Peripheral-foveal vision for real-time object recognition and tracking in video
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Hiwatch Series HWP-T4215I-D(D) IR Turbo 4-Inch Speed Dome is able to capture high quality images in poor light environment. The black anti-reflective glass increases the luminousness which helps IR distance reach up to 100 m.The embedded CMOS chip makes WDR, and real-time 1920 × 1080 resolution possible. With the help of the 15× optical zoom, and IR cut filter, the camera offers more details over an expansive area.•1/2.8" HD progressive scan CMOS•1920 × 1080 resolution•15× optical zoom•120 dB true WDR (Wide Dynamic Range)•Up to 100 m IR distance•3D intelligent positioning•Switchable TVI/AHD/CVI/CVBS video outputSpecification CameraModel HWP-T4215I-D(D)Image Sensor1/2.8" progressive scan CMOSMax. Image Resolution1920 × 1080Frame Rate 50Hz: 25fps @(1920 × 1080) 60Hz: 30fps @(1920 × 1080)Min. Illumination Color: 0.005 Lux @(F1.6, AGC ON) B/W: 0.001 Lux @(F1.6, AGC ON) 0 lux with IRWhite Balance Auto/Hauto/Manual/ATW/Indoor/Outdoor AGC Auto/ManualDNR3D DNRWDR≥ 120 dBShutter Time PAL: 1/1 s to 1/10,000 s NTSC: 1/1 s to 1/10,000 sDay & Night IR cut filterPrivacy Mask8 programmable privacy masks LensFocus Mode Auto/Semiauto/ManualFocal Length 5 mm to 75 mm, 15× Optical Aperture Range F 1.6 to F 3.5Horizontal Field of View 53.8° to 4.0° (wide to tele)Min. Working Distance10 mm to 1500 mm (wide to tele) Zoom Speed Approx. 2.4 s (optical, wide to tele) Pan and TiltPan Range360° endlessPan Speed Pan manual speed: 0.1° to 80°/s Pan preset speed: 80°/sTilt Range-15° to 90° (auto flip)Tilt Speed Tilt manual speed: 0.1° to 80°/s Tilt preset speed: 80°/sProportional Zoom Rotation speed can be adjusted automatically according to zoom multiplesPresets256Patrol 10 patrols, up to 32 presets per patrolPattern 5 patterns, with the total recording time no less than 10 minutesPower-off Memory SupportPark Action Preset/Patrol/Pattern/Pan Scan/Tilt Scan/Panorama Scan/Day Mode/Night Mode/None PTZ Position Display ON/OFFPreset Freezing SupportScheduled Task Preset/Patrol/Pattern/Pan Scan/Tilt Scan/Panorama Scan/Day Mode/Night Mode/Zero Calibration/NoneInfraredIR Distance Up to 100 mIR Intensity Automatically adjusted depending on the zoom ratioInput/OutputVideo Output Switchable TVI/AHD/CVI/CVBS video output, (NTSC or PAL composite, BNC)RS-485 Interface Half-duplex modeSelf-adaptive HIKVISION, Pelco-P, Pelco-D protocolUTC function UTC protocol (or HIKVISION-C protocol in previous DVR) GeneralMenu Language EnglishPower 12 VDCMax.20 W (IR: 7 W)Working Temperature-30° C to 65° C (-22° F to 149° F) Working Humidity90% or lessProtection Level IP66 standard (outdoor dome)TVS 4,000 V lightning protection, surge protection and voltage transient protectionMounting Various mounting modes optional DimensionØ 165.9 mm × 290 mm (Ø 6.5" × 11.4") Weight (approx.)2Kg (4.41Ib.)Order Model HWP-T4215I-D(D) Dimension29mm(11.4")AccessoryDS-1602ZJ-ConnerConner MountDS-1602ZJ-PolePole MountDS-1602ZJ-BoxBox MountDS-1619ZJSwan-neck MountDS-1662ZJPendant mountDS-1661ZJPendant mountDS-1663ZJCelling mountDS-1602ZJWall Mount305101090610 DS-1671ZJ-SDM9IIn ceiling Mount。
abd┃abdominal 腹部的ABK┃aphakic bullous keratopathy无晶体性大泡性角膜病变abn┃abnormal异常ac┃before meals餐前AC┃anterior chamber前房ACC┃accommodation调节ACG┃angle-closure glaucoma闭角青光眼ACIOL┃anterior chamber intraocular lens前房型眼内晶体add┃adduction or reading additional powe r内收;阅读另加屈光力ad lib┃as desired当需要时adv┃advanced高度AIBSE┃acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement急性特发性盲点扩大综合征AIDS┃acquired immunodeficiency syndrome艾滋病AION┃arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy动脉缺血性视神经病变┃anterior ischemic optic neuropathy前部缺血性视神经病变AKS┃ankyl osing spondylitis强直性脊椎炎AL┃argon laser氩激光ALPI┃argon laser peripheral iridoplasty氩激光周边虹膜成形术ALT┃argon laser trabeculoplasty氩激光小梁成形术AMA┃against medical advice违反医疗忠告ambl┃amblyopia弱视AMD┃age-related macular degeneration年龄相关性黄斑变性AMN┃acute macular neuroretin opathy急性黄斑神经视网膜病变AMPPE┃acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AMPPPE┃acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性后部盾鳞状色素上皮病变ANA┃antinuclear antibody抗核抗体ant┃anterior前APMPPE┃acute posterior multifocal placoid p igment epitheliopathy 急性后部多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AODM┃adult-onset diabetes mellitus成人(发病)型糖尿病AP┃anteroposterior前后APD┃afferent pupillary defect瞳孔传入缺陷approx┃approximately大约APTT┃activated partial thromboplastin time激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间ARC┃anomalous retinal correspondenc e异常视网膜对应ARMD┃age-retinal pigment epitheliitis年龄相关性黄斑变性ARN┃acute retinal necrosis急性视网膜坏死ARPE┃acute retinal pegment epitheliitis急性视网膜色素上皮炎art┃artificial tears人工泪液AS┃anterior synechia前粘连ASA┃aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)阿司匹林ASAP┃as soon as possible尽快地ASC┃anterior subcapsular cataract前囊下白内障ASCVD┃atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease动脉硬化性心血管病ASHD┃atherosclerotic heart disease动脉硬化性心脏病astig┃astigmatism散光ATR┃against-the-rule(astigmatism)逆规性(散光)AU┃anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎AVM┃arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形A/V┃arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉(比,压痕)AZOOR┃acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变Bas┃basophils嗜碱细胞BC┃base curve基底曲线BCC┃basal cell carcinoma基底细胞癌BCP┃birth control pill避孕丸BCR┃base curve radius基底弯曲半径BCVA┃best corrected visua l acuity最佳矫正视力BD┃base down底向下BDR┃background diabetic retinopathy背景型糖尿病性视网膜病变BI┃base in底向内bid┃twice a day一日两次bilat┃bilateral两侧性BIO┃binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜BK┃bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变bleph┃blepharitis睑缘炎BM┃basement membrane基底膜BO┃b ase out 底向外BP┃blood pressure血压BRAO┃branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉阻塞BRVO┃branch retinal vein occlusion视网膜分枝静脉阻塞BU┃base up底向上BUT┃break-up time泪膜破裂时间BVA┃best visual acuity最佳视力bx┃biopsy活检c┃with与c┃cornea角膜CA┃carcinoma癌CABG┃coronary artery byp ass graft冠状动脉旁路移植CAD┃coronary artery disease冠状动脉病CAI┃carbonic anhydrase inhibitor碳酸酐酶抑制剂Cap ┃capsule胶囊CAR┃cancer-associated retinopathy癌相关性视网膜病变cat┃cataract白内障CAT┃computed axial tomography计算机体层摄影术CB┃ciliary body睫状体CBC┃complete blood count完全血细胞计数cc┃with correction矫正(视力)cc┃chief complaint主诉CCA┃common carotid artery颈总动脉CCT┃computer-assisted corneal topography角膜地形图仪C/D┃cup-to-disc ratio杯/盘比CF┃count fingers数指CFZ┃capillary-free zone无毛细血管地带C&F┃cells and flare细胞和光带(闪光)CHF┃congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭CHI┃closed head injury闭合性头颅外伤CHRPE┃congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium先天性视网膜色素上皮肥厚CK┃conductive keratoplasty传导性角膜成形术CL┃contact lens,clear接触镜,透明CME┃cystoid macular edema囊样黄斑水肿cmv┃cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒CN┃cranial nerve脑神经CNS┃centr al nervous system中枢神经系统CNV┃choroidal neovascularization脉络膜新生血管形成CNVM┃choroidal neovascular membrane脉络膜新生血管膜c/o┃complaining of主诉COAG┃chronic open-angle glaucoma慢开角青光眼cong┃congenital先天性conj┃conjunctiva结膜COP┃cicatricial ocular pemphigoid瘢痕性眼类天疱疮COPD┃c hronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺病CP┃cerebral palsy大脑麻痹CPEO┃chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹CPR┃cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏术CR┃chorioretinal脉络膜视网膜CRAO┃central retinal artery occlusion视网膜中央动脉阻塞CRF┃chronic renal fai lure慢性肾衰竭CRT┃corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法CRVO┃central retinal vein occlusion视网膜中央静脉阻塞C&S┃culture and sensitivity培养和敏感性CSCR┃central serous chorioretinopathy中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变CSF┃cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓液CSME┃clinical significant macular edema临床意义性黄斑水肿CSR┃central serous retinopathy中心性浆液性视网膜病变csw┃corneoscleral wound角膜巩膜创伤CT┃cover test遮盖试验┃computed tomography计算机体层摄影CT scan┃computed tomographic scan计算机体层扫描CV┃color vision色觉CVA┃cerebrovascular accident脑中风CVD┃cardiovascular disease 心血管病CWS┃cotton-wool spot棉絮斑Cx┃culture(微生物)培养CXR┃chest x-ray film胸部X光片cyl┃cylinder柱镜d┃days天D┃diopter or diameter屈光度或直径D/C┃discontinue停止D&C┃deep and clear(前房)深而透明DD┃disc diameter视盘直径DDx┃differential diagnosis鉴别诊断DFE┃dilated fundus examination扩瞳检查眼底D&I┃ dilation and i rrigation(泪道)扩张和灌洗DHD┃dissociated horizontal deviation分离性水平偏斜dia┃diameter直径disp┃dispense配药DM┃diabetes mellitus糖尿病DR┃diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变DV┃distance vision远距离视力DVA┃distance vision acuity远距离视力DVD┃dissociated vertical deviation分离性垂直偏离DW┃daily wear每日戴(接触镜)Dx┃diagnosis诊断DX┃Diamox醋氮酰胺E┃esophoria at far内隐斜(视远)E’ ┃esophoria at near内隐斜(视近)ECA┃external carotid artery颈外动脉ECCE┃extracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊外摘除术EDTA┃ethylene dianline tetraacctic acid乙烯dianline tetraacctic酸EEG┃electroencep halogram脑电图EF┃eccentric fixation离心注视EKC┃epidemic keratoconjunctivitis流行性角结膜炎EKGorECG┃electrocardiogram心电图ELISA┃enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay酶连结免疫吸收测定EMM┃epimacular membrane黄斑表面膜endo┃endothelium内皮细胞ENT┃ear,nose,throat耳鼻喉EOG┃electro-oculogram眼电图EOM┃extraocular muscles眼外肌eos┃eosinophil嗜酸型细胞epi┃epithelium上皮细胞ER┃emergency room急诊室ERG┃electroretinogram视网膜电图ERM┃epiretinal membrane视网膜表面膜ESR┃erythrocyte sedimentation rate血沉ET┃esotropia at far内斜视(视远)ET’ ┃esotropia at near内隐斜(视近)E(T)orIET┃intermit tent esotropia at far间歇性内隐斜(视近)E(T)’orIET’┃ intermittent esotropia at near间歇性内隐斜(视远)ETOH┃ethyl alcohol乙醇,酒精EUA ┃examination under anesthesia全麻下检查EW┃extended wear长期戴用(接触镜)EXT┃external ocular examination外眼检查exoph┃exophthalmos眼球突出FA┃fluorescein angiogr aphy荧光素血管造影FAZ┃fluorescein angiography中心凹无血管地带FB┃foreign body异物FBS┃fasting blood sugar空腹血糖FC┃finger count数指FFA┃fundus fluorescein angiography荧光素眼底血管造影FHorFHx┃family history家族史fl┃fluorescein荧光素FMHx┃family medical history家族病史FML┃fluorometholone弗米隆F OHx┃family ocular history家族眼病史FR┃foveal reflex中心凹反光FROM┃full range of motion运动范围完整FTA-ABS┃fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验FTMH┃full-thickness macular hole黄斑全层裂孔f/u┃follow-up随访GC┃gonorrhea or gonococcus淋病或淋菌GCA┃giant cell a rteritis巨细胞性动脉炎gent┃gentamicin庆大霉素GI┃gastrointestine胃肠GLC┃glaucoma,glucose青光眼,葡萄糖fonio┃gonioscopy前房角镜检查GPC┃giant papillary conjunctivitis巨乳头性结膜炎gr┃grain 谷(=0.065克)gt or gtt┃drop(Plural,gtt)滴(复数,gtt)GTT┃glucose tolerance test葡萄糖耐量试验GVF┃Goldmann vis ual field Goldmann视野H or hr(hrs) ┃hour小时HA┃headache头痛Hb,Hgb┃hemoglobin血红蛋白HCL┃hard contact lens硬性接触镜Hct┃hematocrit血细胞比容HCTZ┃hydrocholorothiazide呋塞米(双氢克尿塞)hem┃hemorrhage出血HIV┃human immunodeficiency virus人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA┃histocompatibility locus antigen or human leukocyte antigen组织相容性基因位点抗原或人类白细胞抗原h/o┃history of历史HM┃hand motion手动H&P┃history and physical病史和体格hs┃at bedtime在就寝时间HSK┃herpes simplex keratitis单纯疱疹性角膜炎HSV┃herpes simplex virus单纯疱疹病毒HT┃hypertropia at far上斜视(远距离)HT’ ┃hypertropia at near上斜视(近距离)HTN┃hypertension高血压HVF┃Humphrey visual field Humphrey视野Hx┃history历史HZO┃herpes zoster ophthalmicus眼带状疱疹I┃iris虹膜I&A┃irrigation and aspiration灌注和抽吸IBx┃incisional biopsy切口性活检IC┃iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎ICA┃internal carotid artery颈内动脉ICCE┃intracapsular c ataract extraction白内障囊内摘除术ICE┃inidocorneal endothelial syndrome虹膜角膜内皮综合征ICG┃indocyanine green吲哚青绿ICP┃intracranial pressure颅内压ICU┃intensive care unit监护病房I&D┃incision and drainage切开引流术IDDM┃insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus胰岛素依赖糖尿病IDU┃idoxuridine疱疹净IFIOL┃iris-fixated intraocular lens虹膜固定眼内晶体Ig┃immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白IK┃interstitial keratitis基质性角膜炎Im┃intramuscular肌内Imp┃impression印象inf┃inferior下inj┃injection注射INO┃internuclear ophthalmoplegia核间眼肌麻痹INQ┃inferonasal quadrant鼻下象限int┃intermittent间歇性IOF B┃intraocular forergn body眼内异物IOH┃intraocular hemorrhage眼内出血IOL┃intraocular lens眼内晶状体,人工晶体ION┃ischemic optic neuropathy缺血性视神经病变IOP┃intraocular pressure眼压IR┃infrared红外线IRMA┃intraretinal microvascular abnormality视网膜内微血管异常ITQ┃inferotemporal quadrant颞下象限iu┃international unit or intermediate uveitis国际单位或中间葡萄膜炎IV┃intravenous静脉内JCT┃Juxtacanalicular Tissue管旁组织JODM┃juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus青少年型糖尿病JRA┃juvenile rheumatoid arthritis少年类风湿性关节炎K┃cornea or potassium角膜或钾KCS┃keratoconjunctivitis sicca干燥性角膜结膜炎kg┃kilogram公斤KP┃keratic precipiate角膜后沉着物L┃left or