages, and primary school children gasp under the burden of heavy homework and endless classes. In my opinion, playing for young children is more important because they can learn about society and nature through playing and they can build up a strong body.（教育）
要求：替换
例2：An ancient Gr eek philosopher said, ―There is nothing constant except change.‖ Companies change all the time and employees change frequently. As a result, it is either unrealistic or unnecessary for any business to maintain a permanent army of same employees until their retirement.（社会）
要求：替换
1.2.3复合句：由一个主句和从句组合而成。主要包括：名词从句、定语从句、状语从句具体情况见从句部分讲义
1.2.4强调句：强调主语、强调其他成分It is …（被强调成份）that…
例题1： John wore his best suit to the dance last night.
1.It was John that [who] wore his best suit to the dance last night. (主语)
2.It was his best suit that [which] John wore to the dance last night. (宾语)
3.It was last night that [when] John wore his best suit to the dance. (副词)
练习1： It was not until the accident happened ___________________.
A. when I became aware of my foolishness
B. when my foolishness became obvious
C. that did I realize my own folly
D. that I became aware of my own foolishness
2、基本句型
2.1主语+ 谓语（不及物动词）（+状语）
例1：Bird sing.
例2：She dances well.
例3：The fog has disappeared.
2.2 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语
例1：The stone hit me
例2：The garden needs watering.
例3：Everybody likes to eat.
2.3主语+ 系动词+ 表语（状语）
例1：He looks happy.
例2：John is out.
例3：She became a famous musician.
练习1： Because we could not think clearer, out efforts in trying to solve the problem have failed.
练习2： Thanks to the various international exchange programs, continentalism between universities has almost been disappeared.
练习3： The situation in Cambodia looked so seriously that it seemed as if the Third World War might break out at any time.
练习4： The color of sandstone dependent on its mineral composition.
练习5： Bears will not usually attack to a man unless provoked, but a she-bear with cubs is not afraid of anyone.
练习6： This type of medicine rally works very good if you have got anything the matter with your digestion.
练习7： My father says, ―I write well for my age and am quickly at figures, so that by and by I shall no doubt do very well.‖
练习8： However, since no an element is detected, the theory does not seem credibly.
2.4主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语（主语+ 谓语+ 直接宾语+ to/for/of + 间接宾语）
例1：The rich gave a lot of money to the poor. → The rich gave the poor a lot of money.
（形似的动词还有：tell, read, sell, lend, show, send, write, make etc.）
例2：My mom bought a watch for me. → My mom bought me a watch.
（形似的动词还有：make, leave, get, play, save, ask etc.）
例3：She asked us a question. → She asked a question of us.
（形似的动词还有：beg, inquire etc.）
练习1： The company representative sold to the manager a sewing machine for fifty dollars.
2.5主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语
宾语补足语
①名词：They named the ship May Flower.
练习：我一直认为consider你是个好学生。
_________________________________________________________________________________
②形容词：I painted the ceiling white.
练习：请让门一直都开着。
_________________________________________________________________________________
③副词：The bus knocked him down.
④不定式：I want John to come here at once.
练习：我不期望你和他们来往。
_________________________________________________________________________________
⑤原形动词：No one can make him do the work.
⑥分词：I saw him entering the room.
⑦介词短语：We regard him as our best friend.
(还有：be described as…, be considered as…, be referred to as…, look upon as…, be defined as…)
⑧名词从句：She has made him what he wants to be.
练习1： After Norman Rockwell sold his first cover picture to ―The Saturday Evening Post,‖ he began specializing in pictures of small – town life that made he one of the most popular American illustrators. 练习2： His reaction, I suppose, could have been called to be instinctive.
练习3： The computer makes possibly a phenomenal leap in human proficiency.
练习4： An epigram警句is usually defined to be a bright or witty thought tersely简洁地and ingeniously聪慧地expressed.
练习5： Perhaps you have found some words to live by and treasured them because they say
something which you regard to be vital.
练习6： A person ought not to forget to use tact and courtesy in dealing with others, if he expects them like him and be his friends.
翻译基础二、从句
1、名词从句
1.1 主从连词that
1.1.1主语从句（that不能省略）
例题：That we warm up a half hour in advance is so important to sportspersons.
It形式主语is so important to sportspersons that we warm up a half hour in advance.
练习：（在校大学生结婚）是一个很有争议的controversial* 问题。
1.1.2 宾语从句(that可以被省略)
例题：Some people argue that it is detrimental for children to play too much.
