Local Ignition in CarbonOxygen White Dwarfs -- I One-zone Ignition and Spherical Shock Igni

2017航海英语复习九Key word 34: Fire fighting （95）B1617. All of the following are part of the fire triangle EXCEPT ______.A. fuelB. electricityC. oxygenD. heat【知识点】燃烧三要素【解析】不是燃烧三角形一部分的是：电气。

相关题目B1727. It is used for extinguishing fires because it reduces __in the air to the point where combustion stops.A. the concentration of oxygenB. the temperatureC. the fuelD. the heatD1731. Carbon dioxide flooding system is used for extinguishing fires because it reduces the concentration of oxygen in the air to______A .flashing pointB .combustion point C. auto-ignition point D. lower explosive limitC2092. Except in rare cases, it is impossible to extinguish a shipboard fire by ______.A. removing the heatB. removing the oxygenC. removing the fuelD. interrupting the chain reactionA2133. Oil fires are best extinguished by ______.A. cutting off the supply of oxygenB. removing the fuelC. cooling below the ignition temperatureD. spraying with waterB2189. For most products, the fire will die out when the oxygen content is reduced to ________.A.10%B.12%C.15%D.21%【解析】对多数物质而言，氧气含量降至12%，火将熄灭。

acetate 醋酸盐acid 酸Actinium(Ac) 锕aldehyde 醛alkali 碱,强碱alkalinity 碱性alkalinization 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alloy 合金Aluminium(Al) 铝Americium(Am) 镅ammonia 氨analysis 分解anhydride 酐anion 阴离子anode 阳极,正极Antimony(Sb) 锑apparatus 设备aqua fortis 王水Argon(Ar) 氩Arsenic(As) 砷asphalt 沥青Astatine(At) 砹atom 原子atomic mass 原子质量atomic number 原子数atomic weight 原子量Barium(Ba) 钡base 碱benzene 苯Berkelium(Bk) 锫Beryllium(Be) 铍Bismuth(Bi) 铋bivalent 二价body 物体bond 原子的聚合Boron(B) 硼Bromine(Br) 溴Bunsen burner 本生灯burette 滴定管butane 丁烷Cadmium(Cd) 镉Caesium(Cs) 铯Calcium(Ca) 钙Californium(Cf) 锎Carbon(C) 碳catalysis 催化作用catalyst 催化剂cathode 阴极,负极cation 阳离子caustic potash 苛性钾caustic soda 苛性钠Cerium(Ce) 铈chemical fiber 化学纤维Chlorine(Cl) 氯Chromium(Cr) 铬Cobalt(Co) 钴combination 合成作用combustion 燃烧compound 合成物compound 化合物Copper(Cu) 铜cracking 裂化crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚crude oil, crude 原油cupel 烤钵Curium(Cm) 锔derivative 衍生物dissolution 分解distillation column 分裂蒸馏塔distillation 蒸馏Dysprosium(Dy) 镝Einsteinium(Es) 锿electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electron 电子element 元素endothermic reaction 吸热反应Erbium(Er) 铒ester 酯Europium(Eu) 铕exothermic reaction 放热反应fatty acid 脂肪酸fermentation 发酵Fermium(Fm) 镄filter 滤管flask 烧瓶Fluorine(F) 氟fractional distillation 分馏fractionating tower 分馏塔fractionation 分馏Francium(Fr) 钫fuel 燃料fusion, melting 熔解Gadolinium(Gd) 钆Gallium(Ga) 镓gas oil 柴油gel 凝胶体Germanium(Ge) 锗Gold(Au) 金graduate, graduated flask 量筒,量杯gram atom 克原子Hafnium(Hf) 铪halogen 成盐元素Helium(He) 氦high-grade petrol, high-octane petrol 高级汽油,高辛烷值汽油Holmium(Ho) 钬hydracid 氢酸hydrate 水合物hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物,羟hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydrogen sulfide 氢化硫Hydrogen(H) 氢hydrolysis 水解hydrosulphuric acid 氢硫酸hydroxide 氢氧化物,羟化物Indium(In) 铟inorganic chemistry 无机化学Iodine(I) 碘ion 离子Iridium(Ir) 铱Iron(Fe) 铁isomer 同分异物现象isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象isotope 同位素kerosene, karaffin oil 煤油Krypton(Kr) 氪Lanthanum(La) 镧Lawrencium(Lr) 铹Lead(Pb) 铅Lithium(Li) 锂litmus paper 石蕊试纸litmus 石蕊LNG, liquefied natural gas 液化天然气LPG, liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气lubricating oil 润滑油Lutetium(Lu) 镥Magnesium(Mg) 镁Manganese(Mn) 锰matrass 卵形瓶Mendelevium(Md) 钔Mercury(Hg) 汞metal 金属metalloid 非金属methane 甲烷,沼气mixture 混合molecule 分子Molybdenum(Mo) 钼monovalent 单价natural gas 天然气Neodymium(Nd) 钕Neon(Ne) 氖Neptunium(Np) 镎Nickel(Ni) 镍Niobium(Nb) 铌nitric acid 硝酸Nitrogen(N) 氮Nobelium(No) 锘Nuclear Fusion 核聚变octane number 辛烷数,辛烷值olefin 烯烃organic acid 有机酸organic chemistry 有机化学Osmium(Os) 锇oxide 氧化物oxidization, oxidation 氧化Oxygen(O) 氧Palladium(Pd) 钯paraffin 石蜡petrol 汽油(美作:gasoline)PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂phosphate 磷酸盐Phosphorus(P) 磷pipette 吸液管plastic 塑料Platinum(Pt) 铂Plutonium(Pu) 钚Polonium(Po) 钋polymer 聚合物polymerizing, polymerization 聚合potassium carbonate 碳酸钾Potassium(K) 钾Praseodymium(Pr) 镨precipitation 沉淀product 产物electrochemical analysis 电化学分析on-line analysis 在线分析macro analysis 常量分析characteristic 表征micro analysis 微量分析deformation analysis 形态分析semimicro analysis 半微量分析systematical error 系统误差routine analysis 常规分析random error 偶然误差arbitration analysis 仲裁分析gross error 过失误差normal distribution 正态分布accuracy 准确度deviation偏差precision 精密度relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）confidence level 置信水平confidence interval 置信区间significant test 显著性检验significant figure 有效数字standard solution 标准溶液titration 滴定stoichiometric point 化学计量点end point滴定终点titration error 滴定误差primary standard 基准物质amount of substance 物质的量standardization 标定chemical reaction 化学反应concentration浓度chemical equilibrium 化学平衡titer 滴定度general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法dissociation constant 解离常数conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对acetic acid 乙酸hydronium ion水合氢离子electrolyte 电解质ion-product constant of water 水的离子积ionization 电离proton condition 质子平衡zero level零水准buffer solution缓冲溶液methyl orange 甲基橙acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂phenolphthalein 酚酞coordination compound 配位化合物center ion 中心离子cumulative stability constant 累积稳定常数alpha coefficient 酸效应系数overall stability constant 总稳定常数ligand 配位体ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸side reaction coefficient 副反应系数coordination atom 配位原子coordination number 配位数lone pair electron 孤对电子chelate compound 螯合物metal indicator 金属指示剂chelating agent 螯合剂masking 掩蔽demasking 解蔽electron 电子catalysis 催化oxidation氧化catalyst 催化剂reduction 还原catalytic reaction 催化反应reaction rate 反应速率electrode potential 电极电势activation energy 反应的活化能redox couple 氧化还原电对potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾iodimetry碘量法potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾cerimetry 铈量法redox indicator 氧化还原指示oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO)precipitation 沉淀反应argentimetry 银量法heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡aging 陈化postprecipitation 继沉淀coprecipitation 共沉淀ignition 灼烧fitration 过滤decantation 倾泻法chemical factor 化学因数spectrophotometry 分光光度法colorimetry 比色分析transmittance 透光率absorptivity 吸光率calibration curve 校正曲线standard curve 标准曲线monochromator 单色器source 光源wavelength dispersion 色散absorption cell吸收池detector 检测系统bathochromic shift 红移Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数hypochromic shift 紫移acetylene 乙炔ethylene 乙烯acetylating agent 乙酰化剂acetic acid 乙酸adiethyl ether 乙醚ethyl alcohol 乙醇acetaldehtde 乙醛β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应open chain compound 开链族化合物molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论chiral molecule 手性分子tautomerism 互变异构现象reaction mechanism 反应历程chemical shift 化学位移Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转nEnantiomorph 对映体addition rea ction 加成反应dextro- 右旋levo- 左旋stereochemistry 立体化学stereo isomer 立体异构体Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂covalent bond 共价键conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃conjugated double bond 共轭双键conjugated system 共轭体系conjugated effect 共轭效应isomer 同分异构体isomerism 同分异构现象organic chemistry 有机化学hybridization 杂化hybrid orbital 杂化轨道heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物peroxide effect 过氧化物效应tvalence bond theory 价键理论sequence rule 次序规则electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基Huckel rule 休克尔规则Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验infrared spectrum 红外光谱Michael reacton 麦克尔反应halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃haloform reaction 卤仿反应systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法eNewman projection 纽曼投影式aromatic compound 芳香族化合物aromatic character 芳香性rClaisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应positional isomers 位置异构体unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应benzene 苯functional grou 官能团pconfiguration 构型conformation 构象confomational isome 构象异构体electrophilic addition 亲电加成electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂nucleophilic addition 亲核加成nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应active intermediate 活性中间体Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构inductive effect 诱导效应tFehling’s reagent 费林试剂phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物elimination reaction 消除反应Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振alkene 烯烃allyl cation 烯丙基正离子leaving group 离去基团optical activity 旋光性boat confomation 船型构象silver mirror reaction 银镜反应Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应Ketone 酮carboxylic acid 羧酸carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物hydroboration 硼氢化反应bond oength 键长bond energy 键能bond angle 键角carbohydrate 碳水化合物carbocation 碳正离子carbanion 碳负离子alcohol 醇Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则Aldehyde 醛Ether 醚Polymer 聚合物product 化学反应产物Promethium(Pm) 钷Protactinium(Pa) 镤purification 净化qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析chemical analysis 化学分析instrumental analysis 仪器分析titrimetry 滴定分析gravimetric analysis 重量分析法regent 试剂chromatographic analysis 色谱分析radical 基Radium(Ra) 镭Radon(Rn) 氡reagent 试剂reducer 还原剂refinery 炼油厂refining 炼油reforming 重整retort 曲颈甑reversible 可逆的Rhenium(Re) 铼Rhodium(Rh) 铑Rubidium(Rb) 铷Ruthenium(Ru) 钌salt 盐Samarium(Sm) 钐Scandium(Sc) 钪Selenium(Se) 硒separation 分离series 系列Silicon(Si) 硅Silver(Ag) 银soda 苏打sodium carbonate 碳酸钠Sodium(Na) 钠solution 溶解solvent 溶剂still 蒸馏釜stirring rod 搅拌棒Strontium(Sr) 锶structural formula 分子式Sulphur(S) 锍sulphuric acid 硫酸symbol 复合synthesis 合成synthetic rubber 合成橡胶Tantalum(Ta) 钽Technetium(Tc) 锝Tellurium(Te) 碲Terbium(Tb) 铽test tube 试管Thallium(Tl) 铊Thorium(Th) 钍Thulium(Tm) 铥Tin(Sn) 锡Titanium(Ti) 钛to calcine 煅烧to dehydrate 脱水to distil, to distill 蒸馏to hydrate 水合,水化to hydrogenate 氢化to neutralize 中和to oxidize 氧化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to precipitate 沉淀Tungsten(W) 钨Uranium(U) 铀valence, valency 价Vanadium(V) 钒vaseline 凡士林Xenon(Xe) 氙Ytterbium(Yb) 镱Yttrium(Y) 钇Zinc(Zn) 锌Zirconium(Zr) 锆理想气体状态方程Partial Pressures 分压Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程System and Surroundings 系统与环境State and State Functions 状态与状态函数Process 过程Phase 相The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律Heat and Work 热与功Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热Hess’s Law 盖斯定律Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓Reaction Rates 反应速率Reaction Order 反应级数Rate Constants 速率常数Activation Energy 活化能The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂Enzymes 酶The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数the Direction of Reaction 反应方向Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理Effects of V olume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalysts 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响Spontaneous Processes 自发过程Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律Entropy Changes 熵变Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变Acid-Bases 酸碱The Dissociation of Water 水离解The Proton in Water 水合质子The pH Scales pH值Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成Solubility 溶解度The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应Oxidation Number 氧化数Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平Half-Reaction 半反应Galvani Cell 原电池V oltaic Cell 伏特电池Cell EMF 电池电动势Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程Electrolysis 电解The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型Line Spectra 线光谱Quantum Numbers 量子数Electron Spin 电子自旋Atomic Orbital 原子轨道The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子Energies of Orbital 轨道能量The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理Electron Configurations 电子构型The Periodic Table 周期表Row 行Group 族Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律Radius of Atoms 原子半径Ionization Energy 电离能Electronegativity 电负性Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷Electron Affinities 亲电性Metals 金属Nonmetals 非金属Valence Bond Theory 价键理论Covalence Bond 共价键Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠Multiple Bonds 重键Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型Molecular Orbital 分子轨道Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子Bond Length 键长Bond Order 键级Bond Angles 键角Bond Enthalpies 键能Bond Polarity 键矩Dipole Moments 偶极矩Polarity Molecules 极性分子Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子Crystal Structure 晶体结构Non-Crystal 非晶体Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallic Bond 金属键Alloys 合金Ionic Solids 离子晶体Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力Molecular Forces 分子间力Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力Hydrogen Bonding 氢键Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体Compounds 化合物The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型Chelates 螯合物Isomerism 异构现象Structural Isomerism 结构异构Stereoisomerism 立体异构Magnetism 磁性Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物General Characteristics 共性s-Block Elements s区元素Alkali Metals 碱金属Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属Hydrides 氢化物Oxides 氧化物Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物Hydroxides 氢氧化物Salts 盐p-Block Elements p区元素Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）Borane 硼烷Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 硅的存在和制备Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢Sulfides 硫化物Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物The Noble Gases 稀有气体Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物d-Block elements d区元素Transition Metals 过渡金属Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞f-Block Elements f区元素Lanthanides 镧系元素Radioactivity 放射性Nuclear Chemistry 核化学Nuclear Fission 核裂变analytical chemistry 分析化学。

Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes, inorganic and organic. Inorg anic compounds are defined as molecules, usually small, that typically lack carbon and in which io nic bonds may play an important role. Inorganic compounds include water, oxygen, carbon dioxid e, and many salts, acids, and bases.生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。

无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。

无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。

All living organisms require a wide variety of inorganic compounds for growth, repair, maintenan ce, and reproduction. Water is one of the most important, as well as one of the rmost abundant, of t hese compounds, and it is particularly vital to microorganisms. Outside the cell, nutrients are disso lved in water, which facilitates their passage through cell membranes. And inside the cell , water is the medium for most chemical reactions. In fact, water is by far the most abundant component of almost all living cells. Water makes up 5% to 95% or more of each cell, the average being betwee n 65% and 75%. Simply stated, no organism can survive without water 所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。

七年级全球挑战与社会责任英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Global warming is a serious problem that the world is facing. It refers to the long-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. The main cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise.One of the most visible effects of global warming is the melting of glaciers and ice caps. This leads to rising sea levels, which can cause flooding in coastal areas. Global warming also causes changes in weather patterns, such as more extreme heat waves, droughts, and storms.We need to take action to reduce global warming. We can do this by reducing our use of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas. We can also plant more trees, which absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.1. What is global warming?A. A short-term increase in temperature.B. A long-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.C. A decrease in temperature.D. No change in temperature.答案：B。