lens左或晶状体lab┃laboratory试验室lac┃lacrimal泪LASEK┃laser subepithelial keratomileusis激光上皮下角膜磨削术LASIK┃laser in situ keratomileusis激光原位角膜磨削术LCG┃light contrast glare光对比炫耀LCTP┃lateral canthal tendon pli cation外眦腱折叠术LI┃laser iridotomy or laser interferometry激光虹膜切开术或激光干涉仪LK,LKP┃lamellar keratoplasty板层角膜移植术LIO┃left inferior oblique左眼下斜肌LIR┃left inferior rectus左眼下直肌LL┃lower lid or lids and lashes下睑或眼睑和睫毛LLR┃left lateral rectus左眼外直肌LMR┃left medial rectu s左眼内直肌LN┃lymph node淋巴结LP┃light perception,light projection,or lumber puncture光感,光定位,或腰椎穿刺LPI┃laser peripheral iridoplasty激光周边虹膜成形术LS┃lid scrubs睑缘擦洗(治疗睑缘炎)LSO┃laser scanner ophthalmolscope激光扫描检眼镜LSO┃left superior oblique左眼上斜肌LSR┃left superior rectus左眼上直肌LTP┃laser trabeculoplasy激光小梁成形术LTQ┃lower temporal quadrant颞下象限LVA┃low vision aids低视力辅助lymph┃lymphocytes or lymphatic淋巴细胞或淋巴mac┃macular黄斑mand┃mandibular下颌骨MAR┃melanoma-associated retinopathy黑色素相关的视网膜病变max┃maximum or maxillary最大值或上颌骨MCH┃mean co rpuscular hemoglobin 平均血细胞血红蛋白MCHC┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration平均血细胞血红蛋白浓度MCV┃mean corpuscular volume平均血细胞体积ME┃macular edema黄斑水肿MEDs┃medications药物治疗mERG┃multifocal ERG多区域(多焦)视网膜电图mfERG┃multifocal ERG多区域(多焦)视网膜电图MEWDS┃multiple evanescent white dot syndrome多数消散性白点综合征MFC┃multifocal choroiditis多病灶性脉络膜炎M.G. ┃Marcus Gunn瞳孔传入缺陷MHx┃medical history病史MI┃myocardial infarction心肌梗塞min┃minute or minimum分钟或最小量ml┃milliliter毫升mmHg┃millimeters of mercury毫米汞柱M&N┃Mydriacyl(tropicamide)and Neo-synephrine(phenylephrine) 两种最常用的扩瞳剂:托庇卡按及新福林mon┃monocytes单核细胞MR┃manifest refraction显性验光┃magnetic resonance磁共振MRA┃magnetic resonance angiography磁共振血管造影术MRD┃上睑缘至角膜中心反光点的距离MRI┃magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成像术MS┃multiple sclerosis多发性硬化MVA┃motor vehicle accide nt交通工具意外事故(车祸)N/A┃not applicable不适用NAG┃narrow-angle glaucoma窄角型青光眼NAION┃nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NAP┃no apparent pathology无明显病理学NCT┃noncontact tonometer非接触眼压计neg┃negative隐性NFL┃nerve fiber layer神经纤维层NFLD┃nerve fiber layer def ect神经纤维层缺陷NG┃nongranulomatous非肉芽肿性NI┃no improvement无进步NIDDM┃non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病NION┃Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NKA┃no known allergies无已知的过敏反应nl┃normal正常NLP┃no light perception无光感Non repet┃not to b e repeated(refilled)不重复(再次发药)NPA┃near point of accommodation调节近点NPC┃near point of convergence集合近点NPDR┃non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变NR┃no refill不能再次发药NRC┃normal retinal correspondence正常视网膜对应NS┃nuclear sclerosis核性白内障(核硬化)NSA┃no si gnificant abnormalities无重要异常NSAID┃no steroidal anti-inflammatory drug非类固醇消炎药NTG┃normal tension glaucoma正常眼压性青光眼NV┃near vision or neovascularization近视力或新生血管形成NV┃neovascularization新生血管形成N/V┃nausea and vomiting恶心和呕吐NVA┃Near visual acuity近视力NVD┃neovascu larization of disc视盘新生血管形成NVE┃neovascularization of retina elsewhere视网膜新生血管形成NVG┃neovascular glaucoma新生血管性青光眼NVI┃neovascularization of the iris虹膜新生血管形成OA┃optic atrophy视神经萎缩OAG┃open-angle glaucoma开角型青光眼OCP┃ocular cicatricial pemphigoid眼瘢痕性类天疱疮OCT┃opt ic coherence tomography光学相干体层扫描术,光学相干层析术OD┃right eye右眼ODM┃ophthalmodynamometry眼动脉压测量OFHx┃ocular family history眼病家族史OGTT┃oral glucose tolerance test口服葡萄糖耐量试验OHTN┃ocular hypertension高眼压病OHx┃ocular history眼病史OKN┃optokinetic nystagmus视运动性眼球震颤ON┃optic n erve视神经ONAorOA┃optic nerve atrophy or optic atrophy视神经萎缩ONH┃optic nerve head视神经头ONSD┃optic nerve sheath decompression视神经鞘减压术OP┃outpatient门诊病人Op┃operation(Post Op)手术(术后)OR┃operating room手术室┃Over-refraction重叠验光Ortho┃orthophoria正视轴Ortho-K┃CRT,corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法OS┃left eye左眼OU┃both eyes双眼OZ┃optical zone光学地带p┃pupil瞳孔PA┃posteroanterior后前PACG┃primary angle-closure glaucoma原发性闭角型青光眼PACT┃prism alternating cover test棱镜交替遮盖试验PAM┃potential acuity meter潜在视力计PAN┃preauricular node耳前淋巴结PAS┃peripheral anterior synechia周边虹膜前粘连Pat or pt┃patient病人path┃pathology病理学P4,P2,etc. pilocarpine4%,2%,etc.drops毛果云香碱4%,2%等,眼药水PBK┃pseudophakic bullous keratopathy无晶状体性大泡性角膜病变PC┃after meals餐后PC┃posterior capsule后囊PCF┃pharyngoconjunctival fever咽结膜热PCIOL┃posterior chamber intraocular lens后房眼内晶体PCN┃penicillin青霉素PCO┃posterior capsular opacity后囊混浊PD┃prism diopter棱镜屈光度PD┃pupillary distance瞳孔距离PDR┃proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生性糖尿病视网膜病变PDS┃pigment dispersion syndrome色素播散综合征PDT┃photodynamic therapy光动力疗法PE┃physical examination体格检查PED┃pigment epithelial detachment色素上皮脱离PEE┃punctate epithelial erosions点状上皮侵蚀PEK┃punctate epithelial keratitis点状上皮角膜炎PERG┃pattern electroretinogram图形视网膜电图PERRL┃pupils equal,round,reactive to light瞳孔相等,圆,对光反射PERRLA┃pup ils equal,round,reactive to light and accommodation瞳孔相等,圆,对光反应和调节PF┃Pred FortePg┃Prostaglandin前列腺素ph┃pinhole针孔phako┃phakoemulsification晶状体乳化术PHNIorNIph┃pinhole no improvement针孔无进步PHPV┃persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous永存原始玻璃体增生症PI┃present illn ess,peripheral iridotomy,or peripheral iridectomy现有疾病,周边虹膜切开术,或周边虹膜切除术PKPorPK┃penetrating keratoplasty穿透性角膜移植术PMMA┃polymethyl methacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(有机玻璃)PMN┃polymorphonuclear neutrophil多形核中性白细胞po┃per os,by mouth口服POAG┃primary open-angle glaucose原发性开角型青光眼POHS┃presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome假定眼组织胞浆菌病综合征post┃posterior后PPA┃peripapillary atrophy视乳头周围萎缩PPD┃purified protein derivative or posterior polymorphous dystrophy 纯蛋白质衍生物或后多形性营养不良PPDR┃pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生前型糖尿病视网膜病变PPL┃par s plana lensectomy平部晶状体切除术PPV┃pars plana vitrectomy平部玻璃体切割术prep┃preparation准备PRK┃photorefractive keratectomy激光屈光角膜切除术prn┃take as needed当需要时服用PRP┃pan-retinal photocoagulation全视网膜光凝术PS┃posterior synechia虹膜后粘连PSC┃posterior subcapsular catarcat后囊下白内障PT C┃pseudotumor cerebri大脑假性肿瘤PTK┃phototherapeutic keratectomy光治疗性角膜切除术PVD┃posterior vitreous detachment玻璃体后脱离PVEP┃pattern visual evoked potential图形视觉诱发电位PVR┃proliferative vitreoretinopathy增生性玻璃体视网膜病变Px┃prognosis预后PXE┃psuedoxanthoma elasticum弹力性黄假瘤q┃ev ery每qd┃every day每天q2h┃every 2 hours每2小时qid┃four times a day一天四次qod┃every other day每隔一日R┃right右RA┃rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎RB┃rose Bengal,retinoblastoma孟加拉玫瑰红,视网膜母细胞瘤RBC┃red blood cell红血细胞RBON┃retrobulbar optic neuritis球后视神经炎RCE┃recurrent cornea l erosion复发性角膜侵蚀RD┃retinal ditachment视网膜脱离RF┃rheumatoid factor类风湿因子R-G┃red-green红-绿RGB┃Red green blue红绿蓝RGP┃rigid gas permeable刚质透气(接触镜)RI┃rubeosis iridis虹膜红变RIO┃right inferior oblique右眼下斜肌RIR┃right inferior rectus右眼下直肌RK┃radial keratotomy放射状角膜切开术RLR┃right lateral tectus右眼外直肌RMR┃right medial rectus右眼内直肌R/O┃rule Out摈除,排除ROP┃retinopathy of prematurity早产儿视网膜病变RP┃retinitis pigmentosa视网膜色素变性RPE┃retinal pigment epithelium视网膜色素上皮RRD┃rhegmatogenous retinal detachment孔原性视网膜脱离RSO┃right superior obliq ue右眼上斜肌RSR┃right superior rectus右眼上直肌RT┃return复诊RTC┃return to clinic复诊RTO┃return to office复诊RV┃return visit复诊Rx┃prescription处方s┃without没有SB┃scleral buckle巩膜扣带术sc┃without correction未戴眼镜矫正SCL┃soft contact lens软接触镜SEI┃subepithelial infiltrate上皮下侵润SI┃sector iridectomy扇形虹膜切除术sibs┃siblings同胞Sig┃write on label用法SJS┃Stevens-Johnson syndrome综合征SL┃Schwalbe’s line or serum lysozyme Schwalbe线或血清溶菌霉SLE┃slit lamp examination or systemic lupus erythematosus裂隙灯检查或系统性红斑狼疮SLK┃superior limbic keratoconjuncti vitis上部角膜缘角结膜炎Sn┃sign体征SNQ┃superonasal quadrant鼻上象限SOB┃shortness of breath呼吸短促Sol┃solution溶液S/P┃status post后状态(例如XX手术后)Sph┃spherical球面镜SPK┃superficial punctuate keratitis浅层点状角膜炎SR┃subjective refraction主觉验光SRF┃subretinal fluid视网膜下液体SRNV┃subretinal neovascularization视网膜下新生血管形成SRNVM┃subretinal neovascular membrane视网膜下新生血管膜SRx┃spectacle prescription眼镜处方Ss┃scleral spur or sickle cell disease巩膜突或镰状细胞病stat┃immediately立即STD┃***ually transmitted disease性传播疾病STQ┃superotemporal quadrant颞上象限strab┃strab ismus斜视subcu┃subcutaneous皮下sup┃superior下susp┃suspension悬浮液SVP┃spontaneous venous pulsation自发性静脉波动Sx┃symptom症状synech┃synechia虹膜粘连T1/2┃Timoptic drops0.5%0.5%赛马心安眼药水TA┃applanation tonometry or temporal arteritis压平式眼压测量法或颞动脉炎Tab ┃tablet片剂Tap┃applanat ion tonometry压平式眼压测量法TB┃tuberculosis结核tbs┃tablespoon汤匙TBUT┃tear break-up time泪膜破裂时间TDx┃tentative diagnosis试验性诊断TIA┃transient ischemic attack暂时性缺血性发作tid┃three times a day一日三次TM┃trabecular meshwork小梁网状组织,小梁网络Tnct┃noncontact(air puff)tonometry非接触性(空气冲击)眼压测量法TPR┃temperature,pulse,respiration体温,脉搏,呼吸trab┃trabeculectomy小梁切除术TSH┃thyroid-stimulating hormone促甲状腺激素Tsp┃teaspoon茶匙Tx┃treatment治疗UA┃urinalysis尿分析UBM┃ultrasound biomicroscope超声活体显微镜UCT┃unilateral cover test单眼遮盖试验UL┃upper lid上睑ung┃ointment软膏UNQ┃upper nasal quadrant鼻上象限URI┃upper respiratory infection上呼吸道感染UTI┃urinary tract infection尿路感染UTT┃unable to test不能试验UV┃ultraviolet紫外线V┃vitreous玻璃体VA┃visual acuity视力Vcc┃vision with correction较正视力Vccl┃vision with contact lens接触镜矫正视力VD┃venereal d isease性病VDRL┃Venereal disease research laboratory性病研究实验室(梅毒试验)VEP┃visual evoked potential视诱发电位VER┃visual evoked response视诱发反应VF┃visual fields视野VH┃vitreous hemorrhage玻璃体积血VKC┃vernal keratoconjunctivitis春季角膜结膜炎VKH┃Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome综合征VOR┃vestibuloocular reflex前庭眼反射Vsc┃vision without correction裸眼视力VZV┃varicella-zoster correction水痘-带状疱疹病毒W-4-D┃Worth-four-dot Worth四点灯WBC┃white blood cell白血细胞WC┃warm compresses热敷WC/LS┃warm compresses and lid scrubs热敷及擦洗睑缘Wk┃week星期WNL┃within normal limit s在正常限度内WRA┃with-the-rule astigmatism顺规性(散光)wt┃weight重量X┃exophoria at far or axis外隐斜(视远)或轴X’ ┃exophoria at near外隐斜(视近)XT┃constant exotropia at far外斜视(视远)XT’ ┃contant exotropia at near外斜视(视近)X(T)orIXT┃intermittent exotropia at far间歇性外斜视(视远)X(T)’orIXT’ ┃intermittent exotropia at near间歇性外斜视(视近)YAG┃yttrium aluminum garnet亿铝石榴激光YLI┃YAG laser iridotomy YAG激光虹膜切开术Y/O┃years old岁(年龄)YPC┃YAG laser posterior capsulotomy YAG激光后囊切开术。
获得性免疫缺,眼科英文缩写,获得性免疫缺陷综合征视网膜病变MAR┃melanoma-associated retinopathy 黑色素相关的视网膜病变FML┃fluorometholone弗米隆Cap┃capsule胶囊cong┃congenital后天禀A VM┃arteriovenous malformation动态脉普通CT┃cover test袒护实验┃computed tomography计较机体层摄影CN┃cranial nerve脑神经hem┃hemorrhage出血D&C┃deep and clear(前房)深而通明HM┃hand motion手动eos┃eosinophil嗜酸型细胞ESR┃erythrocyte sedimentation rate血沉APMPPE┃acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性后部多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变BRVO┃branch retinal vein occlusion视网膜分枝静脉堵塞cyl┃cylinder柱镜Bas┃basophils嗜碱细胞HVF┃Humphrey visu al field Humphrey视线GVF┃Goldmann visual field Goldmann视线iu┃in ternational unit or intermediate uveitis国际单位或中间葡萄膜炎LTP┃laser trabeculoplasy激光小梁成形术LV A┃low vision aids低目力辅佐CP┃cerebral palsy大脑麻痹ER┃emergency room急诊室IK┃interstitial keratitis基质性角膜炎Hx┃history汗青BI┃base in底向内AIDS┃acquired immunodeficiency syndrome艾滋病ICCE┃intracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊内摘除术DHD┃dissociated horizontal deviation别离性程度偏斜cat┃cataract白内障CV A┃cerebrovascular accident脑中风MCHC┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration均匀血细胞血红蛋白浓度HZO┃herpes zoster ophthalmicus眼带状疱疹JODM┃juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus青少年型糖尿病IDU┃idoxuridine疱疹净CRT┃corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光改处死GCA┃giant cell arteritis大小胞性动脉炎IDDM┃insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus胰岛素依靠糖尿病HTN┃hypertension高血压HIV┃human immunodeficiency virus人类免疫错误谬误病毒CPR┃cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏术LCTP┃lateral canthal tendon plication外眦腱折叠术EMM┃epimacular membrane黄斑表面膜HT'┃hypertropia at near上斜视(近间隔)ERG┃electroretinogram视网膜电图EW┃extended wear姑且戴用(接触镜)AC┃anterior chamber前房INQ┃inferonasal quadrant鼻下象限BM┃basement membrane基底膜AL┃argon laser氩激光d┃days天ENT┃ear,nose,throat耳鼻喉LIR┃left inferior rectus左眼下直肌Cx┃culture(微生物)培养H or hr(hrs)┃hour小时BU┃base up底向上csw┃corneoscleral wound角膜巩膜创伤ant┃anterior前lac┃lacrimal泪LSO┃left superior oblique左眼上斜肌IRMA┃intraretinal microvascular abnormality视网膜内微血管非常CPEO┃chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia慢性遏制性眼外肌麻痹BUT┃break-up time泪膜连合时候AZOOR┃acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性躲藏性外层视网膜病变ET┃esotropia at far内斜视(视远)C&F┃cells and flare细胞和光带(闪光)CCA┃common carotid artery颈总动脉AION┃arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy动脉缺血性视精神病变┃anterior ischemic optic neuropathy前部缺血性视精神病变BD┃base down底向下bleph┃blepharitis睑缘炎f/u┃follow-up随访h/o┃history of汗青EDTA┃ethylene dianline tetraacctic acid乙烯dianline tetraacctic酸lymph┃lymphocytes or lymphatic淋巴细胞或淋巴CHI┃closed head injury闭合性头颅内伤HLA┃histocompatibility locus antigen or human leukocyte antigen组织相容性基因位点抗原或人类白细胞抗原LS┃lid