练习：很多人一直想知道为什么大学会不禁止学生谈恋爱甚至结婚。
1.1.3表语从句
例题：The assumption is that things will improve.
练习：我们反对在校大学生结婚的一个原因那将不利于学生们集中尽力学习。
_
1.1.4同位语从句
例题：In spite of the fact that the argument sounds slightly reasonable, it is short of the consideration to the tomorrow’s growth.
练习：我们反对在校大学生结婚是因为他们并不成熟到足够处理每一件事和合理安排他们的生活。
1.2 主从连词if, whether
1.2.1主语从句
例题：It is so crucial to tomorrow’s development whether we can succeed.
练习：最后，大学毕业生是否能够被允许结婚应该被留给给多的教育学家和社会评论家讨论。1.2.2宾语从句：上述两词常接在know, wonder, doubt…之后
注意：if和whether 从句作动词的宾语时，两字通用，但句中有or not时，不得用if.
I don’t care if it does rain.
I don’t care whether it rains or not.
练习1： I don’t know that you can recognize her from here, but the girl reading the newspaper is Mary.
练习2：He had trouble finding out that the capital of the country lay in the costal area or in the mountains.
1.3 疑问代词who, whom, whose, what, which （宾语从句为例）
例题1：I wish to know who will look after these poor children.
例题2：He never makes sure whom he is looking for.
例题3：She takes into consideration whose business is better.
例题4：People are aware of what they really need.
例题5：No one understands which on earth is worth trusting.
练习1：―Janet hasn’t written to us for such a long time.‖―What do you suppose _________ to her?‖A. that she happened B. happened C. to happen D. having happened
练习2： Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of _________ reality.
A. what it is conceived
B. that is conceived
C. what is conceived to be
D. that is being conceived of
1.4疑问副词when, where, why, how
例题1： When I leave for Shanghai is pending.
例题2： That’s where you are mistaken.
例题3： My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered.
例题4： How the book will sell depends on its author.
练习1： I wonder when ______.
A. did your father retire
B. your father retired
C. has your father retired
D. your father has retired.
练习2： The people at the party were worried about Susan because no one was aware ____ she had gone.
A. where that
B. of where
C. of the place where
D. the place
练习3： Do you know why ______ the project.
A. did do I
B. did I do
C. I did
D. did do
练习4： Daniel ________ he could improve his test scores, but he did not have enough time to study.
A. knew to
B. knew how
C. knew how that
D. knew how to
2、定语从句
2.1 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句――本质不同、功能不同
2.1.1作定语的功能
例题：I prefer the people who hold a welcoming attitude toward strangers.
练习：事实上，我非常赞同那些专家所持的意见。
2.1.2作连词＋代词的功能
例题：The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous.
练习：很多在校大学生希望能够结婚，这个问题引起了社会的争论。
2.2 关系代词和关系副词
2.2.1关系代词：who, whom, whose, which …
例题：The girl who stood in the corner became frustrated.
提示：上句who引导的定语从句，可简化为分词短语和介词短语。
The girl standing in the corner became frustrated.
The girl in the corner became frustrated.
2.2.2关系副词：when, where, why, how
例题１：This is the place where (=in which) he was born.
例题２：The baby was taken ill the day when (=on which) we were to sail for New York.
例题３：I know the reason why (=for which) he was so angry.
练习１：Great Slat Lake is fed by freshwater streams, ________ is about four to five time as salty as the ocean.
A. yet
B. which
C. there
D. despite
练习２：The framer uses wood to build a house _______ to store grains.
A. with which
B. where
C. which
D. in which
练习３：The knee is the joint _____ the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
A. when
B. where
C. why
D. which
练习４：Besides the desk who faced the window, there was only a sofa with two matching chairs in the room.
练习５：In the attempt to control inflation by eliminating social program, there are ethical limits beyond where many economists and politicians are reluctant to go.
2.2.3What是本身兼作先行词的关系代词
例题：What (all that) we act makes us profitable.
练习：The main facts in human life are five: birth, food, sleep, love and death. One could increase the number – add breathing for instance – but these five are the most obvious, Let us briefly ask ourselves ___ our lives.
A. they play in what part
B. they play what part in
C. what part they play in
D. in what part they play
2.3 关系代词that和which的区别
2.3.1使用that的情况
a)当先行词中包括人和物时，用that修饰
例题：They are talking about the people, the scenery, and the custom there that left on them a deep impression.
b)在先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时
例题：Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.
c)在序数词后
例题：The first thing I should do is to work out a plan for next year.
d)在先行词前有the only, the same, all, no, little, much, none, any, every, everything, nothing, something, anything词时。
例题１：He was the only man that I knew in my neighbor.