高三化学有机英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Methane, also known as natural gas, is one of the simplest and most important organic compounds. It has a tetrahedral molecular structure with four hydrogen atoms bonded to a single carbon atom. The chemical formula for methane is CH₄.Methane is a colorless and odorless gas at room temperature. However, for safety reasons, a small amount of odorant is added to natural gas so that leaks can be easily detected. Methane is highly flammable and burns with a blue flame, producing carbon dioxide and water.In nature, methane is found in several places. It is a major component of natural gas deposits, which are formed from the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Methane is also produced by anaerobic bacteria in swamps, marshes, and the digestive tracts of some animals.Methane has many important uses. It is a clean-burning fuel that is used for heating, cooking, and generating electricity. Methane is also used as a raw material in the production of chemicals such as methanol and ammonia.The properties of methane make it an important compound in bothindustry and everyday life. Its low boiling point and high vapor pressure make it easy to store and transport as a gas. Methane is also relatively stable and does not react easily with other compounds under normal conditions.However, methane can also have negative impacts on the environment. When released into the atmosphere, methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential much higher than that of carbon dioxide. Efforts are being made to reduce methane emissions from sources such as natural gas production and livestock farming.In conclusion, methane is a fascinating and important organic compound with a wide range of properties and uses. Understanding its structure, properties, and environmental impacts is essential for students of chemistry and for anyone interested in the environment and energy.1. Methane has a ___ molecular structure.A. triangularB. tetrahedralC. hexagonalD. octagonal答案：B。

2023届广东省揭阳市四校联考高三下学期二模英语试题一、听力选择题1. Why didn’t the man go to the exhibition?A．Getting tickets would take too much time.B．He didn’t care for Da Vinci’s paintings.C．The ticket was too expensive.2. Why did the man leave Asian Industrial?A．He got promoted.B．He liked marketing.C．He enjoyed electronics.3. What does the man mean?A．He thinks the movie is terrible.B．He likes the movie very much.C．He thinks Eva acted well in the movie.4. What is the woman probably?A．A nurse.B．A teacher.C．A surgeon.5. When does the bank close on Sunday?A．At 9:00 p.m.B．At 5:00 p.m.C．At 4:00 p.m.二、听力选择题6. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

1. Where did the woman learn about the apartment?A．On TV.B．In the newspaper.C．On the Internet.2. How much is the monthly rent?A．About £600.B．About £300.C．About £150.3. What will bring about an extra fee?A．Heat.B．Electricity.C．Parking.7. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

2024年甘肃省英语初一上学期复习试题及解答参考一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Question: What does the man say about his weekend plans?A) He plans to visit his grandparents.B) He will stay home and do some homework.C) He is going to a sports event.Answer: BExplanation: The man says, “I’m staying home this weekend to catch up on some homework.” Therefore, the correct answer is B.2、Question: How does the woman feel about the weather today?A) She thinks it’s too hot.B) She prefers the sunny weather.C) She s ays it’s quite pleasant.Answer: CExplanation: The woman says, “It’s quite pleasant today, isn’t it?” which indicates she finds the weather to be enjoyable. Thus, the correct answer isC.3、What are the two subjects that the students are talking about?A. Math and ScienceB. English and HistoryC. Music and ArtD. PE and GeographyAnswer: BExplanation: The students mentioned that they are studying English and History in school, so the correct answer is B.4、How does the weather forecast for tomorrow?A. It will be sunny all day.B. There will be a heavy rain.C. The weather will be cloudy with a chance of rain.D. It will be a windy day.Answer: CExplanation: The weather forecast for tomorrow mentioned that it will be cloudy with a chance of rain, so the correct answer is C.5、What are the speakers discussing?A. The weather forecast for the next week.B. The differences between two cities.C. The books they have read recently.Answer: BExplanation: The conversation includes a comparison between the two cities, with the speakers mentioning the differences in climate, culture, and attractions. Therefore, the correct answer is B.6、Why does the woman want to change her major?A. She is interested in a different field of study.B. She is not enjoying her current major.C. She needs more flexibility in her schedule.Answer: CExplanation: The woman mentions that her current major requires a lot of hours, and she wants to change it for something that allows more flexibility in her schedule. Therefore, the correct answer is C.7、You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher.Student: “Mr.Smith, I’m confused about the homework you gave us. Could you explain it again?”Teacher: “Of course. The assignment is to write a short essay about your favorite book. Remember to include three main points and provide examples to support your opinions.”Question: What is the main topic of the homework assignment?A) Reading a bookB) Writing an essayC) Discussing favorite subjectsD) Exploring different genresAnswer: B) Writing an essayExplanation: The teacher explains that the assignment is to write a short essay, making option B the correct answer. The other options are not directly related to the main task.8、You are listening to a news report about a local charity event.Reporter: “This weekend, the local community center will be hosting a charity event to raise funds for the children’s hospital. The event will feature a variety of activities, including a bake sale, a silent auction, and a talent show. All proceeds will go towards supporting the hospital’s programs and services.”Question: What is the main purpose of the charity event?A) To raise funds for the community centerB) To suppo rt the children’s hospitalC) To promote local businessesD) To provide entertainment for the communityAnswer: B) To support the children’s hospitalExplanation: The news report clearly states that the event is to raise funds for the children’s hospital, making option B the correct answer. The other options are not mentioned in the report and are not related to the event’s purpose.9.You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher.Student: “Mr.Smith, can I ask you a question about the homework?”Teacher: “Certainly, what’s your question?”Student: “Well, I’m not sure about the answer to the last question on the assignment. It says ‘The boy and the girl played together in the park.’ But I’m confused about the verb tense. Should it be pa st simple or pastcontinuous?”Teacher: “That’s a great question. The correct answer is past simple. The past simple tense is used to talk about actions in the past that have already finished. Since the sentence is describing an event that happened in the past and is not ongoing, we use the past simple tense.”Answer: past simpleExplanation: The teacher explains that the correct tense to use in the sentence is the past simple because it describes a completed action in the past.10.Listen to a short dialogue between two friends discussing their weekend plans.Friend A: “Hey, what are you planning to do this weekend?”Friend B: “I’m thinking of going hiking. How about you?”Friend A: “That sounds fun! But I was thinking of staying in and watching some movies. Do you think that’s a good idea?”Friend B: “Sure, that’s fine. I think we should both do something we enjoy. It’s important to relax and have a good time.”Answer: watching moviesExplanation: Friend A mentions that they were planning to stay in and watch some movies. This is the activity that Friend A is considering for their weekend.11.You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher.Student: Excuse me, Mr. Smith, I was wondering if you could explain the homework assignment again.Teacher: Sure, the homework assignment is to write a short essay about your favorite book. Remember to include three reasons why you like it.Question: What is the homework assignment for this week?A) Reading a new bookB) Writing a short essay about a favorite bookC) Discussing the plot of a novelD) Drawing a picture of a characterAnswer: BExplanation: The teacher specifically mentioned that the homework assignment is to write a short essay about a favorite book, which corresponds to optionB.12.You are listening to a phone conversation between two friends.Friend A: Hey, how was your science class today?Friend B: It was okay, but the teacher gave us a pop quiz on the periodic table.Question: What did Friend B mention about the science class?A) The teacher explained the periodic table in detailB) There was a pop quiz on the periodic tableC) They watched a video about the solar systemD) They discussed the properties of waterAnswer: BExplanation: Friend B mentioned that there was a pop quiz on the periodic table,which corresponds to option B.13.You hear a conversation between two friends at the library. Listen carefully and choose the correct answer.A. They are discussing a book they both read.B. They are planning to go to the cinema together.C. They are asking for help with their homework.Answer: AExplanation: The conversation focuses on the book they both read, indicating that they are discussing it together.14.Listen to a short dialogue between a teacher and a student about an upcoming school project. Then answer the question.Question: What is the teacher asking the student to do?A. To finish the project before the deadline.B. To choose a topic for the project.C. To bring their research notes to the next class.Answer: BExplanation: The teacher is guiding the student to choose a topic for the project, which is the main focus of the conversation.15.Question: What did the woman do yesterday afternoon?A. She went to the library.B. She visited her friend.C. She watched a movie at home.Answer: BExplanation: The woman mentioned in the conversation that she had visited her friend yesterday afternoon, which is option B.16.Question: How many books did the student borrow from the library last week?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourAnswer: CExplanation: The student in the conversation said that he borrowed four books from the library last week, which is option C.17.You are listening to a conversation between two students, Alex and Lily, discussing their weekend plans.Question: What are Alex and Lily planning to do this weekend?A) Go shoppingB) Go to a movieC) Go hikingAnswer: C) Go hikingExplanation: The conversation reveals that Alex and Lily are planning to go hiking this weekend. They talk about how they want to go to a nature reserve and enjoy the beautiful scenery.18.You are listening to a phone call between a teacher and a student,discussing the student’s progress.Question: What is the student’s main concern regarding their studies?A) Difficulty in understanding the math lessonsB) Lack of time for homeworkC) Low grades in the science testsAnswer: C) Low grades in the science testsExplanation: In the phone call, the student expresses their worry about their low grades in the science tests. The teacher offers some advice and encourages the student to study harder to improve their scores.19.You hear a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans. Listen to the conversation and answer the following question:What activity does Alice plan to do this weekend?A)Go to the movies.B)Visit a museum.C)Go hiking.Answer: B) Visit a museum.Explanation: In the conversation, Alice says, “I think I’ll visit the art museum this weekend.” This indicates that her plan is to visit a museum.20.You hear a short dialogue between a teacher and a student, Sarah, abouta school project. Listen to the dialogue and answer the following question:What is Sarah’s concern about the project?A)She doesn’t understand the instructions.B)She doesn’t have all the required materials.C)She’s worried about the deadline.Answer: C) She’s worried about the deadline.Explanation: The teacher asks Sarah, “How are you doing with the project?” and Sarah replies, “I’m a bit worried about the deadline; I haven’t finished everything yet.” This shows that her main concern is the project’s deadline.二、阅读理解（30分）Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The Rainforest: A Treasure Trove of BiodiversityThe rainforest is a lush, green area of land that is home to a vast array of plants, anim als, and insects. Covering approximately 6% of the Earth’s surface, rainforests are found mainly in the Amazon, Congo, and Indonesia. Despite their small size, they are incredibly diverse, housing up to 50% of the world’s known species.One of the most fascinating aspects of the rainforest is its biodiversity. This refers to the variety of life found in a particular habitat, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. The dense vegetation provides a habitat for countless species, many of which are not yet discovered by scientists. The rainforest is often referred to as the “lungs of the Earth” because it produces a significant amount of oxygen through photosynthesis.The rainforest also plays a crucial role in climate regulation. It helps to regulate the Earth’s temperature by absorbing carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas. This process is known as carbon sequestration. The trees and plants in the rainforest release moisture into the atmosphere, which contributes to cloud formation and rainfall.However, the rainforest is facing numerous threats. Deforestation, driven by agricultural expansion, logging, and mining, is the most significant threat to rainforest ecosystems. This not only leads to the loss of habitat for countless species but also contributes to global climate change.1.What is the main topic of the passage?A) The causes of global climate changeB) The importance of the rainforest in maintaining biodiversityC) The economic value of rainforestsD) The challenges of preserving rainforest ecosystems2.According to the passage, what is the role of the rainforest in climate regulation?A) It increases the Earth’s temperature.B) It absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.C) It reduces the amount of rainfall.D) It contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer.3.What is the primary threat mentioned in the passage as causing deforestation?A) OverpopulationB) Agricultural expansionC) Natural disastersD) The construction of new citiesAnswers:1.B) The importance of the rainforest in maintaining biodiversity2.B) It absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.3.B) Agricultural expansion三、完型填空（15分）In the small town of Willowbrook, there was once a charming old library that stood at the heart of the community. Every afternoon, a young girl named Lily would visit the library to read her favorite books. However, one day, the library was threatened by a ____(1)__ storm that was expected to cause significant damage.1.A) gentleB) fierceC) mildD) heavyThe librarian, Mrs. Green, knew that the library needed to be ____(2)__ before the storm hit.2.A) closedB) securedC) expandedD) decoratedMrs. Green quickly organized a community meeting to discuss the situation. Many townspeople offered to help. They brought in ____(3)__ and blankets to protect the books and furniture.3.A) sandbagsB) umbrellasC) shovelsD) bucketsAs the storm approached, the townspeople worked tirelessly to ____(4)__ the library.4.A) decorateB) protectC) restoreD) reconstructThankfully, the storm passed without causing much damage. The library was still standing, and the townspeople celebrated their success. They realized that the library was more than just a place to read; it was a symbol of community ____(5)__.5.A) unityB) diversityC) wealthD) progress1.B) fierce2.B) secured3.A) sandbags4.B) protect5.A) unity四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、I am not sure________I will be able to attend the meeting next week. ( )A. whetherB. thatC. ifD. because答案：A解析：此题考查连词的用法。