scrubs睑缘擦洗(医治睑缘炎)EUA┃examination under anesthesia全麻下查抄abn┃abnormal非常CL┃contact lens,clear接触镜,通明APD┃afferent pupillary defect瞳孔传入错误谬误IOP┃intraocular pressure眼压int┃intermittent间歇性ERM┃epiretinal membrane视网膜表面膜CSF┃cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓液MEDs┃medications药物医治BRAO┃branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉堵塞DDx┃differential diagnosis辨认诊断CWS┃cotton-wool spot棉絮斑hs┃at bedtime在寝息时候E┃esophoria at far内隐斜(视远)BP┃blood pressure血压COPD┃chronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性堵塞性肺病CA┃carcinoma癌C&S┃culture and sensitivity培养和痴顽性L┃left or lens左或晶状体CAR┃cancer-associated retinopathy癌相关性视网膜病变CME┃cystoid macular edema囊样黄斑水肿INO┃internuclear ophthalmoplegia核间眼肌麻痹ACG┃angle-closure glaucoma闭角青光眼ME┃macular edema黄斑水肿FA┃fluorescein angiography荧光素血管造影COAG┃chronic open-angle glaucoma慢开角青光眼DD┃disc diameter视盘直径CNVM┃choroidal neovascular membrane眉目膜更生血管膜ac┃before meals餐前EXT┃external ocular examination外眼查抄ELISA┃enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay酶保持免疫领受测定CHF┃congestive heart failure充血性心力弱竭AMN┃acute macular neuroretinopathy急性黄斑神经视网膜病变BK┃bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变ASC┃anterior subcapsular cataract前囊下白内障mand┃mandibular下颌骨LASIK┃laser in situ keratomileusis激光原位角膜磨削术DVD┃dissociated vertical deviation别离性垂直偏离ARPE┃acute retinal pegment epitheliitis急性视网膜色素上皮炎MCV┃mean corpuscular volume均匀血细胞体积CHRPE┃congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium后天禀视网膜色素上皮肥厚D&I┃dilation and irrigation(泪道)扩大和灌洗cc┃with correction改正(目力)IOL┃intraocular lens眼内晶状体,家养晶体GPC┃giant papillary conjunctivitis巨乳头性结膜炎BDR┃background diabetic retinopathy布景型糖尿病性视网膜病变ACC┃accommodation调度Ig┃immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白HSK┃herpes simplex keratitis地道疱疹性角膜炎approx┃approximately大体LCG┃light contrast glare光对比夸耀C/D┃cup-to-disc ratio杯/盘比BCR┃base curve radius基底弯曲半径ET'┃esotropia at near内隐斜(视近)AKS┃ankylosing spondylitis强直性脊椎炎BC┃base curve基底曲线MCH┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin均匀血细胞血红蛋白E(T)orIET┃intermittent esotropia at far间歇性内隐斜(视近)add┃adduction or reading additional power内收;浏览另加屈光力c/o┃complaining of主诉CCT┃computer-assisted corneal topography角膜地形图仪GTT┃glucose tolerance test葡萄糖耐量实验CSCR┃central serous chorioretinopathy中间性浆液性眉目膜视网膜病变AP┃anteroposterior前后DR┃diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变HSV┃herpes simplex virus地道疱疹病毒gr┃grain谷(=0.065克)dia┃diameter直径ITQ┃inferotemporal quadrant颞下象限EEG┃electroencephalogram脑电图CRF┃chronic renal failure慢性肾衰竭FMHx┃family medical history家族病史FAZ┃fluorescein angiography中间凹无血管地带IR┃infrared红内线CFZ┃capillary-free zone无毛细血管地带FR┃foveal reflex中间凹反光HCTZ┃hydrocholorothiazide呋塞米(双氢克尿塞)EF┃eccentric fixation离心谛视c┃with与DV A┃distance vision acuity远间隔目力ECCE┃extracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊外摘除术inj┃injection打针Imp┃impression印象COP┃cicatricial ocular pemphigoid瘢痕性眼类天疱疮ASHD┃atherosclerotic heart disease动脉软化性心脏病IV┃intravenous静脉内BCC┃basal cell carcinoma基黑幕胞癌EOM┃extraocular muscles眼外肌EOG┃electro-oculogram眼电图adv┃advanced高度GC┃gonorrhea or gonococcus淋病或淋菌AMPPE┃acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变ATR┃against-the-rule(astigmatism)逆规性(散光)CBC┃complete blood count完全血细胞计数AIBSE┃acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement急性特发性盲点扩大分解征BO┃base out底向外CXR┃chest x-ray film胸部X光片D/C┃discontinue遏制exoph┃exophthalmos眼球普通LSO┃laser scanner ophthalmolscope激光扫描检眼镜CAI┃carbonic anhydrase inhibitor碳酸酐酶遏止剂AU┃anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎conj┃conjunctiva结膜E(T)'orIET'┃intermittent esotropia at near间歇性内隐斜(视远)CNV┃choroidal neovascularization眉目膜更生血管构成Dx┃diagnosis诊断I┃iris虹膜fonio┃gonioscopy前房角镜查抄Hb,Hgb┃hemoglobin血红蛋白LI┃laser iridotomy or laser interferometry激光虹膜切开术或激光干涉干与仪lab┃laboratory实验室IBx┃incisional biopsy暗语性活检DW┃daily wear每日戴(接触镜)ABK┃aphakic bullous keratopathy无晶体性大泡性角膜病变ION┃ischemic optic neuropathy缺血性视精神病变E'┃esophoria at near内隐斜(视近)LL┃lower lid or lids and lashes下睑或眼睑和睫毛IOH┃intraocular hemorrhage眼内出血HT┃hypertropia at far上斜视(远间隔)BV A┃best visual acuity最佳目力epi┃epithelium上皮细胞art┃artificial tears家养泪液mac┃macular黄斑I&D┃incision and drainage切开引流术LN┃lymph node淋凑趣FBS┃fasting blood sugar空肚血糖CSR┃central serous retinopathy中间性浆液性视网膜病变DM┃diabetes mellitus糖尿病IC┃iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎DFE┃dilated fundus examination扩瞳查抄眼底ALT┃argon laser trabeculoplasty氩激光小梁成形术BCV A┃best corrected visual acuity最佳矫无目力HCL┃hard contact lens硬性接触镜FC┃finger count数指HA┃headache头痛LK,LKP┃lamellar keratoplasty板层角膜移植术ECA┃external carotid artery颈外动脉ACIOL┃anterior chamber intraocular lens前房型眼内晶体ASAP┃as soon as possible尽快地CABG┃coronary artery bypass graft冠状动脉旁路移植bx┃biopsy活检ad lib┃as desired当须要时K┃cornea or potassium角膜或钾CF┃count fingers数指CV┃color vision色觉disp┃dispense配药FTMH┃full-thickness macular hole黄斑全层裂孔astig┃astigmatism散光ASA┃aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)阿司匹林ALPI┃argon laser peripheral iridoplasty氩激光周边虹膜成形术ANA┃antinuclear antibody抗核抗体ARC┃anomalous re tinal correspondence非常视网膜对应FB┃foreign body异物LIO┃left inferior oblique左眼下斜肌fl┃fluorescein荧光素gt or gtt┃drop(Plural,gtt)滴(单数,gtt)ICG┃indocyanine green吲哚青绿AODM┃adult-onset diabetes mellitus成人(发病)型糖尿病KCS┃keratoconjunctivitis sicca古板性角膜结膜炎ICA┃internal carotid artery颈内动脉KP┃keratic precipiate角膜后沉着物JRA┃juvenile rheumatoid arthritis少年类风湿性关节炎GI┃gastrointestine胃肠AS┃anterior synechia前粘连ARN┃acute retinal necrosis急性视网膜坏死max┃maximum or maxillary最大值或上颌骨CT scan┃computed tomograph ic scan计较机体层扫描AMPPPE┃acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性后部盾鳞状色素上皮病变JCT┃Juxtacanalicular Tissue管旁组织EKGorECG┃electrocardiogram心电图kg┃kilogram公斤EKC┃epidemic keratoconjunctivitis流行性角结膜炎cmv┃cytomegalovirus大小胞病毒A/V┃arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉(比,压痕)CB┃ciliary body睫状体LSR┃left superior rectus左眼上直肌FTA-ABS┃fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test荧光密螺旋体抗体领受实验CSME┃clinical significant macular edema临床意思性黄斑水肿FOHx┃family ocular history家族眼病史CA T┃computed axial tomography计较机体层摄影术DX┃Diamox醋氮酰胺BIO┃binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜DV┃distance vision远间隔目力AMA┃against medical advice遵循医疗警告endo┃endothelium内皮细胞Im┃intramuscular肌内ARMD┃age-retinal pigment epitheliitis春秋相关性黄斑变性ICU┃intensive care unit监护病房H&P┃history and physical病史和体格ICE┃inidocorneal endothelial syndrome虹膜角膜内皮分解征inf┃inferior下ICP┃intracranial pressure颅内压CK┃conductive keratoplasty传导性角膜成形术FHorFHx┃family history家族史bid┃twice aday一日两次LP┃light perception,light projection,or lumber puncture光感,光定位,或腰椎穿刺CRAO┃central retinal artery occlusion视网膜中心动脉堵塞CVD┃cardiovascular disease心血管病ASCVD┃atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease动脉软化性心血管病FFA┃fundus fluorescein angiography荧光素眼底血管造影Hct┃hematocrit血细胞比容I&A┃irrigation and aspiration灌注和抽吸BCP┃birth control pill避孕丸FROM┃full range of mo tion活动范围完全LMR┃left medial rectus左眼内直肌LLR┃left lateral rectus左眼外直肌GLC┃glaucoma,glucose青光眼,葡萄糖LASEK┃laser subepithelial keratomileusis激光上皮下角膜磨削术LTQ┃lower temporal quadrant颞下象限CAD┃coronary artery disease冠状动脉病ETOH┃ethyl alcohol乙醇,酒精bilat┃bilateral两侧性IOFB┃intraocular forergn body眼内异物ambl┃amblyopia弱视LPI┃laser peripheral iridoplasty激光周边虹膜成形术AMD┃age-related macular degeneration春秋相关性黄斑变性c┃cornea角膜gent┃gentamicin庆大霉素CR┃chorioretinal眉目膜视网膜abd┃abdominal腹部的IFIOL┃iris-fixated intraocular lens虹膜活动眼内晶体D┃diopter or diameter屈光度或直径APTT┃activated partial thromboplastin time激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时候CRVO┃central retinal vein occlusion视网膜中心静脉堵塞CNS┃central nervous system中枢神经体系cc┃chief complaint主诉mERG┃multifocal ERG多区域(多焦)视网膜电图分水岭区脑梗死,小儿唐氏综合征,硫化氢中毒,额叶肿瘤,慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹,。
Easy to Install and Use• 24 VAC power input • Built-in heater• Integrated sunshield, wiper, and optional washer system (ATEX certified only), operated from the web client or special system preset • Optional 4 m or 10 m multipolar armored cable with barrier cable gland (ATEX/IECEx certified) and cable tail with conduit cable gland • Wide range of mounting options • Remote configuration, motorized zoom adjustments and auto focus through web clientMarket OpportunitiesThe camera features stainless steel housing and offers full HD resolution image quality. They are ideally suited for video surveillance monitoring of onshore, offshore, marine, and heavy industrial environments, such as the oil and gas industries, as well as dustyenvironments, such as the paper and textile industries.F E AT U R E S A ND B E NE F I T SHoneywell’s latest explosion-protected PTZ network camera is a good fit for onshore, offshore, marine, and heavy industrial installations inhazardous and challenging environments. The camera features a 316L stainless steel housing certified for hazardous areas according to ATEX, IECEx, and UL. The housing prevents any interior sparks or explosions from escaping and igniting the gases or dust in the surrounding air. The HEPZ cameras provide extremely crisp video with up to 2 million effective pixels, 30x optical zoom, and True Day/Night WDR forcontinuous surveillance in both hazardous and safe area applications.Explosion-Proof Certification• ATEX, IECEx, UL certified with AISI 316L stainless steel construction • Certifications for use in Zone 1 and 2, Group IIC T6 (Gas), and in Zone 21 and 22, Group IIIC T85° (Dust) • Certified temperature for explosion-proof applications: –40°C to 60°C (–40°F to 140°F) • 3/4" NPT threaded hole for use of cable glands or conduit• IP66 rating guarantees complete protection against harsh weatherFlexible Surveillance Solution• 1080p 60 fps and 30x optical zoom lens for the flexibility to clearly view the target area with desired depth of view • H.265, H.264 and MJPEG codec, triple stream support • Support for unicast and multicast mode for streaming • ONVIF Profile S and Q compliant• Supports face detection, real-time intrusion detection and unauthorized loitering detection* analytics • Security features include individual signed certificates and data encryption• 4.5–135 mm, F1.6–F4.4, 30x optical zoom lens• 1/2.8" progressive scan image sensor • Excellent low light performance with down to 0.0005 lux B/W• Up to 50/60 fpsprimary stream. Up to 25/30 fps secondary streams• Up to triple stream support• Electronic image stabilizer (EIS)• True WDR: 120 dB• Multiple, selectable compression formats (H.265/H.264/MJPEG)• Support for Face detection, ADPRO IntrusionTrace* and ADPRO LoiterTrace*• Global languagesupport with web GUI and online help in 15 languages• Installation environmenttemperature: –40°C to 60°C (–40°F to 140°F)• 24 VAC power input• Cyber security hardware chipset built-in• ONVIF profile S and Q compliant• Water resistant IP66 ingress protection ratingequIP® Series Explosion-Proof1080p 30x Zoom Explosion-Proof IP PTZ CamerasHEPZ302W0F E AT U R E S C ON T IN U E DThe camera can be configured to automatically detect and respond to events such as motion in the scene, alarm inputs, network failure, and/or camera tampering. Automated responses include: sending a notification through email, FTP, and/or HTTP; and sending a still image of the event through email and/or FTP. Setup can be done through a web client.DIME N S ION SequIP® Series – Explosion-Proof IP PTZ Cameras*ADPRO ® IntrusionTrace TM and ADPRO LoiterTrace TM are Xtralis ® video content analytics products. Additional license purchase(s) required. See /analytics for more information.** Some development may be required in specific user cases to support some of these protocols in the field as they mature over time.equIP® Series – Explosion-Proof IP PTZ CamerasTechnical SpecificationsFor more information/security/ukHoneywell Security and FireAston Fields RoadWhitehouse Industrial Estate RuncornCheshire WA7 3DL Tel************equIP® Series – Explosion-Proof IP PTZ CamerasADPRO, IntrusionTrace, LoiterTrace and Xtralis are trademarks of Xtralis Inc.ONVIF and the ONVIF logo are trademarks of ONVIF Inc.Honeywell reserves the right, without notification, to make changes in product design or specifications.HSFV-HEPZ302W0-01-UK(0917)DS-E September 2017© 2017 Honeywell International Inc.HEPZ302W0Network Explosion-Proof PTZ, ATEX/IECEx/UL, 1/2.8" CMOS, 1080p Resolution, 30x Zoom, WDR, 4.5—135 mm MFZ, H.265/H.264, with Wiper, IP66, 24 VAC, –40°C to 60°CR EC OMME NDE D AC C E S S OR IE SOR DE RING。