例题２：His writing contains little that is new, but much that is old.
例题３：Is there anyone else that witnessed the accident?
2.3.2 使用which的情况
a)在介词后
例题１：This is the place at which (=where ) I was born.
例题２：That is one reason for which (=why) he likes to come.
b)用在非限制性定语从句中
例题１：The football team, which played badly last year, has done very well this year.
c) which 和that在定语从句中作宾语，可省略
例题１：Here is the dictionary (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
例题２：Mary showed me the present (that) her father gave her on her birthday.
练习１：The outer ear and the ear canal are subject to all of the various disorders ________.
A. that affect the skin
B. affect the skin
C. the skin affects
D. the skin is affected
练习２：Mrs. Swanson, a member of the social committee for the coming year, is the only woman which has a car.
3、状语从句
3.1 作状语的词
副词：He laughs best who laughs last.
介词短语The device has been repaired for nearly three years.
分词Leaving their schools, graduates start their new lives.
不定式We get there too late to get good seats.
名词He passed away yesterday.
从句见下面的内容
3.2状语从句的类型的功能
3.2.1表时间after, before, since, until, when, once, as soon as, by the time, so long as
3.2.2表地点where
3.2.3表原因because, as, since, for, seeing that, now that, considering that,
3.2.4表目的(so) that, in order that, for fear (that), in case (that)
3.2.5表结果so (that), so…that, such… that
3.2.6表状态(exactly) as, (just) as…, as if, as though
3.2.7表比较than, as…as, the…the…, how, according as
3.2.8表让步if, although, as, even though, even if, whether…or
例文：
Several years ago during the dot-com passion, Manhattan lawyer John Kennedy sometimes wore a dark blue suit to meet potential Internet clients. But he soon realized that his conservative clothes were a strike against him before he even shook hands. So he began to do business in casual, open-shirt clothes.
But now the tables have turned. Today Silicon Valley executives are the ones often coming out in suits. No wonder that fortune 500 executives are dusting off their silk ties and pants. ―I would say there is a trend now toward a little more business dres s,‖ said Kennedy. ―I find myself wearing suits more.‖
While there isn’t a rush toward formal office wear, clothiers and executives say the workplace uniform is heading that way. In many offices, men are wearing Jackets, ties and pants more frequently than a year age. Top women executives never went as casual as men, so the shift doesn’t affect them as dramatically.
―Business casual‖ took several years to catch on. It started with casual Fridays, evolved to casual summers, and then became casual everyday. ……
Observers mention many factors driving the trend Internet companies helped lead the dress-down movement and other industries followed suit to attract workers. But with the collapse of many dot-coms, the relaxed look is becoming a style to avoid. Moreover, as the economy stumbles, more people are hunting for jobs or trying to keep the ones they have, and appearance counts.
US President Bush wears a coat and tie in the White House office and expects his staff to dress ―professionally,‖ which some say sets a tome for the nation.
51. "Business casual" was prevalent several years ago because ______.
A. the Manhattan law business grew very quickly
B. shaking hands with clients became popular
C. the country was fighting the conservatives
D. the Internet companies boomed then
52. When the "business casual" prevailed, ______.
A. businessmen wore ties only in workplace
B. businessmen didn’t wear ties at all
C. businesswomen didn’t wear formally in workplace
D.businesswomen still wore formally everywhere
53. The Fortune 500 executives ______.
A. set the trend toward more casual wear
B. are particular about what they wear
C. begin to wear suits more often than before
D. are usual1y indifferent to fashion trend
54. At the beginning of the "business casual" trend, business people wore casually______.
A. when meeting clients
B. on weekends
C. in summer
D. almost everyday
55. It is implied in the passage that the change of business dress from the casual to the formal reflects ______.
A. the changed of people’s tas te in fashion
B. the ups and downs of the fashion industry
C. the ups and downs of the Internet companies
D. people’s difference in business dress
3.3 条件状语从句
3.3.1 If的应用
If he comes, I’ll see him. 陈述语气
If he came, I would see him. 虚拟语气
a)if从句置于句末，前面可以不加逗点（,）。
If you have enough money, why don’t you buy a bicycle?
改写：
b)if的省略
If I had known, I would not have gone.