All Amerex extinguishers are furnished with a detailed “Owners Manual” containing valuable information. The manual contains information on the installation, use and maintenance of the extinguisher. The extinguisher nameplate (label) contains specific information on “HOW TO USE” the particular extinguisher. The label instructions vary slightly according to type and size. All potential operators should be totally familiar with the instructions on any extinguisher they might be required to use.Amerex manufactures an extensive variety of hand portable and wheeled fire extinguishers, both “compliance” (code required) and “specialty” types. “Specialty” type extinguishers are intended for use on particular types of hazards, so careful attention should be made to locating them in close proximity to the specific hazard they are meant to protect. It is natural for a person to use the extinguisher located nearest to a fire. The most current issue of NFPA-10 should be consulted for minimum recommended fire extinguisher types, placement and travel distances. Your local Amerex Fire Equipment Distributor is professionally equipped to help you evaluate and implement these recommendations.All “Picture Symbols” are detailed below and should be reviewed with all who might be expected to use a fire extinguisher. Everyone should be familiar with these picture symbols which identify the types of fires on which they may be used. The International sign system diagonal red slash indicates a potential danger if the extinguisher is used on that particular type of fire.TYPES OF FIRESCLASS A ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLES:wood, paper, rubber, fabrics and many plastics CLASS B FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS & GASES: gasoline, oils, paint, lacquer and tar CLASS C FIRES INVOLVING LIVE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT CLASS D COMBUSTIBLE METALS OR COMBUSTIBLE METAL ALLOYS (NO picture symbol) CLASS K FIRES IN COOKING APPLIANCES THAT INVOLVE COMBUSTIBLECOOKING MEDIA vegetable or animal oils and fatsTYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS CLASS ACLASS A:BCLASS A:B:CCLASS A:CCLASS B:CCLASS DCLASS A:K 2WHERE TO USEHOW TO USEALL AMEREX FIRE EXTINGUISHERS COMPLY WITH THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION AND ARE TESTED AND RATED BY UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES OR FM GLOBAL TO ANSI / UL STANDARDS. ALL EXTINGUISHER NAMEPLATES CONTAIN THE NECESSARY HMIS INFORMATION TO COMPLY WITH NATIONAL AND LOCAL OSHA REQUIREMENTS.WATER & AFFF ATC 3DISCHARGE TIME (SEC.)INCLUDED BRACKET W E T C H E M I C A L 4WATER MIST 5RUGGED 6 Year Manufacturer’s Warranty Stored Pressure Design Dependable Drawn Steel Cylinders Durable High Gloss Polyester Powder Paint All Metal Valve Construction Temperature Range -40°F to 120°F ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE EPA approved “Clean Agent” for Class A, B and C hazards Low GWP (Global Warming Potential)Low ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)MINIMUM CONFINED SPACE REQUIREMENTS (CU. FT.)FAA APPROVED MODELINCLUDED BRACKET H A L O T R O N ™Amerex Corporation6H A L O T R O N ™ IHALON 1211 7is discharged as a white cloud of “snow” which smothers a fire by eliminating oxygen. It is effective for Class B flammable liquids and is electrically non-conductive. Carbon Dioxide is a clean, non-contaminating, odorless gas.AVAILABLE IN 50 / 100 lb. WHEELED EXTINGUISHERSC A R B O ND I O X I DE 8Model322NMNON-MAGNETICMODELS 332 331322 330 Manufactured and Tested to ANSI/UL Standards Complies with NFPA 10 Standard ISO-9001 / ISO-14001 Certified UL LISTED DISCHARGE TIME (SEC.)INCLUDED BRACKET Non-Magnetic model available (Model 322NM - Tested to 11.7 Tesla)CLASS D 9A B C D R Y C H E M I C A L 10Aluminum ValveREGULAR DRY CHEMICAL 11P U R P L E K D R Y C H E M I C A L12HIGH PERFORMANCE Dry Chemical 13REGULAR REGULAR PURPLE K 7217611020HOSE & NOZZLE 20B:C 60B:C 20B:C 19.53919.511201.15 1.13 1.1515-2515-2515-2520½2420½ portable fire extinguishers for applications where discharge rates exceeding one pound per second are required as specified in NFPA 10. These extinguishers utilize the same hardware and are manufactured to the same U.L. specifications as Amerex compliance rated products.H I G H F L O W14HIGH FLOW - Exceeds 1 lb. per second discharge rateMODELS (10 LB)720721722D r y C h e m i c a lWATER & FOAM CHARGESRECHARGE AGENTS Charge 502/504, 23 oz. bottle AFFF ATC – Model 250, 252 & 254Note: Charge 502/504 is backwards compatible with previous models.Charge 506B-2, two 2½ gal. bottles Loaded Stream/Anti-Freeze – Model 240Charge 506B-55, 55 gal. drum Loaded Stream/Anti-Freeze - Model 240Charge 534, 2-5/16 gal. pail AFFF ATC – Model 630 WheeledSPECIALTY FOAMS FOR FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT3% AFFF Foam Concentrate - 5 Gallon PailsClass “A” Foam Concentrate - 5 Gallon Pails3 X 3 ATC Foam Concentrate - 5 Gallon PailsWET CHEMICAL CHARGESCharge 530-2, two 6 liter bottles – Model B260Charge 660-2, two 2½ gal. bottles – Model B262WATER MIST CHARGESCharge 670-2, two 1¾ gal. bottles – Model B270NMCharge 671-2, two 2½ gal. bottles – Model B272NMHALOTRON™I CHARGESCharge 890, 35 lb. cylinderCharge 891, 80 lb. cylinderCharge 892, 200 lb. cylinderCLASS D DRY POWDER CHARGESCharge 543, 35 lb. pail Graphite (G-Plus)Charge 532, 300 lb. drum Graphite (G-Plus)[Graphite applied to a metal fire using scoop or shovel]Charge 557, 30 lb. pail Sodium Chloride (Super D) – Model B570 & 680Charge 545, 50 lb. pail Sodium Chloride (Super D) – Model B570 & 680[Sodium Chloride (Super D) may also be dispensed by a scoop or shovel}Charge 548, 50 lb. pail Copper (Navy 125S) – Model B571 & 681ABC DRY CHEMICAL CHARGESCharge 552, 25 lb. pailCharge 550, 50 lb. pailCharge 555, 50 lb. pail – Model B402, IS, VSSCharge 540, 40 lb. cartonCharge 509, 400 lb. drumREGULAR DRY CHEMICAL CHARGESCharge 512, 50 lb. pailCharge 511, 400 lb. drumPURPLE K DRY CHEMICAL CHARGESCharge 553, 25 lb. pailCharge 515, 50 lb. pailCharge 517, 400 lb. drum15B R AC K E T T Y P E S16Wall Hanger BracketsVehicle / Marine / Aviation BracketsHeavy Duty Box Type Vehicle Brackets(Red Brackets are Galvanized)845 817 818 817S 818S 845S 821 821S 861H 808 89604834 01521 05525 09582 09581 16591222900546 0575 057701007 (Red)14315 (NM)807 809 812 809G 810G 811G 811 810 / 810NM 810CG (USCG) 895868 - 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”872 - 6 (6” to 8”)860 862 864Heavy Duty Dolly Cart Heavy Duty RubberStrap Brackets859Bracket Adapters16536* 16538* 16537* Galvanized“I” Beam Brackets Exterior & Interior16594 16598 16596872 - 10 (10” to 12”)17737 (NM)22885 (NM)87420lb. Cartridge Operated/Stored Pressure6 & 10 lb. Wall Strap Type889889HB 846Horn Holder - CO 2(810 or 811 Bracket)0142706584BRACKET REFERENCE 17DRY CHEMICAL STORED PRESSURE Models 495, 496, 49750 lb. Dry ChemicalModels 573, 574, 575, 690HIGH PERFORMANCE 125 / 250 lb. Dry ChemicalModels 488, 489, 490125/150 lb. Dry ChemicalDRY CHEMICAL NITROGEN CYLINDER OPERATEDModels 467, 468, 469125/150 lb. Dry Chemical Models 450, 451, 452, 452OS 125/150 lb. Dry ChemicalModels 470, 471, 472125/150 lb. Dry Chemical Models 491, 492, 493, 493OS 300/350 lb. Dry ChemicalModel 33350 lb. Carbon DioxideModel 334100 lb. Carbon DioxideModel 63033 gal. FFFP Foam Model 680R 150 lb. Sodium Chloride Model 681 250 lb. CopperCARBON DIOXIDE CLASS D FOAMThe largest variety of QUALITY wheeled fire extinguishers available anywhere. See Amerex “Wheeled Fire Extinguishers” brochure for more details.HALOTRON ™ IModels B673, B674, B67565 lb. / 150 lb.Halotron™ IWheeled Extinguishers18W H E E L E DNOVEC TM 1230Model 775150 LB. Novec TM 1230Model 325R32.5 gal. Wet ChemicalVehicle Fire Suppression Systems:Amerex vehicle fire suppression systems are manufactured at our facility in Trussville, Alabama and meet the requirements of the “Buy America Act”. Our products are madein the USA so we can provide you with the quality and flexibility your operation demands - when you need The Amerex Small Vehicle System (SMVS) is designed specifically for applications involving front engine vehicles such as Para-Transit, Airport Shuttle buses and other small front engine vehicles. The SMVS kit includes all hardware and components required for a complete turn-key Automatic Fire Suppression System. The electronics portion of the system is made up of a Vehicle Operator Display with Manual Release Push Button, a wiring Interface Module, and two Solid State Heat Detectors. The system is continuously supervised by the system panel which can detect and actuate the system even when the vehicle is not in use.stored-pressure type listed by Underwriter ’s be designed, installedand maintained Maintenance Manual”, N.F.P.A. 96, N.F.P.A. 17A, local codes and ordinances by an Authorized Amerex KP Systems Distributor using factory trained personnel.RESTAURANT SYSTEM:The Amerex “IS” system uses our exclusive ABC (Model 555) dry chemical. ABC dry chemical suppresses more fire, by volume, than any other agent, has quick flame “knock-down” and canhelp to secure Class A fires against re-ignition. Since many hazards involve a variety of fuel sources, our ABC dry chemical, with protection against Class A (wood, paper, pulp), Class B (flammable liquids) and Class C (live electrical equipment) is the agent that is best suited for most Industrial hazards.19SUPPRESSION SYSTEMSAmerex offers a complete line of manual fire fighting large capacity skid systems for industrial and extremeAmerex Corporation7595 Gadsden Hwy. • P .O. Box 81Trussville, AL 35173Ph: (205) 655-3271 Fax: 1-800-654-5980 Int’l Fax: (205) 655-0584 *********************ISO 9001 - QualityISO 14001 - Environmental OHSAS 18001 - SafetyCERTIFIED FIRMFor more information please contact:Quality is Behind the Diamond ®。

初二化学现象英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Combustion is a chemical process that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light. There are three essential conditions for combustion to take place. First, there must be a fuel. Fuels can be solids, liquids, or gases. For example, wood, gasoline, and natural gas are common fuels. Second, there must be oxygen. Oxygen is necessary for the chemical reaction to occur. Third, there must be a source of ignition, such as a spark or flame.Different substances burn with different characteristics. Some substances burn rapidly and produce a lot of heat and light. For example, gasoline burns very quickly and can cause explosions if not handled properly. Other substances burn more slowly and produce less heat and light. For example, wood burns more slowly than gasoline but can still provide heat for cooking and heating.Combustion has many applications in our daily lives. For example, we use combustion to cook food, heat our homes, and power our vehicles. However, combustion can also cause problems. For example, uncontrolled fires can damage property and endanger lives.1. The three essential conditions for combustion are fuel, oxygen and___.A. waterB. heatC. a source of ignitionD. carbon dioxide答案：C。

火灾的消灭和预防英文翻译In today's society, fire safety has become an increasingly important issue due to the potential for devastating consequences. Fires can cause damage to property, loss of life, and disruption to businesses and communities. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the methods of fire prevention and extinguishing in order to protect ourselves, our homes, and our workplaces.Fire PreventionPreventing fires from occurring in the first place is the most effective way to ensure fire safety. There are several key measures that can be taken to prevent fires:1. Fire risk assessments: Regular assessments should be carried out to identify potential fire hazards and risks in buildings and workplaces. This allows for measures to be put in place to mitigate these risks and prevent fires from occurring.2. Proper storage of flammable materials: Flammable materials such as gasoline, oil, and chemicals should be stored in a safe and secure manner to prevent accidental ignition.3. Electrical safety: Faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, and damaged electrical appliances can all be sources of ignition. Ensuring proper electrical safety measures are in place can help to prevent electrical fires.4. Fire safety training: Educating individuals on fire safety protocols and procedures can help to reduce the risk of fires occurring. This includes training on how to use fire extinguishers, how to evacuate a building safely, and the importance of early detection of fires.5. Smoke detectors and fire alarms: Installing smoke detectors and fire alarms in buildings can provide early warning of a fire, allowing for prompt evacuation and a quicker response from emergency services.Fire ExtinguishingDespite the best efforts at fire prevention, fires can still occur. In such cases, it is essential to have the knowledge and tools to extinguish the fire safely and effectively. There are several methods of fire extinguishing that can be employed, depending on the type and size of the fire:1. Fire extinguishers: Portable fire extinguishers are a common and effective method of extinguishing small fires. Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to tackle different classes of fires, including Class A (ordinary combustibles), Class B (flammable liquids), and Class C (electrical fires). Therefore, it is important to use the correct type of fire extinguisher for the specific type of fire.2. Water and foam: Water and foam are commonly used to extinguish Class A fires, which involve ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, and fabric. Water can help to cool the fire and starve it of oxygen, while foam can create a barrier to prevent re-ignition.3. Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide extinguishers are effective for Class B and Class C fires, as they displace oxygen and remove heat from the fire. However, it is important to use caution when using carbon dioxide extinguishers, as they can be dangerous in confined spaces due to the risk of suffocation.4. Dry chemical powder: Dry chemical powder extinguishers are suitable for Class B and Class C fires, as they work by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire and creatinga barrier to prevent re-ignition.5. Fire blankets: Fire blankets can be used to smother small fires, such as those involving cooking oils or clothing. They are also effective for wrapping around a person whose clothing is on fire to extinguish the flames.ConclusionIn conclusion, fire prevention and extinguishing are vital components of fire safety. By taking proactive measures to identify and mitigate potential fire hazards, and by arming ourselves with the knowledge and tools to extinguish fires effectively, we can help to protect ourselves and our communities from the devastating effects of fires. It is essential for individuals, businesses, and communities to prioritize fire safety and to take the necessary steps to prevent and extinguish fires in order to create a safer environment for all.。

常德“PEP”2024年小学6年级上册英语第6单元综合卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:140）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：A __________ can indicate the presence of oil or gas beneath the surface.2、填空题：The country known for its unique wildlife is ________ (澳大利亚).3、听力题：A solution with a low concentration is known as a ______ solution.4、听力题：The chemical formula for sodium carbonate is __________.5、What is the name of the famous statue in Brazil?A. Statue of LibertyB. Christ the RedeemerC. DavidD. Venus de Milo答案:B6、听力题：The alligator lurks in the _____.7、填空题：The cat likes to chase ______ (老鼠) in the garden.8、选择题：What do you call the act of removing trees from a forest?A. PlantingB. LoggingC. HarvestingD. Clearing9、What is the term for a young elephant?A. CalfB. CubC. FoalD. Kid答案:A. Calf10、听力题：I see ___ (stars/clouds) in the sky.11、填空题：The ancient Romans were skilled in _____ and law.12、填空题：I like to go ________ (滑雪) in the winter.13、填空题：The _____ (土壤改良) can enhance plant growth.14、填空题：A rabbit has big _______ to help it hear better.15、选择题：What do we call the act of saving money for future use?A. SpendingB. InvestingC. SavingD. Budgeting16、听力题：I have _____ (ten/twenty) fingers.17、选择题：What is the name of the famous scientist who discovered the laws of motion?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. Galileo GalileiD. Nikola Tesla18、听力题：A ____ builds intricate tunnels underground.19、听力题：His favorite color is ________.20、听力题：The chemical formula for sodium acetate is ______.21、填空题：The __________ (历史的探索) unveils insights.22、听力题：The chemical symbol for tungsten is ________.23、填空题：The country famous for its bicycles is ________ (荷兰).24、听力题：The chemical symbol for rhodium is ______.25、What is the process of turning a solid into a liquid called?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporatingD. Condensing答案:B26、填空题：The __________ (历史的多元性) enriches understanding.27、选择题：What do we call the study of living organisms?A. BiologyB. AstronomyC. ChemistryD. Physics28、填空题：A __________ is a large, flowing body of freshwater. (河流)29、How many colors are there in a rainbow?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight30、What do you call a tree that loses its leaves in winter?A. EvergreenB. DeciduousC. PalmD. Fruit答案: B31、填空题：A ____(collaborative agreement) outlines shared goals.32、gs were known for their ________ and exploration. 填空题：The Viki33、What do we call the day when we celebrate our country's independence?A. Memorial DayB. Independence DayC. Labor DayD. Thanksgiving答案:B34、填空题：The __________ River flows through Egypt. (尼罗河)35、What do you call the time of day when the sun goes down?A. MorningB. AfternoonC. EveningD. Midnight36、填空题：A _____ (章鱼) can fit through small openings.37、填空题：The owl has ______ (大) eyes for night vision.38、填空题：The ______ (青蛙) has long legs for jumping.39、填空题：I play video games with my ____.40、选择题：What is 4 + 5?A. 8B. 9C. 10D. 1141、What is the main purpose of a map?A. To show picturesB. To provide directionsC. To tell storiesD. To play games答案: B42、听力题：I can ___ my favorite song. (sing)43、填空题：A hamster is a popular ______ (宠物).44、填空题：This teddy bear is very ________.45、填空题：I love going for walks in the ______ (公园) to enjoy nature and see the ______ (花).46、选择题：What is the name of the famous toy company that produces Lego?A. HasbroB. MattelC. BandaiD. Lego Group47、填空题：My _____ (玩具火车) chugs around the track.48、填空题：I enjoy drawing pictures of _______ (我喜欢画_______的图画).49、填空题：A ________ (刺猬) curls up when it feels threatened.50、填空题：The _____ (树木砍伐) poses a threat to habitats.51、填空题：My uncle works as a __________. (医生)52、听力题：The cereal is ___ (crunchy/soggy).53、填空题：The ______ (果实) of the rose is called a hip.The treasure is ___ (hidden).55、填空题：I can ______ (提升) my skills through practice.56、What do you call a person who studies the human mind?A. PsychologistB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. Biologist答案: A57、What do you call the art of folding paper into shapes?A. DrawingB. PaintingC. OrigamiD. Sculpture答案:C58、填空题：The _____ (植物群落) consists of various plants in an area.59、听力题：The flowers are _______ (blooming).60、听力题：Gold is a valuable metal because it is _____ (non-reactive).61、听力题：The capital city of Italy is _______.62、填空题：I saw a ________ in the flower bed.63、填空题：We should educate others about _____ (植物的重要性).64、What is the name of the flower that is red and symbolizes love?A. DaisyB. RoseC. TulipD. Lily答案:BThe ice cream is ___. (melting)66、What is the name of the first successful landing on the far side of the moon?A. Apollo 11B. Chang'e 4C. Luna 16D. Surveyor 167、听力题：The capital of Kenya is _______.68、听力题：The term "dilute" means to reduce the _______ of a solution.69、填空题：I like to write ______ (剧本) for skits with my classmates. It’s a fun way to collaborate creatively.70、Which gas do we breathe in?A. Carbon dioxideB. OxygenC. NitrogenD. Helium答案:B71、What is the name of the famous scientist who developed the theory of relativity?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. Galileo GalileiD. Nikola Tesla72、填空题：A caterpillar becomes a _______ (蝴蝶).73、填空题：A _____ (秋天) walk reveals many colorful leaves.74、听力题：The sky is _____. (blue/fast/happy)75、填空题：I get inspired by seeing other kids play with their ________ (玩具名).I enjoy visiting the ______ (艺术馆) to see different kinds of art. It inspires my own creativity.77、填空题：The _____ (草坪) is great for playing games.78、填空题：I can dance ______.79、填空题：In the fall, the leaves turn _______ (黄色).80、填空题：I have a ______ robot that talks.81、听力题：My sister is good at playing ____ (board games).82、听力题：The dog is ________ in the yard.83、听力题：We play basketball in the ______. (gym)84、What do you call the person who teaches you in school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. ChefD. Engineer答案：B85、What is 2 + 2?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6答案:B86、What animal is known for its ability to change color?A. ChameleonB. ParrotC. EagleD. PenguinThe chemical formula for sodium carbonate is ______.88、What is the main gas that plants take in?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. Hydrogen89、填空题：The __________ (历史的声音) echoes through time.90、听力题：The children are ___ (laughing) and having fun.91、填空题：I turned my room into a ________ (玩具名称) playground.92、听力题：The ______ helps us learn about sustainability.93、听力题：I have a new ___. (phone)94、填空题：The _____ (花瓣) of a rose is soft and delicate.95、选择题：What is the main ingredient in soup?A. WaterB. VegetablesC. MeatD. All of the above96、What do we use to write?A. PaperB. PencilC. TableD. Chair答案: B97、填空题：I enjoy _______ when it rains.98、填空题：A tiny ___ (小鱼) swims in the aquarium.99、What do we call the process of removing waste from the body?A. AbsorptionB. EliminationC. DigestionD. Ingestion答案: B100、听力填空题：I admire people who follow their passions. They inspire me to pursue my own interests and dreams. I hope to find my passion in __________.。