眼科学英语词汇ophthalmology, OPH, Ophth 眼科学visionics 视觉学visual optics 视觉光学visual physiology 视觉生理学physiology of eye 眼生理学visual electro physiology 视觉电生理学pathology of eye 眼病理学dioptrics of eye 眼屈光学neuro ophthalmology 神经眼科学ophthalmiatrics 眼科治疗学ophthalmic surgery 眼科手术学cryo ophthalmology 冷冻眼科学right eye, RE, oculus dexter, OD 右眼left eye, LE, oculus sinister, OS 左眼oculus uterque, OU 双眼eyeball phantom 眼球模型eye bank 眼库prevention of blindness, PB 防盲primary eye care 初级眼保健low vision 低视力blindness 盲totol blindness 全盲imcomplete blindness 不全盲congenital blindness 先天性盲acquired blindness 后天性盲曾用名“获得性盲”; functional blindness 功能性盲organic blindness 器质性盲occupational blindness 职业性盲legal blindness 法定盲visual aura 视觉先兆visual disorder 视觉障碍visual deterioration 视力减退transitional blindness 一过性盲amaurosis 黑amaurosis fugax 一过性黑toxic amaurosis 中毒性黑central amaurosis 中枢性黑uremic amaurosis 尿毒性黑cortical blindness 皮质盲macropsia 视物显大症曾用名“大视”; micropsia 视物显小症曾用名“小视”; metamorphopsia 视物变形症polyopsia 视物显多症曾用名“多视”;visual hallucination 幻视phosphene 光幻视photopsia 闪光感曾用名“闪光幻视”;entopic phenomenon 内视现象Haidinger brush 海丁格内视刷muscae volitantes 飞蚊症曾用名“飞蝇幻视”; chromatopsia 色视症erythropsia 红视症chloropsia 绿视症xanthopsia 黄视症cyanopsia 蓝视症iridization 虹视hemeralopia 昼盲nyctalopia 夜盲diplopia 复视binocular diplopia 双眼复视monocular diplopia 单眼复视asthenopia, Asth 视疲劳曾用名“眼疲劳”; anisometropic asthenopia 屈光参差性视疲劳accommodative asthenopia 调节性视疲劳muscular asthenopia 肌性视疲劳heterophoric asthenopia 隐斜性视疲劳ophthalmalgia 眼痛photophobia 畏光曾用名“羞明”; lacrimation 流泪foreign body sensation 异物感conjunctival secretion 结膜分泌物form sense 形觉visual sense 视觉optic resolving power 视觉分辨力visual angle 视角minimum visual angle 最小视角parallax, PRLX 视差visual acuity, VA, vision, V 视力central vision 中心视力曾用名“中央视力”; paracentral vision 旁中心视力distant vision 远视力near vision 近视力naked vision 裸眼视力corrected vision 矫正视力stereoscopic vision 立体视觉binocular vision 双眼视力monocular vision 单眼视力contrast sensitivity 对比敏感度spatial contrast sensitivity 空间对比敏感度temporal contrast sensitivity 时间对比敏感度contrast sensitivity function, CSF 对比敏感度函数examination of form sense 形觉检查法examination of visual acuity 视力检查法examination of distant vision 远视力检查法examination of near vision 近视力检查法visual acuity chart 视力表standard visual acuity chart 标准视力表standard logarithmic visual acuity chart 标准对数视力表Snellen chart 斯内伦视力表Landolt chart 朗多环形视力表standard near vision chart 标准近视力表Jaeger chart 耶格近视力表counting fingers, CF 数指曾用名“指数”;hand movement, HM 手动light projection 光定位曾用名“光投射”;light perception, LP 光感no light perception, no LP 无光感simulated blindness 伪盲曾用名“诈盲”;depth perception 深度觉曾用名“深径觉”;depth perceptometer 深度觉计stereoscope 立体镜stereoscopy 立体镜检查法visual island 视野岛visual isopter 等视线horopter 双眼单视界horopter curve 双眼单视界曲线visual field, Vf 视野central visual field 中心视野peripheral visual field 周边视野absolute visual field 绝对视野relative visual field 相对视野monocular visual field 单眼视野binocular visual field 双眼视野color visual field 色视野form visual field 形视野confrontation method 面对面视野检查法曾用名“对照法”;perimeter 视野计arc perimeter 弧形视野计hand held perimeter 手持视野计hemispherical perimeter 半球形视野计projection perimeter 投影视野计static perimeter 静态视野计multiple stars perimeter 星群视野计visual field analyser 视野分析仪static quantitative perimeter 静态定量视野计automatic quantitative perimeter 自动定量视野计perimetry 视野检查法dynamic perimetry 动态视野检查法static perimetry 静态视野检查法quantitative perimetry 定量视野检查法automatic quantitative perimetry 自动定量视野检查法flicker fusion perimetry 闪烁融合视野检查法pattern form perimetry 图形视野检查法campimeter 平面视野计campimetry 平面视野计检查法stereocampimeter 立体平面视野计stereocampimetry 立体平面视野计检查法quantitative maculo perimetry 定量黄斑视野检查法Amsler grid 阿姆斯勒方格表normal visual field 正常视野tubular visual field 管状视野spiral visual field 螺旋状视野defect of visual field 视野缺损constriction of visual field 视野缩小hemianopsia 偏盲temporal hemianopsia 颞侧偏盲nasal hemianopsia 鼻侧偏盲bitemporal hemianopsia 双颞侧偏盲binasal hemianopsia 双鼻侧偏盲homonymous hemianopsia 同侧偏盲heteronymous hemianopsia 异侧偏盲upper hemianopsia 上偏盲lower hemianopsia 下偏盲horizontal hemianopsia 水平偏盲quadrantanopsia 象限盲sparing of macula 黄斑回避scotoma 暗点blind spot 盲点physiological blind spot 生理盲点absolute scotoma 绝对暗点relative scotoma 相对暗点positive scotoma 实性暗点negative scotoma 虚性暗点central scotoma 中心暗点peripheral scotoma 周围暗点pericentral scotoma 中心周围暗点paracentral scotoma 旁中心暗点angioscotoma 血管暗点arcuate scotoma 弧形暗点ring scotoma 环形暗点baring of physiological blind spot 生理盲点外露曾用名“生理盲点暴露”; Seidel scotoma 赛德尔暗点Bjerrum scotoma 比耶鲁姆暗点R nne nasal step 伦内鼻侧阶梯scotometer 暗点计scotometry 暗点测定法light sense 光觉photopic vision 明视觉scotopic vision 暗视觉light adaptation 明适应dark adaptation 暗适应noctovision 夜间视觉photoptometer 光觉计examination of light sense 光觉检查法photoptometry 光觉测定法dark adaptometer 暗适应计Kohlrausch bend 科尔劳施屈曲nyctometer 夜盲计macular photostress test 黄斑光应力试验foveal densitometry 中央凹密度测定法color sense, color vision 色觉trichromatic theory 三色学说dyschromatopsia 色觉障碍achromatopsia, color blindness 色盲achromatopsia, total color blindness 全色盲protanopsia 红色盲deuteranopsia 绿色盲anerythrochloropsia 红绿色盲axanthopsia 黄色盲tritanopsia 蓝色盲axanthocyanopsia 黄蓝色盲anianthynopsy 紫色盲color weakness 色弱protanomalia 红色弱deuteranomalia 绿色弱dyserythrochloropsia 红绿色弱tritanomalia 蓝色弱examination of color sense 色觉检查法color vision plate 色觉检查图pseudoisochromatic chart 假同色色觉检查表Farnsworth dichotomous test 法恩斯沃思色相配列试验FM100 hue test FM-100色彩试验D15 panel test D-15色盘试验Thomson wool skeins test 汤姆森彩绒试验chromoptometer 色觉计anomaloscope 色盲检查镜examination of external eye 外眼检查法曾用名“眼外部检查法”; Schirmer test 希尔默试验breakup time of tear film, BUT 泪膜破裂时间dye outflow test 染料流畅试验fluorescein test 荧光素试验dacryocystography 泪囊造影术radiography of lacrimal passage 泪道放射照相术conjunctival congestion 结膜充血ciliary congestion 睫状充血mixed congestion 混合充血chemosis 结膜水肿keratoscope, Placido disk 角膜镜specular microscope 角膜内皮显微镜corneal pachymeter 角膜测厚仪corneal topography 角膜地形图corneal topographic device 角膜地形图检测仪transillumination 透照法曾用名“彻照法”;examination of internal eye 内眼检查法曾用名“眼内部检查法”; keratic precipitates, KP 角膜后沉着物曾用名“角膜后沉淀物”; aqueous flare,Tyndall phenomenon 房水闪光reaction of pupil to light 瞳孔对光反应pupillary pharmacodynamic test 瞳孔药效试验pupillometer 瞳孔计pupillometry 瞳孔测量法pupillogram 瞳孔图iris shadow 虹膜投影iridodonesis 虹膜震颤曾用名“虹膜震荡”;iris angiography 虹膜血管造影术image of Purkinje Sanson 浦肯野-桑松像glaucomatous fleck 青光眼斑glaucomatous cup 青光眼杯glaucomatous halo 青光眼晕轮provocative test for glaucoma 青光眼激发试验bulbar compression test 眼球压迫试验darkroom test 暗室试验prone test 俯卧试验darkroom prone test 暗室俯卧试验mydriasis test 散瞳试验reading test 阅读试验water drinking test 饮水试验vitreous fluoraphotometry 玻璃体荧光光度测定法orbitography 眼眶造影术orbital pneumography 眼眶充气造影术orbital angiography 眼眶血管造影术orbital arteriography 眼眶动脉造影术orbital venography 眼眶静脉造影术ocular angiography, OAG 眼动脉造影术radiography of orbit 眼眶放射照相术orbitonometer 眶压计orbitonometry 眶压测量法exophthalmometer 眼球突出计简称“突眼计”; exophthalmometry 眼球突出测量法Bell phenomenon 贝尔现象electronystagmograph, ENG 眼球震颤电流描记仪electronystagmography, ENG 眼球震颤电流描记法electronystagmogram 眼球震颤电流描记图phorometry 隐斜测量法phorometer 隐斜测量计Maddox rod 马多克斯杆Maddox wing 马多克斯翼squinting eye 斜视眼angle of strabismus 斜视角strabismometry 斜视角测量法corneal reflection method 角膜反光点法arc perimeter strabismometry 弧形视野计斜视测量法strabismometer 斜视计cover test 遮盖试验alternative cover test 交替遮盖试验cover uncover test 遮盖-不遮盖试验Maddox rod test 马多克斯杆试验diplopia test 复视试验red glass test 红玻璃试验Bielschowsky sign 比尔绍斯基征Lancaster screen 兰开斯特屏oculocardiac reflex, Aschner phenomenon 眼心反射haploscope 视轴计eikonometer 影像计lensometer 镜片计trial case 试镜箱trial frame 试镜架trial lens 试镜片spectacle frame 眼镜架correcting lens 矫正镜片crossed cylinder lens 交叉柱镜曾用名“交叉圆柱镜”; accommodatometer 调节计correction of refractive errors 矫正屈光不正examination of refraction 屈光检查法cycloplegia 睫状肌麻痹fogging method 雾视法skiascope, retinoscope 检影镜曾用名“视网膜镜”;plane retinoscope 平面检影镜reflecting retinoscope 反射式检影镜streak retinoscope 带状光检影镜曾用名“条带检影镜phacoemulsification晶状体乳化加plus 减minus正 positive负negative验光方面的:散光astigmatism,近视myopia ,远视hyperopia ,老花眼presbiopia举例:OD:+165度S代表spherical, C代表columnar轴:axis裂隙灯slit lamp 直接检眼镜法 direct ophthalmoscopy直接检眼镜directophthalmoscope上直肌superior rectus 下直肌inferior rectus 内直肌 medial rectus 外直肌lateral rectus 上斜肌superior oblique 下斜肌inferior oblique内转adduct 外转abduct 上转elevate 下转depress外直肌由abducens nerve control ,上斜肌由trochlear nerve ,其余由oculomotor nerve controlwound leak after cataract surgery.白内障术后伤口渗漏;lockwood's ligament fuses the inferior rectus muscle and the inferior oblique muscle ..韧带将下直肌和下斜肌连接起来;泪器Lacrimal apparatus泪腺lac. gland, 副泪腺 accessory lac. gland 泪小点,lac. punctum, 泪小管 lac. canaliculus, 泪囊lac. sac , and鼻泪管the nasolacrimal duct.角膜分为5层a. epithelium上皮层b. Anterior limiting membraneBowman’s membranec. Stroma基质层d. Descemet membrane Posterior limiting laminae. Endothelium 内皮层photoreceptor光感受器optic papilla视神经乳头macula黄斑direct ophthalmoscope直接检眼镜indirectophthalmoscope间接检眼镜rod视杆细胞cone视锥细胞muscle 的远、近不同变化Mydriatics扩瞳剂 & cycloplegics睫状肌麻痹剂Hordeolum睑腺炎眼前房积脓hypopyon眼内炎endophthalmitis 棘阿米巴属acanthamoeba 真菌,霉菌fungifilamentous fungus 丝状真菌Candida albicans. 白色念珠菌Rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎lacrimal apparatus泪器alacrima无泪:cause:acoustic neuroma听神经瘤, surgery of cerebellopontine angle小脑桥脑脚disruption of lacrimal secretory nerve,tumors or inflammation of lacrimal gland,initially asymptomatic、develop keratoconjunctivitis角结膜炎paradixic lacrimation/crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪glaucoma chapter 青光眼。
心理现象 mental phenomenon心理过程 mental process心理状态 mental state心理活动 mental activity意识 consciousness心理维度 psychological dimension心理运动 psychomotor内部活动 internal activity普通心理学 general psychology实验心理学 experimental psychology行为科学 behavioral science心身关系 mind-body relation心理机能定位 localization of mental function心理能动性 mental activism外周论 peripheralism先天理论 nativistic theory强调遗传素质决定人心理的产生与发展。
遗传 heredity目的论 teleology认为生物和人类的活动受一定目的的引导。
活动 activity活动理论 activity theory认知心理学 cognitive psychology认知 cognition相对于情感、意志等心理过程的所有认识过程的总称。
包括知觉、注意、表象、学习记忆、问题解决、思维和言语等心理过程。
认知过程 cognitive process认知结构 cognitive structure元认知 metacognition认知失调 cognitive dissonance认知地图 cognitive map认知技能 cognitive skill认知方式 cognitive style信息 information信息论 information theory信息加工 information processing信息加工心理学 information processing psychology 信息加工理论 information processing theory信息加工模型 information processing model中央处理器模型 central processor model信息储存 information storage信息提取 information retrieval人工智能 artificial intelligence, AI计算机类比 computer analogy计算机模拟 computer simulation计算机模型 computer model唯心主义心理学 idealistic psychology意动心理学 act psychology唯意志论 voluntarism唯灵论 spiritualism强调超自然精神作用。
/kinevoZEISS KINEVO 900Mastering the complex.• Surgeon-Controlled Robotics • Digital Hybrid Visualization • ZEISS QEVO – The Micro-Inspection ToolZEISS KINEVO 900The Robotic Visualization SystemJust like you, we love challenging the status quo.The result? Over 100 innovations to perfect the already acclaimed surgical visualization platform. KINEVO® 900 from ZEISS is designed to deliver more functionalities than any surgical microscope today. ZEISS KINEVO 900 combines digital and optical visualization modalities, offers a unique Micro-Inspection Tool and will impress you with its Surgeon-Controlled Robotics. All to enable you to gain greater certainty in a virtually disruption-free workflow.Designed to meet real needs. To make a real difference!A lot more. And, a lot less too.When treating complex vascular conditions, you typically work at high magnification. Even the slightest vibrations can cause disruptions. And constant manual repositioning to better visualize structures or precisely approach deep-seated lesions can become extremely tedious. Not anymore! ZEISS KINEVO 900 delivers a lot more positioning precision with a lot less effort.PointLockSurgeon-Controlled Robotics adds a complete new level of ease to precise positioning. Imagine being able to focus and move around a structure to visualize the targeted anatomy – reducing any manual hassle. In addition, PointLock enables you to do a KeyHole movement to observe a larger area inside a cavity – a particular benefit in areas with narrow access. Simply put:Focus. Activate. Swivel.Active vibration dampingYou know the problems that can be created by the tiniest vibrations. The active damping provided by ZEISS KINEVO 900 minimizes collateral system vibrations, ensuring rock-solid stability. Enabling you to completely, and steadily, focus on what matters most: your treatment.Focus Activate Swivel5When you need it. Where you need