改写：________________________________________________________________________ 3.3.2 unless连词（除非，如果不）= if … not
Unless the strike has been called off, there will be no trains tomorrow.
改写：________________________________________________________________________ 3.3.3 provided (that)…, providing (that)… , suppose (that)… , supposing (that)…完全替换if
例题：Provided that no objection is raised, we shall hold the meeting here.
3.3.4 as long as, so long as, on condition that = if only只要
例题1： So long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to her with pleasure.
例题2： You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.
练习1： Wood furniture does not spoiled ______ property handled and protected.
A. if
B. has
C. and
D. that
练习2： Unless economic conditions improve next year, ______ widespread普遍的unrest动荡的局面in the country.
A. there would be
B. there is
C. there should be
D. there will be
练习3： As automation increases, the problems of unemployment will become progressively more serious unless more men and women would be given the training necessary for white-collar positions.
练习4： Unless one be familiar with the journalistic style, the techniques used in this essay may not be obvious.
完型填空基础
完形填空又称综合填空，在设计时，并非拿来一篇短文随便去掉几个词，设计者要遵循一定的要求和准则，以保证测试的效度和信度。一般来说，考试中，出题人会给出一篇200-250字的短文，从中去掉15个词，要求考生在15分钟内填完这些空。
完形填空的测试点及解题方法从表面来看，就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词恢复出
它不仅测试应试者在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试应试者在篇章上综合运用语言
必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下①，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理②、对比等手段最后确定答案③。
根据完形填空这一测试特点，在做完形填空时，应采取以下五个步骤逐一进行。
步骤一，了解大意
处理误区：不了解原文大意，盲目做题Can’t see the woods for the trees
所谓了解大意即通读整篇文章，弄清文章的大意和结构，确立正确的背景知识，为正式的填空做好充分的准备。很多考生担心自己的阅读水平，碰到空格的地方就莫名的紧张了，认为不如“看一句，填一空”。但这就陷入了误区。
命题原则：短文中的空格不是随便就去掉的。命题人在出题时有这样一条原则：去掉15个空格后不会影响考生对文章大意的了解。所以，考生在正式填空前，大可不必为理解上的障碍而省略了这至关重要的一步。
具体方法：与阅读理解的方法相似，考生在第一遍阅读中，要善于从文章开头的几句话中把握短文的背景、主题或结构，并结合常识判断构建一定的预期，并在随后的阅读中，不断修正，以求与原文一致。通常情况下，文章开头的一、两句话都是完整的信息，这些句子揭示文章的背景知识或主题思想，在阅读中一定要仔细研读，为后面的阅读扫清障碍。
步骤二，初选答案命题人的六种思路
（一）词义与词形的辨析。选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、形近词的关系。有时出题者也借助选项，考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。
举例： Geographers compare and contrast 1 places on the earth.
A. similar
B. various
C. distant
D. famous
译文：地理学家比较和对照地球上的什么地方。
分析：只为考察compare和contrast的精确含义。compare意为to exam for similarities and differences, contrast意为to compare in order to show differences。综合两个词的含义，应为“找出不同对象之间的相似与不同”。
错误原因：所以考生在应试时对于某些重点单词的理解，不能只局限于中文，而应从英文的角度。
（二）逻辑关系。所填空格的句子，与上下文构成并列、递进、举例、因果、比较、对比、让步等逻辑关系。
上下文逻辑关系的考察，是完形填空区别于单纯的句子与结构测试中最重要的一点。
例如： The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; 1 , what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system…
A. otherwise
B. moreover
C. however
D. also
译文：“为了保护自己，外籍研究员通常把自己封闭在实验室中，？他所需要的应该是融入一个非常有组织的（综合）大学体系”。从逻辑的角度而言，前后已然成为对立、矛盾的关系。补充词汇：
●并列和递进关系
①标志词：and, indeed, also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too或会有标点符号：或；
②前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性
●*转折、让步、对比的对立关系*
①标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, whereas, despite, by contrast, on the contrary
②前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况：a.褒贬对立；b.句式结构对立。
●例证关系
①标志词：for example，for instance，for one thing，to illustrate，as an illustration，verify
②出题模式：例子(例证)，总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；for example, for in stance ●定义关系
①标志词：namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather
②出题模式：有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾
●因果关系
①结果标志词：so, therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence, consequently, as a consequence
②总结标志词：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word
③原因标志词：because, since, for, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, as a result of, seeing that,
(三)结构识别。这里讲到的结构，是指英文中表祯句子结构的固定词组，如not only…but…,as well, some…the others…, still others…,between…and ,either…or, neither…nor等。(四)固定搭配（词组）。这里的固定搭配，是指动词与名词之间的搭配。如：同样是“利用……”, 却有不同的搭配take advantage of sth. /make use of sth.