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL AND SUPPLIERPRIMACORD ● PRIMACORD 4 DETONATING CORD ● PRIMACORD DETONATING CORD ● PRIMALINE ● PRIMALINE 10 DETONATING CORD ● PRIMCORD 5 DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 18 DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 18AA DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 18T DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 25DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 25A DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 25AA DETONATING CORD ●SPECIAL 25T DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 50 DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 50AA DETONATING CORD ● SPECIAL 50T DETONATING CORDSynonymsDETONATING CORD Uses1.2 Uses and uses advised against1.3 Details of the supplier of the productDYNO NOBEL ASIA PACIFIC LIMITED Supplier name 282 Paringa Rd, Gibson Island, Murarrie, QLD, 4172, AUSTRALIA Address (07) 3026 3900Telephone (07) 3026 3999Fax 1800 098 836Emergency1.4 Emergency telephone numbers Website1.1 Product identifier DETONATING CORDProduct name 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATIONCLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS ACCORDING TO SAFE WORK AUSTRALIA CRITERIA 2.2 GHS Label elements Signal word DANGERExplosive; mass explosion hazard.H201Hazard statementsPictogramsPhysical HazardsExplosives: Division 1.1Health HazardsNot classified as a Health HazardEnvironmental HazardsNot classified as an Environmental Hazard 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixtureNo information provided.2.3 Other hazardsRefer to manufacturer/supplier for information on disposal/recovery/recycling.P503Disposal statements Store in accordance with relevant site and storage provisions.P401Storage statements In case of fire: Explosion risk. Evacuate area. DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.P370 + P372 + P380 + P3Response statements Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.P210Keep wetted.P230Keep only in original packaging.P234Ground and bond container and receiving equipment.P240Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction/rough handling.P250Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection/hearing protection.P280Prevention statements 3. COMPOSITION/ INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTSIngredientCAS Number EC Number Content >60%78-11-5201-084-3PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE (PETN)RemainderNot AvailableNot AvailableNON HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS3.1 Substances / Mixtures4. FIRST AID MEASURESIf in eyes,hold eyelids apart and flush continuously with running water.Continue flushing until advised to stop by a Poisons Information Centre, a doctor, or for at least 15 minutes.4.1 Description of first aid measuresEyeIf inhaled, remove from contaminated area. Apply artificial respiration if not breathing.Inhalation If skin or hair contact occurs,remove contaminated clothing and flush skin and hair with running water.Continue flushing with water until advised to stop by a Poisons Information Centre or a doctor.Skin For advice,contact a Poisons Information Centre on 131126(Australia Wide)or a doctor (at once).If swallowed, do not induce vomiting.Ingestion Eye wash facilities and normal washroom facilities should be available.First aid facilitiesSee Section 11 for more detailed information on health effects and symptoms.4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed4.3 Immediate medical attention and special treatment needed Treat symptomatically.5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURESEXPLOSIVE.Will explode under specific conditions.May evolve toxic gases (carbon/nitrogen oxides,hydrocarbons)when heated to decomposition.Eliminate all ignition sources including cigarettes,open flames,spark producing switches/tools,heaters,naked lights,pilot lights, etc when handling. CAUTION: Will explode if exposed to heat or with heavy impact.5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixtureEvacuate area and contact emergency services.Toxic gases may be evolved in a fire situation.Remain upwind and notify those downwind of hazard.Do not attempt to fight e waterfog to cool intact containers and nearby storage areas.May explode from heat, pressure, friction or shock.5.3 Advice for firefightersEEvacuation of people in and around the immediate vicinity of the incident should be considered.5.4 Hazchem code DO NOT attempt to extinguish burning explosives. Evacuate area immediately. Notify trained emergency response personnel.5.1 Extinguishing media6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESClear area of all unprotected personnel.Contact emergency services where appropriate.CAUTION:Heating,impact or static charge may cause explosion.6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresPrevent product from entering drains and waterways.6.2 Environmental precautionsHANDLE WITH CARE:Spilled explosive powder is extremely sensitive to initiation and may detonate.If cords or containers are damaged, contain spillage, then collect and place in suitable containers for disposal. Eliminate all sources of ignition.6.3 Methods of cleaning upSee Sections 8 and 13 for exposure controls and disposal.6.4 Reference to other sections7. HANDLING AND STORAGEStore in clean,dry magazine licensed for Explosives.Separate magazines are required for cords and explosives.Store removed from incompatible substances,mechanical shock,heat or ignition sources.Ensure cords are adequately labelled and protected from physical damage. Large storage areas should have appropriate ventilation and fire protection systems.7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesNo information provided.7.3 Specific end uses 7.1 Precautions for safe handlingBefore use carefully read the product e of safe work practices are recommended to avoid eye or skin contact and inhalation.Observe good personal hygiene,including washing hands before eating.Prohibit eating,drinking and smoking in contaminated areas.Take precautionary measures against electrostatic discharges.8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION8.1 Control parameters Exposure standardsNo exposure standards have been entered for this product.Biological limits IngredientDeterminantBEISampling Time1.5% of hemoglobinDuring or end ofshiftMethemoglobin in bloodPENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE (PETN)Reference: ACGIH Biological Exposure IndicesPPEEye / Face Wear dust-proof goggles.Hands Wear PVC or rubber gloves.Body Wear coveralls.RespiratoryNot required under normal conditions of use.Avoid e in well ventilated areas.Where an inhalation risk exists,mechanical explosion proofextraction ventilation is recommended.8.2 Exposure controlsEngineering controls 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical propertiesCORD WITH WHITE POWDER CORE AppearanceODOURLESS OdourEXPLOSIVE FlammabilityNOT RELEVANT Flash pointNOT AVAILABLE Boiling point140°C (PETN)Melting pointNOT AVAILABLE Evaporation rateNOT AVAILABLE pHNOT AVAILABLE Vapour density1.76Relative densityINSOLUBLE Solubility (water)NOT AVAILABLE Vapour pressureNOT RELEVANT Upper explosion limitNOT RELEVANT Lower explosion limitNOT AVAILABLE Partition coefficientNOT AVAILABLE Autoignition temperatureNOT AVAILABLEDecomposition temperature NOT AVAILABLE ViscosityEXPLOSIVE Explosive propertiesNOT AVAILABLE Oxidising propertiesNOT AVAILABLE Odour threshold10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY10.2 Chemical stabilityExplosive material. Detonation may occur from impact, friction, or excessive heating.10.4 Conditions to avoidAvoid shock, friction, heavy impact, heat, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources.10.5 Incompatible materialsIncompatible with oxidising agents (e.g.hypochlorites),combustible materials,acids (e.g.nitric acid),mechanical shock and heat or ignition sources.May evolve toxic gases (carbon/ nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons) when heated to decomposition.10.6 Hazardous decomposition productsPolymerization will not occur.10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions 10.1 ReactivityCarefully review all information provided in sections 10.2 to 10.6.11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATIONDue to the product encapsulation,acute toxicity associated with the contents is not anticipated with normal e safe work practices to avoid dust/fume inhalation after detonation.WARNING:May explode with shock, heat, friction or static charge. Serious damage may result from explosive fragments.Acute toxicityInformation available for the ingredients:IngredientOral LD50Dermal LD50Inhalation LC501660 mg/kg (rat)----PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE (PETN)Not classified as a skin irritant.Due to product form,exposure can only occur during detonation.Serious damage may result from explosive fragments.Skin Not classified as an eye irritant.Due to product form,exposure can only occur during detonation.Serious damage may result from explosive fragments.EyeNot classified as causing skin or respiratory sensitisation.Sensitisation Not classified as a carcinogen.CarcinogenicityNot classified as a mutagen.Mutagenicity 11.1 Information on toxicological effectsNot classified as causing organ damage from single exposure.However,serious damage may result from explosive fragments.STOT - single exposure Not classified as causing aspiration.AspirationNot classified as causing organ damage from repeated exposure.STOT - repeated exposure Not classified as a reproductive toxin.Reproductive 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION12.1 ToxicityNo information provided.12.2 Persistence and degradability No information provided.12.4 Mobility in soil No information provided.No information provided.12.5 Other adverse effects 12.3 Bioaccumulative potential No information provided.13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONSReturn to manufacturer/supplier or dispose of in accordance with State and Federal legislative requirements for Explosives. Contact the manufacturer/supplier for additional information (if required).13.1 Waste treatment methodsWaste disposalDispose of in accordance with relevant local legislation.Legislation14. TRANSPORT INFORMATIONLAND TRANSPORT (ADG)SEA TRANSPORT (IMDG / IMO)AIR TRANSPORT (IATA / ICAO)None allocated.1.1D 1.1D None allocated.None allocated.None allocated.14.3 Transport hazard class 14.4 Packing Group CORD, DETONATING, flexible0065CORD, DETONATING, flexible0065PROHAir transport PROHIBITED under the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations for transport by air in passenger and cargo aircraft.14.1 UN Number 14.2 Proper Shipping NameNot a Marine Pollutant.14.5 Environmental hazards E Hazchem code F-B, S-XEmSEXP1GTEPG 14.6 Special precautions for userCLASSIFIED AS A DANGEROUS GOOD BY THE CRITERIA OF THE ADG CODE15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONA poison schedule number has not been allocated to this product using the criteria in the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons (SUSMP).15.1 Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixturePoison scheduleAUSTRALIA: AIIC (Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals)All components are listed on AIIC, or are exempt.Inventory listingsSafe Work Australia criteria is based on the Globally Harmonised System (GHS)of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS Revision 7).Classifications 16. OTHER INFORMATIONDISCLAIMER:The information provided herein concern explosive products which should only be handled by persons having the appropriate technical expertise,training,and licence(s).The result is largely dependent upon the conditions of storage, transportation and use.Whilst Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific make every effort to ensure the information contained within this SDS is as accurate and up-to-date as possible,the conditions under which its products are used are not within Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific's control.Each user has the responsibility to ensure awareness of the details contained within this SDS,the product applications,and the specific context of the intended usage.Buyers and users assume all risk,responsibility and liability arising from the use of this product and the information within this SDS.Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific is not responsible for damages of any nature resulting from the use of its products or reliance upon the information.Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific makes no express or implied warranties other than those implied mandatory by the Commonwealth, State or Territory Legislation.EXPLOSIVES &BLASTING AGENTS:Refer to Local State and Federal legislation that specifically relates to the use of ers of products described in this ChemAlert Report are advised to ensure familiarity and compliance with the appropriate legal requirements (e.g.Regulations)prior to the use of this product.Where any further information is required,users may contact their local authority in Explosives and Dangerous Goods.EXPLOSIONS:Fires involving explosives or explosive mixtures may undergo further explosions and rapid propagation.Police and emergency personnel should be notified immediately.Evacuate individuals to a safe sheltered area at least 800metres away.If possible remove vehicles and further heat and ignition sources from the area.Do not return to areas until at least one hour after fire and explosions have ceased.EXPLOSIONS:For further information please refer to Australian Standard 1216,for classification of explosives and Local and Federal Explosive and Dangerous Goods legislation (Act and Regulations).EXPLOSIVES - BURNING SAFETY:Note: Disposal in a blast with fresh explosives may be preferable to burning.PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT GUIDELINES:The recommendation for protective equipment contained within this report is provided as a guide only.Factors such as form of product,method of application,working environment,quantity used,product concentration and the availability of engineering controls should be considered before final selection of personal protective equipment is made.HEALTH EFFECTS FROM EXPOSURE:It should be noted that the effects from exposure to this product will depend on several factors including:form of product;frequency and duration of use;quantity used;effectiveness of control measures;protective equipment used and method of application.Given that it is impractical to prepare a report which would encompass all possible scenarios,it is anticipated that users will assess the risks and apply control methods where appropriate.Additional informationACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsAbbreviationsCAS #Chemical Abstract Service number - used to uniquely identify chemical compoundsCNS Central Nervous SystemEC No.EC No - European Community NumberEMS Emergency Schedules (Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying DangerousGoods)GHS Globally Harmonized SystemGTEPG Group Text Emergency Procedure GuideIARC International Agency for Research on CancerLC50Lethal Concentration, 50% / Median Lethal ConcentrationLD50Lethal Dose, 50% / Median Lethal Dosemg/m³Milligrams per Cubic MetreOEL Occupational Exposure LimitpH relates to hydrogen ion concentration using a scale of 0 (high acidic) to 14 (highlyalkaline).ppm Parts Per MillionSTEL Short-Term Exposure LimitSTOT-RE Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure)STOT-SE Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)SUSMP Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and PoisonsSWA Safe Work AustraliaTLV Threshold Limit ValueTWA Time Weighted AverageThis document has been compiled by RMT on behalf of the manufacturer,importer or supplier of the Report statusproduct and serves as their Safety Data Sheet ('SDS').It is based on information concerning the product which has been provided to RMT by themanufacturer,importer or supplier or obtained from third party sources and is believed to representthe current state of knowledge as to the appropriate safety and handling precautions for the productat the time of issue.Further clarification regarding any aspect of the product should be obtaineddirectly from the manufacturer, importer or supplier.While RMT has taken all due care to include accurate and up-to-date information in this SDS,it doesnot provide any warranty as to accuracy or completeness.As far as lawfully possible,RMT acceptsno liability for any loss,injury or damage(including consequential loss)which may be suffered orincurred by any person as a consequence of their reliance on the information contained in this SDS.Risk Management TechnologiesPrepared by5 Ventnor Ave, West PerthWestern Australia 6005Phone: +61 8 9322 1711Fax: +61 8 9322 1794Email:************.auWeb: [ End of SDS ]。