it.The new navigation interface of ZEISS KINEVO 900 is designed to work in concert with your navigation device. When you require precise repositioning to reexamine previously visualized structures or when you need to align with a pre-mapped trajectory, making use of all six axes, the Robotic Visualization System ® delivers precise positioning at the push of a button. Putting you exactly where you need to be – when you need to be there.PositionMemoryWhen working on a tumor case, you may already have identified regions of concern where you want to protect the functional structure. After storing these in PositionMemory , you can come back and visualize them at the exact same magnification, working distance and focus – without losing time for manual repositioning. In a nutshell: Save. Move. Recall.Image-guided surgeryApproaching deep-seated pathologies in cranial surgery, such as aneurysms, brain stem and skull base tumors, is challenging. The Surgeon-Controlled Robotics of ZEISS KINEVO 900 enables automated positioning to pre-defined anatomical landmarks based on pre-operative data planning –right when you need it.Save Move Recall7New dimensions. Freedom of choice. Working through oculars at extreme angles can sometimes be a pain in the neck. Literally. With no way out, you might have to contend with uncomfortable working positions causing fatigue. Now, relief and revolutionary dimensions in visualization arein sight.The Digital Hybrid Visualization with integrated 4K technology of ZEISS KINEVO 900 welcomes you to a world of heads-up ocular-free surgery, giving you freedom of movement. And freedom of choice to use an optical setup, depending on the application need.Fully integrated 4K camera technologyDuring lateral lumbar or thoracic spine and posterior fossa approaches,ZEISS KINEVO 900’s integrated 4K visualization can be essential. It providesyou with multimodal visualization capabilities – the flexibility to decouple fromthe classic optical approach and to work with outstanding 4K picture qualityand clarity. Even when magnifying tiny details.What’s more … your assistant surgeon, OR staff and residents also benefit from the 4K visual clarity of ZEISS KINEVO 900. They share the same high-resolution, digital image to follow the procedure with comparable fidelity. Delivering indispensable education and training.9Critical challenge. Vital solution.Your challenge: When working from an external perspectiveof a surgical microscope, your visualization of the anatomy is limited to a straight line of sight – missing critical information behind tissue or corners. Efficient and effortless access to this comprehensive information is essential for treatment.Our solution: QEVO from ZEISSThe unique, proprietary Micro-Inspection Tool from ZEISS complements intraoperative microsurgical visualization, enabling you to discover unexplored areas during the surgical intervention without additional footprint. You can look around corners and eliminate blind spots. And most importantly, you can gain greater insights – for better clinical decisions.To support your surgical workflow, ZEISS QEVO is engineered with an angled design – keeping your hands out of the lineof sight during insertion in the surgical field. And, it allowsfor an easy fit between the ZEISS KINEVO 900 and the situs, eliminating the need to reposition the head of the device. Greater insights, on demand.ZEISS QEVO enables you to inspect the perforator or examine the distal neck of the aneurysm to ensure the clip blades are fully extended.11Ease of use. Peace of mind.Surgical certainty is your imperative. Enabling you to achieve it is ours. That’s why, in the development of the Micro-Inspection Tool, we placed a high priority on its ease of use.ZEISS QEVO is truly integrated. You don’t have to plan for an additional device during surgery. Just plug it into your ZEISS KINEVO 900 for a seamless surgical workflow and to easily switch back and forth between views.ZEISS QEVO is fully autoclavable.So there’s no need forany additional draping. This is another attribute that makes ZEISS QEVO an indispensable tool – always available during surgery. On demand.ZEISS QEVO. Innovation in action.With its ability to look around corners, ZEISS QEVO enables identification of possible tumor remnants – avoiding unnecessary bone removal and retraction. During a Vestibular Schwannoma case, for instance, it can help identify the course of facial nerves. And, can support inspection of regions that are not directly visualized by a surgical microscope.131 142ZEISS BLUE 4002multi-center study1.ZEISS YELLOW 5602Real-time detection and visualization of malignant tissue during gliomasurgery using BLUE 400.Visualization of fluorescence-stained structures while performing left-temporal craniotomy for tumor resection using YELLOW 560. Obtained within the scopeof a clinical investigation.For a complete picture: The Diagram Functionoutlines assessment of fluorescence intensityvariation over time and fast access to the keyindicators for further analysis.For no compromises:AfterFor the fluorescence distribution: The IntensityMap enables you to conveniently identify relativefluorescence levels reached during the INFRARED800 observation period.For the speed of the flow: The Speed Mapindicates how fast the fluorescence intensityincreased during the observation period –indicating the speed of the blood flow.For the indicative time: The Delay Map (orSummary Map) provides quick information aboutthe time when the fluorescent signal appeared foreach image point in the map.Before15Setting new benchmarks. Shaping a new future. When we envisioned the all-new Robotic Visualization System,we conceived a design that can deliver so much more withoutlosing its familiarity. With ZEISS KINEVO 900, we continue tolive our vision of supporting you in becoming one with yourvisualization system – of delivering purposeful innovations.ones that matter the most for you.The Robotic Visualization System: The first of its kind.Surgeon-Controlled RoboticsDelivering precise positioning with a lotless effort – with motors in all axes.ZEISS QEVO – The Micro-Inspection ToolComplementing intraoperative microsurgicalvisualization to discover unexplored areasduring surgical intervention. Gain greaterinsight. On demand.16Digital Hybrid VisualizationProviding an opportunity for ocular-free surgery, with the freedom to use a traditional optical setup – depending on the application need.Integrated Intraoperative Fluorescence – The Power of Four.The redesigned intraoperative fluorescence technologies from ZEISS offer you the Power of Four – so you always have the tools you need.17Neurosurgery, in particular, is a technologically intensivesurgical discipline. This has pushed us toward the edge oftransformation: to develop leading digital technologiesenabling you to expand the boundaries of surgical care –to the next level.ZEISS KINEVO 900 offers full digital connectivity.Manage surgical data wherever you are: ZEISS Connect Appenables you to access your surgical data from your iOS device,and also delivers dedicated functionalities for efficient work-flows.Take teaching to new heights: ZEISS Observe App enablesyou to virtually broadcast your procedure in the OR. Yourstudents can follow the live surgery directly on mobile screensor immerse themselves in a rich VR Experience.Gain value with new digital services: ZEISS Smart Servicesenables faster support for you and your team with remoteconnectivity. Benefit from the increased system availabilitypowered by a secure connection to your ZEISS KINEVO 900.Digital connectivity. Transforming OR’s.ZEISS ConnectZEISS Observe18Connecting simplicity and innovation.ZEISS SMARTDRAPEYour visualization needs are paramount to us. And, soare the needs of your team. That’s why we gave a specialfocus to the OR preparation process in the developmentof ZEISS KINEVO 900.Being an integral part of the optical path, the SMARTDRAPEwith VisionGuard® from ZEISS is designed together withZEISS KINEVO 900 so you and your team can have thebenefits of a vivid view, and effective patient protection.At the same time – the new innovations make the drapingprocess simply simple!• Innovative folding: to eliminate guesswork and complexity.• Intuitive attachment: for an effortless and simple self-locking mechanism.• Integrated RFID chip: for easy activation of AutoDrape®.Designed for ZEISS KINEVO 900.Support whenever you need it.ZEISS OPTIMEIf you rely on high system availability, consider our ZEISSOPTIME service agreements, which are designed to ensurethe readiness of our medical equipment when you need it.ZEISS OPTIME service agreements for ZEISS KINEVO 900now come with connectivity for ZEISS Smart Services.19Tr a n s p or t d i r e c t io n 850 m mma x.c a .1760m m c a . 530 - 1635 m m-25° / +135°A x i s 4±45°A x i s 5-28° / +20°A x i s 3-A x i s M o n i t o r R o t a t e : ±125°T i l t :-20° / +5° (±3°) 360° c o n t i n u os A x i s1 25° / +225°A x i s 6T o le r a n c M in .M i n .M in .Technical DataKINEVO ® 900 from ZEISS Technical DataRated Voltage 100 V – 240 VCurrent Consumption Max. 1.350 VARated Frequency 50 Hz – 60 HzElectrical Standard Complying with IEC 60601-1:2005/A1:2012Protection class I, degree of protection IP20Class 2 laser product as perIEC 60825-1:2007, IEC 60825-1:2014Weight Weight max. 395 kgWeight of system incl. transport container: 20Cable length: 5 mQEVO ® from ZEISS and QEVO ECUTechnical Data Direction of View 45° upwards Shaft Diameter 3.6 mm Shaft Length 120.0 ± 1.0 mm Total Diameter 13.0 mmField of View 100° +5°/-10° (ISO 8600-3:2019-08)Illumination20 – 35 lumen LED Weight (without cable)250 g Sterilization AutoclavableImage Resolution 1920 x 1080 pixel full HD Length of Cable5000 mmOperation Temperature +10 to +40 °C (500/1000 s intermittent use)QEVO ECU Dimensions Length = 265.0 ± 1 mm, height = 59.3 ± 1 mm and depth = 212.2 ± 1 mm Weight2.2 kgOperating Voltage 24V (+/- 10%) ADC Video OutputDVI-D full HD21Technical DataOptions VideoStereo video camera 3D HD, fully integrated, 2 x 3-chip HD, 1080p incl. 2nd HD 3D monitor 4K video camera, fully integrated 3-chip 4K, 2160p Stereo video camera 4K 3D, fully integrated, 2 x 3-chip 4K, 2160p, incl. 2nd HD 3D monitor Integrated HD video recording, withSmartRecording, low-Resolution recording, editing and streaming 2nd system monitor HD 2DAttachment for consumer (SLR) photo camera External 55" 4K 3D video monitor, with mobile cartIntraoperative FluorescenceBLUE 400INFRARED 800INFRARED 800 Compact INFRARED 800 with FLOW 800YELLOW 560Connectivity / Data Manage-mentDICOM module for image and video data transfer from / to PACS. Patient management by modality worklist management.Shared Network Data storage WLAN option, with WiFi Hotspot Navigation Interface Standard Navigation Interface ExtendedAccessoriesZEISS QEVO and QEVO ECU12.5x magnetic wide field eyepieces with integrated eyecups Stereo co-observation tubeFoldable Tube f170 / f260, including the PROMAG function for additional 50 % magnification and integrated rotate functionTiltable binocular tube, swivel range 180°, focal length f = 170 mm14-function, wired foot control panel 14-function, wireless foot control panel 2-function foot switch Mouth switch3-step magnification changerStandard Configuration Apochromatic OpticsMotorized focus; Varioskop ® with working distance 200 – 625 mmMotorized zoom; zoom ratio 1:6, magnification factor y = 0.4x – 2.4x10x magnetic wide field eyepieces with integrated eyecupsAutoFokus with 2 visible laser dots, automatic mode with magnetic brakesIllumination2 x 300 W Xenon, with automatic lamp exchange Automatic Iris Control for adjusting the illumination to the field of view Individual light threshold settingFocus Light Link: working distance controlled light intensityManual adjustment of diameter of field of illuminationAdditional illumination beam to brighten up shadows, motorizedSystem OperationMultifunctional programmable handgrips Magnetic clutches for all system axes Central user interface with full-screen video XY robotic movement in 6 axes (variable speed)Active dampingManual and motorized PointLock function with variable speedPositionMemory (with variable speed)Motorized XY lateral movement with variable speedMultiVision System (HD), with shutter controlSystem SetupAutoBalanceAutoDrape – air evacuation system 1Park Position Drape PositionVideoIntegrated 3-chip Full HD video camera, 1080p 24" HD video touchscreen on extendable arm, 16:9 aspect ratioIntegrated still image capturing both on HDD and USB-mediaConnectivity / Data Manage-ment Video-in for external HD video sources Remote diagnosis via internet / VPN Sterile DrapeZEISS SMARTDRAPE1Available with ZEISS SMARTDRAPE only.22Your needs. Our packages.Select a ZEISS KINEVO 900 built to fit your typical clinical use-cases. ZEISS KINEVO 900 comes with pre-defined packages giving you a head start in planning the most suitable configuration for your specific needs.Interested in digital visualization? Check out the digital package. That’s our commitment to cover you for tomorrow while keeping your present needs into focus.always included always included as INFRARED 800 only optional23e n -O U S _30_010_0097I I P r i n t e d i n G e r m a n y . C Z -V I I /2021T h e c o n t e n t s of t h e b r o c h u r e m a y d i f f e r f r o m t h e c u r r e n t s t a t u s o f a p p r o v a l o f t h e p r o d u c t o r s e r v i c e o f f e r i ng i n y o u r c o u n t r y . P l e a s e c o n t a c t o u r r e g i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n . S u b j e c t t o ch a n g e si n d e s i g n a n d s c o p e o f d e l i v e r y a n d d u e t o o n g o i n g t e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t . R o b o t i c V i s u a l i z a t i o n S y s t e m , K I N E V O , Q E V O , F L O W , A u t o D r a p e , V a r i o s k o p , S M A R T D R A P E a n d V i s i o n G u a r d a r e e i t h e r t r a d e m a r k s o r r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k s o f C a r l Z e i s s M e d i t e c A G o r o t h e r c o m p a n i e s o f t h e Z E I S S G r o u p i n G e r m a n y a n d /o r o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .© C a r l Z e i s s M e d i t e c A G , 2021. A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Carl Zeiss Meditec AG Goeschwitzer Strasse 51–5207745 Jena Germany/med /kinevoKINEVO 900QEVO ECU BLUE 400YELLOW 5600297QEVOINFRARED 800 with FLOW 800 Option SMARTDRAPEView onto cerebellum and lower cranial nerves. Image courtesy of Dr. Robert F. Spetzler, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. (Cover page) Front temporal area for STA-MCA bypass procedure. Image courtesy of Dr. Peter Nakaji, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (Cover page)Aneurysm clipping using ICG and overlay . Image courtesy of Prof. Dr. Andreas Raabe, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland (Page 2 and 3)View onto optic nerve and internal carotid artery. Image courtesy of Dr. Peter Nakaji, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (Page 4)Image-guided surgery. Image courtesy of BrainLab AG (Page 6 and 7)View onto spinal cord dura. Image courtesy of Dr. Robert F. Spetzler, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (Page 8 and 9)Small view of the cerebellum through the Retrosigmoid Approach. Image courtesy of Dr. Peter Nakaji, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (Page 10)Left mini-pterional approach for clipping an aneurysm. Image courtesy of Dr. Peter Nakaji, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (page 11)View onto corpus callosum and septum pellucidum. Image courtesy of Dr. Peter Nakaji, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (Page 12)Transnasal transspenoidal for re-exploration and excision of recurrent pituitary Macroadenoma with possible abdominal fat. Image courtesy of Dr. William White, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (Page 13)Hemmorrhage from right temporal AVM. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary K. Steinberg, MD PhD, Stanford University (Page 14)Right temporal Craniotomy for AVM. Image courtesy of Dr. Robert F. Spetzler, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (Page 15)Glioma surgery using BLUE 400. Image courtesy of Prof. Dr. Walter Stummer, University Clinic, Münster, Germany (Page 15)Left-temporal craniotomy for tumor resection with YELLOW 560. Image Courtesy of Dr. Peter Nakaji, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. 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第29卷第1期2021年1月Vol.29No.1Jan.2021光学精密工程Optics and Precision Engineering人眼凝视点自适应的近眼显示控制器季渊1,2,陈远生1*,宋远胜1,陈文栋2,穆廷洲2(1.上海大学微电子研究与开发中心,上海200444;2.上海大学机电工程与自动化学院,上海200444)摘要:针对近眼显示对显示画面的分辨率和刷新率有很高的要求,导致数据传输带宽过高的问题,本文借助人眼对细节分辨能力空间变化的特性,提出一种基于人眼凝视点自适应的中心凹图像传输算法,并建立包含压缩比和像素距离的压缩比金字塔,设计了一款人眼凝视点自适应的近眼显示控制器,较大幅度地降低数据传输带宽。
通过MATLAB仿真软件对系统实现方法进行理论验证。
借助FPGA平台设计视频编解码模块,并在分辨率为1600×3×1600的硅基OLED 微显示器上验证了该方法的可行性。
实验结果表明,当视距为2且凝视点在图像坐标中心和原点时,综合压缩比分别为12.257和42.946,待传输像素总数分别为原始图像像素总数的8.16%和2.33%。
该算法有效降低近眼显示领域的数据传输带宽,满足近眼显示领域对视频信息实时渲染的需求。
关键词:人眼中心凹;自适应;压缩比金字塔;数据传输;近眼显示中图分类号:TP391.4;TN873.5文献标识码:A doi:10.37188/OPE.20212901.0191Human eye gaze point adaptive near-eye display controller design JI Yuan1,2,CHEN Yuan-sheng1*,SONG Yuan-sheng1,CHEN Wen-dong2,MU Ting-zhou2(1.Microelectronic Research and Development Center,Shanghai University,Shanghai200444,China;2.School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation,Shanghai University,Shanghai200444,China)*Corresponding author,E-mail:winson_cys@Abstract:Near-eye displays have high requirements for resolution and refresh rate of the display screen,which can lead to an excessively high data transmission bandwidth.To solve this problem,this study uses the characteristics of spatial variation in the human eye with respect to its ability to resolve details.We pro⁃pose a foveal image transmission algorithm based on human eye gaze point adaptation and establish a com⁃pression ratio pyramid that includes the compression ratio and pixel distance.We then design a human eye gaze point adaptive near-eye display controller,which greatly reduces the data transmission bandwidth. Theoretical verification of the system implementation method is conducted using MATLAB simulation software.A video codec module is designed on a field programmable gate array platform,and the feasibili⁃ty of this method is verified on an organic-light-emitting-diode-on-silicon microdisplay at a resolution of 1600×3×prehensive experimental results show that when the sight distance is2and the gaze point is at the image coordinate center and origin,the comprehensive compression ratio is12.257 and42.946,and the total number of pixels to be transmitted is8.16%and2.33%of the total number of 文章编号1004-924X(2021)01-0191-10收稿日期:2020-07-22;修订日期:2020-08-17.基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(No.61674100,No.61774101);军民融合发展专项资助项目(No.2019-JMRH1-KJ37)第29卷光学精密工程pixels in the original image.This algorithm effectively reduces the data transmission bandwidth of near-eye display areas and meets real-time rendering requirements of video information in near-eye display areas.Key words:fovea of the human eye;adaptation;pyramid of compression ratio;data transmission;near-eye display1引言近眼显示也称头戴式显示,主要包含微显示器和光学显示装置[1-2]。
Peripheral-Foveal Vision for Real-time Object Recognition and Tracking in Video Stephen Gould,Joakim Arfvidsson,Adrian Kaehler,Benjamin Sapp,Marius Messner, Gary Bradski,Paul Baumstarck,Sukwon Chung and Andrew Y.NgStanford UniversityStanford,CA94305USAAbstractHuman object recognition in a physical3-d envi-ronment is still far superior to that of any roboticvision system.We believe that one reason(outof many)for this—one that has not heretoforebeen significantly exploited in the artificial visionliterature—is that humans use a fovea tofixate on,or near an object,thus obtaining a very high resolu-tion image of the object and rendering it easy to rec-ognize.In this paper,we present a novel method foridentifying and tracking objects in multi-resolutiondigital video of partially cluttered environments.Our method is motivated by biological vision sys-tems and uses a learned“attentive”interest mapon a low resolution data stream to direct a highresolution“fovea.”Objects that are recognized inthe fovea can then be tracked using peripheral vi-sion.Because object recognition is run only ona small foveal image,our system achieves perfor-mance in real-time object recognition and trackingthat is well beyond simpler systems.1IntroductionThe human visual system far outperforms any robotic system in terms of object recognition.There are many reasons for this,and in this paper,we focus only on one hypothesis—which has heretofore been little exploited in the computer vi-sion literature—that the division of the retina into the foveal and peripheral regions is of key importance to improving per-formance of computer vision systems on continuous video sequences.Briefly,the density of photoreceptor rod and cone cells varies across the retina.The small central fovea,with a high density of color sensitive cone cells,is responsible for detailed vision,while the surrounding periphery,contain-ing a significantly lower density of cones and a large num-ber of monochromatic rod cells,is responsible for,among other things,detecting motion.Estimates of the equivalent number of“pixels”in the human eye vary,but based on spatial acuity of1/120degrees[Edelman and Weiss,1995; Fahle and Poggio,1981],appears to be on the order of5×108 pixels.For a more in-depth treatment of human visual per-ception,we refer the reader to one of the many excellent text-books in the literature,for example[Wandell,1995].Because very little changes in a visual stream from one frame to the next,one expects that it is possible to identify objects or portions of a scene one at a time using the high resolution fovea,while tracking previously identified objects in the peripheral region.The result is that it is possible to use computationally expensive classification algorithms on the relatively limited portion of the scene on which the fovea isfixated,while accumulating successful classifications over a series of frames in real-time.A great deal has happened in recent years in the area of location and identification of specific objects or object classes in images.Much of this work,however,has concentrated on single frames with the object of interest taking up a significant proportion of thefield-of-view.This allows for accurate and robust object recognition,but implies that if we wish to be able tofind very small objects,we must go to much higher image resolutions.1In the naive approach,there is significant computational cost of going to this higher resolution.For continuous video sequences,the standard technique is simply to treat each frame as a still image,run a classifica-tion algorithm over the frame,and then move onto the next frame,typically using overlap to indicate that an object found in frame n+1is the same object found in frame n,and us-ing a Kalmanfilter to stabilize these measurements over time. The primary difficulty that this simple method presents is that a tremendous amount of effort is misdirected at the vast ma-jority of the scene which does not contain the objects we are attempting to locate.Even if the Kalmanfilter is used to pre-dict the new location of an object of interest,there is no way to detect the appearance of new objects which either enter the scene,or which are approached by a camera in motion.The solution we propose is to introduce a peripheral-foveal model in which attention is directed to a small portion of the visualfield.We propose using a low-resolution,wide-angle video camera for peripheral vision and a pan-tilt-zoom(PTZ) camera for foveal vision.The PTZ allows very high resolu-tion on the small portion of the scene in which we are inter-ested at any given time.We refer to the image of the scene supplied by the low-resolution,wide-angle camera as the pe-ripheral view and the image supplied by the pan-tilt-zoom 1Consider,for example,a typical coffee mug at a distance offive meters appearing in a standard320×240resolution,42◦field-of-view camera.The95mm tall coffee mug is reduced to a mere8 pixels high,rendering it extremely difficult to recognize.camera as the foveal view or simply fovea.We use an