(五)动词的用法。考生应从动词的时态、语态（被动语态和主动语态）以及非谓语动词 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）几个角度逐一考虑。
(六)介词的用法.介词的用法中多考察介词与名词、介词与形容词及及介词与动词的搭配和用
法。
除了按照以上六种思路从正面逐一解题外，考生还可以灵活多变地从反面入手，利用排除法获得正确答案。
“In the United States professors have many other duties 86 teaching, such as administrative or research work . 87 , the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited.”
86. A. but B. except C. with D. besides
87. A. However B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Nevertheless
在完形填空中，所谓的同性元素是指具有相同的含义，同样的语法功能以及一致用法的两个或多个选项。其实，同性元素的出现，是出题者黔驴技穷的表现，是为了凑足四个选项不得已而为之的。
步骤三，寻找线索
完形填空不同于句子与结构，必须要从整篇文章入手，通篇考虑，结合上下文答案，寻找线索就秉诚了这一思想。有些题从单纯的句子来考虑，我们会发现四个选项均可以入选，但从上下文的线索入手，就能迅速排除其它三个，找到正确答案，从某种意义上来说，“寻找线索“不仅可以考察考生的语言知识，而且更强调对文章内容的整体把握。
步骤四，回头补缺
在做题时，如果有的难题一时做不出来，应立刻跳过此题，继续往下做。笔者不提倡考生在某一题上花费大量的时间。道理不言自明，只要考生坚持往下做，随着空格变得越来越少，对文章的理解也越来越轻松，有时就能从下文的线索和暗示中找到答案，这样再回过头来填上答案，也未为晚也。
步骤五，核实答案
题目填完后（除个别难度较大的题目外），应利用一到两分钟将答案带入原文通读，通读的目的是通过“语感”来核实答案。这样读下来，不仅可以改正填错的词，而且还可以在这一过程中得到启发，把做不上来的题目填出来。
综上所述，这五个步骤在整个完形填空的做题过程中缺一不可。了解文章大意是前提条件，答案的初选是做题的核心，在这一过程中，除了逻辑关系以外，其余5种出题思路更主要的是针对考生平时的积累和记忆的程度，考察考生的语言功底。笔者再次提醒广大考生，完形填空的成功离不开对篇章的整体把握，孤立地、片面地看问题，终会使你失望而归。
例题一、（1996）
Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an important general
indicator. Inflation is a period of increased 66 that causes rapid rises in prices. 67 your money buys fewer goods so that you get 68 for the same amount of money as before, inflation is the problem. There is a general rise 69 the price of goods and services. Your money buys less. Sometimes people describe inflation as a(n) 70 when ―a dollar is not worth a dollar anymore‖.
Inflation is a problem for all consumers. People who live on a fixed income are hurt the 71 . Retired people, for instance, cannot 72 on an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who do not work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to 73 their needs in time of inflation. Retirement income 74 any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices. Many retired people must cut their spending to 75 rising prices. In many cases they must stop 76 some necessary items, such as food and clothing. Even 77 working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can be a problem. The 78 of living goes up, too. People who work must have even more money to keep up their standard of living. Just buying the things they need costs more. When incomes do not keep 79 with rising prices, the standard of living goes down. People may be earning the same amount of money, but they are not living 80 because they are not able to buy as many goods and services.
Government units gather information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes 81 the rate of change can be determined. A price index measures changes in prices using the price for a 82 year as the base. The base price is set 83 100, and the other prices are reported as a 84 of the base price. A price index makes 85 possible to compare current prices of typical consumer goods, for example, with prices of the same goods in previous years.
66. A. spending B. demanding C. consuming D. saving
67. A. Because B. While C.Since D.When
68. A. much B. little C. more D. less
69. A. in B.on C. at D.to
70. A. chance B.time C.moment D.occasion
71. A. best B.least C.most D.worst
72. A. rely B.rest C.depend D.count
73. A. meet B.obtain C.care D. acquire
74. A. or B.and C.excluding D. including
75. A.live up to B.catch up on C. put up with D.keep up with
76. A.to buy B. buying C.having bought D.from buying