汽车专业英语主编：李崑课后专业词汇汇总（带音标）一automobile ['ɔ:təməubi:l, ,ɔ:təmə'bi:l]汽车（美）assembly line [ə'sembli] [laɪn]装配线petroleum refining [pə'trəʊlɪəm] [rɪ'faɪnɪŋ]石油提炼 body and frame [frem]车身与车架engine ['endʒin] 发动机、引擎drive line 传动链drive train[treɪn]传动系统running gear [ɡɪə(r)]行驶装置suspension[sə'spenʃən] 悬架系统unitized body ['ju:nitaizd]整体式车身gasoline engine ['ɡæsəli:n]汽油机diesel engine ['di:zəl]柴油机gas turbine ['tə:bain]燃气轮机battery ['bætəri]电池、电池组fuel cell [ˈfjuəl] [sɛl]燃料电池hybrid power ['haibrid][pauə]混合动力系统piston ['pistən]活塞rotary engine ['rəutəri]转子发动机vehicle [ˈviːɪk(ə)l]车辆transmission [trænsˈmɪʃən]变速器drive shaft [ʃɑ:ft] 传动轴differential [,difə'renʃəl]差速器rear axle [rɪə(r)] ['æksəl]后轴、后桥rear-wheel drive ['rɪərw'i:l]后轮驱动front-wheel drive前轮驱动braking system 制动系统wheel [wi:l]车轮tire [taɪr] 轮胎steering [ˈstɪrɪŋ] system 转向系统spring [spriŋ]弹簧shock absorber [ʃɔk] [əb'sɔ:bə]减震器Macpherson strut [mæk'fə:sn] [strʌt]麦弗逊（悬架） torsion bar ['tɔ:ʃən]扭力杆strut rod [rɑd]支撑杆stabilizer bar ['steibəlaizə]横向稳定杆二internal combustion engine [in'tə:nəl] [kəm'bʌstʃən] ['endʒin]内燃机fuel [ˈfjuəl]燃料 external combustion engine [ik'stə:nəl]外燃机steam engine [sti:m]蒸汽机intermittent combustion engine[,intə'mitənt]间隔燃烧式发动机continuous combustion engine [kən'tinjuəs]连续燃烧式发动机turbine engine ['tə:bain]涡轮发动机rocket engine ['rɔkit]火箭发动机jet (or reaction [rɪ'ækʃn]) engine喷气式发动机Wankel engine汪克尔发动机、转子发动机stroke [strəuk]冲程、行程cooling system ['ku:lɪŋ]冷却系统fuel system燃料系统ignition system [iɡ'niʃən]点火系统spark-ignition engine 火花点燃式发动机compression-ignition engine 压燃式发动机liquid-cooled [ˈlɪkwɪd] [ku:ld]液体冷却的、水冷的 air-cooled 用空气冷却的、风冷的三cylinder block [ˈsilində blɔk]气缸体cylinder ['silində]气缸connecting rod [kə'nektɪŋ]连杆crankshaft['kræŋk,ʃɑ:ft]曲轴cylinder head气缸盖combustion chamber[kəm'bʌstʃən] ['tʃeimbə]燃烧室 valve[vælv]气门、阀门camshaft['kæmʃɑ:ft]凸轮轴flywheel ['flaiwi:l]飞轮intake manifold 进气歧管exhaust manifold ['mænifəuld]排气歧管carburetor [,kɑ:bju'retə, 'kɑ:-]化油器fuel injector 燃料喷射器cast iron ['aiən]铸铁aluminum [ə'lju:minəm]铝cooling fluid 冷却液spark plug [plʌɡ]火花塞intake valve进气门exhaust valve[iɡ'zɔ:st]排气门cam [kæm] 凸轮gear齿轮belt皮带chain [tʃeɪn] 链条overhead camshaft (OHC) 凸轮轴上置式rpm=revolutions per minute [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃənz转速、转数/分钟horsepower ['hɔ:s,pauə]马力、功率intake system 进气系统sensor ['sensə, -sɔ:]传感器oxygen sensor ['ɔksidʒən]氧传感器fuel induction system[in'dʌkʃən]燃料吸入系统四fuel tank [ˈfjuəl] [tæŋk]燃料箱、油箱fuel line [laɪn]燃料管路fuel pump [pʌmp]燃料泵、燃油泵fuel filter ['fɪltə(r)]燃料滤清器PCM (power train control module [ˈmɑdʒul]) 动力系统控制模块（计算机）fuel injection system 燃料喷射系统distributor [di'stribjutə]分电器ignition module [ɪɡˈnɪʃən] ['mɔdju:l, -dʒu:l]点火模块、点火控制器ignition coil [kɔɪl] 点火线圈ignition wire [waɪr] 点火线路charging system [ˈtʃɑ:dʒiŋ]充电系统ignition switch[swɪtʃ]点火开关solenoid ['səuləˌnɔid]电磁线圈starter motor 起动电动机alternator [ˈɔltɚˌnetɚ, ˈæl-]交流发电机direct-current generator [dɪˈrɛkt ˈkɚrənt ˈdʒɛnəˌretɚ] 直流发电机voltage regulator['vəultidʒ] ['reɡjuleitə]电压调节器、稳压器lubrication system [,lu:bri'keiʃən]润滑系统oil pump机油泵oil filter [ˈfɪltɚ]机油滤清器oil cooler [ˈkulɚ]机油冷却器antifreeze ['æntifri:z]防冻剂、防冻液coolant pump ['ku:lənt]冷却液泵thermostat ['θə:məustæt]节温器thermometer [θɚˈmɑmɪtɚ]温度计radiator['reidieitə]散热器、水箱clutch [klʌtʃ]离合器radiator overflow tank散热器溢流箱、膨胀水箱air intake ducting进气管air filter 空气滤清器manifold ['mænɪfəʊld] air pressure [ˈprɛʃɚ] sensor 进气歧管压力传感器 turbocharger ['tə:bəu,tʃɑ:dʒə]涡轮增压器muffler ['mʌflə] 消声器、消音器catalytic converter [kætə'litik] [kən'və:tə]催化转化器exhaust pipe [ɪɡˈzɔst][paɪp]排气管pollution control system[pə:'lju:ʃən] [kənˈtrol]排放控制系统carbon monoxide (CO) ['kɑ:bən] [mɔ'nɔksaid, mə-]一氧化碳nitrogen oxide (NOx) ['naitrədʒən] ['ɔksaid]氮氧化物hydrocarbons (HC) [haɪdrə'kɑ:bənz]碳氢化合物carbon canister ['kænistə]碳罐EGR ( exhaust gas recirculator [rɪ'sɜ:kjʊleɪtə]) 废气再循环circulator ['sɜ:kjəˌleɪtə] 循环器PCV ( positive [ˈpɑzɪtɪv]crankcase ventilation) [,venti'leiʃən]强制曲轴箱通风diverter valve [dai'və:tə] [vælv]分流阀vapor-liquid separator ['veipə] ['likwid] ['sepəreitə]气液分离器vacuum modulator ['vækjuəm] ['mɔdjuleitə, -dʒu-]真空调节器五timing['taimiŋ]正时、定时air-fuel ratio ['reiʃiəu, -ʃəu]空燃比stoichiometric ratio [,stɔikiə'metrik]理论空燃比mixture ['mikstʃə]混合物、混合气TDC (top dead center)上止点BDC (bottom dead center) 下止点bore [bɔ:]气缸直径、孔径crankpin ['kræŋk,pin]连杆轴颈、曲柄销crank throw [θrəu]曲柄半径displacement [dis'pleismənt]排量compression ratio [kəm'preʃən]压缩比four-stroke engine四行程发动机、四冲程发动机 intake stroke [strəuk] 进气行程compression stroke压缩行程power stroke做功行程exhaust stroke排气行程preignition[,pri:iɡ'niʃən]提前点火valve overlap[,əuvə'læp, 'əuvəlæp]气门重叠六two-stroke engine二行程发动机、二冲程发动机 truck [trʌk]货车、卡车bus公共汽车Mercedes Benz [mə'sidi:z] [benz] 梅赛德斯-奔驰pickup truck敞篷小型载货卡车、皮卡camper['kæmpə]露营车、野营车travel [ˈtrævl] trailer ['treilə]旅行拖车、旅行挂车 compression-ignition engine压燃式发动机spark-ignition engine点燃式发动机high-pressure [ˈprɛʃɚ] injection [ɪnˈdʒɛkʃən]高压喷射 low-pressure injection 低压喷射injector [in'dʒektə]喷油器、喷嘴psi 磅/平方英寸（英制压强单位）photochemical smog [,fəutəu'kemikəl] [smɔɡ, smɔ:ɡ]光化学烟雾outboard motor ['autbɔ:d] ['məutə]舷外发动机snowmobile ['snəuməubi:l]摩托雪橇、雪地机动车 chain saw [tʃein] [sɔ:]链锯、电锯reed valve[ri:d] [vælv]簧片阀lubricant ['lu:brikənt]润滑剂、润滑油scavenging ['skævindʒiŋ]扫气General Motors ['dʒenərəl] ['məutəz]通用汽车blower ['bləuə]扫气泵rotor ['rəutə]转子coal-fired [kəʊl] 燃煤的、烧煤的nuclear-powered ['nju:kliə'pauəd]核动力的drivability[,draivə'biləti]动力性、驱动性能generator['dʒenəreitə]发电机transaxle [træns'æksl]变速差速器、联合传动器（前驱车）electronic controller [,ilek'trɔnik] [kən'trəulə]电子控制器downshift ['daunʃift]调低速挡、降挡manual transmission['mænjuəl] [trænsˈmɪʃn]手动变速器hydrogen ['haidrədʒən]氢carbon dioxide [daɪˈɑksaɪd]二氧化碳oxygen ['ɔksidʒən]氧methanol['m eθənɔl]甲醇spacecraft['speiskrɑ:ft, -kræft]航天器、宇宙飞船anode ['ænəud]阳极、正极cathode ['kæθəud]阴极、负极七 crankcase ['kræŋk,keis]曲轴箱oil pan [ɔil pæn] 油底壳water jacket [‘wɔ:tə’dʒækit] 水套cylinder sleeve [‘silində sli:v] 气缸套dry sleeve [drai sli:v] 干缸套wet sleeve [wet sli:v] 湿缸套warpage [‘wɔ:peidʒ] 变形liner [‘lainə] 衬套衬垫bearing [ˈbeərɪŋ]轴承harmonic balancer [hɑ:‘mɔnik ’bælənsə] 谐振平衡器vibration damper [vai'breiʃən 'dæmpə]扭转减震器、 timing gear [‘taimiŋɡiə] 正时齿轮connecting rod journal [kə'nektiŋ rɔd 'dʒə:nəl ] 连杆轴颈main (bearing) journal [mein ‘bεəriŋ’dʒə:nəl ] 主轴颈counterweight [‘kauntə,weit] 平衡重thrust surface [θrʌst ‘sə:fis ] 推力面drive flange [draiv flændʒ] 传动法兰盘凸缘fillet [‘filit] 圆角nose [nəuz] （曲轴）前端pulley [‘puli] 皮带轮air conditioning [er] [kən‘diʃəniŋ] 空调bearing cap [ˈbeərɪŋ] [kæp] 轴承盖copper [‘kɔpə] 铜lead [li:d] 铅Babbitt [‘bæbit] 巴氏合金tin [tin] 锡bearing clearance [‘beəriŋ’kliərəns] 轴承间隙thrust bearing [θrʌst ‘beəriŋ ] 推力轴承止推轴承thrust washer [θrʌst ‘wɔʃə] 推力垫圈止推垫圈 piston ring [‘pistən riŋ ] 活塞环compression ring [kəm‘preʃən riŋ ] 气环oil control ring [ɔil kən‘trəul riŋ] 油环piston pin [‘pistən pin ] 活塞销wrist pin [rist pin] 活塞销lock ring [lɔk riŋ ] 锁环piston land [‘pistən lænd] 活塞顶部heat dam [hi:t dæm ] 绝热槽piston head [‘pistən hed] 活塞头部piston skirt [‘pistən skə:t] 活塞裙部ring groove [riŋɡru:v] 活塞环槽piston pin bushing [‘pistən pin ’buʃiŋ] 活塞销衬- 3 -套ring end gap [riŋ end ɡæp ] 活塞环开口间隙ductile iron [‘dʌktail ’aiən ] 球墨铸铁chromium [‘krəumjəm] 铬molybdenum [mɔ‘libdinəm] 钼torsional ring [‘tɔ:ʃənəl riŋ] 扭曲环chrome-plated [krəum ‘pleitid ] 镀铬的rod cap [rɔd kæp] 连杆盖bearing insert [‘bεəriŋ in’sə:t ] 轴承衬套八cross-flow head ['krɔs,fləu] [hed]横流式气缸盖coolant ['ku:lənt]冷却液head gasket [hed]['ɡæskit]气缸垫wedge-shaped combustion chamber ['wedʒʃeipt] [kəm'bʌstʃən] ['tʃeimbə]楔形燃烧室hemispherical combustion chamber [,hemi'sferikəl] [kəm'bʌstʃən] ['tʃeimbə]半球形燃烧室open combustion chamber ['əupən] [kəm'bʌstʃən] ['t ʃeimbə]统一式燃烧室、开式燃烧室pre-combustion chamber [pri:, prə] [kəm'bʌstʃən] ['tʃeimbə]预燃式燃烧室valve seat [vælv] [si:t]气门座vavle guide [vælv] [ɡaid]气门导管retainer [ri'teinə]弹簧座vavle spring [vælv] [spriŋ]气门弹簧high-chrome steel [hai] [krəum] [sti:l]高铬钢stellite ['stelait]钴铬钨硬质合金keeper ['ki:pə]锁紧装置valve stem [vælv] [stem]气门杆lifter ['liftə] （tappet）['tæpit]挺柱pushrod [puʃrɔd ]推杆rocker arm ['rɔkəɑ:m ]摇臂valve train clearance [vælv] [trein] ['kliərəns]气门间隙variable valve timing ['vεəriəbl] [vælv] ['taimiŋ]可变气门正时九oil pressure regulator [ɔil] ['preʃə] [,reɡju'leitə]机油压力调节器main oil gallery [mein] [ɔil] ['ɡæləri] 主油道oil screen [ɔil] [skri:n] 滤油网、机油滤网oil pressure sensor [ɔil] ['preʃə] ['sensə, -sɔ:] 机油压力传感器dashboard ['dæʃbɔ:d] 仪表板sump [sʌmp] 机油箱、油底壳、污水坑baffle ['bæfl] 挡板gear-type oil pump [ɡiə] [taip] [ɔil] [pʌmp] 齿轮油泵rotor oil pump ['rəutə] [ɔil] [pʌmp] 转子油泵pressure regulator valve ['preʃə] ['reɡjuleitə] [vælv] 压力调节阀、调压阀十water pump [‘wɔ:tə] [pʌmp] 冷却水泵pressure cap ['preʃə] [kæp]压力水箱盖fan [fæn] 冷却风扇temperature indicator['tempəritʃə] ['indikeitə]温度指示器air-cooled system ['εəku:ld] ['sistəm]风冷系统liquid-cooled system ['likwidku:ld] ['sistəm]水冷系统transmission cooler [trænz'miʃən] ['ku:lə]自动变速箱油冷却器expansion tank [ik'spænʃən] [tæŋk]膨胀水箱housing [hauziŋ] 外壳impeller [im'pelə] 叶轮、转子hub [hʌb] 轮毂pulley ['puli] 皮带轮closed cooling system [kləuzd] [ku:liŋ] ['sistəm] 闭式冷却系统十一electronic carburator [,ilek'trɔnik] ['kɑ:bə,reitə]电控化油器fuel vapor line ['fjuəl] ['veipə] [lain]燃油蒸汽管fuel injector pump ['fjuəl] [in'dʒektə] [pʌmp]喷油泵 nozzle ['nɔzl]喷嘴、管嘴plastic ['plæstik]塑料fuel cap ['fjuəl] [kæp]油箱盖filler neck ['filə] [nek]油箱填充口颈fuel metering unit ['fjuəl] [mi:təiŋ] ['ju:nit]油量计量装置Mechanical fuel pump [mi'kænikəl] ['fjuəl] [pʌmp]机械燃油泵electrical fuel pump[,ilek'trɔnik] ['fjuəl] [pʌmp]电动燃油泵fuel pressure regulator ['fjuəl] ['preʃə] ['reɡjuleitə]燃油压力调节器injector fuel rail [in'dʒektə] ['fjuəl] [reil]燃油分配管、燃油轨direct injection system[di'rekt] [in'dʒekʃən] ['sistəm]直接喷射式燃料系统indirect injection system [,indi'rekt] [in'dʒekʃən] ['sistəm]非直喷式燃料系统port fuel injection(PFI) [pɔ:t] ['fjuəl] [in'dʒekʃən] 进气道燃油喷射throttle body injection(TBI) ['θrɔtl] ['bɔdi] [in'dʒekʃən] 气门体燃油喷射multiple-point (port) fuel injection ['mʌltipl] [pɔint] ['fjuəl] [in'dʒekʃən] 多点燃油喷射single-point (throrrle body) fuel injection ['siŋɡl] [pɔint] ['fjuəl] [in'dʒekʃən] 单点燃油喷射continuous injection [kən'tinjuəs] [in'dʒekʃən] 连续喷射十二dry-type air filter [drai] [taip] [εə] [filtə]干式空气滤清器exhaust pipe [iɡ'zɔ:st] [paip] 排气管undercarriage['ʌndə,kæridʒ] 底盘、下部结构fiberglass ['faibəɡlɑ:s]玻璃纤维glass pack muffler [ɡlɑ:s] [pæk] ['mʌflə]玻璃纤维消声器supercharging system ['sju:pə,tʃɑ:dʒiŋ] ['sistəm]进气增压系统turbocharger ['tə:bəu,tʃɑ:dʒə]涡轮增压十三conventional ignition system[kən'venʃənəl] [iɡ'niʃən] ['sistəm]传统点火系统primary circuit ['praiməri] ['sə:kit] 初级回路（低压回路）secondary circuit ['sekəndəri] ['sə:kit]次级回路（高压回路）ballast resistor['bæləst] [ri'zistə]附件电阻、稳流电阻 crank [kræŋk]起动、摇转primary winding[‘praiməri] [’waindiŋ]初级线圈、一次绕组 breaker['breikə]断电器secondary winding ['sekəndəri] ['waindiŋ]次级线圈、二次绕组condenser [kən'densə]电容器arc [ɑ:k]电弧distributor cap [di'stribjutə] [kæp]分电器盖coil tower [kɔil] ['tauə]点火线圈顶端接头surge [sə:dʒ]电涌振荡distributor shaft [di'stribjutə] [ʃɑ:ft, ʃæft]分电器轴 firing order [‘faiəriŋ] [’ɔ:də]点火顺序electronic ignition system [,ilek'trɔnik] [iɡ'niʃən] ['sistəm]电子点火系统semiconductor [,semikən'dɔktə]半导体electronic spark timing(EST) [,ilek'trɔnik] [spɑ:k] ['taimiŋ]电子点火正时ignition control(IC) [iɡ'niʃən] [kən'trəul]点火控制HEI(Hight Energy Ignition)module [hait] ['enədʒi] [i ɡ'niʃən] ['mɔdju:l]高能点火模块computer-controlled coil ignition C3I system [kəm'pju:tə] [kən'trəuld] [iɡ'niʃən] ['sistəm]微机控制线圈点火系统electronic ignition(EI) [,ilek'trɔnik] [iɡ'niʃən]电子点火distributorless ignition system [di'stribjutəlis] [iɡ'ni ʃən] ['sistəm]无分电器点火系统ignition(coil)module [iɡ'niʃən] [kɔil] ['mɔdju:l]点火控制模块direct ignition system [di'rekt] [iɡ'niʃən] ['sistəm]直接点火系统cableless EI system ['keiblis] ['sistəm]无高压线电子点火系统十四storage battery ['stɔridʒ] ['bætəri]蓄电池stator ['steitə]定子slip-ring and brush assembly [slip] [riŋ] [ænd] [brʌʃ] [ə'sembli]滑动环和碳刷组件starter ['stɑ:tə]起动机clutch mechanism [klʌtʃ] ['mekənizəm]离合机构armature ['ɑ:mə,tjuə, -tʃə]电枢、转子commutator ['kɔmjuteitə]换向器十五- 5 -greenhouse gas ['ɡri:nhaus] [ɡæs]温室气体sulfur dioxide(SO2) 二氧化硫sulfuric acid[sʌl'fjuərik] ['æsid] 硫酸acid rain ['æsid] [rein]酸雨particulate [pə'tikjulit]微粒PCV valve 强制曲轴箱通风阀evaporative emission control[i'væpəreitiv] [i'miʃən] [kən'trəul] 燃油蒸发排放控制heated air intake system ['hi:tid] [εə] ['inteik] ['sistəm] 进气预热系统EGR valve 废气再循环阀catalyst['kætəlist]催化剂、触媒two-way catalytic converter ['tu:'wei] [kætə'litik] [kən'və:tə]二元催化转化器three-way catalytic converter ['θri:'wei] [kætə'litik] [kən'və:tə]三元催化转化器platinum ['plætinəm] 铂、白金palladium [pə'leidiəm] 钯catalyst bed ['kætəlist] [bed]催化剂床、催化剂基座 rhodium ['rəudiəm] 铑carbon dioxide(CO2) ['kɑ:bən] [dai'ɔksaid]二氧化碳 nitrogen(N) ['naitrədʒən]氮十六transducer [trænz'dju:sə] 传感器、变换器、换能器 feedback ['fi:dbæk] 反馈、反馈信息zirconia ['zə:kəniə]氧化锆coolant sensor ['ku:lənt] ['sensə ]冷却液（温度）传感器thermistor [θə:'mistə, 'θə:m-]热敏电阻air charge temperature (ATC) sensor [εə] [tʃɑ:dʒ] ['tempəritʃə] ['sensə, ]进气温度传感器intake air temperature (ITA) sensor ['inteik] [εə] ['tempəritʃə] ['sensə ]进气温度传感器throttle position sensor (TPS) ['θrɔtl] [pə'ziʃən] ['sensə]节气阀位置传感器potentiometer [pəu,tenʃi'ɔmitə] 电位计、电势计manifold absolute pressure(MAP) sensor ['mænifəuld] ['æbsəlju:t, æbsə'lju:t] ['sensə]进气歧管绝对压力传感器capacitor [kə'pæsitə]电容器silicon ['silikən]硅mass airflow (MAF) indicator [mæs] ['εəfləu] ['indikeitə] 空气流量传感器vane-type MAF sensor [vein] [taip] ['sensə ]叶片式空气流量传感器heated resistor MAF sensor ['hi:tid] [ri'zistə] ['sensə ]加热电阻式空气流量传感器hot wire-type MAF sensor [hɔt] ['waiə] ['sensə ]热线式空气流量传感器knock sensor (detonation sensor) [nɔk] ['sensə]爆([,detə'neiʃən] ['sensə ])震传感器piezoelectric sensing element [pi:,eizəui'lektrik, pai,i:-] ['sensiŋ] ['elimənt]压电传感元件vehicle speed sensor ['vi:ikl, 有时发'vi:hi-] [spi:d] ['sensə ]车辆速度传感器crankshaft position sensor ['kræŋk,ʃɑ:ft] [pə'ziʃən] ['sensə ]曲轴位置传感器variable reluctance sensor ['vεəriəbl] [ri'lʌktəns] ['sensə ]磁感应式传感器、可变磁阻传感器Hall-effect sensor [hɔ:l] [i'fekt] ['sensə ]霍尔效应传感器camshaft position (CKP) sensor ['kæmʃɑ:ft] [pə'ziʃən] ['sensə ] 凸轮轴位置传感器EGR valve position (EVP) sensor [vælv] [pə'ziʃən] [‘sensə ] EGR阀位置传感器park/neutral switch [pɑ:k] ['nju:trəl] [switʃ] 停车/空档开关A/C switch [switʃ] 空调开关actuator ['æktjueitə] 执行器relay ['ri:lei, ri'lei] 继电器十七driving wheel ['draiviŋ] [hwi:l]驱动车轮pressure plate ['preʃə] [pleit] 压盘griven plate or friction disc ['frikʃən] [disk]从动盘、摩擦盘clutch release bearing [klʌtʃ] [ri'li:s] ['bεəriŋ]分离轴承clutch fork [klʌtʃ] [fɔ:k]离合器拨叉、分离叉clutch housing [klʌtʃ] [haus, hauziŋ]离合器壳diaphragm spring ['daiəfræm] [spriŋ]膜片弹簧double (dual) plate clutch ['dʌbl] (['dju:əl]) [pleit] [kl ʌtʃ]双片式离合器ball-thrust bearing [bɔ:l] [θrʌst] ['bεəriŋ]推力球轴承clutch linkage [klʌtʃ] ['liŋkidʒ]离合器踏板master cylinder ['mɑ:stə, 'mæstə] ['silində]主缸、主油缸slave cylinder [sleiv] ['silində]工作油缸、从动缸ring gear [riŋ] [ɡiə]环形齿轮、齿圈double (dual) plate clutch ['dʌbl] (['dju:əl]) [pleit] [kl ʌtʃ]双片式离合器ball-thrust bearing [bɔ:l] [θrʌst] ['bεəriŋ]推力球轴承clutch linkage [klʌtʃ] ['liŋkidʒ]离合器踏板master cylinder ['mɑ:stə, 'mæstə] ['silində]主缸、主油缸slave cylinder [sleiv] ['silində]工作油缸、从动缸ring gear [riŋ] [ɡiə]环形齿轮、齿圈十八neutral ['nju:trəl]空档front–wheel drive vehicle前轮驱动汽车final drive主减速器synchronizer ['siŋkrənaizə, 'sin-]同步器sliding sleeve滑动套筒shifting fork换档拨叉十九automatic transmission [,ɔ:tə'mætik] [trænz'miʃən, træns-, trɑ:n-]自动变速器torque converter [tɔ:k] [kən'və:tə]液力变矩器planetary gear ['plænitəri] [ɡiə]行星齿轮系统clutch [klʌtʃ]离合器（自动变速箱中）band [bænd]制动器、制动带pump (impeller) [pʌmp]([im'pelə] )泵轮turbine ['tə:bain, -bin] 涡轮guide wheel or stator[ɡaid] [hwi:l] (['steitə])导轮ATF (automatic transmission fluid) [,ɔ:tə'mætik] [trænz'miʃən] ['flu(:)id]自动变速箱油sun gear [sʌn] [ɡiə]中心齿轮、恒星齿轮、太阳轮 ring gear [riŋ] [ɡiə]环形齿轮、齿圈planet gears (pinion gears) ['plænit] [ɡiə] (['pinjən] [ɡiə] )行星齿轮planet gear carrier ['plænit] [ɡiə] ['kæriə]行星齿轮架servo piston ['sə:vəu] ['pistən]伺服活塞overrunning clutch ['əuvə'rʌniŋ] [klʌtʃ]单向离合器 valve body阀体 continuously variable transmission (CVT) [kən'tinjuəsli] ['vεəriəbl] [trænz'miʃən]无级变速器二十universal joint (U-joint) [,ju:ni'və:səl] [dʒɔint]万向节cross and bearing type cardan universal joint (four-point joint) [krɔ:s] [ænd] ['bεəriŋ] [taip] ['k ɑ:dən] [,ju:ni'və:səl] [dʒɔint]十字轴万向节yoke [jəuk]万向节叉needle-type bearing['ni:dl] [taip] ['bεəriŋ]滚针轴承 slip joint [slip] [dʒɔint]伸缩接头、滑动接头center bearing ['sentə] ['bεəriŋ] 中间支撑、中间轴承constant velocity (CV) joint ['kɔnstənt] [vi'lɔsəti] [dʒɔint]等速万向节ball-style CV joints [bɔ:l] [stail] [si:] [vi:] [dʒɔints]球笼式万向节tripod-type CV joint['traipɔd] [taip] [si:] [vi:] [dʒɔint]三叉式万向节二十一four-wheel drive (4WD) system四轮驱动系统all-wheel drive (AWD) system全轮驱动系统sport utility vehicle [spɔ:t] [ju:'tiləti] ['vi:ikl]运动型多功能车station wagon['steiʃən] ['wæɡən]旅行车van [væn] （有蓬的）货车passenger car ['pæsindʒə] [kɑ:]乘用车、客车transfer case[træns'fə:] [keis]分动器center differential['sentə] [ .difə'renʃəl ]中央差速器、桥间差速器full-time 4WD system全时四轮驱动系统part-time 4WD system分时四轮驱动系统limited slip differential ['limitid] [slip] [,difə'renʃəl]防滑差速器二十二front suspension [frʌnt] [sə'spenʃən]前悬架- 7 -independent suspension [,indi'pendənt] [sə'spenʃən]独立悬架ball joint [bɔ:l] [dʒɔint]球形接头coil spring [kɔil] [spriŋ]螺旋弹簧steering knuckle ['stiəriŋ] ['nʌkl]转向节spindle ['spindl]转向节轴torsion bar ['tɔ:ʃən] [bɑ:]稳定杆rear suspension [riə] [sə'spenʃən]后悬架leaf suspension [li:f] [sə'spenʃən]钢板弹簧semi-grooved shock absorber['sem(a)i-] [ɡru:vd] [ʃɔk] [əb'sɔ:bə]半椭圆形弹簧spring shackle [spriŋ] ['ʃækl]钢板弹簧吊耳stabilizer bar ['steibilaizə] [bɑ:]横向稳定杆spiral-grooved shock absorber ['spaiərəl] [ɡru:vd] [ʃɔk] [əb'sɔ:bə]螺旋槽式减震器gas-filled shock absorber [ɡæs] [fild] [ʃɔk] [əb'sɔ:bə]充气式减震器air shock absorber [εə] [ʃɔk] [əb'sɔ:bə]空气减震器 automatic level control system [,ɔ:tə'mætik] ['levəl] [kən'trəul] ['sistəm]高度自动控制系统electronic suspension [,ilek'trɔnik] [sə'spenʃən]电子控制悬架air suspension system [εə] [sə'spenʃən] ['sistəm]空气悬架总成active suspension system ['æktiv] [sə'spenʃən] ['sistəm]主动式悬架系统MacPherson strut [mækfersən] [strʌt]麦弗逊悬架二十三steering column ['stiəriŋ] ['kɑləm]转向柱steering wheel['stiəriŋ] [wi:l]方向盘steering gear ['stiəriŋ] [ɡiə]转向器steering linkage['stiəriŋ] ['liŋkidʒ]转向传动装置energy-absorbing (collapsible) steering column ['enədʒi] [əb'sɔ:biŋ] ([kə'læpsəbl] )['stiəriŋ] ['kɔləm]能量吸收式（折叠式）转向柱manual steering ['mænjuəl] ['stiəriŋ]手动转向、人力转向pitman arm (recirculating ball) steering gear ['pitmən] [ɑ:m]([ri:'sə:kjuleitiŋ] [bɔ:l]) ['stiəriŋ] [ɡiə]循环球式转向器rack-and-pinion steering gear [ræk] [ænd] ['pinjən] ['stiəriŋ] [ɡiə]齿轮齿条式转向器caster ['kɑ:stə, 'kæs-]主销后倾角camber ['kæmbə]车轮外倾角 toe [təu]前轮前束steering axis inclination ['stiəriŋ] ['æksis] [,inkli'neiʃən]主销内倾角turning radius ['tə:niŋ] ['reidiəs]转弯半径power steering [pauə] ['stiəriŋ]动力转向electronic power steering (EPS) system [,ilek'trɔnik] [pauə] ['stiəriŋ] ['sistəm]电子动力转向系统steering sensor ['stiəriŋ] ['sensə]转向传感器二十四tube [tju:b, tu:b]内胎tube-type tire [tju:b] [taip] ['taiə]有内胎轮胎tubeless-type tire ['tju:blis] [taip] ['taiə]无内胎轮胎 tread [tred]胎面、胎冠ply [plai]帘布层carcass ['kɑ:kəs]胎体bias tire ['baiəs] ['taiə]斜交轮胎belted bias tire ['beltid] ['baiəs] ['taiə]带束斜交轮胎 belted radial tire['beltid] ['reidiəl] ['taiə]带束子午线轮胎tire valve ['taiə] [vælv]轮胎气阀rim [rim]轮辋drop center wheel[hwi:l]凹槽式车轮safety rim['seifti] [rim]安全式轮辋disk wheel [disk] [hwi:l]盘形车轮、封闭式车轮cast aluminum wheel[kɑ:s, kæst] [ə'lju:minəm] [hwi:l]铸铝车轮wire wheel ['waiə] [hwi:l]辐条式车轮magnesium [mæɡ'ni:ziəm]镁。