attentive model to determine regions from the peripheral view on which we wish to perform object classi-fication.The attentive model is learned from labeled data, and can be interpreted as a map indicating the probability that any particular pixel is part of an unidentified object. The fovea is then repeatedly directed by choosing a region to examine based on the expected reduction in our uncer-tainty about the location of objects in the scene.Identifica-tion of objects in the foveal view can be performed using any of the state-of-the-art object classification technologies (for example see[Viola and Jones,2004;Serre et al.,2004; Brubaker et al.,2005]).The PTZ camera used in real-world robotic applications can be modeled for study(with less peak magnification)using a high-definition video(HDV)camera,with the“foveal”re-gion selected from the video stream synthetically by extract-ing a small region of the HDV image.The advantage of this second method is that the input data is exactly reproducible. Thus we are able to evaluate different foveal camera motions on the same recorded video stream.Figure1shows our robot mounted with our two different camerasetups.Figure1:STAIR platform(left)includes a low-resolution periph-eral camera and high-resolution PTZ camera(top-right),and alter-native setup with HDV camera replacing the PTZ(bottom-right).In our experiments we mount the cameras on a standard tripod instead of using the robotic platform.The robot is part of the STAIR(STanford Artificial Intelli-gence Robot)project,which has the long-term goal of build-ing an intelligent home/office assistant that can carry out tasks such as cleaning a room after a dinner party,andfinding and fetching items from around the home or office.The ability to visually scan its environment and quickly identify objects is of one of the key elements needed for a robot to accomplish such tasks.The rest of this paper is organized as follows.Section2outlines related work.In Section3we present the probabilis-tic framework for our attention model which directs the foveal gaze.Experimental results from a sample HDV video stream as well as real dual-camera hardware are presented in Sec-tion4.The video streams are of a typical office environment and contain distractors,as well as objects of various types for which we had previously trained classifiers.We show that the performance of our attention driven system is significantly better than naive scanning approaches.2Related WorkAn early computational architecture for explaining the visual attention system was proposed by Koch and Ullman(1985). In their model,a scene is analyzed to produce multiple fea-ture maps which are combined to form a saliency map.The single saliency map is then used to bias attention to regions of highest activity.Many other researchers,for example[Hu et al.,2004;Privitera and Stark,2000;Itti et al.,1998],have suggested adjustments and improvements to Koch and Ull-man’s model.A review of the various techniques is presented in[Itti and Koch,2001].A number of systems,inspired by both physiological mod-els and available technologies,have been proposed forfind-ing objects in a scene based on the idea of visual attention,for example[Tagare et al.,2001]propose a maximum-likelihood decision strategy forfinding a known object in an image. More recently,active vision systems have been proposed for robotic platforms.Instead of viewing a static image of the world,these systems actively change thefield-of-view to obtain more accurate results.A humanoid system that de-tects and then follows a single known object using peripheral and foveal vision is presented in[Ude et al.,2003].A sim-ilar hardware system to theirs is proposed in[Bj¨o rkman and Kragic,2004]for the task of object recognition and pose esti-mation.And in[Orabona et al.,2005]an attention driven sys-tem is described that directs visual exploration for the most salient object in a static scene.An analysis of the relationship between corresponding points in the peripheral and foveal views is presented in[Ude et al.,2006],which also describes how to physically control foveal gaze for rigidly connected binocular cameras.3Visual Attention ModelOur visual system comprises two separate video cameras. Afixed wide-angle camera provides a continuous low-resolution video stream that constitutes the robot’s peripheral view of a scene,and a controllable pan-tilt-zoom(PTZ)cam-era provides the robot’s foveal view.The PTZ camera can be commanded to focus on any region within the peripheral view to obtain a detailed high-resolution image of that area of the scene.As outlined above,we conduct some of our ex-periments on recorded high-resolution video streams to allow for repeatability in comparing different algorithms.Figure2shows an example of a peripheral and foveal view from a typical office scene.The attention system selects a foveal window from the peripheral view.The corresponding region from the high-resolution video stream is then used forFigure 2:Illustration of the peripheral (middle)and foveal (right)views of a scene in our system with attentive map showing regions of high interest (left).In our system it takes approximately 0.5seconds for the PTZ camera to move to a new location and acquire an image.classification.The attentive interest map,generated from fea-tures extracted from the peripheral view,is used to determine where to direct the foveal gaze,as we will discuss below.The primary goal of our system is to identify and track ob-jects over time.In particular,we would like to minimize our uncertainty in the location of all identifiable objects in the scene in a computationally efficient way.Therefore,the at-tention system should select regions of the scene which are most informative for understanding the robot’s visual envi-ronment.Our system is able to track previously identified objects over consecutive frames using peripheral vision,but can only classify new objects when they appear in the (high-resolution)fovea,F .Our uncertainty in a tracked object’s position grows with time.Directing the fovea over the expected position of the object and re-classifying allows us to update our estimate of its location.Alternatively,directing the fovea to a different part of the scene allows us to find new objects.Thus,since the fovea cannot move instantaneously,the attention system needs to periodically decide between the following actions:A1.Confirmation of a tracked object by fixating the foveaover the predicted location of the object to confirm its presence and update our estimate of its position;A2.Search for unidentified objects by moving the fovea tosome new part of the scene and running the object clas-sifiers over that region.Once the decision is made,it takes approximately 0.5seconds—limited by the speed of the PTZ camera—for the fovea to move to and acquire an image of the new region.2During this time we track already identified objects using pe-ripheral vision.After the fovea is in position we search for new and tracked objects by scanning over all scales and shifts within the foveal view as is standard practice for many state-of-the-art object classifiers.More formally,let ξk (t )denote the state of the k -th object,o k ,at time t .We assume independence of all objects in the scene,so our uncertainty is simply the sum of entropy terms2In our experiments with single high-resolution video stream,we simulate the time required to move the fovea by delaying the image selected from the HDV camera by the required number of frames.over all objects,H =o k ∈TH tracked (ξk (t ))+ o k /∈T H unidentified (ξk (t ))(1)where the first summation is over objects being tracked,T ,and the second summation is over objects in the scene that have not yet been identified (and therefore are not being tracked).Since our system cannot know the total number of objects in the scene,we cannot directly compute the entropy over unidentified objects, o k /∈T H (ξk (t )).Instead,we learn the probability P (o k |F )of finding a previously-unknown ob-ject in a given foveal region F of the scene based on features extracted from the peripheral view (see the description of our interest model in section 3.2below).If we detect a new ob-ject,then one of the terms in the rightmost sum of Eq.(1)is reduced;the expected reduction in our entropy upon taking action A2(and fixating on a region F )isΔH A 2=P (o k |F )H unidentified (ξk (t ))−H tracked (ξk (t +1)).(2)Here the term H unidentified (ξk (t ))is a constant that reflects our uncertainty in the state of untracked objects,3and H tracked (ξk (t +1))is the entropy associated with the Kalman filter that is attached to the object once it has been detected (see Section 3.1).As objects are tracked in peripheral vision,our uncertainty in their location grows.We can reduce this uncertainty by observing the object’s position through re-classification of the area around its expected location.We use a Kalman filter to track the object,so we can easily compute the reduction in entropy from taking action A1for any object o k ∈T ,ΔH A 1=12(ln |Σk (t )|−ln |Σk (t +1)|)(3)where Σk (t )and Σk (t +1)are the covariance matrices as-sociated with the Kalman filter for the k -th object before and after re-classifying the object,respectively.3Our experiments estimated this term assuming a large-variance distribution over the peripheral view of possible object locations;in practice,the algorithm’s performance appeared very insensitive to this parameter.In this formalism,we see that by taking action A1we re-duce our uncertainty in a tracked object’s position,whereas by taking action A2we may reduce our uncertainty over unidentified objects.We assume equal costs for each action and therefore we choose the action which maximizes the ex-pected reduction of the entropy H defined in Eq.(1).We now describe our tracking and interest models in detail.3.1Object TrackingWe track identified objects using a Kalman filter.Because we assume independence of objects,we associate a separate Kalman filter with each object.An accurate dynamic model of objects is outside the current scope of our system,and we use simplifying assumptions to track each object’s coordi-nates in the 2-d image plane.The state of the k -th tracked object isξk =[x ky k˙x k˙y k ]T(4)and represents the (x,y )-coordinates and (x,y )-velocity of the object.On each frame we perform a Kalman filter motion update step using the current estimate of the object’s state (position and velocity).The update step isξk (t +1)=⎡⎢⎣10ΔT 0010ΔT 00100001⎤⎥⎦ξk (t )+ηm(5)where ηm ∼N (0,Σm )is the motion model noise,and ΔTis the duration of one timestep.We compute optical flow vectors in the peripheral view generated by the Lucas and Kanade (1981)sparse optical flow algorithm.From these flow vectors we measure the ve-locity of each tracked object,z v (t ),by averaging the optical flow within the object’s bounding box.We then perform a Kalman filter observation update,assuming a velocity obser-vation measurement modelz v (t )= 00100001 ξk (t )+ηv(6)where ηv ∼N (0,Σv )is the velocity measurement model noise.When the object appears in the foveal view,i.e.,after tak-ing action A1,the classification system returns an estimate,z p (t ),of the object’s position,which we use to perform a cor-responding Kalman filter observation update to greatly reduce our uncertainty in its location accumulated during tracking.Our position measurement observation model is given byz p (t )=10000100 ξk (t )+ηp (7)where ηp ∼N (0,Σp )is the position measurement model noise.We incorporate into the position measurement model the special case of not being able to re-classify the object even though the object is expected to appear in the foveal view.For example,this may be due to misclassification error,poorestimation of the object’s state,or occlusion by another ob-ject.In this case we assume that we have lost track of theobject.Since objects are recognized in the foveal view,but are tracked in the peripheral view,we need to transform coor-dinates between the two ing the well-known stereo calibration technique of [Zhang,2000],we compute the ex-trinsic parameters of the PTZ camera with respect to the wide-angle