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET-ISOPROPYL SECTION1PRODUCT AND COMPANY PRODUCTProduct Description:OxygenatedIntended Use:SolventSECTION4FIRST INHALATIONRemove from further exposure.Forto yourself or e adequateirritation,dizziness,nausea,or unconsciousnessassistance.If breathing has stopped,SECTION6ACCIDENTAL NOTIFICATION PROCEDURESIn the event of a spill or accidentalaccordance with all applicable regulations. PROTECTIVE MEASURESTransport Temperature:[Ambient]Transport Pressure:[Ambient]Static Accumulator:This material STORAGEAmple fire water supply should berecommended.Keep container closed.in order to control possible pressureOutside or detached storage preferred.applicable.Types of respirators to face filter respiratorFor high airborne concentrations, operated in positive pressure mode. bottle may be appropriate when warning properties are poor,or if exceeded.|23.9kPa(179.25mm Hg)at Evaporation Rate(n-butyl acetatepH:N/DLog Pow(n-Octanol/Water PartitionSolubility in Water:CompleteViscosity:[N/D at40°C]| 2.65Oxidizing Properties:See Hazards OTHER INFORMATIONCHRONIC/OTHER EFFECTSFor the product itself:Vapor concentrations above recommendedeyes and the respiratory tract,anesthetic and may have other centralProlonged and/or repeated skin contactthe skin resulting in possible irritationSmall amounts of liquid aspiratedREGULATORY DISPOSAL INFORMATIONRCRA Information:Disposal of unusedregulations(40CFR261).Disposaldue to ignitability,corrosivity,reactivityTransport Document Name:UN1219,SECTION15REGULATORY INFORMATIONOSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD: this material is classified as hazardous in accordanceNATIONAL CHEMICAL INVENTORY LISTING: KECI,PICCS,TSCAassistance.If breathing has stopped,assist mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.Eye:Flush thoroughly with water for at least Oral:Seek immediate medical attention. Skin:Wash contact areas with soap and Launder contaminated clothing before reuse. FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA。

消防安全知识英文版Fire Safety KnowledgeIntroduction:Fire safety is a crucial aspect of everyday life, as fires can cause significant damage to property and pose a threat to human life. Therefore, it is essential to be well-informed and educated about fire safety measures to prevent fires, minimize damages, and ensure the safety of individuals in various environments. This article aims to provide comprehensive fire safety knowledge, including prevention, safety precautions, emergency response, and equipment usage.I. Understanding Fire:1. Fire Triangle:Fire is the result of a chemical reaction known as combustion, which requires three essential elements to occur - fuel, heat, and oxygen. These three components are often referred to as the "fire triangle." In order to prevent and control fires effectively, it is crucial to understand and address these elements.a) Fuel: Fire can ignite and spread through various combustible materials, such as wood, paper, fabric, flammable liquids, and gases. Proper storage and handling of flammable materials are vital to prevent accidental fires.b) Heat: Heat is required to raise the temperature of a material toits ignition point, initiating combustion. Heat sources can include open flames, electrical appliances, heating systems, and faulty wiring. Regular maintenance and inspection of these sources are crucial to identify potential fire hazards.c) Oxygen: Fire requires oxygen to sustain itself. An adequate supply of oxygen can be found in the air we breathe. Ensuring proper ventilation and avoiding oxygen enrichment can help prevent rapid fire spread.2. Classes of Fire:Fires can be categorized into different classes based on the type of fuel involved. This classification is crucial for determining the appropriate extinguishing methods and equipment.a) Class A: This class includes fires involving ordinary combustible materials like wood, paper, cloth, and plastics. These fires are usually extinguished using water or water-based extinguishers.b) Class B: This class includes fires involving flammable liquids or gases like gasoline, oil, alcohol, and propane. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers are commonly used to suppress these fires.c) Class C: This class includes fires involving energized electrical equipment. It is essential to de-energize the equipment before extinguishing the fire. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers are suitable for these types of fires.d) Class D: This class includes fires involving combustible metals like magnesium, titanium, and sodium. Specialized extinguishing agents, such as specific powders or sand, are required to control these fires.e) Class K: This class includes fires involving cooking oils and greases. Specialized wet chemical extinguishers are necessary to extinguish these fires effectively.II. Fire Prevention:1. Housekeeping and Storage:Maintaining a clean and organized environment is crucial to prevent fires. Regularly remove and dispose of any waste or clutter, such as papers, boxes, and broken equipment. Store flammable materials in designated areas that are well-ventilated and away from ignition sources. Properly label and store flammable liquidsin approved containers.2. Electrical Safety:Electrical fires are a common cause of house fires. Adhere to these electrical safety practices to minimize fire hazards:a) Overloading sockets can cause overheating and fires. Avoid using multiple adapters or extension cords on a single socket.b) Regularly inspect and replace damaged or frayed electricalcords. Do not run cords under carpets or rugs.c) Turn off and unplug electrical appliances when not in use.d) Do not attempt to repair faulty electrical equipment yourself. Consult a qualified electrician.e) Install and regularly test smoke detectors and fire alarms.3. Smoking Safety:Smoking is a significant fire hazard, especially indoors. Follow these safety precautions to minimize the risk of fires:a) Avoid smoking indoors, especially in bed or near flammable materials.b) Always use designated ashtrays and ensure cigarettes are fully extinguished before disposal.c) Do not smoke while under the influence of alcohol or any substances that impair coordination.d) Educate children about the dangers of smoking and keep matches and lighters out of their reach.4. Cooking Safety:Cooking fires are a leading cause of home fires. To prevent kitchen fires:a) Avoid leaving cooking unattended.b) Keep flammable materials, like dish towels and oven mitts, away from the stove.c) Regularly clean cooking surfaces and appliances to remove grease buildup.d) Use caution when heating oil and always have a lid nearby to smother potential oil fires.e) Install and regularly maintain a functioning fire extinguisher in the kitchen.5. Heating Safety:Heating equipment, such as fireplaces, furnaces, and space heaters, can be fire hazards if not used and maintained properly. Follow these safety measures:a) Keep flammable materials away from heating sources.b) Ensure proper ventilation and avoid using heating equipment in closed or unventilated spaces.c) Inspect and maintain heating systems regularly to identify and address potential issues.d) Use only approved heating devices and follow themanufacturer's instructions.e) Never leave heating equipment unattended or on while sleeping. III. Fire Safety Precautions:1. Fire Extinguishers:Fire extinguishers are essential tools for controlling and extinguishing fires. Selecting the correct type of fire extinguisher is crucial for effective fire suppression. Key considerations when using a fire extinguisher:a) P.A.S.S. Technique: Follow the P.A.S.S. acronym - Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep side to side while applying the extinguishing agent.b) Know the location of fire extinguishers in your surroundings.c) Understand the appropriate type of extinguisher based on the class of fire.d) Regularly inspect and maintain fire extinguishers to ensure they are in good working condition.2. Smoke Detectors and Fire Alarms:Smoke detectors and fire alarms play a crucial role in alerting individuals to the presence of smoke or fire, providing early warning and enabling evacuation. Follow these guidelines:a) Install smoke detectors on each level of your home or building, including bedrooms.b) Test smoke detectors regularly by pressing the test button.c) Replace batteries in smoke detectors at least once a year or as instructed by the manufacturer.d) Replace smoke detectors every ten years.e) In commercial buildings, ensure the presence of fire alarms and conduct regular tests.3. Evacuation Plans:Developing and practicing an effective evacuation plan is vital for everyone's safety during a fire emergency. Consider the following:a) Identify primary and secondary escape routes in your home or workplace.b) Ensure doors and windows are easy to open and not blocked.c) Conduct fire drills regularly to familiarize everyone with evacuation procedures.d) Establish a designated meeting point outside the building to account for all individuals.e) In commercial buildings, appoint individuals responsible for guiding others to safety during an evacuation.IV. Fire Emergency Response:1. R.A.C.E. Protocol:In the event of a fire emergency, follow the R.A.C.E. protocol: a) Rescue: Ensure the immediate safety of individuals in immediate danger, if possible.b) Alarm: Activate the fire alarm system to alert others of the fire.c) Contain: Close doors and windows to limit the fire's spread.d) Extinguish/Evacuate: If it is safe to do so, use the appropriate fire extinguisher to control the fire. Otherwise, evacuate and follow the established evacuation plan.2. Calling Emergency Services:Contact the emergency services (e.g., fire department, police) immediately after ensuring your safety and that of others. Provide accurate information about the situation, location, and any additional relevant details.3. Safe Exiting Techniques:During evacuation, it is essential to follow safe exiting techniques:a) Stay as close to the ground as possible while moving through and exiting smoke-filled areas, as smoke rises and can impair visibility.b) Use alternative routes if the primary route is blocked.c) Test door handles before opening them and close doors behind you to limit the fire's spread.d) Avoid using elevators during a fire emergency.e) Assist individuals with disabilities or those who may require assistance during evacuation.V. Fire Safety in Specific Environments:1. Workplace Fire Safety:In addition to the general fire safety precautions mentioned above, workplaces must consider specific measures, including:a) Conducting regular fire drills and training employees on evacuation procedures.b) Ensuring clear access to emergency exits and keeping them unobstructed.c) Maintaining adequate firefighting equipment and training staff on its usage.d) Establishing a communication system to alert everyone during an emergency.e) Regularly inspecting and maintaining electrical equipment and systems.f) Posting clear and visible evacuation routes and fire safety instructions.2. School Fire Safety:Educational institutions have a significant responsibility to ensure the safety of students and staff. Therefore, schools should prioritize the following measures:a) Conducting regular fire drills and practicing evacuation procedures.b) Educating students and staff about fire safety and prevention.c) Installing fire extinguishers and smoke detectors in relevant areas.d) Designating staff members responsible for guiding and supervising students during an evacuation.e) Regularly inspecting and maintaining electrical systems and equipment.f) Implementing fire safety policies and procedures in line with local regulations.Conclusion:Fire safety is a topic that should not be taken lightly. Understanding fire behavior, practicing prevention measures, and being prepared for emergencies are essential for minimizing fire hazards and protecting lives and property. By following the fire safety knowledge discussed in this article, individuals can create a safer environment for themselves and others. Remember, fire safety is everyone's responsibility, so spread awareness and educate others about these critical measures.。