camera.Given that our objects are far away rel-ative to the baseline between the cameras,we found that the disparity between corresponding pixels of the objects in each view is small and can be corrected by local correlation.4This approach provides adequate accuracy for controlling the fovea and finding the corresponding location of objects be-tween views.Finally,the entropy of a tracked object’s state is required for deciding between actions.Since the state,ξ(t ),is a Gaus-sian random vector,it has differential entropyH tracked (ξk (t ))=12ln(2πe )4|Σk (t )|(8)where Σk (t )∈R 4×4is the covariance matrix associated with our estimate of the k -th object at time t .3.2Interest ModelTo choose which foveal region to examine next (under action A2),we need a way to estimate the probability of detecting a previously unknown object in any region F in the scene.To do so,we define an “interest model”that rapidly identi-fies pixels which have a high probability of containing objects that we can classify.A useful consequence of this definition is that our model automatically encodes the biological phe-nomena of saliency and inhibition of return —the processes by which regions of high visual stimuli are selected for fur-ther investigation,and by which recently attended regions are prevented from being attended again (see [Klein,2000]for a detailed review).In our approach,for each pixel in our peripheral view,we estimate the probability of it belonging to an unidentified ob-ject.We then build up a map of regions in the scene where the density of interest is high.From this interest map our atten-tion system determines where to direct the fovea to achieve maximum benefit as described above.More formally,we define a pixel to be interesting if it is part of an unknown,yet classifiable object .Here classifiable ,means that the object belongs to one of the object classes that our classification system has been trained to recognize.We model interestingness,y (t ),of every pixel in the periph-eral view,x (t ),at time t using a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN),a fragment of which is shown in Figure 3.For the (i,j )-th pixel,y i,j (t )=1if that pixel is interesting at time t ,and 0otherwise.Each pixel also has associated with it a vector of observed features φi,j (x (t ))∈R n .4We resize the image from the PTZ camera to the size it would appear in the peripheral view.We then compute the cross-correlation of the resized PTZ image with the peripheral image,and take the actual location of the fovea to be the location with maximum cross-correlation in a small area around its expected location in the periph-eral view.y i,j (t -1)y i-1,j (t -1)y i +1,j (t -1)i,j (x (t ))y i,j -1(t y i-1,j -1(t y i +1,j -1(t y i,j +1(t -1)y i +1,j +1(t -1)y i-1,j +1(t -1)Figure 3:Fragment of dynamic Bayesian network for modeling at-tentive interest.The interest belief state over the entire frame at time t is P (y (t )|y (0),x (0),...,x (t )).Exact inference in this graphical model is intractable,so we apply approximate infer-ence to estimate this probability.Space constraints preclude a full discussion,but briefly,we applied Assumed Density Fil-tering/the Boyen-Koller (1998)algorithm,and approximate this distribution using a factored representation over individ-ual pixels,P (y (t ))≈ i,j P (y i,j (t )).In our experiments,this inference algorithm appeared to perform well.In our model,the interest for a pixel depends both on the interest in the pixel’s (motion compensated)neighbor-hood,N (i,j ),at the previous time-step and features ex-tracted from the current frame.The parameterizations for both P y i,j (t )|y N (i,j )(t −1) and P (y i,j (t )|φi,j (x (t )))are given by logistic functions (with learned parameters),and we use Bayes rule to compute P (φi,j (x (t ))|y i,j (t ))needed in the DBN belief ing this model of the interest map,we estimate the probability of finding an object in a given foveal region,P (o k |F ),by computing the mean of the probability of every pixel in the foveal region being inter-esting.5The features φi,j used to predict interest in a pixel are ex-tracted over a local image patch and include Harris corner features,horizontal and vertical edge density,saturation and color values,duration that the pixel has been part of a tracked object,and weighted decay of the number of times the fovea had previously fixated on a region containing the pixel.3.3Learning the Interest ModelRecall that we define a pixel to be interesting if it is part of an as yet unclassified object.In order to generate training data so that we can learn the parameters of our interest model,we first hand label all classifiable objects in a low-resolution training video sequence.Now as our system begins to recognize and track objects,the pixels associated with those objects are no longer interesting,by our definition.Thus,we generate our training data by annotating as interesting only those pixels marked interesting in our hand labeled training video but that are not part of objects currently being ing this5Although one can envisage significantly better estimates,for ex-ample using logistic regression to recalibrate these probabilities,the algorithm’s performance appeared fairly insensitiveto this choice.procedure we can hand label a single training video and auto-matically generate data for learning the interest model given any specific combination of classifiers and foveal movement policies.We adapt the parameters of our probabilistic models so as to maximize the likelihood of the training data described above.Our interest model is trained over a 450frame video sequence,i.e.,30seconds at 15frames per second.Figure 4shows an example of a learned interest map,in which the algorithm automatically selected the mugs as the most inter-esting region.Figure 4:Learned interest.The righthand panel shows the proba-bility of interest for each pixel in the peripheral image (left).4Experimental ResultsWe evaluate the performance of the visual attention system by measuring the percentage of times that a classifiable object appearing in the scene is correctly identified.We also count the number of false-positives being tracked per frame.We compare our attention driven method for directing the fovea to three naive approaches:(i)fixing the foveal gaze to the center of view,(ii)linearly scanning over the scene from top-left to bottom-right,and,(iii)randomly moving the fovea around the scene.Our classifiers are trained on image patches of roughly 100×100pixels depending on the object class being trained.For each object class we use between 200and 500positive training examples and 10,000negative examples.Our set of negative examples contained examples of other objects,as well as random images.We extract a subset of C1fea-tures (see [Serre et al.,2004])from the images and learn a boosted decision tree classifier for each object.This seemed to give good performance (comparable to state-of-the-art sys-tems)for recognizing a variety of objects.The image patch size was chosen for each object so as to achieve good classi-fication accuracy while not being so large so as to prevent us from classifying small objects in the scene.We conduct two experiments using recorded high-definition video streams,the first assuming perfect classifi-cation (i.e.,no false-positives and no false-negatives,so that every time the fovea fixates on an object we correctly classify the object),and the second using actual trained state-of-the-art classifiers.In addition to the different fovea control algo-rithms,we also compare our method against performing ob-ject classification on full frames for both low-resolution andhigh-resolution video streams.The throughput (in terms of frames per second)of the system is inversely proportional to the area scanned by the object classifiers.The low resolution was chosen to exhibit the equivalent computational require-ments of the foveal methods and is therefore directly com-parable.The high resolution,however,being of much larger size than the foveal region,requires additional computation time to complete each frame classification.Thus,to meet real-time operating requirements,the classifiers were run ten times less often.Figure 5shows example timelines for recognizing and tracking a number of different objects using our method (bot-tom),randomly moving the fovea (middle),and using a fixed fovea (top).Each object is shown on a different line.A dot-ted line indicates that the object has appeared in the scene but has not yet been recognized (or that our tracking has lost it).A solid line indicates that the object is being tracked by our system.The times when the fovea fixates on each object are marked by a diamond ( ).It is clear that our method recog-nizes and starts tracking objects more quickly than the other methods,and does not waste effort re-classifying objects in regions already explored (most apparent when the fovea isfixed).jects in a continuous video sequence using different methods for controlling the fovea:fixed (top),random (middle),and our inter-est driven method (bottom).In our experiments we use a fixed size fovea covering ap-proximately 10%of the peripheral field-of-view.6All recog-nizable objects in our test videos were smaller than the size of the foveal window.We record peripheral and foveal video streams of an office environment with classifiers trained on commonly found objects:coffee mugs,disposable cups,sta-plers,scissors,etc.We hand label every frame of the video stream.The video sequence consists of a total of 700frames recorded at 15frames per second—resulting in 100foveal6Although direct comparison is not possible,for interest we note that the human fovea covers roughly 0.05%of the visual field.fixations (since it takes approximately seven frames for the fovea to move).A comparison between our method and the other ap-proaches is shown in Table 1.We also include the F 1-score when running state-of-the-art object classifiers in Table 2.Fovea controlPerfect Actual classificationclassifiers Full image (low-resolution)n/a 0.0%a Full image (high-resolution)n/a 62.2%Fixed at center 16.1%15.9%Linear scanning 61.9%43.1%Random scanning 62.0%60.3%Our (attentive)method85.1%82.9%aOur object classifiers are trained on large images samples (of ap-proximately 100×100pixels).This result illustrates that objects in the low-resolution view occupy too few pixels for reliable classification.Table 1:Percentage of objects in a frame that are correctly identified using different fovea control algorithms.Fovea controlRecall Precision F 1-Score Full image (low-res)0.0%0.0%0.0%Full image (high-res)62.2%95.0%75.2%Fixed at center 15.9%100.0%27.4%Linear scanning 43.1%97.2%59.7%Random scanning 60.3%98.9%74.9%Our method 82.9%99.0%90.3%2:Recall,precision and F 1-score for objects appearing the The low-resolution run results in an F 1-score of zero since appearing in the scene occupy too few pixels for reliable The results show that our attention driven method performs better than the other foveal control strategies.method even performs better than scanning the entire image.This is because our method runs much since it only needs to classify objects in a small region.running over the entire high-resolution image,the sys-is forced to skip frames so that it can keep up with real-time.It is therefore less able to detect objects entering and leaving the scene than our method.Furthermore,because we only direct attention to interesting regions of the scene,our method results in significantly higher precision,and hence better F 1-score,than scanning the whole image.Finally,we conduct experiments with a dual wide-angle and PTZ camera system.In order to compare results be-tween the different foveal control strategies,we fix the robot and scene and run system for 100frames (approximately 15foveal fixations)for each strategy.We then change the scene by moving both the objects and the robot pose,and repeat the experiment,averaging our results across the different scenes.The results are shown in Table 3.Again our attention driven method performs better than the other approaches.Videos demonstrating our results are provided at/∼sgould/vision/。