Care with Cryogenics.02Care with CryogenicsCare with Cryogenics.This document is designed to be used in conjunction with BOC’s publications: “Controlling the Risks of Oxygen” or “Controlling Risks of Inert Gases” and is an overview of the hazards and precautions to be taken when handling low temperature liquefi ed gases. People with a special responsibility for safety or who are engaged in teaching or training others in the use of low temperature liquefi ed gases should refer to more comprehensive materials available from EIGA at .03Care with Cryogenics There are a number of potential hazards when using gases that are liquefi ed by cooling them to low temperatures. These may be referred to as “CRYOGENIC” liquids. The gases covered in this document and their physical properties are detailed in the table below. All the gases are non-fl ammable, although liquid oxygen is an oxidant and can promote vigorous combustion of many materials.Introduction.PropertyOxygen (O 2)Nitrogen (N 2)Argon (Ar)Helium (He)Carbon dioxide (CO 2)Molecular weight 322840444Colour of gas None None None None None Colour of liquidLight Blue None None None NoneNormal boiling point (tb) at Patm (ºC)-183-196-186-269-78.5 (sublimes)Ratio of volume gas (measured at 15ºC and Patm) to volume of liquid, (measured at Tb and Patm)842682822738845 (solid)Relative density of gas at Patm (Air = 1) 1.105@25ºC 0.967@25ºC 1.380@0ºC 0.138@0ºC 1.48@25ºC Liquid density at Tb and Patm (kg/m 3)114280813941251564 (solid)Latent heat of evaporation at Tb (kj/kg)21319916321573 (sublimation)04Care with CryogenicsLow temperature hazards.Cold burns, frostbite and hypothermia.Cold burns and frostbiteBecause of the low temperature of liquefi ed atmospheric gases, the liquid, cold vapour or gas can produce damage to the skin similar to heat burns. Unprotected parts of the skin coming into contact with uninsulated items of cold equipment may also become stuck to them and the fl esh may be torn on removal.Cold vapours or gases from liquefi ed atmospheric gases may cause frostbite, given prolonged or severe exposure of unprotected parts.A symptom that usually gives warning of freezing is local pain, however sometimes no pain is felt or it is short lived. Frozen tissues are painless and appear waxy, with a pale yellowish colour. Thawing of the frozen tissue can cause intense pain. Shock may also occur.Treatment of cold burnsThe immediate treatment is to loosen any clothing that may restrict blood circulation and seek hospital attention for all but the mostsuperfi cial injuries. Do not try to remove clothing that is frozen to skin. Do not apply direct heat to the affected parts, but if possible placein lukewarm water. Clean plastic kitchen fi lm or sterile dry dressings should be used to protect damaged tissues from infection or further injury, but they should not be allowed to restrict the blood circulation. Alcohol and cigarettes should not be given.Where exposed skin is stuck to cold surfaces such as uninsulated cryogenic pipework, isolate the source of the cold liquid and thaw with copious amounts of tepid water until the skin is released.Effect of cold on lungsTransient exposure to very cold gas produces discomfort in breathing and can provoke an asthma attack in susceptible people.HypothermiaLow air temperatures arising from the proximity of liquefi ed atmospheric gases can cause hypothermia and all people at risk should wear warm clothing.Typical symptoms of hypothermia are:3 A slowing down of physical and mental responses3Unreasonable behaviour or irritability3Speech or vision diffi culty3Cramp and shiversTreatment of hypothermiaPeople appearing to be suffering from hypothermia shouldbe wrapped in blankets and moved to a warm place. Seek immediate medical attention. No direct form of heatingshould be applied except under medical supervision.05Care with Cryogenics Causes and avoidance of exposure.Contact with cold surfacesWhere possible, insulate all exposed cold surfaces usingsuitably approved materials.Splashes and spillages3Use suitable PPE3U se approved manual handling equipment when moving vessels containing cryogenic liquids3Report all leaks immediatelyProlonged exposure to low temperature environments3Use suitable insulating PPE3Minimise time of exposureInadequate design/incorrect choice of materials3Only use competent system designers3Only use approved materials3Conduct regular planned preventative maintenance3Do not exceed the fl ow rate specifi ed for the equipment OverpressurisationWhen vaporised into gas, all of these liquefi ed gases increase many hundreds of times in volume. This results in a large pressure increase if the volume change is restricted. The normal inleak of heat through the insulated walls of the storage vessels and pipework into the cryogenic liquid raises its temperature and hence, with time, the pressure rises due to the generation of gas.Cryogenic systems must therefore be designed with adequate pressure relief on storage vessels and anywhere where liquid may be trapped, such as pipework between valves.If liquid is vented into the atmosphere, it vaporisers with a consequential large expansion in volume which can be very noisy. Therefore, venting should be controlled and adequate precautions taken to protect personnel. The cloud of cold gas vented into atmosphere can also present a risk.EmbrittlementThe most signifi cant consideration when selecting equipment and materials for low temperature use is that of possible brittle fracture. Carbon steel is extremely brittle at the cryogenic temperatures of liquid nitrogen, argon and oxygen. (Certain types of carbon steel can be used with cryogenic carbon dioxide because it is relatively warm in comparison to liquid nitrogen, argon and oxygen.) Metals used in any equipment should satisfy the impact test requirements of the design code being used.If there is a change in the use of a plant from its original design, it may result in the liquid usage rate exceeding the capacity of the vaporising equipment. This can cause cryogenic liquid to reach parts of the equipment that were not originally intended for low temperature conditions, increasing the risk of potential brittle fracture.Liquid air condensationWhilst nitrogen and helium appear to be safe from the risk of combustion because they are inert, these liquids are coldenough at normal boiling points to condense air from the atmosphere. This condensed air contains higher oxygencontent than normal air, increasing the risk of combustion. It is therefore essential that the vessel is properly insulated. It isalso recommended to exclude combustible insulating materialsfrom liquid nitrogen and helium systems and installations.Liquid argon cannot condense air from the atmosphere.Dense cold vapourDue to the relatively high density of the cold vapour of theliquids, the gases may collect and persist in areas which maynot be immediately recognisable as confi ned spaces, posingan oxygen defi ciency or enrichment hazard. Manholes,trenches, basements, drainage systems, underground serviceducts and any low lying, poorly ventilated areas may posesuch a hazard and entry into these areas should be controlledby a Permit to Work.06Care with Cryogenics Preventative measures. Information and trainingAll people who work with low temperature liquefi ed gases or systems using such gases should be given adequate training on the risks of asphyxiation, fi re hazards, cold burns, frostbite and hypothermia. Special attention should be drawn to the insidious nature of the risks due to the rapidity of the effects, coupled with the fact that an operator may be completely unaware that a hazardous condition has developed.Protective clothingProtective clothing is only intended to protect the wearer handling cold equipment from accidental contact with liquefi ed atmospheric gases or parts in contact with it. Non-absorbent leather gloves should always be worn when handling anything that is, or has been recently, in contact with cryogenic liquids. The gloves should be a loose fi t so that they can easily be removed if liquid should splash onto or into them. Gauntlet gloves are not recommended because liquid can easily splash into the wide cuff.It is essential that clothing is kept free of oil and grease where oxygen is in use.If clothing becomes contaminated with liquefi ed atmospheric gasesor their vapour, the wearer should ventilate it for a minimum of fi ve minutes whilst walking around in a wellventilated area. The risk with contamination by liquid oxygen is of rapid burning of the material, even when started via a tiny ignition source (a spark or a piece of burning tobacco).Therefore, in these circumstances it is essential to ventilate clothing for at least 15 minutes (or replace it) and to keep away from any such source of ignition.Woven materials are best avoided, but if they are used for protective clothing, it is essential to ensure that they do not become saturated with cold liquid.Goggles or a facemask should be used to protect the eyes and face when carrying out operations where spraying or splashing of liquid may occur. Overalls or similar clothing should be worn. These should be without open pockets or turn-ups where liquid could collect. Trousers should be worn outside boots for the same reason.A person whose clothing catches fi re should be deluged with water from a shower, hose or series of fi re buckets and moved into the fresh air as soon as possible. It is very dangerous to attempt to rescue a person catching fi re in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere, as the rescuer is likely to catch fi re as well. (In some cases it may be possible to enter such a space if the rescuer is totally deluged with water and protectedby constant water hosing).07Care with Cryogenics Liquid helium.Dewars.Because of its low boiling point and latent heat of evaporation, liquid helium is supplied in specifi cally designed dewars which must be handled with care at all times. In particular, liquid helium dewars should not be fi lled with other liquids whose higher specifi c gravity might result in failure of the suspension system.This liquid can only be transferred in vacuum insulated lines and equipment. Even some types of steels which are satisfactory at liquid nitrogen temperature, become brittle when in contact with liquid helium.Any receiving equipment or dewars which have been precooled with liquid nitrogen must be clearly identifi ed and subsequently purged with pure helium gas prior to transfer to liquid helium service. Liquid helium can solidify all other known gases and liquids.The oxygen enrichment hazard, due to condensation of the air is much more signifi cant than with liquid nitrogen. All equipment which may be at liquid helium temperatures must be kept clean to the same standards as liquid oxygen installations.Safe working procedures must be developed and adhered to for the use of dewars, including their transportation within and around the premises. Special safety procedures are necessary when carrying fi lled dewars in lifts. Only use dewars that are correctly and clearly labelled. Always ensure that adequate ventilation is provided in areas where dewars are fi lled, used or stored.Adequate emergency procedures must be in place in the event of a liquid spillage, cold burn or suspected asphyxiation. Ice plugs can form in the neck of dewars and can be ejected at high velocity dueto pressure build up. Avoid them by ensuring that protective caps are always used and that dewars are fully emptied before being taken out of use or put into storage.Refer to BCGA (British Compressed Gases Association) CP30 for further guidance.Further InformationFor further information please refer to the following BOC publications:3 Siting of liquid cylinders or vessels in buildings (CRY/004521)3 Movement of cryogenic vessels in lifts (CRY/007614)3 Transport by vehicle of liquid nitrogen (CRY/004545)S F T /002246/409570/B A M C /0911The stripe symbol and the letters BOC are registered trade marks of The BOC Group Limited. Both BOC Limited and The BOC Group Limited aremembers of The Linde Group, the parent company of which is Linde AG. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited. © BOC Limited 2011BOCThe Priestley Centre, 10 Priestley Road, The Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XY, United Kingdom Tel +44 1483 579 857, Fax +44 1483 505 211, For enquiries please contact:BOCCustomer Service Centre,Priestley Road, Worsley,Manchester M28 2UT Tel 0800 111 333Fax 0800 111 555****************BOC Ireland PO Box 201,Bluebell, Dublin 12,Republic of Ireland Tel 1890 355 255Fax (0)1 409 1801********************BOC – turning ideas into solutionsBOC is a member of The Linde Group, the leading global gases and engineering company. BOC is the UK’s largest provider of industrial, specialist and medical gases, as well as related products and services. As a leader in the application of technology, we are constantly looking for new ways to provide our customers with high quality products and innovative solutions.At BOC we help our customers to create added value, clearly discernible competitive advantage and hence greater profi tability. To achieve this we have a comprehensive range of products and services, and technical support which can be customised to meet the individual requirements of our clients.To keep ahead of the competition in today’s market, you need a partner for whom quality, service, process and productivity optimisation are an integral part of customer support. We are there for you and with you, helping to build your success.BOC’s reputation has been forged through partnerships – with customers, with relevant regulatory authorities and with key suppliers. In this way, we deliver comprehensive and consistent benefi ts to you.BOC – world-leading knowledge and resources adapted to local requirements.。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：严防森林火灾守护绿水青山英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Preventing Forest Fires and Protecting Our Green Mountains and Blue WatersAs students, we have a deep connection to nature. Our education teaches us to appreciate the wonders of the naturalworld, from the majestic mountains that tower above us to the crystal-clear streams that wind through our valleys. However, one of the greatest threats to these natural treasures is the devastating force of forest fires.Forest fires have been a part of the ecological cycle for millennia, playing a role in the renewal and regeneration of many ecosystems. However, in recent years, the frequency and intensity of these fires have increased alarmingly, largely due to human activities and the effects of climate change. The consequences of these fires are far-reaching, impacting not only the flora and fauna of the affected areas but also the lives and livelihoods of countless people.One of the most significant impacts of forest fires is the loss of biodiversity. These blazes can decimate entire ecosystems, wiping out rare and endangered species of plants and animals. The destruction of their natural habitats can disrupt delicate food chains and displace countless creatures, leaving them vulnerable to predation, starvation, and even extinction.Furthermore, forest fires release vast amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, exacerbating the effects of climate change. This, in turn, creates avicious cycle, as rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns increase the risk of more frequent and intense fires.The economic toll of forest fires is also staggering. Aside from the direct costs of firefighting efforts and property damage, these fires can devastate industries such as tourism, agriculture, and forestry, which rely heavily on the natural resources provided by healthy forests.Perhaps most poignantly, forest fires can have a profound impact on the cultural heritage and traditional ways of life of indigenous communities. For many of these groups, the forests are not just a source of sustenance and shelter but also a sacred place, deeply intertwined with their spirituality and cultural identity.Faced with such dire consequences, it is imperative that we, as students and future stewards of our planet, take action to prevent and mitigate the effects of forest fires. This endeavor requires a multifaceted approach, involving education, policy changes, and individual responsibility.Education plays a crucial role in raising awareness about the causes and consequences of forest fires. By incorporating environmental education into our curriculum, we can foster a deeper understanding and appreciation for the delicate balanceof nature. This knowledge can empower us to make informed decisions and adopt sustainable practices that reduce the risk of fires.Furthermore, we must advocate for stronger policies and regulations aimed at preventing and managing forest fires. This may include stricter measures for land management, fire safety protocols, and the allocation of resources for firefighting and prevention efforts.However, our efforts cannot rely solely on government action. Each of us must take individual responsibility for our actions and their impact on the environment. This means being mindful of our behavior in forested areas, such as properly extinguishing campfires and disposing of flammable materials responsibly.Additionally, we can support organizations and initiatives dedicated to forest conservation and fire prevention. By volunteering our time and resources, we can actively contribute to the preservation of these invaluable natural resources.As students, we have a unique opportunity to shape the future of our planet. By embracing our role as environmental stewards and taking practical steps to prevent forest fires, we canensure that future generations will continue to marvel at the beauty of our green mountains and blue waters.In conclusion, the threat of forest fires is a stark reminder of the fragility of our natural world and the urgent need for action. It is our collective responsibility to protect and preserve these precious ecosystems, not only for their intrinsic value but also for the countless benefits they provide to humanity. By raising awareness, advocating for change, and taking individual responsibility, we can be the catalysts for a greener, safer, and more sustainable future.篇2Preserving Nature's Grandeur: Preventing Forest Fires to Protect Our Green Mountains and RiversAs a student deeply concerned about the well-being of our planet, I feel compelled to address the grave issue of forest fires and their devastating impact on our natural environment. These blazing infernos, often caused by human negligence or intentional acts, pose a severe threat to the delicate ecosystems that sustain life on Earth. It is our collective responsibility to take proactive measures to prevent such catastrophes and safeguardthe verdant beauty of our green mountains and the pristine waters that flow through them.Forests are the lungs of our world, playing a crucial role in maintaining the delicate balance of our atmosphere. They absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide and release oxygen, making them indispensable allies in our fight against climate change. However, when these natural havens are consumed by raging fires, the consequences are catastrophic. Immense quantities of greenhouse gases are released into the air, exacerbating the already alarming levels of atmospheric pollution and contributing to global warming.The impact of forest fires extends far beyond the environmental realm, affecting the lives and livelihoods of countless individuals. Numerous communities, particularly those residing in close proximity to forested areas, face the risk of displacement and loss of property. The destruction of homes, businesses, and infrastructure can have long-lasting economic repercussions, leaving families and communities struggling to rebuild their lives.Moreover, the ecological consequences of forest fires are far-reaching and profound. These blazing infernos decimate entire habitats, leaving countless species of flora and faunahomeless, injured, or worse – extinct. The loss of biodiversity is a grave concern, as each species plays a vital role in maintaining the delicate balance of nature. Without these intricate interactions, entire ecosystems can collapse, leading to unforeseen and potentially catastrophic consequences.In addition to the devastating impact on terrestrial life, forest fires also pose a significant threat to our precious water resources. The scorched earth left in their wake is susceptible to erosion, leading to the contamination of rivers, streams, and other water bodies with sediments and debris. This not only compromises the quality of drinking water but also disrupts the fragile aquatic ecosystems, putting countless species of fish and other marine life at risk.As students, we have a unique opportunity to play a pivotal role in preventing forest fires and promoting environmental stewardship. Through education and awareness campaigns, we can empower our communities with the knowledge and tools necessary to minimize the risk of these disasters. Simple actions, such as adhering to fire safety regulations, properly extinguishing campfires, and disposing of flammable materials responsibly, can make a significant difference in preventing the ignition of these destructive blazes.Furthermore, we can actively participate in reforestation efforts, planting new trees to replace those lost to fires and contributing to the restoration of these vital ecosystems. By nurturing and protecting these green havens, we not only enhance the aesthetic beauty of our surroundings but also provide a safe haven for countless species and contribute to the overall health of our planet.In addition to individual efforts, we must also advocate for stronger policies and regulations aimed at preventing and managing forest fires. This includes supporting increased funding for firefighting resources, implementing stricter penalties for those who intentionally or negligently cause fires, and promoting sustainable forest management practices that reduce the risk of catastrophic blazes.As the custodians of tomorrow, it is our responsibility to leave behind a world that is better than the one we inherited. By taking a proactive stance against forest fires, we can preserve the majesty of our green mountains and the purity of our rivers, ensuring that future generations can continue to marvel at the natural wonders that grace our planet.In conclusion, the prevention of forest fires is not merely an environmental concern; it is a moral imperative that transcendsborders and generations. By embracing our roles as guardians of nature, we can collectively work towards a future where the verdant splendor of our forests remains intact, and the crystalline waters that sustain life continue to flow freely. Let us unite in this noble cause, for the sake of our planet and the countless species that call it home.篇3Protecting Our Precious Natural Resources: Preventing Forest Fires to Safeguard Green Mountains and WatersAs students, we have all learned about the importance of environmental conservation and the vital role that forests play in maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystem. However, the threat of forest fires remains a significant concern, with devastating consequences not only for our woodlands but also for the air we breathe and the water we drink. It is our collective responsibility to take proactive measures to prevent these destructive blazes and safeguard our precious natural resources.The Impact of Forest FiresForest fires are nature's way of cleansing and regenerating ecosystems, but when they spiral out of control, the results can be catastrophic. These raging infernos consume everything intheir path, leaving behind a trail of charred trees, scorched earth, and displaced wildlife. The smoke billowing from these fires not only pollutes the air we breathe but also contributes to the greenhouse gas emissions that exacerbate global warming.Moreover, the loss of trees and vegetation disrupts the natural water cycle, leading to increased soil erosion, reduced water quality, and diminished groundwater reserves. This, in turn, threatens the delicate balance of our ecosystems, potentially causing long-lasting damage to the biodiversity that thrives within these green sanctuaries.Causes and PreventionWhile natural causes such as lightning strikes and spontaneous combustion can ignite forest fires, human activities remain the primary culprit. Careless behavior, such as improperly extinguished campfires, discarded cigarette butts, and irresponsible burning of debris, can quickly escalate into uncontrollable infernos.To combat this threat, we must adopt a proactive approach that emphasizes education, awareness, and vigilance. By instilling a deep appreciation for our natural surroundings from a young age, we can cultivate a generation of responsible citizenswho understand the gravity of their actions and the impact they have on the environment.Practical measures, such as establishing designated fire pits for camping, enforcing strict no-smoking policies in forested areas, and adhering to burn bans during periods of high fire risk, can go a long way in minimizing the occurrence ofhuman-caused fires.Additionally, investing in advanced fire detection and suppression technologies, as well as training and equipping firefighting crews, can help contain and extinguish fires before they spiral out of control.Community Involvement and StewardshipPreventing forest fires is not solely the responsibility of government agencies and environmental organizations; it requires the active participation and stewardship of local communities. By fostering a sense of ownership and pride in our natural surroundings, we can cultivate a collective mindset that values preservation over exploitation.Community-led initiatives, such as organizing litter clean-up drives in forested areas, promoting responsible recreationalpractices, and reporting suspicious activities or potential fire hazards, can play a crucial role in mitigating the risk of fires.Furthermore, engaging with local indigenous communities and learning from their traditional knowledge and practices can provide valuable insights into sustainable forest management and fire prevention techniques that have been honed over generations.The Role of Education and AwarenessEducation is a powerful tool in the fight against forest fires, and it is our responsibility as students to not only learn but also spread awareness about this critical issue. By incorporating environmental education into our curriculum, we can equip ourselves with the knowledge and skills necessary to understand the intricate relationships between forests, water resources, and the overall health of our planet.Through engaging classroom discussions, hands-on field trips, and interactive workshops, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the delicate balance that exists within our natural ecosystems and the devastating consequences of disrupting that harmony.Moreover, leveraging the power of social media and digital platforms can amplify our efforts, enabling us to reach a wider audience and inspire others to join the cause. By sharing informative articles, creating awareness campaigns, and encouraging responsible behavior, we can collectively foster a culture of environmental stewardship that transcends generational and geographical boundaries.ConclusionProtecting our green mountains and waters is not merely an environmental concern; it is a moral imperative that resonates with our collective responsibility to safeguard the planet for future generations. By preventing forest fires and embracing sustainable practices, we can preserve the delicate equilibrium that sustains life on Earth.As students, we possess the passion, energy, and creativity to drive meaningful change. Let us harness these qualities and become agents of positive transformation, championing the cause of environmental conservation and inspiring others to join us in this noble endeavor.Together, we can forge a future where our forests thrive, our waters run clear, and our green mountains stand tall as a testament to our unwavering commitment to preserving thenatural beauty that surrounds us. The time to act is now, for the fate of our planet lies in our hands, and the choices we make today will echo through generations to come.。